ee.lab report.docx

8/10/2019 ee.lab report.docx

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University Of Engineering And

Technology Lahore

ENERGY ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT

Submitted ByNOSHABA NOREEN

Submitted ToMAM SANA ZAHID


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LIST OF EQUIPMENTS1)

Laboratory ovens

2) Softening point apparatus

3) Redwood viscometer

4) Pensky-martens apparatus (closed-cup flash point)

5) Saybolt viscometer

6) Engler viscometer

7) Aniline point apparatus

8) Digital cleveland flash point apparatus (open cup flash point)

9)

Gas calorimeter10)

Swelling index apparatus

11)Distillation apparatus

12)

Carbon residue apparatus

13)

Muffle furnace

14)Cloud point and pour point apparatus


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Table Of Contents

1

Description of equipments12 Experiment # 01.6

2.1.Objective...6

2.2.Apparatus..6

2.3.Theory...6

2.4.Procedure..6

2.5.Result.6

2.6.Precautions....7

3 Experiment # 02.8

3.1 Objective...8

3.2

Apparatus...8

3.3 Theory....8

3.4 Procedure...8

3.5 Result.....8

3.6 Precautions.9

4 Experiment # 0310

4.1Objective10

4.2Apparatus...10

4.3Theory10

4.4

Procedure...104.5Result.11

4.6Precautions.11

5 Experiment # 04....12

5.1Objective12

5.2

Apparatus...12

5.3Theory and definitions...12

5.4Description ....12

5.5Procedure...12

5.6Result.13

5.7

Precautions.136 Experiment # 05....14

6.1Objective14

6.2Apparatus...14

6.3Theory and definition.14

6.4Description 14

6.5Procedure...15


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6.6Formula..15

6.7Technical Parameters.15

6.8Observation ..15

6.9Significance ..15

6.10Precautions.16

6.11

Comments .16

7 Experiment # 0616

7.1Objective16

7.2Apparatus...16

7.3Theory and Definitions..17

7.4Procedure...17

7.5Formula..18

7.6Observation and Tabulation...18

7.7Graph .19

7.8

Significance ...197.9Precautions.19

7.10Comments..19

8 Experiment # 0720

8.1Objective20

8.2Apparatus...20

8.3

Theory....20

8.4Procedure...21

8.5Observation and Tabulation ..21

8.6Graph .........21

8.7

Formula .228.8Significance ...22

8.9Precautions.22

8.10Comments..22

9 Experiment # 0823

9.1Objective23

9.2Apparatus...23

9.3Theory23

9.4Procedure...23

9.5Formula..24

9.6

Observation and Tabulation...24

9.7Graph 24

9.8Significance ..25

9.9Range Of Engler Viscometer25

9.10Precautions25

9.11Comments..25


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10 Experiment # 0926

10.1Objective26

10.2

Apparatus...26

10.3Theory ...26

10.4Procedure...26

10.5Observation ...27

10.6Precautions.27

10.7Comments..27

11 Experiment # 1028

11.1Objective28

11.2Apparatus...28

11.3

Theory ...2811.4Procedure...28

11.5Observations..29

11.6Significance...29

11.7Applications ..29

11.8Precautions.29

11.9

Comments..29

1


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DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

1)LABORATORY OVENS

Laboratory ovens areovens used for high forced

volumethermal convection applications. These ovensgenerally provide uniform temperatures throughout. Process

applications for laboratory oven scan be forannealing, die-

bond curing, drying, Polyimidebaking, sterilizing, andotherindustrial laboratory functions. Typical sizes are from

one cubic foot to 32 cubic feet (0.91 m3) with temperatures

that can be over 650 degrees Fahrenheit (340 degreescelsius).

2) SOFTENI NG POINT APPARATUS

Softening point apparatus is used for the determinationof softening temperature and from this temperature we

determine softening characteristics. The softening point

apparatus uses the ring and ball method for determining the

softening point of tars, asphalt and most resins. Samples areheld within the horizontal rings and steel balls are placed on

the top of the samples. As the sample is submerged in waterand heated the weight of balls forces the sample downwards.

3)REDWOOD VISCOMETER

The redwood viscometer consists of vertical

cylindrical oil cup with an orifice in the centre of its base.

