Outcome Safety CONDITION OF THE INFIELD
OutcomeSafetyCONDITION OF
THE INFIELD
THE GOOD
THE BAD
THE DIRTY&
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ANATOMYof an
INFIELD SKIN
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COMPOSITION
“Marbles in a Jar”• Particles vary in size
• Larger particles create “void space”
• Smaller particles fill the “void space”
• Variety of particle sizes needed for optimum density
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COMPOSITIONSandSHAPE• Low/Med Sphericity, Sub-Angular to Sub-Rounded
• Too Round = Resisting Compaction
• Too Angular = Excessive Compaction
SIZE• Very Fine
• Fine
• Medium
DISTRIBUTION• 58 - 75% Overall Sand Content—Depends on “Who” You Are
• 38 - 50% of Total Mix Should Be Medium to Very Coarse Sand
• Coarse
• Very Coarse
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COMPOSITION
Silt-to-Clay Ratio (SCR)
IDEAL SCR RANGE
HOW TO FIND
÷
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IDEAL SPECIFICATIONSPro
Major /Minor League Ballparks, Division I Colleges/Universities
Water Access
Maintenance
Regular/Daily Limited Volunteer
SAND (overall) 58-62%SAND (medium) 38-45%(of total mix)
SILT & CLAY 38-42%(Combined)
SCR 0.5 – 1.0(Silt ÷ Clay)
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IDEAL SPECIFICATIONSIntermediate
Most Colleges/Universities, Some High Schools, Some Complexes
Water Access
Maintenance
Regular/Daily Limited Volunteer
SAND (overall) 65-69%SAND (medium) 45-50%(of total mix)
SILT & CLAY 31-35%(Combined)
SCR 0.5 – 1.0(Silt ÷ Clay)
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IDEAL SPECIFICATIONSRecreational
Most Schools, Most Parks
Water Access
Maintenance
Regular/Daily Limited Volunteer
SAND (overall) 70-75%SAND (medium) >50%(of total mix)
SILT & CLAY 25-30%(Combined)
SCR 0.5 – 1.0(Silt ÷ Clay)
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WRITING SPECS
Poor Good Material Description
Quality Assurances
Project Site Conditions
Proper Execution of Installation
Vague Material Description
Lack of Quality Standards
Fuzzy Installation Instructions
Too Short
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MANUFACTURE
Harvested Engineered
• Inconsistent
• Fluctuating
• Feeling Lucky?
• Precise
• Controlled
• Replicable
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AMENDING INFIELDSTest Analyze Solve
A soil test identifies exact infield composition
Must have a particle size distribution
No More Guessing
Analyzing test reveals strengths and weaknesses
Compare to Ideal Specifications
Classify and Compare
Strategy and action determined by test results
and analysis
Work with What You Have
?YOU
1/3Cost
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TEST
Sampling Testing
1. Remove conditioners
2. Collect sample
3. Fill a 1-qt. plastic zip bag
• Many can measure, few can analyze
• Minimum report includes:
% of Sand, Silt & Clay
Distribution of sand sizes
Sand shape
Soil Separate%
Sieve Size/Sand FractionSand Particle Diameter
% Retained
GravelSand Silt Clay
No. 18V. Coarse
1mm
No. 35 Coarse0.5mm
No. 60Medium0.25mm
No. 140 Fine
0.10mm
No. 270V. Fine
0.05mm
.2 80.0 3.7 16.3 1.8 9.3 44.3 23.0 1.5
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TEST• Obtain Private Lab Test Report
ANALYZE• Read and Interpret Results
COMPARE• Evaluate against Ideal Specs
SOLVE• Set Objectives and Choose Materials
• Install Materials to meet Objectives
Repeat Cycle Until Test Results Match
Specification
T.A.C.S.
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TESTParticle Size Analysis
Soil Separate (%) Sand Particle Size Distribution (%)
Gravel Sand Silt Clay V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine
> 2 mm 0.05 – 1 mm 0.002 – 0.05 mm 0 – 0.002 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm 0.05 mm
1.2 47.2 45.4 7.4 2.0 1.8 6.8 20.2 16.3
Typical Soil Analysis Report
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ANALYZE: SIZE
Particle Size• Measured in microns
• 1 micron = 0.001 millimeter (mm)
• 1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 microns
.
CLAYSILTSAND
2 01000 50500 250 1002000
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ANALYZE: CASE STUDYParticle Size Analysis
Soil Separate (%) Sand Particle Size Distribution (%)
Gravel Sand Silt Clay V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine
> 2 mm 0.05 – 1 mm 0.002 – 0.05 mm 0 – 0.002 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm 0.05 mm
1.2 47.2 45.4 7.4 2.0 1.8 6.8 20.2 16.3
Water Access
Maintenance
Regular/Daily Limited Volunteer
• High School – Baseball
• Midwest
Who Am I?
Recreational
ISSUES: - Imbalanced Base Soil
- 1.5” Below Grade
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Particle Size Analysis
Soil Separate (%) Sand Particle Size Distribution (%)
Gravel Sand Silt Clay V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine
> 2 mm 0.05 – 1 mm 0.002 – 0.05 mm 0 – 0.002 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm 0.05 mm
1.2 47.2 45.4 7.4 2.0 1.8 6.8 20.2 16.3
ANALYZE: BEFORE
SAND(overall)
Silt & Clay(combined)
SAND(medium)
47.252.8
10.6
SAND(overall)
70.0 – 75.0
SCR(silt ÷ clay)
0.5 – 1.0
>50SAND(medium)
BEFORE IDEAL
Recreational
Very Low
Very Low
Very High
SAND(very fine)
16.3SCR
(silt ÷ clay)
6.14
Silt & Clay(combined)
25 – 30Very High
COMPARE: BEFORE v. IDEAL
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ANALYZE: BEFORE VISUALSand
0.05 – 2mm
47.2
.
