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Chapter 1

PROBLEM

The De La Salle University Dasmarinas plans separate a building for the College of Architecture,

due to the increasing no. of architecture students and lack of drawing facilities. The Department of

Architecture decides to establish a college and have an additional program, Graphics Design and

Multimedia Arts to add more income for the college.

The university had acquired the dark-green campus, and they trying to preserve the natural

features of the campus. There are only few sites that is available and the challenge is to choose the best

site that will be accessible, visible and convenient and the design must adopt the Fil-spanish theme of

the De La Salle University.

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Chapter 2

BACKGROUND

College of Architecture

The College of Architecture offers a five-year program that leads to a degree of Bachelor of

Science in Architecture. The De La Salle University Dasmarinas, College of Architecture,

consistent with the University's vision as a Center of Excellence in various programs of teaching,

research and community extension, commits itself to continue being the leading institution of

architectural education, the well-spring of studies in the built and natural environment and

effective proponent architecture as a social art through its outreach programs.

The College of Architecture exists

develop creative and competent architects endowed with intellectual discipline and

unalloyed integrity, fully able to meet the challenges of design and management of

building projects in the 21st century;

provide opportunities for the academic growth of its faculty through post-graduate

studies as well as research projects;

upgrade physical facilities and educational resources to assure an efficient teaching-

learning environment; and

Initiate and maintain external linkages.

to have a curriculum that is well-designed befitting the status of "Center of

Excellence" in the field of Architecture, that is attuned to the needs of the time;

to review existing textbooks and identify subjects where textbooks can be written;

to update and develop relevant instructional methodologies that are innovative,

easily understood and appreciated by students, supported by facilities and

equipment as necessary;

to develop a faculty that are highly qualified in their field of expertise, updated with

the latest trends and development, and active in national and international

professional organizations; and

To establish an extension program beneficial to non-COE and have a workable

outreach program for deprived/depressed communities.

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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas

Vision

De La Salle University-Dasmarias is a Filipino Catholic University established and managed by

the De La Salle Brothers and their lay partners in the historic province of Cavite in response to the needs

of the Church and the Nation for human and Christian education, particularly the youth at risk. Guided

by the Lasallian values of Faith, Zeal and Communion, the University participates meaningfully in the

process of social transformation by forming God-centered, people-oriented, and patriotic persons who

serve as responsible and professionally competent stewards of God's creation.

Mission

To realize this vision, the University shall strive to become a leading institution nationally and

globally in the integral formation of the youth by offering relevant, responsive, and community-oriented

academic programs, research and extension services, and promoting a keen sense of history, arts and

culture. Following the footsteps of Saint John Baptist De La Salle, the University shall continue

transforming itself into a caring community guided by Gospel values, with a fervent spirit of service, love

for learning and excellence through a holistic formation of its members.

PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES

To become the leader in technology-based education in the CALABARZON area.

To produce knowledgeable and professional graduates through its upgraded curriculum,

effective instruction, hands-on learning experiences and industry linkages.

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Chapter 3

PRESENTATION OF DATA

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Utilization Guidelines

Exhibit Room

Exhibit room shall exclusively be used as a venue for exhibits, thesis expositions and trade fairs. No

variety shows, rehearsals and the like shall be permitted.

In special cases or events such as accreditation, external activity sponsorship by any unit/ offices,

CEAT administration and faculty development activities, and university administration meetings and

conferences, usage of the exhibit room may be permitted provided that proper information shall be

given to the Deans Office three weeks before the activity. Deliberation whether the event to be held

in the exhibit hall is indeed a special case shall be done by the Collegiate Operations Committee

before utilization permit shall be granted.

To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall be only

entertained three days before the date of activity.

Exhibit room shall not be used as lounging and studying area for students. Thus, no student is

allowed to enter the room without permission.

During exhibits, the sponsoring unit/ offices/ organizations shall be held liable in damages due to

negligence.

It is the obligation of the user to obtain the keys, remote control and other necessary things such as

display boards, table and chairs prior to the activities. CEAT shall not be liable in cases of loss or

damage of exhibit materials.

Cleanliness and Orderliness shall be observed during and after each activity. All backdrops,

backgrounds and the like shall immediately be removed by the user right after the activity.

It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs every end of the day or after the

activity.

Audio Visual Room

Audio-visual room shall be used for seminars, thesis deliberation, meetings, conferences, film

showing, alternative classes, and parallel activities.

Activities, which are not parallel to the intended use of the Audio Visual Room, shall be subjected to

deliberation by the Collegiate Operations Committee.

To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall be only

entertained three days before the date of activity.

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Strictly no food and drinks shall be permitted inside the Audio Visual Rooms.

The users shall observe cleanliness and orderliness. All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be

removed immediately by the user right after the activity.

Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to

negligence.

It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.

CEAT Student Center

The usage of CEAT Library Hall as a student center shall be treated as temporary. CEAT

administration has the right to claim the room to pave way to its original purpose anytime.

Student Center shall be used primarily as student study area but in special cases, seminars, thesis

deliberation, meetings, conferences, film showing, alternative classes, variety shows, rehearsals and

the like may be done provided that proper permission was secured from the Deans Office.

Activities, which are not parallel to the intended use of the Student Center, shall be subjected to

deliberation by the Collegiate Operations Committee.

To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall only be

entertained three days before the date of activity.

Strictly no food and drinks shall be permitted inside the Student Center.

The users shall observe cleanliness and orderliness. All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be

immediately removed by the user right after the activity.

Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to

negligence.

It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.

Faculty Lounge (MEZZANINE)

It should be noted that usage of faculty lounge as a venue for seminars, thesis deliberation,

meetings, conferences, film showing, alternative classes, and parallel activities is purely temporary.

The CEAT Administration has the right to pave way to the original purpose of the room anytime.

Only the mezzanine floor shall be used for the previously mentioned activities unless otherwise

permission is granted after Collegiate Operations Committee deliberation.

Unlike the AVR, Exhibit Room and Student Center, Faculty Lounge may be reserved on first come

first served basis by any unit/ organization/ individual/ office.