The orifice can be closed by a ball. A hook pointing upward

serve as a guide mark for filling the oil. The cylindrical cupis surrounded by the water bath. The water bath maintains

the temperature of the oil to be tested at constant

temperature. The oil is heated by heating the water bath by

means of an immersed electric heater in the water bath. Thisviscometer is used to determine the kinematic viscosity of

the oil. From the kinematic viscosity the dynamic viscosity

is determined.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyimidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven


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4)

PENSKY-MARTENS APPARATUS(Closed-Cup Flash Point)

Pensky-Martens Closed-Cup Flash Testers featurea cover that slides shutter open to apply test flame. Select

from electrical or gas heated models. Electrical models

are equipped with a 750 watt nickel-chromium heater.

Gas model has a built-in nickel-plated brass natural gasburner and liquid propane burner mounted on a cast iron

base. Testers include a thermometer holder, brass test

cup with handle, pilot flame, test flame reference bead, built-in stirrer, plated brass

thermometer ferrule, and cooling vents.

5) SAYBOLT VISCOMETER


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A device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. The saybolt viscometer controls the

heat of the fluid and the viscosity is the time it takes the fluid to fill a 60cc container.

The apparatus consists of stainless steel bath with oil cup which is centrally placed

in a water bath. The bath has a lid which contains a water cooling tube, two handles

with two stirring blades, thermometer socket and a straight heater. Stirring is done by

turntable arrangement. A thermometer can also be inserted into the cup cover. Two jets

one universal and one furol can be screwed to the cup by a handle. The temperature is

controlled by energy regulator or voltage varrier. Used to determine the specific

viscosity of tars and their products.

6)ENGLER VISCOMETER

This is the apparatus for the measurement of viscosity. It consists of water bath

with oil cup and lid. The water bath stirring device is mounted over stand. A thermometerdip and oil cup has thermometer socket. The bath is filled with 500 watts heater, Engler

viscometer measures in Engler degrees. The time required for 100ml of the oil to glowthrough device at a predefined temperature. The conversion of engler degree to absolute

units requires an appropriate table, a degree in rocket science and an intricate knowledge

of fluid dynamics.

7)ANILINE POINT APPARATUS


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Used to characterize pure hydrocarbons and to indicate the aromatic content of

hydrocarbon mixtures. Apparatus performs hands-free aniline point and mixed aniline

point determinations automatically by means of amodified thin film technique (ASTM D611 Method

E). The sample is heated by a platinum immersion

heater and the aniline point is detected photoelectrically. Temperature is displayed on a largeLED indicator. Built-in pressure regulator and

solenoid valve permit quicker cooling cycles and

determination of sub ambient aniline point

temperatures.

8)DIGITAL CLEVELAND FLASH POINT

APPARATUS (Open Cup Flash Point)

This apparatus is used for determination of flash and fire point of petroleum

products except fuel oils and those having an open cupflash below 79

oC. The apparatus consists of a cup,

heating plate of specific dimensions, and thermometerclip and test flame attachment with service joints for

passing over test liquids surface in the prescribed

manner. Heating is controlled by means of energyregulator fitted to apparatus suitable for operation on

220V AC.

9)GAS CALORIMETER

Gas Calorimeter is used to measure and controlthe calorific value or Wobbe Index (WI) of the sample

gas. In this calorimeter the sample gas is burnt at theburner with air and the temperature difference between

the combustion exhaust gas and the feed air at the burner

inlet is detected by using a thermocouple. Thiscalorimeter detects the flow rate of both the sample gas

and the air as the differential pressure by using the

orifice and converts the differential pressure to the

digital signal then compensates the flow rate variation by

the digital calculation.


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10) SWELLING INDEX APPARATUS

This method is a small scale test for obtaining information regarding the free swelling

properties of coal. The result may be used as an indication of caking characteristics of the

coal when burned as a fuel.

This test can be made with either electric or gasheating. When electric heating the result obtained

must be same as that are obtained by gas heating.Some coals give buttons that do not conform in shape

to standard profile. For such coals, measure the

maximum cross sectional areas of the buttons, anddetermine the index from the relationship of the areas

of the standard profiles to the swelling indexes.

11)DISTILLATION APPARATUS

Distillation is widely used method for separatingmixture based on difference in the conditions required

to change the phase of components of the mixture. Toseparate the mixture of liquids, the liquid can be

heated to force components, which have different

boiling point, into the gas phase the gas is then

condensed back into liquid form and collected.

