Early computers, history , and its types (The institute of chartered accountants of india)

THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

AND

ITS TYPES

AND

ITS ELEMENTS SUBMITTED BY :-

HEMITA DUA

ROLL NO 26

NR0 0332001

BATCH NO – VN-06-14-B

SUBMITTED TO :-MR. ALOK GUPTA

MR. MAHESH PRASAD

CONTENTS

• EARLY COMPUTERS• DIFFERENCE ENGINES• ABACUS• Mark-1, ENIAC , UNIVAC• COLOSSUS• TRANSISTORS AND VACCUM TUBES• INTEGRATED CIRCUITS• SMARTCOMPUTERS• TYPES OF COMPUTER• SUPERCOMPUTER• MAINFRAME• MINICOMPUTER• WORKSTATIONS• MICROCOMPUTERS• OTHERS ( PORTABLE AND EMBEDDED)• ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER• INPUT DEVICES (KEYBOARD , MOUSE)• INPUT DEVICES(SCANNER , WEB CAM)• INPUT DEVICES(JOYSTICK , BAR CODE READER)• OUTPUT DEVICES (MONITOR)• OUTPUT DEVICES (PRINTER)• PRINTERS• SOFTWARE• TYPES OF SOFTWARE

EARLY COMPUTERS

A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a

set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The first recorded use of the word "computer" is also from the 17th century, applied to human computers, people who performed calculations, often as employment. The first computer devices were conceived of in the 19th century, and only emerged in their modern form in the 1940s.In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers(PCs).

DIFFERENCE ENGINES

• Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer”, he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century.

• He designed the DIFFERENCE ENGINE in 1822 , which was used to prepare mathematical tables. It had many similarities with the modern computers.

• A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions . The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients.

ABACUS

• ABACUS is the first device known for doing calculations. It was invented more than 5000 years ago. It was used in China for counting and mathematical calculations.

• Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. The user of an abacus is called an abacist.

EARLY COMPUTERS

• MARK-1 : It was the first automatic digital computer. It was made in

year the year 1944.

• ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERIC INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR) : It was

the first electronic general-purpose computer. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It had a speed of one thousand times that of electro-mechanical machines. This computational power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists.

• UNIVAC -1:UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer.

It is the first general purpose computer for commercial use. It was made in 1951.

COLOSSUS

• Colossus was the first electronic digital programmable computing device, and was used to break German ciphers during World War II. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean

logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing complete. Colossus

Mark I contained 1500 thermionic valves (tubes), but Mark II with 2400 valves, was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than Mark 1, greatly speeding the decoding process.

Transistors replace vacuum tubes in computers

• The bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give off less heat. Silicon junction transistors were much more reliable than vacuum tubes and had longer, indefinite, service life. Transistorized computers could contain tens of thousands of binary logic circuits in a relatively compact space.

Integrated circuits replace transistors

• The next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence , Geoffrey W.A. Dummer . Dummer presented the first public description of an integrated circuit at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7 May 1952. This new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor.

Mobility and the growth of Smartphone computers

• With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 1990s.The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called Smartphones run on a variety of operating systems and are rapidly becoming the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.

TYPES OF COMPUTER

SUPERCOMPUTERS

MAINFRAMES

MINICOMPUTERS

WORKSTATIONS

MICROCOMPUTER

SUPERCOMPUTER

Largest, fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computers made

Used primarily for scientific applications that are mathematically intensive

Used in weather forecasting and seismic analysis

Speed of modern supercomputers is measured in nanoseconds and gigaflops

Can perform at up to 128 gigaflops, and use bus widths of 32 or 64 bits

The massively parallel processors of today contain hundreds of processors

MAINFRAMES

Suitable for input/output intensive operations

Generally having multiprocessing capabilities

Speed is measured in megaflops

Generally limited to eight or fewer processors

Host processor is responsible for controlling the other processors, all the peripheral devices, and controlling the other processors

Front end processors is responsible for handling communications to and from all the remote terminals connected to the system