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Foods and drinks may be allowed inside the faculty lounge provided that the user/s shall observe

absolute cleanliness and orderliness.

All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be immediately removed by the user right after the

activity.

Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to

negligence.

It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is a social art. As professionals, architects develop a constructive balance and

creative synthesis in the discourse between the individual and the community, between private

interests and the common good, and between the natural, the social, and the technological. This

requires a comprehensive education with a thorough understanding of the cultural, political, economic,

ecological, and technological forces that shape our built environment.

The School of Architectures mission is to educate professional architects and to advance

architectural knowledge and creative practice through design-centered teaching and research. To

support this mission it maintains a strong faculty composed of academics and practicing architects,

fostering a dynamic dialogue between architectures identity as a discipline and a profession.

School Buildings and Environment

School buildings and the school environment should be conducive to learning, a place toward

sustainable development. The environment should reflect the teachings and learning imparted to the

students. School is dubbed as the second home of the young people and they should find the things they

learn reflected around their environment to enable them to see things learned in the classroom in

action.

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1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Not just about school design, this practical guide discusses ways to minimize crime in a variety of settings,

including playgrounds. The general concepts from this guide are proving helpful for architects who seek to design

secure schools.

Accessibility and Universal Design

Universal design means designing buildings that meet the needs of all people, both able and

disabled. Here are resources, guidelines and information on laws related to providing for the

handicapped and people with special needs.

The School of Architecture + Design has been recognized as one of Americas World-Class

Schools of Architecture with highest distinction, tied with Harvard, Yale, and Columbia Universities. The

multidimensional ranking by Design Intelligence, the only national college ranking survey focused

exclusively on design, is based on five criteria: current rankings by professional practices; historic 10-

year rankings by professional practices; rankings by academic department deans and chairs; overall

campus environment and student evaluations; and program accreditation. The individual programs

within the School of Architecture + Design were also nationally ranked by Design Intelligence:

undergraduate architecture, #2 (#4 for analysis and planning, #2 for communication skills; #2 for

computer applications, #3 for construction methods and materials and #2 for design); graduate

architecture, #6; undergraduate industrial design, #13 of 47 programs; undergraduate interior design, #9

of 148 programs; and graduate interior design, #6. In the School of Public and International Affairs, U.S.

News and World Report ranks undergraduate public affairs #27 in the nation.

The programs within the college are diverse, yet they share a common goal to prepare

students to engage in and manage the human environment through the processes of art, design,construction, policy-making, planning, and management. Students who wish to combine degree options

within the college, or with related disciplines in the university, are encouraged to create a program of

study best suited to their individual interests.

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College Initiatives

Design leadership is crucial to solving important societal needs -- economic, social, environmental --

through design of new systems, new policies, new ways of living and working.

The College of Design leads in the following areas through cross-disciplinary teaching, research, and outreach

across our academic departments and research and outreach units:

Sustainability and social justice, ranging from the research of our Center, our M.S. degree in

sustainability, and our faculty work in areas such as landscape ecology, affordable housing, and

homelessness.

Digital design, including the research underway in our Digital Design Consortium and Human

Dimensioning Lab, as well as faculty work in the area of Building Information Modeling (BIM)

and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).

Culture and world heritage, embracing everything from our Center for World Heritage

Studies in conjunction with UNESCO to our Goldstein Museum of Design, the largest design

museum in a design college in the country.

Urban and rural outreach, involving several research units -- the Metropolitan, Center for

Rural Design, and Center for Changing Landscapes -- as well as faculty work among migrant

workers and in urban neighborhoods and city schools.

We have several new initiatives underway that will link the college internally as well as with the larger university

and community. These include:

Product design, connecting most of the units in the college as well as with other colleges, such

as the Institute of Technology and the Carlson School of Management, and several Twin Cities

corporations.

Human factors, linking faculty in the College of Design with those inkinesiology in the College of

Education and Human Development and in mechanical engineering in the Institute of

Technology

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Dimensions and Clearances for Average Adults

Dimensions and clearances for average adults are shown to represent the minimum requirements in

planning. It increased to provide comfortable accommodation for persons larger than average.

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Auditorium

An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances at venues such

as theatres. For movie theaters, the number of auditoriums is expressed as the number of screens.

Modern auditorium structure

The audience in a modern theatre is usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch,

although other types of stage are common.

The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium (known colloquially as the house) usually varies

according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following:

Stalls or arena: the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage.

Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In

larger theatres, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is

usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The highest platform, or upper circle is sometimes

known as the gods, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long

distance from the stage.

Boxes: typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often

separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat five people or f ewer. These seats are

typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A state box or royal box is sometimes

provided for dignitaries.

Library

The audience in a modern theatre are usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch,

although othertypes of stage are common.

The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium (known colloquially as the house) usually varies

according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following:

Stalls or arena: the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage.

Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In

larger theatres, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is

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usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The highest platform, or upper circle is sometimes

known as the gods, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long

distance from the stage.

Boxes: typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often

separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat five people or f ewer. These seats are

typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A state box or royal box is sometimes

provided for dignitaries.

Student lounge

Student lounges are rooms located within thousands of schools, colleges and universities,

designed to givestudents a space for relaxation and study.

GREEN BUILDING

Goals of green building

The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the

environment pollution concern in the 1970s.[5] The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need

and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of

motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability

initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an

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existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each

green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate

the impacts of new buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of

renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using

plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques,

such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance

replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ

from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and

Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality

Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction.[6][7] The essence of

green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design,

individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.

On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building

that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in

designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize

systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.

Siting and structure design efficiency

The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage,

in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In

designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the total environmental

impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as

streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In

addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each

constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may

affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

Energy efficiency

Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building

envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and

insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in

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low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows

and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement

(day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water

heating further reduces energy loads.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can

significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive

feature to add to a building.

Water efficiency

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One

critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to

replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is

collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a

building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water

may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.

Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water

on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while

reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-

irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiencyBuilding materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewable plant materials like

bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed,

ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable,

renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth

block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains,

coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing

concrete) , etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as

coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects [15] Building materials

should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their

transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to

maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture

is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust.

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Indoor environmental quality enhancement

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental

categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category

addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting

quality.[16]

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's, and other air impurities such as

microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and

air filtration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design

and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions

will improve IAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC's and

formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding

these products will increase a building's IEQ.

Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed

building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous

environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting

quality of a structure.

Operations and maintenance optimization

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so

if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are

part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of

the project.Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new

green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the

design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices

such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.

Waste reduction

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction.

For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[19] During the

construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed

buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions

such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.

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To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from

sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-

potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is

converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting

human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid

fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s.

Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from

the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy

than this process.

LIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING AS LIGHTING

DESIGN FACTOR

The provision of lighting in structures has in recent years been considered an amenity. Windows provide

visual contact with the outside and the resultant daylight provides a bright, pleasant, airy ambience. When daylight

enters through windows(side lighting, as opposed to top lighting). Its horizontal directivity provides a good

modeling shadows, minimal veiling reflections, and excellent vertical surface illumination. Furthermore, the

continual variation of daylight which is one of its prominent characteristics, provides a constantly changing pattern

of space illumination; one that is unattainable with artificial light. Since these changes are gradual, the eyes adapt

easily and the effect is one of usual interest. Undoubtedly, as a results of these effects, numerous studies have

conclusively demonstrated a marked preference for daylight over any other for light.

On the other hand, no ill effects have conclusively been demonstrated to have been caused by lack of

daylight, that is, by working in an artificially lighted space. Since an artificial lighting system must be installed in any

event to furnish interior illumination during periods when daylight and even of shutting it out deliberately, careful

design of an electronic lighting system can provide a good visual atmosphere. Further, unlike daylight, control of

such systems is relatively simple. Perhaps most important, an interior electric lighting system has a minimal impact

of the building architecture, least of all on the all important building facade. Finally, the energy to power electric

lighting systems was cheap.

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FACTORS IN INTERIOR DAYLIGHTING

a.) Horizontal and Vertical Surfaces

Since the sky component of daylight enters side

fenestration at an angle, it can be resolved into horizontal and

vertical components.

The vertical component that illuminates horizontal

surfaces is proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence, and

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the horizontal component that illuminates vertical surface is proportional to the cosine of this angle.

Therefore, for horizontal tasks, windows should be as high as possible, and for vertical tasks, as low as

possible. Since most tasks are horizontal, tall narrow windows will give better, deeper, penetration than

short wide windows of the same area.

b.) Window Details

The effect of window construction on total fenestration and reduction is often neglected. Even

windows with narrow mullions and light metal frames have 8 to 10 % obstruction. Heavy window supports

and small glass, lights can result to propositional daylight reduction. Further obstruction readily results from

dust accumulation, glass, and mechanical system items such as pipes and ducts inside the room, adjacent

to windows.

c.) Surface reflections

Interior reflections are very important in daylight design. In addition to determining the magnitude

of the internally reflected light component (IRC) within the room, they determine in large measure the eye

adaptation of level.

d.) Glare and Heat Control

-Provide high reflectance surfaces particularly toward the back of the room where daylight factor is low.

-Building orientation is the factor that determines which areas are exposed to natural glare and heat

extremes

- provide fixed sun shades on sun exposures at low altitudes; and operable sun control devices on sun

exposures at all latitudes.

- Translucent, limited brightness, glass or plastic fenestration including light directing glass block just

below the ceiling line and above the vision panels provides maximum penetration and minimum glare

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-Tinted windows and heat reflective films are not usually desirable, except in retrofit installations.

-Orient furniture so that daylight comes from left side or the rear of the line of sight.

-Sunlight reflection from adjacent structures can be a source of intense glare and heat.

ACOUSTICS

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids,

and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is

an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical or audio

engineer. The application of acoustics can be seen in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious

being the audio and noise control industries.

Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and speech is one of the most

distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. So it is no surprise that the science of acoustics

spreads across so many facets of our societymusic, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and

more. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields

of knowledge. Linsday's wheel of acoustics is a well accepted overview of the different fields in acoustics.

The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word (akoustikos), meaning "of or for hearing,

ready to hear" and that from (akoustos), "heard, audible", which in turn derives from the verb

(akouo), "I hear". The Latin synonym is "sonic". After acousticians had extended their studies to frequencies above

and below the audible range, it became conventional to identify these frequency ranges as "ultrasonic" and

"infrasonic" respectively, while letting the word "acoustic" refer to the entire frequency range without limit.

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Fundamental concepts of acoustics

The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves

and vibrations.

The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process. There are many

kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from

some other form into acoustic energy, producing the acoustic wave. There is one fundamental equation that

describes acoustic wave propagation, but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The

wave carries energy throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again into other

forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived. The final effect may be purely physical or it

may reach far into the biological or volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are

talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert.

The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical

acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many

forms including longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.

Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave. Transduction processes are also of

special importance.

Architectural acoustics

Architectural acoustics is the science of noise control within buildings. The first application of architectural

acoustics was in the design of opera houses and then concert halls. More widely, noise suppression is critical in the

design of multi-unit dwellings and business premises that generate significant noise, including music venues like

bars. The more mundane design of workplaces has implications for noise health effects. Architectural acoustics

includes room acoustics, the design of recording and broadcast studios, home theaters, and listening rooms for

media playback

Noise control

Noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound emissions, often incentivised by personal

comfort, environmental considerations or legal compliance. Practical and efficient noise control is wholly reliant on

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an accurate diagnosis of what is causing the noise, which first involves finding the source of noise. Once the source

of noise has been found, the focus is reducing the noise at source by engineering means.

The most common noise sources can be divided into aerodynamic (fans, pneumatics, combustion, etc)

and mechanical (impacts, friction, etc). Effective noise control focuses on reducing the noise from these sources as

close to the source as possible. Noise control for aerodynamic sources include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic

silencers and quiet fan technology.

