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CITACIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA

A) SEGÚN ESTILOS

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php

APA Citation Style Guide, 6th ed.

Developed by the American Psychological Association, this style is widely used in thesciences and social sciences.

This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the printmanual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: BF76.7 P83 2010). See also APAStyle Blog.

Each citation consists of two parts: the in text citation, which provides brief identifyinginformation within the text, and the reference list (list of sources used) which providesfull bibliographic information.

How to Format: In Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format In Text Citations

(For more detailed information see Publication Manual Chapter 6, pp 174-179)



http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/



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APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author'slast name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the articleto refer the reader to complete information in the reference list.

(Austin, 1998)

If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given:

Austin (1998) compared institutional support

Two authors. Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use theampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the runningtext.

(Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)

Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …Three to five authors. Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; insubsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

First reference:

(Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998)

Subsequent references:

(Parker et al.)Six or more authors. Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. andthe year for the first and subsequent citations.

(Parker et al., 1998)

Group or corporate authors. Use the name of the body in the citation:

(World Bank, 1998)

Unknown author. Use the first few words of the title as the reference in the text (capitalizeall words in title):

("Structuring Lawmaking", 2002)

Author is listed as "Anonymous". Use it as if it were the author's name.

(Anonymous, 2003)



When paraphrasing, APA style does not require page numbers in the in-text citation.However, authors are encouraged to include page numbers if it will help the reader locatethe relevant information in longer texts. Consult with your professor regarding the need for page numbers for paraphrased information.

If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author, year and page number must beincluded. The page number can be given in parentheses at the end of the exact quotation or incorporated into the in-text citation.

Newman (1994) concluded "sibling conflict is so common that its occurence is taken for granted" (p. 123).

Such findings have prompted one researcher to conclude, “Sibling conflict is so commonthat its occurrence is taken for granted” (Newman, 1994, p. 123).

For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if

available. If the paragraphs are not numbered, but there are headings, use the heading nameand count the number of paragraphs after the heading to the paragraph containing thequotation. (Publication Manual, Chapter 6.05, p. 171)

(Smith, 2003, para. 1)

(Greene, 2003, Discussion, para. 4)

For citations taken from secondary sources, include the secondary source in thereference list and mention the original work in the text.

Text citation:Goldman and Goldman's study (as cited in Linebarger, 2001) found ....

Reference List:

Linebarger, D. L. (2001). Learning to read from television: The effects of using captionsand narration. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 288-298.

How to Format Reference Lists

Books | Articles | Media | Web/Online | Government Information | Unpublished

Books

(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02)

Single author Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Multiple Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings

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authors in continental thought . New York, NY: Continuum.

Edited Book Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: GuilfordPress.

Group or corporate

author

World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and

North Africa: women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.

Chapter or essay in book

Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in internationalrelations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of

international relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage.

Article from areference book

Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan.

If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in areference work with no author, place the entry title in the author position.(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.02)

Articles


A new element to journal article citations with the 6th edition of the Publication Manual isthe addition of the DOI (digital object identifier), which provides a persistent way of accessing digital information. See DOI System for a detailed explanation and to resolve aDOI name. If the DOI is not provided in the online database, online journal, or article, tryCrossRef's free DOI look-up. Note: not all articles have DOIs. Do not include a period atthe end of the citation as it may be interpreted as part of the DOI.

Article in a journal(one author)

Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in thesongs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5),786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454

Article in a journal(up to sevenauthors)

Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F. (2009).The associations between aggressive behaviors and internet addictionand online activities in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 6,

598-605. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011

Article in a journal

(more than sevenauthors)

Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R.,... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistencefoods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004

When authors number eight or more, include the first six names, thenthree ellipses, and then the last author's name. (Publication Manual,Chapter 7.01.2)

Article in a journal(advanced publication)

Levskaya, A., Weiner, O. D., Lim, W. A., & Voigt, C. A. (2009).Spatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable proteininteraction. Nature. Advance online publication.doi:10.1038/nature08446

http://www.doi.org/

http://www.doi.org/

http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/

http://www.doi.org/

http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/



Online-onlysupplementalmaterial for articles

Chandler, D. (2009). Liquids: Condensed, disordered, and sometimescomplex. [Supplemental material]. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of the United States of America, 106, 15111–15112.doi:10.1073/pnas.0908029106

If no author is given, move the title and bracketed description to theauthor position. (Publication Manual, Chapter 7.01.15)

Article in a popular magazine

Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4),28-31.

