Computers and Early History

History of History of ComputersComputers

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

In the BeginningIn the Beginning

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•Computing began with things like:

Finger CountingBones

1900 to 1800 BC1900 to 1800 BC

The The Babylonian's sexagesimal systemBabylonian's sexagesimal system, , which first appeared around 1900 to 1800 which first appeared around 1900 to 1800 BC, is credited as being BC, is credited as being the first known the first known place-value number system using base place-value number system using base sixty.sixty.

NOTE:NOTE: The Sumerians uses a The Sumerians uses a sexagecimalsexagecimal ( (base 60base 60) number ) number system. Most clocks are based on the sexagecimal system. The system. Most clocks are based on the sexagecimal system. The Babylonians inherited sexagecimal numbers from the Sumerians. Babylonians inherited sexagecimal numbers from the Sumerians. They divided a circle into 360 degrees since they believed the Sun They divided a circle into 360 degrees since they believed the Sun rotated around the Earth in about 360 days. rotated around the Earth in about 360 days.

1000 BC to 500 BC1000 BC to 500 BCThe Invention of the AbacusThe Invention of the Abacus

The first actual calculating The first actual calculating mechanism known to us is the mechanism known to us is the abacus, which is thought to have abacus, which is thought to have been invented by the Babylonians been invented by the Babylonians sometime between 1,000 BC and sometime between 1,000 BC and 500 BC, although some observers 500 BC, although some observers are of the opinion that it was are of the opinion that it was actually invented by the Chinese . actually invented by the Chinese .

1500 AD1500 ADLeonardo da Vinci's Mechanical CalculatorLeonardo da Vinci's Mechanical Calculator

It appears that the first mechanical calculator may have been conceived by Leonardo da Vinci almost one hundred and fifty years earlier than Pascal's machine.

Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)

Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635), Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635), of Tuebingen, Germany), made of Tuebingen, Germany), made a "Calculating a "Calculating Clock-1623Clock-1623". This ". This mechanical machine was mechanical machine was capable of adding and capable of adding and subtracting up to 6 digit subtracting up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. overflow by ringing a bell.

1600 AD1600 ADJohn Napier and Napier's BonesJohn Napier and Napier's Bones

In the early 1600s, a In the early 1600s, a Scottish mathematician Scottish mathematician named John Napier, the named John Napier, the Laird of Merchiston, Laird of Merchiston, invented a tool called invented a tool called Napier's Bones, wherein Napier's Bones, wherein multiplication tables were multiplication tables were inscribed on strips of inscribed on strips of wood or bone.wood or bone.

Napier also invented the logarithms, which greatly assisted in arithmetic calculations.

Napier's Bones/rodsNapier's Bones/rods

Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplicationmultiplication of any number by a number 2-9. of any number by a number 2-9.

By placing "bones" corresponding to the By placing "bones" corresponding to the multiplier on the left side and the bones multiplier on the left side and the bones corresponding to the digits of the multiplicand corresponding to the digits of the multiplicand next to it to the right, and product can be read next to it to the right, and product can be read off simply by adding pairs of numbers (with off simply by adding pairs of numbers (with appropriate carries as needed) in the row appropriate carries as needed) in the row determined by the determined by the multiplier. multiplier.

1621 AD1621 ADSlide RuleSlide Rule

In 1621, an English mathematician and In 1621, an English mathematician and clergyman called William Oughtred clergyman called William Oughtred used Napier's logarithms as the basis used Napier's logarithms as the basis for the for the slide rule.slide rule.

This was This was first built in England in 1632 and first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the Apollo programs which landed men on the moon. moon.

1625 AD1625 AD A Arithmetic rithmetic MMachineachine

The German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard wrote a letter to his friend Johannes Kepler about fifteen years before Pascal started developing his Arithmetic Machine.

1625 AD1625 AD A Arithmetic rithmetic MMachineachine

He wrote that he had built a machine that "...immediately computes the given numbers automatically; adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides". Unfortunately, no original copies of Schickard's machine exist, but working models have been constructed from his notes.

1640 AD1640 ADBlaise Pascal's Arithmetic MachineBlaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine

In 1640, Pascal started developing a device In 1640, Pascal started developing a device to help his father add sums of money. The to help his father add sums of money. The first operating model, the Arithmetic first operating model, the Arithmetic Machine, was introduced in 1642, and Machine, was introduced in 1642, and Pascal created fifty more devices over the Pascal created fifty more devices over the next ten years. next ten years.