In architectural acoustics and environmental acoustics, noise control refers to the set of practices

employed for noise mitigation. Within architectural acoustics these practices include: interior sound reverberation

reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation and exterior building skin augmentation. More specific

architectural noise control methods include the installation of acoustical gypsum, ceiling t iles, ceiling panels, carpet

and draperies. In the field of environmental sound, common noise control practices include: design of noise

barriers, development and enforcement of noise abatement legal codes and urban design.

Building skin envelope

The science of limiting and/or controlling noise transmission from one building space to another to ensure

space functionality and speech privacy. The typical sound paths are room partitions, acoustic ceiling panels (such

as wood dropped ceiling panels), doors, windows, flanking, ducting and other penetrations. An example would be

providing suitable party wall design in an apartment complex to minimise the mutual disturbance due to noise by

residents in adjacent apartments

Interior space acousticsThis is the science of controlling a room's surfaces based on sound absorbing and reflecting properties.

Excessive reverberation time, which can be calculated, can lead to poor speech intelligibility.

Sound reflections create standing waves that produce natural resonances that can be heard as a pleasant

sensation or an annoying one.[1]

Reflective surfaces can be angled and coordinated to provide good coverage of

sound for a listener in a concert hall or music recital space. To illustrate this concept consider the difference

between a modern large office meeting room or lecture theater and a traditional classroom with all hard surfaces.

Interior building surfaces can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. Ideal acoustical panels are

those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate. Fabric covered panels

are one way to heighten acoustical absorption. Finish material is used to cover over the acoustical substrate.

Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials often consist of fabric,

wood or acoustical tile. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a "pre-fabricated

panel" and often provides the good noise absorption if laid onto a wall. Prefabricated panels are limited to the size

of the substrate ranging from 2'x 4' to 4' x 10'. Fabric retained in a wall-mounted perimeter track system, is

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referred to as "on-site acoustical wall panels" This is constructed by framing the perimeter track into shape,

infilling the acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-

site wall panels can be constructed to accommodate door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels

(generally, greater than 50 square feet) can be created on walls andceilingswith this method. Wood finishes can

consist of punched or routed slots and provide a natural look to the interior space, although acoustical absorption

may not be great.

There are three ways to improve workplace acoustics and solve workplace sound problems the ABCs.

A = Absorb {via drapes, carpets, ceiling tiles, etc.)

B = Block (via panels, walls, floors, ceilings and layout)

C = Cover-up (via sound masking)

While all three of these are recommended to achieve optimal results, C = Cover-up by increasing

background sound produces the most dramatic improvement in speech privacy with the least disruption and

typically the lowest cost.

Types of noise control

There are four basic principles of noise control:

Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common

materials have high-density properties such as brick, concrete, metal etc.

Sound absorption:a porous material which acts as a noise sponge by converting the sound energy

into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include open cell foams and

fiberglass

Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by

extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. A common material is

sound deadened steel.

Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by

introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber

mounts, cork etc.

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Materials used in architectural acoustics

Acoustical wall and ceiling panels can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. The ideal

acoustical panels are those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate.

Fabric covered panels are one way to maximize the acoustical absorption. The finish material is used to cover over

the acoustical substrate. Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials

often consist of fabric, wood or metal. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a

"pre-fabricated panel" if laid onto a wall, and require no modifications. Such fabrics are generally acoustically

'transparent, meaning that they do not imped a sound wave [1]. Prefabricated panels are limited to the size of the

subas "on-site acoustical wall panels" This is constructed by "framing" the perimeter track into shape, infilling the

acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-site wall

panels can be constructed to work around door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels (generally

greater than 50 feet) can be created on walls and ceilings with this method.

LAWS

PD 10969(NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)

CHAPTER IV

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Section 401. Types of Construction.

For purposes of this Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be classified or identified according to the

following types:

(1) Type I. Type I buildings shall be a wood construction. The structural elements may be any of the materials

permitted by this Code.

(2) Type II. Type II buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire

resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood within

the framing assembly.

(3) Type III. Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements may be any of the

Materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior

walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction.

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(4) Type IV. Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceiling, and

permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing

partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.

(5) Type V. Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or

Masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive

construction.

CHAPTER VII

CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL

BUILDINGS BY USE OF OCCUPANCY

Section 705. Allowable Floor Areas.

The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-storey shall not exceed the limitsprescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of construction. For purposes of this Section,

each portion of a building separation by one or more area separation walls may be considered a separate building

provided the area separation walls meet the requirements prescribed therefore by the Secretary.

Section 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases.

The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and under appropriate

conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards extending along and adjoining two or more

sides of the building or structure subject to the approval of the Building Official.

Section 707. Maximum Height of Buildings.

The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy

and the type ofconstruction as determined by the Secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths

of streets and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or

ground surface: Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such

maximum height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as part of a building

and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of

incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy

group if of combustible materials.

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CHAPTER VIII

LIGHT AND VENTILATION

Section 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation.

(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Basement of Light and View and to

the provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall be designed, constructed, and equipped to

provide adequate light and ventilation.

(b) All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been duly approved.

(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room or the relative area of

windows to less than that provided for buildings under this Code, or to create an additional room, unless

such additional room conforms to the requirements of this Code.

(d) No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard would be less than

that prescribed for such building.

Section 802. Measurement of Site Occupancy.

(a) The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the ground level and shall be

exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.

(b) Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls enclosing such

wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes not exceeding

1.20 meters in width.

Section 803. Percentage of Site Occupancy.

(a) Maximum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the

building and the use, area, nature, and location of the site; and subject to the provisions of the local

zoning requirements and in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary.

Section 804. Size and Dimensions of Courts.

(a) Minimum size of courts and their least dimensions shall be governed by the use, type of construction,

and height of the building as provided in the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary,

provided that the minimum horizontal dimension of court shall be not less than 2.00 meters.

(b) All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard,

either by a passageway with a minimum width of 1.20 meters

or by a door through a room or rooms.