12)CARBON RESIDUE APPARATUS

Reaches standard test temperature of 550C rapidly

and controls with 1C stability. Microprocessortemperature control has C/F switchable digital set pointand display. Operator and equipment are protected by an

over temperature control circuit which automatically

interrupts power to the unit should block temperature

exceed the programmed cut-off point. Heavily insulatedstainless steel cabinet with three-layer refractory top

provides excellent heat retention.

13)MUFFLE FURNACE

Muffle furnaces are usually heated to desiredtemperatures byconduction, convection, orblackbody radiation from electrical resistance

heating elements. Therefore there is

nocombustion involved in the temperature control of the

system, which allows for much greater control oftemperature uniformity and assures isolation of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Heaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conduction


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material being heated from the byproducts of fuel combustion.

14)CLOUD POINT AND POUR POINT

APPARATUS

A method for automatic determination of cloud pointtemperature and pour point temperature of petroleum fraction

a light sources, a light detector, heater, cooler to determine

the temperature of sample. Measurements of light reflectionare used to determine cloud point temperature. Detection of

the freezing in place of motion indicator is used to determine

pour point.


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EXPERIMENT # 01

OBJECTIVEReport the swelling index of coal.

APPARATUSCrucible, gas burner, stand, silica triangle

THEORYThis method is a small scale test for obtaining information regarding the free swelling

properties of coal.

The result may be used as an indication of caking characteristics of the coal when burned as a

fuel. This test is not recommended as a method for the determination of expansion of coal in

coke oven.

Swelling Index Apparatus:

This test can be made with either electric or gas heating. When electric heating the result

obtained must be same as that are obtained by gas heating. The apparatus common to both

electric and gas method shall consist of the following

Crucible

Translucent silica

Iron stand

Report the swelling index zero if the residue from the test sample is non-coherent.

Some coals give buttons that do not conform in shape to standard profile. For such colas,

measure the maximum cross sectional areas of the buttons, and determine the index from therelationship of the areas of the standard profiles to the swelling indexes.

For measuring the cross sectional areas mount the button on the graph paper, ruled into

square centimeters and square millimeter and trace the outlines of the buttons on the paper.The buttons may be mounted conveniently by means of modeling clay. The squares inside

the outlines may be counted and fractions of squares along the boundary line estimated. To take

care of buttons whose cross sectional area is greater than that of standard profile, has beenextended to include about 700mm

2which is the maximum area of silica crucible use in the test.

PROCEDURE1) I took a crucible and placed it directly on flame.

2) After heating some time it was transferred to table and a balanced weight of coal in cold

conditions is taken in it.3) The coal is leveled by tapping and rotating the crucible.

4)

Then crucible is heated on a silica triangle stand for 7.5 min until all the volatile matter isevolved.

5) Then it is cooled and observed the shapes and compare then with the shapes given in the

figure.

RESULT


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The shape of burnet coal sample is most likely matched with 2nd one which has swelling

index 1.5.

Characteristics profile of coke buttons for different values of swelling numbers

Precautions

Perform the experiment carefully

Level of coal in the crucible should be maintained.

Avoid overheating the coal


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Experiment # 2

ObjectiveTo determine the carbon residue in given sample of oil

Apparatus Porcelain crucible

Skidmore crucible

Chimney wire support

Sand bath etc

TheoryThe carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature

conditions in an inert atmosphere. It may be expressed as Ramsbottom Carbon Residue (RCR),Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) or Micro Carbon Residue (MCR). Numerically, theCCR value is the same as that of MCR. The carbon residue value is considered by some to

give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel.

The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperatureconditions in an inertatmosphere, and may be expressed commonly as Micro Carbon Residue

(MCR) or alternatively Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR).

It should be noted that numerically MCR is effectively the same as CCR. The overall

relationship between actual diesel engine performance and carbon residue is poor, however, the

carbon residue value is considered by some to give an indication of the combustibility andcarbonaceous deposit forming tendencies of a fuel. The carbon residue provides information onthe carbonaceous deposits which will result from combustion of the fuel. For fuels with a high

carbon- high carbon/hydrogen ratio, it is proved more difficult to burn them fully, which resultsin increased deposits in the combustion and exhaust spaces. Fuels with a high carbon residuevalue may cause problems in older engines when they are operating under part load conditions.