Article in anewspaper

Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher

Education, pp. A37-38.

If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include

"Retrieved from" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual,7.01.11)

Media


Music Score No example given in APA Publication Manual for music score.

Sound

Recording

Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time

out [CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987)

Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of the recording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of therecording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07)

VideoRecording

LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.

TelevisionDaniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt[Television series episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office.Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company.

Web/Online

(Publication Manual, Chapter 7, pp 198-215)

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.

Web page

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu")and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm



BlogPost

McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of First Person in APA Style [Web logmessage]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/.

In blog posts, authors may adopt a screen name. Use that screen name as the author if that is the name under which that person posts messages.

OnlineVideo

BirdTricks. (2008, April 27). Tips for training a parrot to talk [Video file].Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89dZNPPYOdk

A screen name is used for the author name in this example.

DataSets

Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. (2007). Eurobarometer 68.1: The European parliament and media usage, September-

November 2007 [Data file and code book]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/access/index.jsp

Government Information

(Publication Manual, Chapter 7.03, p. 205 and Appendix 7.1 References to LegalMaterials)

See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library]

Unpublished

(Publication Manual Chapter 7.09)

Interview

In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or

recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the referencelist. ( Publication Manual , chapter 6.20)

in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)

http://www.asu.edu/lib/hayden/govdocs/docscite/docscite.htm




Chicago Manual of Style

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago1.php

Documentary Note or Humanities Style

The Chicago Documentary Note, or Humanities Style is favored by many in the humanitiesand the arts. It is recommended for history research papers.

For other social sciences and sciences disciplines, use the Chicago Author-Date System.

This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manual

of Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010.

About Notes | How to Format Notes and the Bibliography

About Notes

(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.19-70)




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The Documentary Note or Humanities Style uses bibliographic notes rather than textcitations. It consists of two parts: a number in the text and a note either at the bottom of the page ( footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote). Notes are numbered sequentially, beginning with 1., throughout each article, chapter, or paper. The numbers in the text must be in superscript and should follow sentences, clauses, quotations, punctuation marks and

closing parentheses. The note should have a normal, full sized number.Subsequent references to sources already fully cited should be shortened whenever possible.

1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso,1997), 17.

2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft

Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.

3. Nairn, Faces of Nationalism, 176.Note consisting of several references documenting a single fact should be separated bysemi-colons.

Multiple citation of a single note should refer to the previous note.

15. See note 4 above.

For an unknown author start the note and bibliographic entry with the title of the work.

Ibid is used in place of the author's name, the title, and as much of the information as isidentical to the immediately preceding note. It cannot be used if the preceding note citesmore than one work.

6. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janis Revisited (London and New York: Verso,1997), 17.

7. Ibid., 39 - 43.

For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work.

8. David Pilgrim, "The Mammy Caricature," Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia,http://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/mammies/, under "Commercial Mammies."

Citations taken from secondary sources should be avoided as researchers are expected toexamine the works they cite. If the original work is not available, the original andsecondary source must be cited.



9. Theodore Sedgwick, Thoughts on the Proposed Annexation of Texas to the United States

(New York: D. Fanshaw, 1844), 31, quoted in Lyon Rathbun, "The Debate over AnnexingTexas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (Fall2001): 479.

Notes and Bibliography Examples


Books

(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.16-17.147)

Single author

note:

1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York:

Verso, 1997), 17.

bibliography:

Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: New York:Verso, 1997.

Multiple

authors

note:

2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century

Witchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.

bibliography:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century

Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997.