Section 805. Ceiling Heights.

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(a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters

measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one-storey, the

minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40

meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than

2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have ceiling

height not less than 2.70 meters.

(b) Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and below it.

Section 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.

(a) Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:

1. Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00

2. Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;

3. Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.Section 807. Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of

Rooms.

(a) Minimum space shall be provided as follows:

1. School Rooms. 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square meter of floor area per person;

2. Workshops, Factories, and Offices. 12.00 cubic meters of space per person;

3. Habitable rooms. 14.00 cubic meters of space per person.

Section 808. Window Openings.

(a) Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein specified in

this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to at

least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard, public

street or alley, or open water courses.

Section 809. Vent Shafts.

(a) Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal crosssectional area of not less than 0.10 square

meter for every meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less than 1.00 square meter. No

vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters.

(b) Skylights. Unless open to the outer at the top for its full area, vent shaft shall be covered by a skylight

having a net free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum required shaft area.

(c) Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal duct or intake at a point below the lowest

window opening. Such duct or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not

less than 0.30 square meter

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Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.

(a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements of buildings,

reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:

(1) Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall be

determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per occupant as determined by

the Secretary.

(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall be

determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed in the

required width of an exit except projections permitted by this Code.

(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not

installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose shall have the capacity of the room posted

in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room.

(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Groups A Occupancies, changes in floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters

along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.

(b) Exits

(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors

above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two exits. Each mezzanine

floor used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in

any dimension, shall have at least than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion thereof, having

an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant

load of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of exits

Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)

1. DROPPED CURBS

1. Changes in level walkways should be by a dropped curb.

2. Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end of walkways of a private street or

access road.

3. Dropped curbs at crossings have a width corresponding to the width of the crossing; otherwise, the

minimum width is 0.90 m.

4. Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not more than 1:12.

5. Dropped curbs shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross gradient of 1:20 to prevent water

from collecting at the walkway.

6. The lowest point of a dropped curb should not exceed 25 mm from the road or gutter.

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2. CURB CUT-OUTS

1. Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a walkway or in any way lessen the width of

a walkway.

2. The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 M.

3. Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more than 1:12.

3. WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS

1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant material.

2. Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no more than 1:20 or 5%.

3. Walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100.

4. Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.

5. If possible, gratings should never be located along walkways.

When occurring along walkways, grating openings should have a maximum dimension of 13 mm x 13 mm and

shall not project more than 6.5 mm above the level of the walkway.

6. Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in angle or interruptions by cracks or

breaks creating edges above 6.50 mm.

7. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point along the route so that a wheelchair

may pass another or turn around. These spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be

spaced at a maximum distance of 12:00 m between stops.

8. To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow straightforward routes with right angle

turns.

9. Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance is essential to ensure branches

of trees or shrubs do not overhang walkways or paths, as not only do these present a particular danger to the

blind, but they also reduce the effective footways width available to pedestrians generally.

10. Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.0 m and

preferably higher.

11. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street furniture, bollards, sign posts or columns

along the defined route, as they can be hazardous.

4. HANDRAILS

1. Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and at the outer edges of dropped curbs.

Handrails at dropped curbs should not be installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct

pedestrian flow.

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2. Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or ramps. Handrails for protection at great

heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m.

3. A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and end of ramps and stairs.

4. Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30 mm to 50 mm.

5. Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50 mm from the wall. Handrails on ledges

should have a clearance not less than 40 mm.

5. OPEN SPACES

1. Where open spaces are provided, the blind can become particularly disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely

helpful if any walkway or paths can be given defined edges either by the use of planters with dwarf walls, or a

grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different from the path.

C. INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

1. ENTRANCES

1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure

points to the interior lobby;

2. One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are accessible;

3. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps should be provided as access to

the entrance level;

4. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a 1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width;

2. RAMPS

1. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator or other mechanical

device;

2. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m;

3. The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;

4. The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is 1:12; longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12

shall be provided with landings not less than 1.50 m.;

5. A level area not less than 1.80 m. should be provided at the top and bottom of any ramp;

6. Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70 m. and 0.90 m. from the ramp level;

7. Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum height of 0.10 m.;

8. Any ramp with a rise greater than 0.20 m. and leads down

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towards an area where vehicular traffic is possible, should have a railing across the full width of its lower end,

not less than 1.80 meters from the foot of the ramp;

3. DOORS

1. All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m;

2. Clear openings shall be measured between the surface of the fully open door at the hinge and the door

jamb at the stop;

3. Doors should be operable by a pressure or force not more than 4.0 kg; the closing device pressure an

interior door shall not exceed 1 kg.;

4. A minimum clear level space of 1.50 m x 1.50 m shall be

provided before and extending beyond a door;

EXCEPTION: where a door shall open onto but not into a corridor, the required clear, level space on the

corridor side of the door may be a minimum of 1.20 m. corridor width;5. Protection should be provided from doors that swing into corridors;

6. Outswinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets and accessible restroom stalls;

7. Latching or non-latching hardware should not require wrist action or fine finger manipulation;

8. Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82 m. and 1.06 m. above the floor; 0.90 is

preferred;

9. Vertical pull handles, centered at 1.06 m. above the floor, are preferred to horizontal pull bars for swing

doors or doors with locking devices;

10. Doors along major circulation routes should be provided with kick plates made of durable materials at a

height of 0.30 m. to 0.40 m;

4. THRESHOLDS

1. Thresholds shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds and sliding door tracks shall have

a maximum height of 25 mm and preferably ramped;

5. SWITCHES

1. Manual switches shall be positioned within 1.20 m to 1.30 m above the floor;

2. Manual switches should be located no further than 0.20 from the latch side of the door;

6. SIGNAGES

(See "SIGNAGES" under OUTSIDE & AROUND BUILDINGS.)