Procedure

1. Clean the porcelain crucible and weight to the nearest 20.2g.

2. Fill it with oil sample and reweight to the same accuracy.3.

Then place it to the skidmore crucible, cover both crucibles on the center of the wire

triangle with the asbestos insulation on the tripod.

4. Cover the assembly with the sheet iron and apply heat with a strong flame by the bunsenburner so that the fire or the ore ignition will be from 8.5 to 11.5 minutes.

5. When smoke appears in the chimney, move it or tilt the burners so that the flame plays on

the sides of the crucible and ignites the oil vapor.6. Remove the burner momentarily and adjust the flame above the chimney.


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7. Burning period is from 12 to 14 minutes.

8. When the burning and smoking ceases, the burner is adjusted so that the bottom of the

iron crucible is heated to a cherry red for exactly 7 minutes.9. Remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool for few minutes.

10.Weigh the porcelain crucible and content.

11.

Repeat the same procedure for the other oil sample

Results:

Crucible weight 20.2g

Crucible + oil(1g) weight(before heating) 22.00g

Crucible + oil weight (after heating) 22.22g

Precautions

Place the crucible carefully

Readings should be taken carefully

Experiment # 3ObjectiveDistillation of petroleum products

Apparatus 125ml conical flask

Gas burners

Thermometer

Condenser

Cooling bath

Flask support

Graduated cylinders

TheoryFractional distillation of crude oil is a process through which components of crude oil are

separated according to their boiling points. Components having a high boiling point condenseon the column and return into the solution while components having lower boiling points are

passed through the column and collected.

This means crude oil can be separated by physical methods, in this case by fractionaldistillation, because they have different boiling and condensation points.The crude oil is heated

to vaporize it and the vapor passed into the fractionating column. This is a continuous


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process (not a batch process). The fractionating column works continuously with heated-

vaporized crude oil piped in at the bottom and the various fractions condensed and constantly

tapped off from various levels, each with a different condensation temperature range. The mostvolatile fraction, i.e. the molecules with the lowest boiling points, boil or evaporate off first and

go higher up the column and condense at the higher levels in the column at the lowest

temperatures. The rest separate out according to their boiling/condensation point so that thehighest boiling fraction, i.e. the less volatile molecules with higher boiling points, tend tocondense more easily lower down the column, albeit at the higher temperatures.

Procedure

1. Take 100 ml of sample in the flask, tight the flask with the cork and fit the thermometerand condenser.

2. Apply heat immediately at uniform rate

3. End of condenser tube should touch the sides of cylinder

4. Regulate the heat and maintain uniform rate of distillation between 4 ml/min to 5 ml/min.5. Record the reading of distillation thermometer when liquid level reaches to 5 ml.

6.

Continue the heating until mercury reaches a maximum and start to fall consistently.

Results

Concentration (ml) Temperature (0C)

Ist drop 65

10 80

20 82

30 88

35 94

40 99

45 100

50 106

55 110


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Precautions

End ofcondenser should touch the sides of cylinder Flow of cooling water should be continues to obtain better

product

Record the readings carefully

Experiment # 4

Objective:To determine the flash and power point temperatures of the given sample of lubricating oil using

Cleveland open cup apparatus.

Apparatus Required

Cleveland open cup apparatus

Thermometer

Beaker

Sample of oil

Theory And Definition

The flash point of the lubricating oil is defined as the lowest temperature at which it forms vapors andproduces combustible mixture with air.

The higher flash point temperature is always desirable for any lubricating oil. If the oil has the lower

value of flash point temperatures, it will burn easily and forms the carbon deposits on the moving parts. Theminimum flash temperature of the oil used in IC engines varies from 200C to 250C. When the oil is tested using

the open cup apparatus, the temperature is slightly more than the above temperatures. The flash and fire point

temperatures may differs by 20C to 60C when it is tested by open cup apparatus. However, a greater difference

60 122

65 130

70 139


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may be obtained if some additives are mixed with oil. The flash and fire power point temperatures depends upon

the volatility of the oil.

Description

The Cleveland open cup apparatus consists of a cylindrical cup of standard size. It is held in position in themetallic holder which is placed on a wire gauge. It is heated by means of an electric heater housed inside the

metallic holder. A provision is made on the top of the cup to hold the thermometer. A standing filling

mark is done on the inner side of the cup and the sample of oil is filled up to the mark. This apparatuswill give more accurate results than the pensky martens closed cup apparatus.