Pascal's Arithmetic MachinePascal's Arithmetic Machine

Blaise Pascal is being credited as Blaise Pascal is being credited as the inventor of the first the inventor of the first operational calculating machine - operational calculating machine - the Arithmetic Machine the Arithmetic Machine

Sir Samuel Morland Sir Samuel Morland (1625-1695)(1625-1695) Sir Samuel Morland Sir Samuel Morland of England, of England,

produces a produces a non decimal adding non decimal adding machinemachine, suitable for use with English , suitable for use with English money. Instead of a carry mechanismmoney. Instead of a carry mechanism

1670 AD1670 ADGottfried von Leibniz's Step ReckonerGottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner

In 1670s, a German Baron named In 1670s, a German Baron named Gottfried von Leibniz (sometimes von Gottfried von Leibniz (sometimes von Leibnitz) took mechanical calculation a Leibnitz) took mechanical calculation a step beyond his predecessors.step beyond his predecessors.

He developed Pascal's ideas and He developed Pascal's ideas and introduced the introduced the Step ReckonerStep Reckoner, a device , a device which, as well as performing additions which, as well as performing additions and subtractions, could multiply, divide, and subtractions, could multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots by series of and evaluate square roots by series of stepped additions.stepped additions.

1670 AD1670 ADGottfried von Leibniz's Step ReckonerGottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner

Leibniz also strongly advocated the use of Leibniz also strongly advocated the use of the the binary number systembinary number system, which is , which is fundamental to the operation of modern fundamental to the operation of modern computers. computers.

1786 J. H. Mueller,

1786 J. H. Mueller1786 J. H. Mueller, of the Hessian army, , of the Hessian army, conceives the idea of what came to be called a conceives the idea of what came to be called a ""difference enginedifference engine". That's a special purpose ". That's a special purpose calculator for tabulating values of a calculator for tabulating values of a polynomial, given the differences between polynomial, given the differences between certain values so that the polynomial is certain values so that the polynomial is uniquely specified;. uniquely specified;.

J. H. Mueller Difference Engine

It's useful for any It's useful for any function that can be function that can be approximated by a approximated by a polynomial over polynomial over suitable intervals. suitable intervals. Mueller's attempt to Mueller's attempt to raise funds fails and raise funds fails and the project is forgottenthe project is forgotten

1800 AD1800 ADJacquard's Punched CardsJacquard's Punched Cards

In the early 1800s, a In the early 1800s, a French silk weaver French silk weaver named Joseph-Marie named Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a Jacquard invented a way of automatically way of automatically controlling the warp controlling the warp and weft threads on a and weft threads on a silk loom by recording silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a patterns of holes in a string of cards.string of cards.

1820 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar Colmar Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of

France, makes his "Arithmometer", France, makes his "Arithmometer", the first mass-produced calculator. the first mass-produced calculator.

1822 AD1822 ADBabbage's Difference EngineBabbage's Difference Engine

Charles Babbage built a Charles Babbage built a machine called the machine called the Difference Engine that Difference Engine that automatically calculate automatically calculate mathematical tables, mathematical tables, such as logarithmic and such as logarithmic and trigonometric functions.trigonometric functions.

Analytical EngineAnalytical Engine

Babbage conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine. It was intended to use loops of Jacquard’s Punched Cards to control an automatic calculator.

This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping.

Augusta Ada LovelaceAugusta Ada Lovelace

Working with Babbage was Working with Babbage was Augusta Ada Lovelace, the Augusta Ada Lovelace, the daughter of the English poet daughter of the English poet Lord Byron. Ada, who was a Lord Byron. Ada, who was a splendid mathematician and splendid mathematician and one of the few people who one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's fully understood Babbage's vision, created a program for vision, created a program for the Analytical Engine.the Analytical Engine.• ADA is now credited as being the ADA is now credited as being the first first

computer programmercomputer programmer and, in 1979, a and, in 1979, a modern programming language was modern programming language was named ADA in her honor.named ADA in her honor.

1890 AD1890 ADHollerith's Tabulating MachinesHollerith's Tabulating Machines

An American inventor named Herman An American inventor named Herman Hollerith, made use of the idea of Hollerith, made use of the idea of Jacquard’s Jacquard’s Punched Card Punched Card to represent to represent the census data, and to then read and the census data, and to then read and collate this data using an automatic collate this data using an automatic machine.machine.

History of Computing-History of Computing-SummarySummary

3000 B.C., abacus: addition, subtraction, 3000 B.C., abacus: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division multiplication, division

1642, Pascaline; addition (invented by 1642, Pascaline; addition (invented by Blaise Pascal at age 18) Blaise Pascal at age 18)

1694, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz; 1694, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz; extended the Pascaline to include extended the Pascaline to include multiplication multiplication

SummarySummary

1820, the arithometer by Charles Xavier 1820, the arithometer by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar; addition, subtraction, Thomas de Colmar; addition, subtraction, multiplication, division multiplication, division

1832, analytical engine by Charles Babbage 1832, analytical engine by Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace; steam powered general and Ada Lovelace; steam powered general purpose computing machine purpose computing machine

1889, Tabulating Machine Company (now, 1889, Tabulating Machine Company (now, IBM) by Herman Hollerith; general purpose IBM) by Herman Hollerith; general purpose computing -- tallied the U.S. Census in 6 computing -- tallied the U.S. Census in 6 weeks (as opposed to 7-10 years).weeks (as opposed to 7-10 years).