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7. CORRIDORS

1. Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20 m.; waiting areas and other facilities or spaces shall not

obstruct the minimum clearance requirement;

2. Recesses or turnabout spaces should be provided for wheelchairs to turn around or to enable another

wheelchair to pass; these spaces shall have a minimum area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. and shall be spaced at a

maximum of 12.00 m.;

3. Turnabout spaces should also be provided at or within 3.50 m. of every dead end;

4. As in walkways, corridors should be maintained level and provided with a slipresistant surface;

8. WASHROOMS & TOILETS

1. Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passage of a wheelchair and allow the occupant

to enter a stall, close the door and transfer to the water closet from either a frontal or lateral position;

2. Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts. One movable grab bar and one

fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall for lateral mounting; fixed grab

bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal mounting;

3. A turning space of 2.25 sq.m. with a minimum dimension of 1.50 m. for wheelchair shall be provided for

water closet stalls for lateral mounting;

4. All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as mirrors, paper dispensers, towel racks and fittings

such as faucets mounted at heights reachable by a person in a wheelchair;

5. The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor level or on that part of a floor level

accessible to the disabled shall be one (1) where the total number of water closets per set on that level is 20;

and two (2) where the number of water closets exceed 20;

6. In order to aid visually impaired persons to readily determine whether a washroom is for men or for

women, the signage for men's washroom door shall be an equilateral triangle with a vertex pointing upward,

and those for women shall be a circle; the edges of the triangle should be 0.30 m long as should be the

diameter of the circle; these signages should at least be 7.5 mm thick; the color and gray value of the doors;

the words "men" and "women" or the appropriate stick figures should still appear on the washroom doors for

the convenience of the fully sighted;

Note: the totally blind could touch the edge of the signs and easily determine whether it is straight or curved;

7. The maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.; flush control should have a maximum height of

1.20 mts.

8. Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee recess of 0.60 - 0.70 M. vertical clearance and

a 0.50 m. depth.

9. Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum height of the lip should be 0.48 m.

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9. STAIRS

1. Tread surfaces should be a slip-resistant material; nosings may be provided with slip-resistant strips to

further minimize slipping:

2. Slanted nosings are preferred to projecting nosings so as not to pose difficulty for people using crutches or

braces whose feet have a tendency to get caught in the recessed space or projecting nosings. For the same

reason, open stringers should be avoided.

3. The leading edge of each step on both runner and riser should be marked with a paint or non-skid material

that has a color and gray value which is in high contrast to the gray value of the rest of the stairs; markings of

this sort would be helpful to the visually impaired as well as to the fully sighted person;

4. A tactile strip 0.30 m. wide shall be installed before hazardous areas such as sudden changes in floor levels

and at the top and bottom of stairs; special care must be taken to ensure the proper mounting or adhesion of

tactile strips so as not to cause accidents;

10. ELEVATORS

1. Accessible elevators should be located not more than 30.00 m. from the entrance and should be easy to

locate with the aid of signs;

2. Accessible elevators shall have a minimum dimension of 1.10 m. x 1.40 m.;

3. Control panels and emergency system of accessible elevators shall be within reach of a seated person;

centerline heights for the topmost buttons shall be between 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor;

4. Button controls shall be provided with braille signs to indicate floor level; at each floor, at the door frames

of elevator doors, braille-type signs shall be placed so that blind persons can be able to discern what floor the

elevator car has stopped and from what level they are embarking from; for installation heights, see Section

6.6, Signages;

5. Button sizes at elevator control panels shall have a minimum diameter of 20 mm and should have a

maximum depression depth of 1 mm;

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Chapter 4

SITE ANALYSIS

Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a form of urban planning

which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The

topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, economics, and

urban planning.

Site analysis is an element in site planning and design. Kevin A. Lynch, an urban planner developed an

eight cycle step process of site design, in which the second step is site analysis, the focus of this section.

Site Selection

PROPOSE SITE:

PARKING AREA & COURT

CRITERIA:

Accessible and visible to other building.

The lot is relatively flat with irregular shape.

Good vegetation, since the trees are located in the perimeter.

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Methodology:

Interviews

Surveys

Document Analysis

Behavioral Observation

Site Visiting

Goals:

Interviews

To achieve a successful design, site analysis is a must & should be done carefully

Gather relevant information about the properties of the site, from topography to climate to wind

pattern and vegetation

Analyze these features and incorporate them into the design

Analyzing the conditions, ideal location for building can be established

For prevailing hot winds, trees would act as buffer

Openings in building could be placed to absorb cooler winds

Features:

Geographic Location

Dasmarias City is about 8,234 hectares, 12 kilometers from Metro Manila or the National Capital Region

and 27 kilometers south of the center of the City of Manila. It is bounded by the municipalities of Imus and Silang,

both in Cavite at the north and south respectively, at the east by the towns of San Pedro and Bian by the side of

Laguna and Carmona and at the west, it is bounded by General Trias, also in Cavite and a little further from this

boundary is Trece Martires City.

It is strategically located at the intermediate zone of the Metropolitan Manila area. With adequate

accessibility, Dasmarias is within the urbanizing development influence of Metro Manila area.

It is composed of the Poblacion and the barangays. The Poblacion which is now divided into four zones is on the

westernmost section of the municipality, Sabang, Salawag and Salitran are to the north and to the south are San

Agustin, Langkaan and Sampaloc. Burol, Paliparan, and the Resettlement Area are on the eastern side of the

municipality.

The city of Dasmarias is landlocked. However, it is not too far from the coastal towns of Rosario, Kawit,

Bacoor, Noveleta and Cavite City whose average distance from Poblacion is less than 30 kilometers. It is about the

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same distance from Laguna de Bay and about 27 kilometers from the resort city of Tagaytay and the famous Taal

Lake.

At present, Dasmarias is served by corridors traversing the central areas which provide linkages to the

Metropolitan Manila area core in the north and the developing nodes of Laguna and Batangas.

Topography

Dasmarias is partly lowland and partly hill. The Poblacion itself is elevated. From an elevation of 80

meters at the Poblacion, the land rises to 250 meters towards Silang. Generally, land near rivers and creeks are

rugged. Dasmarias is outside the typhoon belt and has no fault line constraints. Further, it is served by natural

drainage system since it is traversed by several rivers and water tributaries draining to the Manila Bay. The town

has yet to experience floods.