Procedure

1. Clean the cup and fill it with the given sample of oil up to the filling mark.2. Insert the thermometer in the holder. Make sure that the thermometer should not touch the

metallic cup.

3.

Heat the oil by the means of electric heater so that the sample of oil gives out vapor at the rate of 10Cper minute.

4. When the oil gives out vapor, introduce the test flame above the oil, without touching the

surface of the oil and watch for flash with flickering sound.

5. Introducing the test flame should not continued at regular intervals until the flash isobserved with peak flickering sound. The temperature corresponding to this flickering

sound is noticed and it is the flash point temperature of the given sample of oil.

6. Continue the process of heating and introducing the test flame until the oil will begins to burn

continuously and observe the temperature . This is the fire pint temperature of the givensample of oil.

7. Repeat the test twice or thrice with fresh sample of oil and observe the results.

Result

The flash and fire point temperatures of the given sample of oil were determined using Cleveland opencup apparatus. The flash point temperature of the given sample of oil is 78C. The fire point temperature is

of the given sample of oil is 98C

Precautions

There should be almost upto 200C difference between flash point and fire point

Readings should be taken carefully

Use the apparatus carefully


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Experiment # 5

Objective

To determine flash point of given sample of petroleum products by Pensky Martins apparatus.

Apparatus

Pensky Martins apparatus

Beaker

Thermometer

Definitions

F lash Point

The lowest temperature of the sample, corrected to a barometric pressure of101.3kPa, 760mm Hg, at which application of a test flame causes the vapor of the sample to

ignite under specified conditions of test.

F ire Point

The fire point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to burn after being

ignited.

TheoryThe sample is heated at a slow, constant rate with continual stirring. A small flame is directed in

to the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring.

The flammability of liquid is determined by testing using a specific test method entitled Flash

Point (open) and Fire Point by means of the Pensky-

Martens Apparatus. This method determines the

temperature under strict laboratory conditions at

which a liquid volume, in an open container, will

firstly, flash when an ignition source is presented

above the surface of the liquid and thereafter ignite

and continue to burn (fire point) for a period of 5

seconds. Clearly these respective temperatures will

be higher than the traditional flash point for the same

bunker fuel sample.

Every flammable liquid has a vapor pressure, whichis a function of that liquid's temperature. As the

temperature increases, the vapor pressure increases.

As the vapor pressure increases, the concentration ofevaporated flammable liquid in the air increases.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_point


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Hence, temperature determines the concentration of evaporated flammable liquid in the air.

Procedure

Clean the oil cup and dry so that no any traces of low flash solvent remains in the cup. Pour the lid in position and insert level indicated by the filling mark.

Place the lid in the position and insert the thermometer in the holder.

Set the cup in the air bath and apply the heat.

Adjust the stirrer to rotate at the rate of one to two revolution per second.

Starting the temperature of at least 500C and apply the test flame at a temperature of 2

0C.

Continue this procedure until flash point is obtained.

Then cool the apparatus and refill with fresh oil and check the flash point by decreasing

the range of temperature and get the accurate reading.

Technical Parameters

1. Rated voltage: AC220V10% 50Hz

2. Temperature range: 40~360C

3. Heating power: 0~1000W (Continuously adjustable)

4. Agitation way: Motor stirrer, 105r/min

5. Ignition gas: Pipeline coal gas, Liquid gas, and gas pressure less than 10Kpa

6. Ignition way: Ignition is controlled by hand

7. Ambient requirement: Temperature: 20~30C Humidity85%

Observations

Sample = Diesel

Initial temperature = 54oC

Rate of heating = 1-2oC/min

Revolution per min = 35 rpm

Flash Point = 61oC

Significance

Flash point measures the response of the sample to heat and flame under controlledlaboratory condition.

It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overallflammability hazard of a material.

Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and

combustible materials.


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Precautions Safely handle the equipment during working.

Before checking flash point, switch off the main supply.

Clean off the place to prevent from any accident.

Comments

Diesel has normal 61oC flash point. Neither its more flammable nor its rigid.

Experiment # 6Objective

To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the given sample by redwood viscometer.