Edited Book

note:

3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917

(New York: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.

bibliography:

Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . NewYork: Academic International Press, 1999.

Group or corporateauthor

note:

4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge (Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,

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Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994), 433.

bibliography:

Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment

Challenge. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,Environment Dept., The World Bank, 1994.


note:

5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the

American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.

bibliography:

Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the

American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal AnnMarling, 193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.


note:

6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."

For online reference sources, include URL and date of access.

bibliography:

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the

bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for moreinformation, see CMS )

Articles


Article in a journal(one author)

note:

1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3 (1989):117.

bibliography:

Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social

Activism 14, no.3 (1989): 112-34.Article in a journal(multiple authors)

note:

2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal

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of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741.

bibliography:

Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of

Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79.


note:

3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16.

bibliography:

Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19.


note:

4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining

Army's Role," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998."Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include severaleditions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188)

bibliography:

Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec.17.191) If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted asfollows:

Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army'sRole," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A.


Article froma full-textdatabase

note:

5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business

Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-

nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

bibliography:

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week

March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

Article from note:










an e-journalcollection

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

bibliography:

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. See ChicagoManual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Article froma free webe-journal

note:

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,

http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.

bibliography:

Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.http://slate.msn.com/id/.


Media


Music Score

note:

1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).

bibliography:

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,

1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications,1997.

"Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS17.263)

SoundRecording

note:

2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern









Records NR 9003-CD.

bibliography:

Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records

NR 9003-CD. Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other personresponsible for the content. The performer may be added after the title. Therecording company and the number of the recording are usually enough toidentify the recording. (CMS sec. 17.265-268)

VideoRecording

note:

3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA :MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).

bibliography:

Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UAHome Video, 1992. Videocassette.

"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, withthe addition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs)are treated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such ascritical commentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273)

Television

No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:

Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed by David Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.

Web/Online

(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, onlinemagazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, andarticles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359)


Web page note:

1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Bornin Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938 ,

http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/cmosfaq.html




http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.

bibliography:

Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in

Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.

Article froma free webe-journal

note:

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.

bibliography:



Article froma full-textdatabase

note:

5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business

Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

bibliography:

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

Article froman e-journalcollection

note:

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

bibliography:

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods inKenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.












CongressionalHearings

note:

1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from

International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before theCommittee on International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1,1997, 6-8.

bibliography:

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat

from International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess.,October 1, 1997.

ExecutiveDepartmentDocuments

(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356)

note:

2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NationalInstitute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 2001), http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

bibliography:

U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute

of Justice. The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice, 2001. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

Unpublished


Interview note:

9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001.

bibliography:

Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001.

"Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in



bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)


Author-Date System

Developed by the University of Chicago, the Author-Date System is widely used by thesocial sciences and sciences disciplines. For humanities and the arts and for history papers,use the Documentary Note Style.

This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see Chicago Manualof Style or the print manual at Sawyer or Schow Reference Z253 .U69 2010.

In the Author-Date System each citation consists of two parts: the text citations, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the reference list (list of sourcesused) which provides full bibliographic information.

How to Format: Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format Text Citations

(For more detailed information see CMS, sec. 16.107-120)

The text citations in the Author-Date Style consists of the author's last name and the year of publication of the work cited. No punctuation is used between the name and the date.

Single Author

(Nairn 1997)

Multiple Authors

(Geis and Bunn 1997)

Group or Corporate Author

(Global Environment Coordination 1994)

For direct quotations the page number is also included.

(Nairn 1997, 73)





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For direct quotations from sources without page numbers use subheading, chapter, paragraph number, or other organizational division of the work.

(Yetman, under "Slave Narratives during Slavery and After")

Citations taken from secondary sourcesIs generally to be avoided as researchers are expected to examine the works they cite. If theoriginal work is not available, the original and secondary source must be cited. The originalauthor and date would be used in the text citation and as the beginning of the reference listentry.

text citation:

(Sedwick 1844, 479)

reference list:

Sedgwick, T. 1844. Thoughts on the proposed annexation of Texas to the United States. New York: D. Fanshaw. Quoted in Rathbun, L. 2001. The debate over annexing Texas andthe emergence of Manifest Destiny. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4 (3).