SlopeStrongly sloping to elevated areas cover approximately 1,532.16 hectares or 18.61% of the total area.

These are dispersed among Burol, Langkaan, Paliparan, Salawag, Sampaloc and San Agustin. Areas with slopes 10.1

to 18% cover about 575.72 hectares of land in portions of Salawag, Salitran, Burol, and other parts.

On the other hand, gently sloping or undulating areas comprise merely 710.4 hectares or 8.62% of the

total land area while undulating areas with a slope of 2.6 to 5% account for the biggest percentage of 50.59% of

the total land area equivalent to 4, 165.64 hectares of land which are dispersed over the municipality except

Sabang and San Jose.

Climate

Two pronounced seasons: wet season and dry season. Wet season covers the period from May to

December of each year and dry season covers the period from January to April.

The temperature in Dasmarias has been noted to range from below 60 F to about 90 F. Further, south, however,

where there is a higher elevation, the temperature becomes as cool as 50 F during the Christmas season.

Circulation

Automobile Circulation it has easy access to the parking areas and building without excessive

drives/conflicts.

Pedestrian Circulation direct access from the various points on the site to the building entrances.

Service Circulation The service trucks may use the same entry and drives as automobiles but the loading

area should be separate

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SUN ANALYSIS

WIND ANALYSIS

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SITE DIMENSION

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SITE PICTURE

OPEN COURT/PARKING AREA

FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW

RIGHT VIEW LEFT VIEW

AERIAL VIEW

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Chapter 5

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

F O R MGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS

SITE ELEMENTS

-TO PRESERVE AND

IMPROVE THE SITES

NATURAL

CHARACTERISTICS SUCH

AS TREES, VEGETATIVE

COVER, ETC.

NEIGHBORS

-CONSIDERATION

REGARDING THE LAND

USE PLAN, AND

GUIDELINES OR VICINITY

POLICIES.

INDIVIDUALITY

-TO INTRODUCE

INNOVATIVE APPROACHIN PROVIDING NEW

SPACES SUCH AS

LEARNING SPACES AND

OTHER LABORATORIES;

THIS SATISFIES THE

PRESENT NEEDS AND

CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE STUDENTS.

PROJECTED IMAGE

-TO CREATE AN IMAGE

THAT WILL ADOPT THE

MODERN FIL-SPANISH

STYLE OF DLSU D.

-TO CREATE AN IMAGE

THAT WILL PROVIDE AN

ENTICING AND

CONDUCIVE DESIGN FOR

LEARNING.

SITE

ANALYSIS

-THE SITE IS

LOCATED

BESIDE THE

GREGORIA

MONTOYA

HALL(GMH),

ADJACENT TO

CET BUILDING,

AND IT IS

ACCESSIBLE

AND VISIBLE

-THE LOT IS

RELATIVELY

FLAT WITHIRREGULAR

SHAPE.

POPULATI

ON

-EVERY YEAR,

THE NUMBER

OF

ARCHITECTURE

STUDENTS IS

INCREASING.

ADDITION

AL TO THE

AESTHETIC

VALUE OF

THE AREA

ENHANCEMENT

-SITE ENHANCEMENTS THROUGH

EFFICIENT AND CREATIVE

BUILDING DESIGN AND TAKING

ADVANTAGE OF THE SITES

NATURAL FEATURES.

CLIMATE CONTROL

-CONSIDERATION WITH

REGARDS TO BUILDING DESIGN

AND ISULATING MATERIALS

INTEGRAL TO THE BUILDING TO

ESTABLISH COMFORT PLACE FOR

LEARNING

SAFETY

-STRUCTURAL DESIGN

GUIDELINES AND OTHER LAWSAND CODES SHOULD CONFORM

TO MEET THE SAFETY OF THE

USER.

ORIENTATION

-PROPER ORIENTATION OF

EVERY SPACE SHOULD ANALYZE

IN ORDER TO HAVE ADEQUATE

SOURCE OF LIGHT AND

VENTILATION.

DENSITY

-ENOUGH AREAS FOR OPEN

SPACES AND PROPORTION

AREAS FOR BUILT UP AREAS TO

ENJOY THE NATURAL SITE.

CHARACTER

-CONCEPTUALIZATION OF AN

IMAG THAT WILL BE SUITABLE

FOR THE SITE WITH THE HELP OF

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

SUSTAINABILITY.

FACILITIE

S

-NEWFACILITIES

FOR THE

COLLEGE OF

ARCHITECTU

RE

ENVIRO

NMENTA

L AND

SITE

COST

FACTORS

-COST OF

DEVELOPING

THE PROJECT

THE IMPACT

TO THE

ENVIRONMENTDURING THE

CONSTRUCTIO

N AND AS

WELL AS THE

COST DURING

THE

CONSTRUCTIO

N.

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F U N C T I O NGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS

MISSION

-TO FACILITATE THE

LEARNING AND THE

TRAINING PROCESS OF

ASPIRANTS TO THE

ARCHITECTURE AND

DESIGN PROFESSIONS.

- TO MAKE THEM

GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE

AND TO MOLD THEM IN

PROPER VALUES THAT

PRODUCE INNOVATORSAND LEADERS.

INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY

-TO INTRODUCE A RADICAL

APPROACH IN LEARNING

SPACE DESIGN FOR THE

ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS

AND MEETS THE NEEDS

AND CHARACTERISTIC OF

THE STUDENTS.

HIERARCHY OF

VALUES

-TO INTRODUCE NEW

PROGRAMS IN

ARCHITECTURE.

SECURITY

-TO ESTABLISH THE

PHYSICAL SECURITY AND

PROTECTION OF THE

OCCUPANTS IN THE

BUILDING

EFFICIENCY

-TO INCREASE THE

PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF

ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS

IN THE SCHOOLENVIRONMENT

STATISTICAL

DATA

-ADMISTRATORS

-FACULTY/STAFF

-ARCHITECTURE

STUDENTS

-MAINTENANCE

-VISITORS

USER

CHARACTERIS

TICS

-STUDENTS-LEARNING

OPTOPNS AND

BEHAVIOR

-RESEARCHERS

-VISITORS

TRAFFIC

ANALYSIS

-ACTIVE

PEDESTRIAN

TRAFFIC,

MODERATE

VEHICULAR

TRAFFIC SPACE

ADEQUACY

-PROVISIONS FOR

ADEQUATE SPACES

WITHIN THE

PROJECT SITE.