Apparatus

Redwood Viscometer

Thermometer 0-100c

Stop watch

50 ml standard narrow necked flask

Given Sample of oil

Theory

Viscometers are designed for viscosity tests ofpetroleum product. The complete outfit

comprises hammer finished Stainless steel both

with electrical heating arrangement suitable to

operate at 220 Volts AC Mains with tap, silverplated oil cup with precision stainless steel jet,

cup cover, ball valve and thermometer-clip.

Stirrer and M.S. Sheet stand with leveling

screws.The redwood viscometer consists of vertical

cylindrical oil cup with an orifice in the centre of

its base. The orifice can be closed by a ball. Ahook pointing upward serves as a guide mark forfilling the oil. The cylindrical cup is surrounded bythe water bath. The water bath maintains the

temperature of the oil to be tested at constant


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temperature. The oil is heated by heating the water bath by means of an immersed electric heater inthe water bath, The provision is made for stirring the water , to maintain the uniform temperature in

the water bath and to place the thermometer ti record the temperature of oil and water bath . The

cylinder is 47.625mm in diameter and 88.90mm deep. The orifice is 1.70mm in diameter and 12mmin length. This viscometer is used to determine the kinematic viscosity of the oil. From the kinematicviscosity the dynamic viscosity is determined.DefinitionViscosityViscosity is the property of fluid . It is defined as The internal resistance offered by the fluid to

the movement of one layer of fluid over an adjacent layer . It is due to the Cohesion betweenthe molecules of the fluid . The fluid which obey the Newton law of Viscosity are called as

Newtonian fluid .

Effect of temperature on viscosity

Viscosity of lubricating oil is inversely proportional to the temperature i.e. with increase of

temperature, viscosity decreases. This is due to the decrease in intermolecular attraction. Athigher temperature, oil must have sufficient viscosity to carry loads. Hence heavier oils are used

at higher temperature. Similarly, light oils are used at low ambient temperature.

Procedure

Select the appropriate viscometer, either Redwood viscometer No.1 or 2 depending up on

the nature of lubricating oil.

Clean the viscometer cup properly with the help of suitable solvent e.g. CCl4, ether,petroleum spirit or benzene and dry it to remove any traces of solvent.

Level the viscometer with the help of leveling screws.

Fill the outer bath with water for determining the viscosity at 80 o c and below.


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Place the ball valve on the jet to close it and pour the test oil into the cup up to the tip ofindicator.

Place a clean dry flask immediately below and directly in line with discharging jet.

Insert a clean thermometer and a stirrer in the cup and cover it with a lid.

Heat the water filled in the bath slowly with constant stirring. When the oil in the cup

attains a desired temperature, stop the heating. Lift the ball valve and start the stop watch. Oil from the jet flows into the flask.

Stop the stop watch when lower meniscus of the oil reaches the 50 ml mark on the neckof receiving flask.

Record the time taken for 50 ml of the oil to collect in the flask.

Repeat the experiment to get more readings.

FormulaIn this case of red wood viscometer, the kinematic viscosity (v) of liquid and the time (t) required

to pass 50cc of liquid are correlated by expression.

=0.00261.175/tWhere,= Kinematic viscosity

t= time in seconds to collect 50cc of oil.

Observation & TabulationSample = Diesel Oil

Temperature (oC) Time (sec)

38 27.436

43 20.27

48 16

53 15.4

58 11.77

63 10.21


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Graph

Significance

Pump design can be done with the help of viscosity.

Pump operation of the engine depends on the proper viscosity of the liquid

fuel.

Its very important to know about the fluid flow through various objects.

Conveying of fluid can be done effect by means of viscosity data.

Precautions

The oil should be filtered thoroughly a cloth to remove solid particles that may clog the

jet.

The receiving flask should be placed in such a manner that the oil stream from jet strikes

the neck of receiving flask and do not cause any foaming.

After each reading the oil should be completely drained out of receiving flask.

Comments

The kinematic viscosity for the given sample was determined and the graph was plotted and itwas observed that the kinematic viscosity of the given sample decreases with increases intemperature.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

T

i

m

e

Temperature

Graph Between Time And Temperature


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To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the given sample by Saybolt viscometer.

Apparatus

Saybolt viscometer

Stop watch

Thermometer

Conical flask

Beaker

Theory

Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic property of

all liquids. When a liquid flows, it has an internal

resistance to flow. Viscosity is a measure of this

resistance to flow or shear.

Viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing

temperature and as a result the lubricating oil becomesthinner. Hence the viscosity of oil should not change

much with temperature.

The rate of change of viscosity of oil with temperature

is known as viscosity index. If the viscosity of oil falls

rapidly as temperature is raised, it has low viscosity

index. On the other hand if viscosity of oil is slightly effected on raising the temperature, its

viscosity index is high.

Procedure

Clean the viscometer, remove all the solvents.

Heat the water bath few degrees above the test temperature and insert cork stopper tightly

into the air chamber into the bottom of viscometer.

Filter the sample through a 100 mesh screen directly into the viscometer until the level is

above the over-flow rim.

Stir the sample and add hot water until the sample temperature remains constant.


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Stir with the viscosity thermometer which circular motion at 30 to 50 RPM in a

horizontal plane.

Remove the thermometer from the sample, quickly remove the oil from the gallery until

its level is below the over-flow rim.

Place the receiving flask where stream of oil from the bottom of viscometer will just

strike the neck of the flask.

Snap the cork from the viscometer using the attached cord and the same instant start the

timer.

Stop the timer, the seconds.

Repeat the above procedure at different temperatures and take atleast six readings.

Draw the graph between time and temperature.

Observations And Tabulation

Sample = Diesel Oil


32 64

37 57

42 48.6

47 46.3

52 41.16

57 38.79

Graph

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

T

i

me

Temperature

Graph between time and temperature


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FormulaKinematic viscosity

= At-B/tWhere,A=0.00226, B=1.95

A and B are constants.

Significance

It is used to find the viscosity of the fluid.

Pump design can be done with the help of viscosity.

Pump operation of one engine depends on the proper viscosity of fuels.

Conveying of fluids can be done with the help of viscosity data.

It is very important to know about the fluid flow through various object

Precautions

The oil should be filtered thoroughly a cloth to remove solid particles that may clog thejet.

The receiving flask should be placed in such a manner that the oil stream from jet strikesthe neck of receiving flask and do not cause any foaming.


Do not connect bath to a power supply unless the bath is filled with oil.

Do not leave unit unattended, especially when operating at high bath temperatures. Thiscould create a potential fire hazard

Comments

The viscosity of the given sample was determined at various temperatures and graph was

plotted. It is found that kinematic viscosity decreases with increase in temperature.


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To report the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the given sample by engler viscometer.

Apparatus

Saybolt viscometer

Stop watch

Thermometer

Conical flask

Beaker

Theory

Viscosity is a quantity that describes a fluids resistance to

flow. Fluids resists the relative motion of immersed

objects through them as well as to the motion of layers

with differing velocities within them.

Specific viscosity of a substance in the Engler scale is the

time required in seconds for the flow of 100cc of thesample divided by the time taken for the flow of equal

volume of water. This viscometer allows direct

comparison of viscosities of various samples without lead to calculate their actual viscosities.

An instrument used in measurement of degree Engler, a measure of viscosity; the kinematic

viscosity v in stokes for this instrument is obtained from the equation t is the efflux time in

seconds. It consists of water bath having oil cup with lid. The water bath stirring device mounted

on stand. A thermometer clip to the water bath oil cup lid has a thermometer socket. Viscosity is

to be find out by taking temperature with time.

Procedure

Thoroughly clean and dry the viscometer.

Insert the stopper and fill the water bath with water.

Heat the outer bath some degree above the test temperature.

Pour the sample into the cup till it reaches the top of the measuring points.

Level the instrument and place 100 ml flask below to jet.


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Place the lid and inner thermometer into the position an maintain the bath of required

temperature with frequent agitation

Maintain these conditions continuously for three minutes by rotating cover.

Withdraw the sample and during filling 100 ml flak note the time.

Repeat the above procedure at different temperatures and take atleast six readings.

Draw the graph between time and temperature.

Observation And Calculations

Sample = Diesel Oil


31 34.35

36 31.43

41 30.4246 29.26

51 29.13

56 29.01

61 28.36

Graph

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

T

i

m

e

Temperature

Graph between time and temperature


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Formula

= A t ( B / t )where,

= kinematic viscosity (centistokes)

A, B = constantsA = 0.076, B = 0.04

Significance

In the determination of specific viscosity of tars and the fluid properties.

In the determination of lubricating properties of fuel oils.