Back end processor handles data retrieval operations

MINICOMPUTERS

Minicomputers are a little slower

Can perform the same task as mainframes

Slightly less storage and printers are slightly slower

Referred to as mid range computers

WORKSTATIONS

Powerful desktop computer designed to meet the computing needs of engineers, architects, and other professionals who need detailed graphics displays

Used for COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

Also called as SUPERMICRO

Use Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

The DEC ALPHA CHIP was the first microprocessor designed to work with a 64-bit bus

MICROCOMPUTERS

The new Pentium Pro microcomputers have multiprocessing capabilities

Enables multi tasking – a single user variation on multiprogramming

The term microcomputer originated in the late 1970s

people usually mean PC when they use the term microcomputer

OTHERS

• PORTABLE COMPUTERS

1. DOCKING STATIONS

2. PALMTOPS

3. DIGITAL ASSISTANTS(PDAs)

4. SMART CARDS

• EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

1. Built into special purpose devices, such as video game players, microwave ovens, ‘smart’ alarm clocks.

2. Also embedded in automobiles, CD players, ovens etc.

ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER

• HARDWAREComputer hardware is the collection of

physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such as the monitor ,mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

• SOFTWARESoftware is instructions that can be

stored and run by hardware.Softwareis any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations.

Eg., Paint , Open office, Microsoft WindowsLinux ,Unix ,Mac OSX,DOS ,BIOS Software ,HD Sector Boot Software,Device Driver Software i.e Graphics

Driver etc ,Linker Software ,

Assembler and Compiler Software.

INPUT DEVICES

• KEYBOARDo Consists of a set of typewriter like

keys that enables to enter data into a computer

o Alphanumeric keys, punctuationkeys, special keys can be seen

o Standard layout is QWERTY

• MOUSEo It controls the movement of the

cursor or pointer on a display screen

o Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Centre in 1963

o PIONEERDE BY XEROX IN THE 1970s

o Types : Mechanical , Opto-mechanical, Optical

INPUT DEVICES

• SCANNERo Reads text or illustrations printed

on paper and translate the information into a form that computer can use

o OCR system translates the image into ASCII characters

o Uses CCD technology

• WEB CAMo A webcam is a video camera that

feeds or streams its image in real time to or through a computer to computer network. When "captured" by the computer, the video stream may be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks via systems such as the internet, and email as an attachment.

INPUT DEVICES

• JOYSTICK The pointer moves in the

direction the joystick is pointing

Includes two buttons called triggers

Used for computer gaming , CAD/ CAM system

• BAR CODE READER Used in supermarkets,

bookshops, etc.

These are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes, or vertical zebra striped marks

Uses the UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

OUTPUT DEVICES

• MONITOR

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display(TFT-LCD) thin panel

CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON COLOUR

• MONOCHROME, GRAY-SCALE,COLOR MONITOR

BASED ON SIGNALS

• DIGITAL, ANALOG MONITOR

OUTPUT DEVICE

• PRINTER In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human-

readable representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media.

The world's first computer printer was a 19th-century mechanically driven apparatus invented by Charles Babbage for his difference engine.

SOFTWARE

SOFTWARE is the non-tangible component of computers.

Computer software includes all computer programs regardless of their architecture; for example, executable files , libraries and scripts are computer software. Yet, it shares their mutual properties:

Software consists of clearly defined instructions that upon execution, instructs hardware to perform the tasks for which it is designed.

Software is stored in computer memory and cannot be touched, just as a 3D model shown in an illustration cannot be touched.

EXAMPLES : Microsoft Windows, Linux ,Unix ,Mac OSX ,DOS Opera (Web Browser) ,Microsoft Word (Word Processing) ,Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software), MySQL (Database Software) ,Microsoft Powerpoint(Presentation Software) .

A diagram showing how the operating system software and application software are layered on a typical desktop computer. The arrows indicate information flow.

TYPES OF SOFTWAREApplication software uses the computer system to perform useful work or provide entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself.System software is designed to operate the computer hardware, to provide basic functionality, and to provide a platform for running application software.