SITE ANALYSIS

-THE SITE IS

LOCATED BESIDE

THE GREGORIA

MONTOYA

HALL(GMH),ADJACENT TO CET

BUILDING, AND IT

IS ACCESSIBLE AND

VISIBLE

ACTIVITY GROUPING

- ACTIVITIES PERFORMED AT

DIFFERENT AREAS THAT

SHARES A COMON PURPOSE

OF LEARNING AND

DEVELOPMENT

PRIORITY

-FACILITIES FOR THE

HANDICAPPED.

-SPACES FOR LABORATORY

ROOMS.

SECURITY CONTROL-PROPER SECURITY CONTROL

FOR THE SAFETY OF THE

USERS.

SEQUENTIAL FLOW

-FLOW OF ACTIVITIES OF THE

USERS DEPENDS ON THE

INTENDED PURPOSE INSIDE

THE STRUCTURE.

SEPARATE FLOW

-SEPARATION OF PUBLIC,

SEMI-PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

AREAS.

SPACE

REQUIEMEN

TS

-SPACE FOR

ARCHITECTURE

STUDENTS

-SPACE FOR

ADMINISTRATOR

S

-SPACE FOR

FACULTY/STAFF

OUTDOORSPACE

REQUIREME

NTS

-PROVIDING AN

OPEN

SPACES/RECREA

TIONAL AREAS

WILL GIVE

SATISFACTION

TO THE

OCCUPANTS.

PARKING

REQUIREMENTS

-SUFFICIENT

PARKING SPACES

WITH

CONSIDERATION

TO

ACCESSIBILITY.

BUILDING

EFFICIENCY

LEVELS OF

SECURITY AND

PRIVACY AT THE

PROJECT SITE

MUST BE

CONSIDERED

IT IS IMPORTANT

TO ANALYZE THE

USER AND ITS

POPULATION

DENSITY FOR

FUTUREEXPANSION

PROVIDING SAFE

AMENITIES AND

FACILITIES FOR THE

SAFETY AND

SECURITY OF THE

OCCUPANTS IN

ORDER TO AVOID

ACCIDENTS.

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T I M EGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS

CHANGE

GROWTH

STATIC/DYNAMIC

-FOCUSES ON THE

BEHAVIOR AND

PHYSICAL

ASPECTS OF THE

OCCUPANTS.

THE

INCREASE

OF THEPOPULATI

ON

EXPANSION

ADAPTIBILITY AND

CONVERTABILITY

PHASING THE ACTUAL TIME

OF PHASING IN

CONSTRUCTIONMUST BE IN

ACCORDANCE WITH

THE ESTIMATED

COMPLETION OF

THE PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION

The chart is showing the estimated population of architecture students in DLSU-D from the year

2002 up to the present year. As we observe in the chart, every year there is an increase in populationand with that, there is a high expectation in terms of good facilities, quality of teaching, and etc.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF ARCHITECTURE

STUDENTS IN DLSU D

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No. of student per

Drawing Table

W x L A

1 student 2.20 x 2.40 5.28 m

2 students 2.20 x 5.60 12.32 m

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Chapter 6

DESIGN TRANSLATION

OBJECTIVES

The De La Salle University Dasmarinas had a high standard of architectural design with regard

in the Fil-spanish themes of the buildings inside the campus. The new building of the College of

Architecture must achieve energy efficiency without compromise to the design expectations of the

university. This double challenge led to many of design decisions that must be consider in adapting to

the Dark green campus. The design should encouraged to look to thermal mass as a means of giving

thickness and architectural weight to the walls and contrasting expressive windows.

The University was particularly keen to avoid air-conditioning. Taking a long-term view of energy

and building maintenance costs, and with concern for the health and well being of those on campus, its

policy was only to employ full air-conditioning in special areas.

CONSIDERATIONS

Circulation

Ventilation

Orientation

Height, Width, and Length

Site Context

Distribution

Safety and Security

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland, 1987)

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Sustainable Design

Creating buildings which are energy efficient, healthy, comfortable, and flexible in use and

designed for long life. (Foster and Partners, 1999)

Sustainable Construction

The creation and management of healthy buildings based upon resource efficient and ecological

principle. (BSRIA, Centre for Construction Ecology, 1996)

TYPES OF SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental Energy efficient;

Water efficient;

Material efficient;

Low maintenance;

Recycling.

Social Community asset;

Social cohesion;

Linked to other community facilities;

Retention of teachers;

Supports welfare as well as teaching.

Economic Long-term asset value

Low maintenance;

Improves productivity of teachers;

Enhances learning of pupils

Low utility bills

Characteristics of a Green School

Resource efficient, particularly in the area of energy

Healthy, both physically and psychology;

Comfortable, responsive and flexible;

Ecologically based, particularly as an integrated system of impacts.

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Each characteristic is itself subject to sub-division, creating 20 defining factors, e. g:

Resource efficient

Low energy design (in construction and occupation);

Exploits renewable energy;

Puts energy control in hand of occupants (with appropriate education);

Conserves water;

Local sourcing of materials.

Healthy

Minimum internal pollution;

Uses natural materials;

Exploits natural light and ventilation;

Addresses psychological welfare;

Accessible for all;

Comfortable

Attractive and responsive internal environment;

Sheltered, sunny external environment;

Noise free

Controllable environment;

Glare free.

Ecological

Exploits recycling;

Life-cycle impact;

Makes nature visible;

Designed upon ecological principles;

Uses ecological accounting [eco-footprint

Not all Green Schools employ all 20 factors; there is necessarily selection to meetcircumstance.

For the sake of this analysis, however, a green school is one which takes account of at least 75% of the

key factors, i.e