Books


Single author Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited . London: NewYork: Verso.

Multipleauthors

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge.

Edited Book Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political

commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ.Press.

Group or

corporateauthor

Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment

challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division,Environment Dept., The World Bank.


Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the

American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling,193-204. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.


Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238).



















Articles


Article in a journal

(one author)

Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of

Social Activism 14 (Fall): 112-34.Article in a journal(multiple authors)

Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression among femalelapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour . 54 (3): 797-802.


Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176.

Article in a newspaper

It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text(CMS 17.191).

Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on IsraeliPullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...

If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list,follow this model:

Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on definingArmy's role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A.


Article from a

full-textdatabase

Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business

Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

Article from ane-journalcollection

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goodsin Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers. SeeChicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information and example.

Article from afree web e- journal

Shrum, Robert. 1996. Taxing Clinton's character. Slate, June 25.http://slate.msn.com/id/.


Media










Music ScoreJohnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems,

1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

SoundRecording

"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In awork using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned inrunning text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound

Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)

VideoRecording

"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In awork using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned inrunning text and grouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video]Recordings.'" (CMS 17.265)

Television No example provided in Chicago Manual of Style.

Web/Online

(Chicago Manual of Style, e-books: sec. 17.142-17.147, e-journals: 17.180-17.181, onlinemagazines: 17.187, online newspapers: 17.198, e-mail and web pages: 17.234-17.237, and

articles from full-text databases: 17.358-17.359)


Web pageYetman, Norman R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.

Article from a

free web e- journal



Article from afull-textdatabase

Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. BusinessWeek March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

Article froman e-journalcollection

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods inKenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.












CongressionalHearings

"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing publicdocuments." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, usethe following format:

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The

threat from international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess.,October 1.

ExecutiveDepartmentDocuments

"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing publicdocuments." (CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, usethe following format:

U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Instituteof Justice. 2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O.Finckenauer and Yuri A. Voronin. Washington, DC: Government PrintingOffice. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

Unpublished


Interview

"Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ...reference lists." (CMS 17.205)

Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.



http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php

MLA Style, 7th Edition

Developed by the Modern Language Association, this style is most widely used for research papers in the humanities.

This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, consult the printmanual at Sawyer or Schow Reference (call number: LB2369 .G53 2009).

Each citation consists of two parts: the parenthetical reference, which provides brief identifying information within the text, and the works cited list , which provides full bibliographic information.

How to Format: Parenthetical References | Works Cited

How to Format Parenthetical References

(For more detailed information see MLA Handbook Section 6)

In MLA, in-text citations are called parenthetical references. They use the author's lastname followed by the page number referenced in the work. The reference is placed in parentheses usually at the end of the sentence before the period.

(Kurasawa 323).

Each source in the Works Cited list at the end of the paper or article corresponds to a parenthetical reference in the text.

If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, only the page number need appear inthe parentheses.

Kurasawa (323) found that ….


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#intext

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#reference


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#intext

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#reference



If citing more than one work by the same author, put a comma after the author's name,add the title of the work (if brief) or a shortened version, and the page numbers.

(Dickens, A Christmas Carol 15)

Group or corporate authors. Use full name of group or a shortened form.(Modern Language Association 115)

(MLA 115)

Unknown Author. Use a few words of the title.

("Recent innovations" 231)

Two or three authors. Use the last names of each.

(AuthorA, AuthorB, and AuthorC 323)

More than three authors. Give all the authors' last names or just use the first and "et al"for the rest. In any case, use the same form as the entry in your Works Cited list.

(Bia, Pedreno, Small, Finch, Patterson 161)

(Bia et al. 161)

If the Works Cited list contains two or more authors with the same surname. In the

parenthetical reference, include the first initial.(A. DeCarrera 213)

If the initial is also the same, use the whole first name.