EvolutionEvolution 1824- 1824- International Business International Business

MachinesMachines (IBM corporation) formed after more mergers (IBM corporation) formed after more mergers

involving the Computing - Tabulating - Recording involving the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company Company

1906 - Electronic Tube1906 - Electronic Tube (or (or Electronic Valve) Electronic Valve) developed by developed by Lee De Forest Lee De Forest in America. Before this it would have been in America. Before this it would have been impossible to make digital electronic computers. impossible to make digital electronic computers.

EvolutionEvolution

1910 Charles Watson Sr. 1910 Charles Watson Sr.

Father of International Business Father of International Business MachinesMachines

19111911

Merger of companies, including Herman Merger of companies, including Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, to Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, to Computing - Tabulating - Recording Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company - which became IBM in 1924. Company - which became IBM in 1924.

Computer History - Computer History - 1900 - 19401900 - 1940

For more information, pls go to this site: For more information, pls go to this site: • http://www.computerhope.com/history/http://www.computerhope.com/history/

190040.htm190040.htm

The Electronic Age: 1940 -

Present

EvolutionEvolution 1935 - 1935 - International International

Business Machines introduces Business Machines introduces the "the "IBM 601IBM 601", a punch card ", a punch card machine with an arithmetic unit machine with an arithmetic unit based on relays and capable of based on relays and capable of doing a multiplication in 1 doing a multiplication in 1 second. The machine becomes second. The machine becomes important both in scientific and important both in scientific and commercial computation, and commercial computation, and about 1500 of them are about 1500 of them are eventually made. eventually made.

EvolutionEvolution

1938 - 1938 - Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) of Berlin, Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) of Berlin, with some assistance from Helmut Schreyer, with some assistance from Helmut Schreyer, completes a prototype mechanical binary completes a prototype mechanical binary programmable calculator, the first binary programmable calculator, the first binary calculator it is based on Boolean Algebra (see calculator it is based on Boolean Algebra (see 1848). Originally called the "V1" but 1848). Originally called the "V1" but retroactively renamed "Z1" after the war. It retroactively renamed "Z1" after the war. It works with floating point numbers having a 7-works with floating point numbers having a 7-bit exponent, 16-bit mantissa, and a sign bit.bit exponent, 16-bit mantissa, and a sign bit.

EvolutionEvolution 19401940 - - At Bell Labs, Samuel At Bell Labs, Samuel

Williams and Stibitz complete Williams and Stibitz complete a calculator which can a calculator which can operate on complex numbers, operate on complex numbers, and give it the imaginative and give it the imaginative name of the "name of the "Complex Complex Number CalculatorNumber Calculator"; it is "; it is later known as the "Model I later known as the "Model I Relay Calculator". It uses Relay Calculator". It uses telephone switching parts for telephone switching parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switchescrossbar switches

EvolutionEvolution

1941 - 1941 - Atanasoff and Atanasoff and Berry complete a special-Berry complete a special-purpose calculator for purpose calculator for solving systems of solving systems of simultaneous linear simultaneous linear equations, later called the equations, later called the "ABC" ("Atanasoff-Berry "ABC" ("Atanasoff-Berry Computer"). Computer").

EvolutionEvolution 1943- Computers between 1943 1943- Computers between 1943

and 1959 (or thereabouts - some and 1959 (or thereabouts - some say this era did not start until say this era did not start until UNIVAC-1 in 1951) usually UNIVAC-1 in 1951) usually regarded as 'first generation' and regarded as 'first generation' and are based on valves and wire are based on valves and wire circuits. The are characterised by circuits. The are characterised by the use of punched cards and the use of punched cards and vacuum valves. All programming vacuum valves. All programming was done in machine code. A was done in machine code. A typical machine of the era was typical machine of the era was UNIVAC. UNIVAC.

