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EE141 1 gital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction Principle of Principle of CMOS VLSI CMOS VLSI Design Design Introduction Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall/Pearson. Modified by W. Shi Jan 21, 2004
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EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

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Page 1: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1411

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Principle of CMOS Principle of CMOS VLSI DesignVLSI Design

IntroductionIntroduction

Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice Hall/Pearson.Modified by W. Shi

Jan 21, 2004

Page 2: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1412

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

What is this book all about?What is this book all about?

Introduction to digital integrated circuits. CMOS devices and manufacturing technology.

CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Programmable logic arrays. Design methodologies.

What will you learn? Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital

circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability

Page 3: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1413

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

IntroductionIntroduction

Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before?

Will it change in future?

Page 4: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1414

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

The First ComputerThe First Computer

The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)

25,000 partscost: £17,470

Page 5: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1415

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)

Page 6: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1416

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

The Transistor RevolutionThe Transistor Revolution

First transistorBell Labs, 1948

Page 7: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1417

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

The First Integrated Circuit The First Integrated Circuit

First ICJack KilbyTexas Instruments1958

Page 8: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1418

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Intel 4004 Micro-ProcessorIntel 4004 Micro-Processor

19712300 tran100 KHz

Page 9: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE1419

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Intel 8080 Micro-ProcessorIntel 8080 Micro-Processor

19744500 tran

Page 10: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14110

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Intel Pentium (IV) microprocessorIntel Pentium (IV) microprocessor

200042 million tran1.5 GHz

Page 11: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14111

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

More HistoryMore History

History of Micro-Processors at Intel Museum http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/Exhibits/hist_micro/index.htm

Page 12: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14112

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Moore’s LawMoore’s Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months.

He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months

Page 13: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14113

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Moore’s LawMoore’s Law

161514131211109876543210

195

9

196

0

196

1

196

2

196

3

196

4

196

5

196

6

196

7

196

8

196

9

197

0

197

1

197

2

197

3

197

4

197

5

LO

G 2 O

F T

HE

NU

MB

ER

OF

CO

MP

ON

EN

TS

PE

R I

NT

EG

RA

TE

D F

UN

CT

ION

Electronics, April 19, 1965.

Page 14: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14114

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Evolution in ComplexityEvolution in Complexity

Page 15: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14115

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Transistor CountsTransistor Counts

1,000,000

100,000

10,000

1,000

10

100

11975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

8086

80286i386

i486Pentium®

Pentium® Pro

K1 1 Billion Billion

TransistorsTransistors

Source: IntelSource: Intel

ProjectedProjected

Pentium® IIPentium® III

Courtesy, Intel

Page 16: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14116

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Moore’s law in MicroprocessorsMoore’s law in Microprocessors

40048008

80808085 8086

286386

486Pentium® proc

P6

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Tra

nsi

sto

rs (

MT

)

2X growth in 1.96 years!

Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 yearsTransistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 years

Courtesy, Intel

Page 17: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14117

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Die Size GrowthDie Size Growth

40048008

80808085

8086286

386486 Pentium ® proc

P6

1

10

100

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Die

siz

e (m

m)

~7% growth per year~2X growth in 10 years

Die size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s LawDie size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s Law

Courtesy, Intel

Page 18: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14118

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

FrequencyFrequency

P6Pentium ® proc

486386

28680868085

8080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Fre

qu

ency

(M

hz)

Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsLead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years

Doubles every2 years

Courtesy, Intel

Page 19: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14119

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Power DissipationPower Dissipation

P6Pentium ® proc

486

3862868086

80858080

80084004

0.1

1

10

100

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000Year

Po

wer

(W

atts

)

Lead Microprocessors power continues to increaseLead Microprocessors power continues to increase

Courtesy, Intel

Page 20: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14120

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Power will be a major problemPower will be a major problem

5KW 18KW

1.5KW 500W

40048008

80808085

8086286

386486

Pentium® proc

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000 2004 2008Year

Po

wer

(W

atts

)

Power delivery and dissipation will be prohibitivePower delivery and dissipation will be prohibitive

Courtesy, Intel

Page 21: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14121

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Power densityPower density

400480088080

8085

8086

286386

486Pentium® proc

P6

1

10

100

1000

10000

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Po

wer

Den

sity

(W

/cm

2)

Hot Plate

NuclearReactor

RocketNozzle

Power density too high to keep junctions at low tempPower density too high to keep junctions at low temp

Courtesy, Intel

Page 22: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14122

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Not Only MicroprocessorsNot Only Microprocessors

Digital Cellular Market(Phones Shipped)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Units 48M 86M 162M 260M 435M Analog Baseband

Digital Baseband

(DSP + MCU)

PowerManagement

Small Signal RF

PowerRF

((data from Texas Instruments)data from Texas Instruments)

CellPhone

Page 23: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14123

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Challenges in Digital DesignChallenges in Digital Design

“Microscopic Problems”• Ultra-high speed design• Interconnect• Noise, Crosstalk• Reliability, Manufacturability• Power Dissipation• Clock distribution.