Range Of Engler Viscometer

Temperature measurement range 0-100

Viscosity range of fluids 28.835.2 centistokes

Precautions

The oil should be filtered thoroughly a cloth to remove solid particles that may clog thejet.

The receiving flask should be placed in such a manner that the oil stream from jet strikes

the neck of receiving flask and do not cause any foaming.


Comments

The kinematic viscosity for given sample was determined for different temperatures and

tabulated. The graph was plotted and it was found that the kinematic viscosity decreases with

increase in temperature.


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Determination of cloud and pour point of petroleum products.

Apparatus

Thermometer

Beaker

Ice

Cooling bath

Cork jacket Testing jar

Disk

Gasket

Theory

Cloud pointis the temperature at which a cloud of wax crystals first appears in a liquid when it

is cooled under specified condition. In this experiment the cloud point is refer to the temperature

below which wax in the crude oil and biodiesel form a cloud appearance. Due to presence of

solidified waxes, the oil thickened and clogs fuel filters and the injectors in engines. The wax

also accumulates on cold surfaces and forms an emulsion with water. Therefore the cloud point

indicates the tendency of the oil to plug filters or small orifices at cold operating temperatures.

Pour pointis the lowest temperature at which a sample of petroleum product will continue flow

when it is cooled under specified standard conditions it is a rough indication of the lowest

temperature at which oil is readily pump able. Also the pour point can be defined as the

minimum temperature of the liquid, particularly a lubricant after which, on decreasing the

temperature, the lquid ceases to flow.

Procedure

Take a sample of coconut oil and cool the oil to be tested to a temperature of 25oC aboutthe approximate cloud point.

Remove any moisture present by filtration.

Pour the clear oil into the test jar upto the level marked.

Adjust the position of the cork carrying the test thermometer, so that the cork fits tightly.

Thermometer and the jar are coaxial.

Place the ring gasket around the test jar one inch from the bottom.


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The disk, gasket and inside of the gasket should be clean and dry.

Insert the test jar in the jacket and maintain the temperature of cooling bath at 30-35oC

and put the jacket containing test jar in the cooling bath.

After each 2oC fall in temperature remove the test jar from the jacket quickly, but without

disturbing the oil.

Inspect for the cloud point, has the oil in the bottom of the test jar and record the

readings.

Jar was examined after every minute.

This process was continued till the product show no movement this was the pour point of

the product.

Observations

Sample = Coconut Oil

Initial Temperature = 26oc

Cloud Point = 14oc

Pour Point = 12oc

Precautions

Use the high cloud and pour thermometer if the expected cloud points is above 36oF.

Use low clouds and pour thermometer if cloud point is below -36oF.

The difference in the temperature of the baths must be 30oF and temperature of the oil

must be at least 50oFwhen it is going to transfer to next bath.

Take readings correctly so that the cloud and pour points are accurately observed.

Comments

Cloud point of coconut oil is 120C but our calculated one is 14

oC.

Pour point of coconut oil is 8oC while our reading is 12

oC.

The change in values may be due to impurities in sample and environmentally conditions.


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Experiment # 10ObjectiveTo find out softening point of pitch bituminous.

Apparatus

Bituminous

Beaker

Kerosene oil

Iron ball

Thermometer

Theory

The temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of

softness under specified condition of test is called softening point.Bitumen is specified by softening point. Bitumen being amorphous

does not melt sharply but gradually becomes softer and less viscous as

the temperature rises. For this reason, the determination of the

softening point must be made by fixed arbitrary and closely definedmethod. The softening point of bitumen is rounded out by the ball and

ring test.

Procedure

First fill the rind with the bituminous and place on the stand.

Then put a ball on the ring and place the stand in the water.

Apply the heat smoothly.

When the ball just passes through the ring, stop heating and note the temperature.

Observations And Calculations

Heating rate = 3oC/min

Softening point of ist ball = 78oC

Softening point of 2nd

ball = 81oC

Average softening point = 78 + 81 / 2 = 7.5oC

Application Used in annealing of bitumen.

Processing of plastics.

At 810C


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Determining the quality of bitumen.

Significance

To find the consistency of bitumen. It is regarded by same indication of viscosity.

It is used in the designation of hard as oxidized bitumen.

Precautions

Carefully observe the both temperatures.

Comments

Since our sample softening point is between high and low range hence it is suitable for road

making process.

ee.lab report.docx

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