EvolutionEvolution 1942-3- Williams and 1942-3- Williams and

Stibitz complete the Stibitz complete the "Relay Interpolator", later "Relay Interpolator", later called the "Model II Relay called the "Model II Relay Calculator". This is a Calculator". This is a programmable calculator; programmable calculator; again, the program and again, the program and data are read from paper data are read from paper tapes tapes

EvolutionEvolution

1943- 1943- The earliest The earliest Programmable Electronic Programmable Electronic Computer first ran (in Britain), Computer first ran (in Britain), it contained 2400 Vacuum it contained 2400 Vacuum tubes for logic, and was tubes for logic, and was called the called the ColossusColossus. It was . It was built, by Dr Thomas Flowers built, by Dr Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research at The Post Office Research Laboratories in LondonLaboratories in London

EvolutionEvolution

1946 – Mauchly 1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created and Eckert created the ENIAC the ENIAC computer, first computer, first electronic electronic computer is computer is unveiled at Univ. of unveiled at Univ. of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania

EvolutionEvolution 1948- 1948- SSEM, (Small Scale SSEM, (Small Scale

Experimental Machine) or Experimental Machine) or 'Baby' was built at 'Baby' was built at Manchester University (UK), Manchester University (UK), It ran it's first program on It ran it's first program on this date. Based on ideas this date. Based on ideas from Jon von Neumann (a from Jon von Neumann (a Hungarian Mathematician) Hungarian Mathematician) about stored program about stored program computers, it was the first computers, it was the first computer to store both it's computer to store both it's programs and data in RAM, programs and data in RAM, as modern computers so.as modern computers so.

EvolutionEvolution By 1948 the 'Baby' had By 1948 the 'Baby' had

grown, and acquired a grown, and acquired a magnetic drum for more magnetic drum for more perminant storage, and perminant storage, and it became the it became the Manchester Mark I. The Manchester Mark I. The Ferranti Mark I was Ferranti Mark I was basically the same as basically the same as the Manchester Mark I the Manchester Mark I but faster and made for but faster and made for commmercial sale.commmercial sale.

EvolutionEvolution

1949- Wilkes and a team 1949- Wilkes and a team at Cambridge University at Cambridge University build a stored program build a stored program computer - EDSAC. It computer - EDSAC. It used paper tape I/O, used paper tape I/O, and was the first stored-and was the first stored-program computer to program computer to operate a regular operate a regular computing service computing service

EvolutionEvolution 1949- EDVAC (electronic 1949- EDVAC (electronic

discrete variable computer) - discrete variable computer) - First computer to use Magnetic First computer to use Magnetic Tape. This was a breakthrough Tape. This was a breakthrough as previous computers had to as previous computers had to be re-programmed by re-wiring be re-programmed by re-wiring them whereas EDVAC could them whereas EDVAC could have new programs loaded off have new programs loaded off of the tape. Proposed by John of the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was von Neumann, it was completed in 1952 at the completed in 1952 at the Institute for Advance Study, Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, USAPrinceton, USA

EvolutionEvolution

1951- 1951- WhirlwindWhirlwind, the , the first real-time computer first real-time computer was built for the US Air was built for the US Air Defence System. Defence System.

UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1

1951 - 1951 - UNIVAC-1.UNIVAC-1. The first The first commercially sucessful electronic commercially sucessful electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose computer - designed general purpose computer - designed to handle both numeric and textual to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real of this machine marked the real beginning of the computer era. beginning of the computer era. Remington Rand delivered the first Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used Census in 1951. This machine used magentic tape for input. magentic tape for input.

EvolutionEvolution 1952- 1952- EDVAC (Electronic EDVAC (Electronic

Discrete Variable Computer)Discrete Variable Computer) completed at the Institute for completed at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others). (by Von Neumann and others).

1953- Magnetic Core Memory 1953- Magnetic Core Memory developed. developed.

1957- First Dot Matrix printer 1957- First Dot Matrix printer marketed by IBM. marketed by IBM.

1958- The integrated circuit 1958- The integrated circuit invented by Jack St Clair Kilby at invented by Jack St Clair Kilby at Texas Texas

EvolutionEvolution

1959- 1959- Computers built between Computers built between 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as 1959 and 1964 are often regarded as 'Second Generation' computers, 'Second Generation' computers, based on transistors and printed based on transistors and printed circuits - resulting in much smaller circuits - resulting in much smaller computers. computers.

More powerful, the second More powerful, the second generation of computers could generation of computers could handle interpreters such as handle interpreters such as FORTRAN (for science) or COBOL FORTRAN (for science) or COBOL (for business), that accepting (for business), that accepting English-like commands, and so English-like commands, and so were much more flexible in their were much more flexible in their applications. applications.

1960- Tandy Corporation founded by Charles Tandy.

Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit

1970’s – 1970’s – Integrated Integrated circuits and silicon chips circuits and silicon chips lead to smaller lead to smaller microprocessormicroprocessor

PDP 8PDP 8

Digital Equipment Digital Equipment Corporation Corporation (DEC), series PDP (DEC), series PDP 8. 8.

PDP 8IPDP 8I

DEC's first DEC's first calculator with calculator with integrated circuits integrated circuits was not cheap. The was not cheap. The CPU on its own (in CPU on its own (in the middle of the the middle of the picture) without picture) without periphery costed periphery costed 27000$ at that 27000$ at that time.time.

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