Everything Looks a Little Different

“Macroscopic Issues”• Time-to-Market• Millions of Gates• High-Level Abstractions• Reuse & IP: Portability• Predictability• etc.

…and There’s a Lot of Them!

DSM 1/DSM

?

Page 24: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14124

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Productivity TrendsProductivity Trends

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

200

3

198

1

198

3

198

5

198

7

198

9

199

1

199

3

199

5

199

7

199

9

200

1

200

5

200

7

200

9

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

Logic Tr./ChipTr./Staff Month.

xxx

xxx

x

21%/Yr. compoundProductivity growth rate

x

58%/Yr. compoundedComplexity growth rate

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

Lo

gic

Tra

nsi

sto

r p

er C

hip

(M)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

(K)

Tra

ns.

/Sta

ff -

Mo

.

Source: Sematech

Complexity outpaces design productivity

Co

mp

lexi

ty

Courtesy, ITRS Roadmap

Page 25: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14125

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Why Scaling?Why Scaling? Die cost decreases Operation speed increases But …

How to design chips with more and more functions?

Design engineering population does not double every two years…

Hence, a need for more efficient design methods Exploit different levels of abstraction

Page 26: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14126

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Design Abstraction LevelsDesign Abstraction Levels

n+n+S

GD

+

DEVICE

CIRCUIT

GATE

MODULE

SYSTEM

Page 27: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14127

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Design MetricsDesign Metrics

How to evaluate performance of a digital circuit (gate, block, …)? Cost Reliability Speed (delay, operating frequency) Power dissipation

Page 28: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14128

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Cost of Integrated CircuitsCost of Integrated Circuits

NRE (non-recurrent engineering) costs design time and effort, mask generation one-time cost factor

Recurrent costs silicon processing, packaging, test proportional to volume proportional to chip area

Page 29: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14129

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

NRE Cost is IncreasingNRE Cost is Increasing

Page 30: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14130

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Die CostDie Cost

Single die

Wafer

From http://www.amd.com

Going up to 12” (30cm)

Page 31: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14131

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Cost per TransistorCost per Transistor

0.00000010.0000001

0.0000010.000001

0.000010.00001

0.00010.0001

0.0010.001

0.010.01

0.10.111

19821982 19851985 19881988 19911991 19941994 19971997 20002000 20032003 20062006 20092009 20122012

cost: cost: ¢-per-transistor¢-per-transistor

Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)

Page 32: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14132

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

YieldYield%100

per wafer chips ofnumber Total

per wafer chips good of No.Y

yield Dieper wafer Dies

costWafer cost Die

area die2

diameterwafer

area die

diameter/2wafer per wafer Dies

2

Page 33: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14133

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

DefectsDefects

area dieareaunit per defects

1yield die

is approximately 3

4area) (die cost die f

Page 34: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14134

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

Some Examples (1994)Some Examples (1994)Chip Metal

layersLine width

Wafer cost

Def./ cm2

Area mm2

Dies/wafer

Yield Die cost

386DX 2 0.90 $900 1.0 43 360 71% $4

486 DX2 3 0.80 $1200 1.0 81 181 54% $12

Power PC 601

4 0.80 $1700 1.3 121 115 28% $53

HP PA 7100 3 0.80 $1300 1.0 196 66 27% $73

DEC Alpha 3 0.70 $1500 1.2 234 53 19% $149

Super Sparc 3 0.70 $1700 1.6 256 48 13% $272

Pentium 3 0.80 $1500 1.5 296 40 9% $417

Page 35: EE141 © Digital Integrated Circuits 2nd Introduction 1 Principle of CMOS VLSI Design Introduction Adapted from Digital Integrated, Copyright 2003 Prentice.

EE14135

© Digital Integrated Circuits2nd Introduction

SummarySummary Digital integrated circuits have come a long

way and still have quite some potential left for the coming decades

Some interesting challenges ahead Getting a clear perspective on the challenges and

potential solutions is the purpose of this book

Understanding the design metrics that govern digital design is crucial Cost, reliability, speed, and power


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