V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine
1 mm 0.50 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm
2.0 1.8 6.8 20.2
Silt
0.002 – 0.05 mm
45.4
Clay
0 – 0.002 mm
7.4
V. Fine
0.05 mm
16.3
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SOLVE
Two Objectives1. To Balance Base Soil
• Increase Overall Sand
• Increase Medium Sand / Reduce Very Fine Sand
• Increase Clay
• Reduce SCR
2. To Bring Infield to Grade• Add Engineered Infield Mix
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SOLVE: IMBALANCED SOIL
Material Engineered Soil
Method 1. APPLIED 22 tons per 10,000 sq.ft.
2. TILLED to 3-inch depth – 3 ways
Amend Base Soil
Component #1
50% USGA Sand- with 75% retained on med. sieve - with < 3% very fine sand
Component #2
50% < 50 micron Silt & Clay
- SCR: 0.85
50/50 Engineered Infield Amendment
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SOLVE: BELOW GRADE
Material Engineered Infield Soil - Recreational
Sand (overall) 70-75%
Sand (medium) >50%(of total mix)
Silt & Clay (combined) 25-30%
SCR (silt ÷ clay) 0.5 – 1.0
Method 1. APPLIED as needed to grade – 48 Tons
2. TILLED to depth of 2 inches
3. FINISHED GRADE
Increase Volume
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Particle Size Analysis
Soil Separate (%) Sand Particle Size Distribution (%)
Gravel Sand Silt Clay V. Coarse Coarse Medium Fine V. Fine
> 2 mm 0.05 – 1 mm 0.002 – 0.05 mm 0 – 0.002 mm 1 mm 0.5 mm 0.25 mm 0.10 mm 0.05 mm
4.4 72.5 15.0 12.5 8.2 17.0 31.7 11.7 4.0
SAND(overall)
Silt & Clay(combined)
SAND(medium)
72.527.5
56.9
SAND(overall)
70.0 – 75.0
SCR(silt ÷ clay)
0.5 – 1.0
>50SAND(medium)
AFTER IDEAL
Recreational
Match
Match
Slightly High
SAND(very fine)
4.0SCR
(silt ÷ clay)
1.20
Silt & Clay(combined)
25 – 30Match
ANALYZE: AFTERCOMPARE: AFTER v. IDEAL
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COMPARE: BEFORE v. AFTER
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Sand (overall) + 25.3
Sand (med.) + 46.3
Sand (v. fine) - 12.3
Silt - 30.4
Clay + 5.1
COMPARE: BEFORE v. AFTERBEFORE AFTER
Overall Sand Med. Sand Very Fine Sand
Clay SCR
• Elevated to Grade
REMOVE AND REPLACE = $30,000
AMEND AND ELEVATE = $10,000Job completed in 1 day
SAVINGS = $20,000
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TOPDRESSING
Benefits TypesCalcined Clays
Vitrified Clays
Crushed Aggregates
Diatomaceous Earth
Provides interface
Moisture management
Improves playability
Enhances appearance
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CALCINED CLAY
Amendment Topdressing Drying Agent
• Montmorillonite clay family
• Clay heated to 1200 – 1400° F
• Absorbs without changing physical characteristics
• Enormous amount of micropores
• Absorbs, holds and slowly releases water
• None
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VITRIFIED CLAY
Amendment Topdressing Drying Agent
• Natural clays and shales
• Clay heated to 2000° F
• Becomes a porous ceramic material
• Water passes more freely than calcined clay
• Slower absorption than calcined clay
• Avoid on high-sand content infields
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CRUSHED AGGREGATE
Amendment Topdressing Drying Agent
• Stone or brick
• Ground stone dust or fired brick dust
• Least absorbent
• Should be fine and not jagged
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DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
Amendment Topdressing Drying Agent
• Organic rock
• Sedimentary rock made of fossilized remains
• Crushed and kiln-fired/calcined
• Most absorbent
• High Silica content can create glare
• Very delicate – breaks down rapidly
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COMPARISONAbsorption Displacement
+
-
Diatomaceous Earth
Calcined Clay
Crushed Aggregate
Vitrified Clay
+
-
Diatomaceous Earth
Calcined Clay
Crushed Aggregate
Vitrified Clay
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CHOOSING TOPDRESSING
Strategy • Use less absorbent material
Topdressing Calcined Clay Vitrified Clay
Crushed Aggregate Diatomaceous Earth
Note • Blend in calcined clay to increase surface moisture
• High Humidity
• Frequent Rain
• Light Winds
Retain less moisture so surface dries faster
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CHOOSING TOPDRESSING
Strategy • Use more absorbent material
Topdressing Calcined Clay Vitrified Clay
Crushed Aggregate Diatomaceous Earth
Note • Blend in vitrified clay or crushed aggregate to reduce moisture retention
• Low Humidity
• Moderate/Constant Winds Retain moisture to reduce displacement
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APPLYING TOPDRESSINGAmount • ¼ - ½ inches
• Allow experience and conditions to guide you
• Never exceed ____ bags of drying agent
Methods
Topdresser
Frequency • Nothing is permanent
• Erosion
• Use an indicator
Spreader Shovel
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MAINTENANCE
Spiking and DraggingLip MaintenanceGrade