(Annette DeCarrera 213)

If the reference is to an exact quotation, the author and page number appear in parentheses after the quote.

It may be true that "the attitude of the observer is of primary importance" (Robertson 136).For exact quotations from sources without page numbers, use paragraph numbers, if available. If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in thetext the name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list,instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2.



(Smith para 17)

As Smith points out....

Citations taken from a secondary source should generally be avoided; consult the

original work whenever possible. If only an indirect source is available, put theabbreviation qtd. in (quoted in) before the indirect source in the parenthetical reference andinclude the indirect source in the Works Cited. (MLA Style, sec. 6.4.7)

parenthetical reference

In a May 1800 letter to Watt, Creighton wrote, "The excellent Satanism reflects immortalhonour on the Club" (qtd. in Hunt and Jacob 493).

works cited list

Hunt, Lynn, and Margaret Jacob. "The Affective Revolution in 1790s Britain." Eighteenth-Century Studies 34.4 (2001): 491-521. Print.

How to Format Works Cited List


Books

(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.5)

Single author

Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the

Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. Print.

Multipleauthors

Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Print.

Edited Book Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry

on the Origins and Practice of their Art . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979.Print.

Group or corporateauthor

World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for

Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank,2002. Print.


Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays.Trans. Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.

Article froma reference book

Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed. Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print.

Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia

Britannica, do not list the full publishing information, just the year of

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#books

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#articles

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#media


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#online



http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#govdoc


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#unpublished

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#books

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#articles




http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/mla.php#unpublished



publication. If you are using more than one volume of a multi-volume work,

give number of volumes (x vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the example above. For greater detail, see section

5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook.

Articles

(MLA Handbook, sec. 5.4, 5.6.3, and 5.6.4)

Article in a journal (oneauthor)

Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute':Gender and Juvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to London Labour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249.Print.

Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume

numbers, for all items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.

Article in a journal (multipleauthors)

Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El Análisis Filosófico."Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35. Print.


Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All TheseYears." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print.

Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would be the

correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give thevolume and issue number, even if they are available.


Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, lateed.: N1+. Print.

Article from a full-text database

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of aMedium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.

Article from an e- journal collection

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March2009.

Article from a free

web e-journal

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing andRevealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9March 2009.

Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.

Media


Music Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus,



Score

and Orchestra. Op. 46 . Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949.Print.

Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for

television and radio broadcasts of music.

SoundRecording

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, MarisClement, John Lankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, ScottReeve. Cond. John Mauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD.

Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after

the date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.

VideoRecording

Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by LauraEsquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, ReginaTorne. 1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.

Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information aboutciting films.

OnlineVideo

"The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug.2009.

Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication.

Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.

In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or titleor beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put parenthetical

reference at the end of the sentence in your text.

Television"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal . Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. CraigHaffner. Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.

Web/Online


Web page

Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist

Memorabilia. Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009.

Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following

the date of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in anglebrackets (<>), and follow it with a period. For more details on citing

works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook.

Blog Posting Kristoff, Nicholas. "How To Get Out in the Woods (and Survive theBears!)". Nicholas D. Kristoff: On the Ground. New York Times, 9 August2009. Web. 27 August 2009.

Note: For more information about citing works only on the Web, see



section 5.6.2b of the MLA Handbook.

Online Video

"The L-Team." Williams College Libraries. YouTube. 2007. Web. 27 Aug.2009.

Note: Basic elements are in this order: "Segment Title." Director/Creator (if available). Title of database or Website (italicized). Year of publication.

Format. Date of access. For more information see sections 5.7.3 and 5.6.2d.

In the parenthetical reference, lead with the author name (if available) or

title or beginning words of the title if author is not available. Put

parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence in your text.

Article from afree web e- journal

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.

Note: n. pag. means that the publication does not have pagination.Article from afull-textdatabase

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a MediumPower after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded

Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.Article from ane-journalcollection

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.


(MLA Handbook, 5.5.20)

See Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona State University Library]

Unpublished


Interview

Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mailinterview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998.

Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media.

See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.





http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php

ACS Style Guide

Developed by the American Chemical Society, this style may be used for research papers inthe field of chemistry.

This guide provides examples of the most commonly cited types of sources used byWilliams College students. For additional examples and explanations, see the print manualat Schow Reference QD8.5 .A25 2006.

Each citation consists of two parts: the in-text citation, which provides brief identifyinginformation within the text, and the reference list , a list of sources that provides full bibliographic information.

How to Format: In-Text Citations | Reference Lists

How to Format In-Text Citations

(For more detailed information see ACS Style Guide, pp 287-290.)

Select one of the three methods below to cite in-text references:

Superscript numbers

At the end of the cited information:Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization.¹

Within the cited information:

Rakita¹ states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.

Italic numbers

At the end of the cited information:

Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization (1).


Rakita (1) states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such astoothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization.

Author name and year of publication


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#intext

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#reference







At the end of the cited information:

Fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluorideions necessary for remineralization (Rakita, 2004).


Rakita states that fluoridated water as well as various fluoride products such as toothpaste provide fluoride ions necessary for remineralization (2004).

Note: for two authors use "and": Rakita and Smith. For more than two authors use "et al.":Rakita et al.


Books | Articles | Theses, Patents, Conferences | Web/Online

Books

(ACS Style Guide, pp 300-305)

Single author Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: Boston, 2003.

Edited Book Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation andReactive Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.;Wiley: New York, 2004; Vol. 128; p 257.

Book in SeriesOmega-3 Fatty Acids: Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Effects; Shahidi,F., Finley, J. W., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 788; American ChemicalSociety: Washington, DC, 2001.


Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,

3rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.

Articles

(ACS Style Guide, pp. 291-299 and pp. 317-319 for online articles )

Article in ascientific journal

Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of Phorboxazole B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.

Article in a popular/non-scientificmagazine

Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.

Article from anonline journal

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-WellPotential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23,2007).

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#books

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#articles

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#theses


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#online

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#books

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#articles


http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/acs.php#online



Theses, Patents, Conferences, Technical Reports


Theses

Thoman, J. W., Jr. Studies of Molecular Deactivation: Surface-

Active Free Radicals and S(O)para-difluorobenzene. Ph.D.Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,MA, 1987.

or

Gehring, A. PhD. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1998.

PatentsWilkins, T. D.; Tucker, K. D. Detection, Isolation, andPurification of Clostridium Difficile Toxin A with ToxinReceptors. U.S. Patent 5,098,826, March 24, 1992.

Conference/Meetings(full-text)

Winstein, S. In University Chemical Education, Proceedings of

the International Symposium on University Chemical Education,Frascati (Rome), Italy, October 16-19, 1969; Chisman, D. G.. Ed.;Butterworths: London, 1970.

Conference/Meetings(abstract only)

Kaplan, L.J.; Selder, A. Books of Abstracts, 213th ACS NationalMeeting, San Francisco, CA, April 13-17, 1997; AmericanChemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997; CHED-824.

Technical Report or Bulletin

Crampton, S.B.; McAllaster, D. R. Collision and Motional Averaging Effects in Cryogenic Atomic Hydrogen Masers; WMC-AFOSR-002; NTIS: Springfield, VA, 1983.

Web/Online



Web page National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology:Specialized Information Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessedAug 23, 2004).

Article froman online journal

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-WellPotential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23,2007).

Article fromfull textdatabase

Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek

[Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com(accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article Chung, J.M. and Peacock-Lopez, E. Cross-diffusion in the Templator model of



publishedonline inadvance

chemical self-replication. Phys. Lett. A [Online early access].DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.04.114. Published Online: June 12, 2007.http://www.sciencedirect.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Computer Program

SciFinder Scholar , version 2007; Chemical Abstracts Service: Columbus, OH,2007; RN 58-08-2 (accessed Aug 23, 2007).



B) SEGÚN FUENTES

http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/books.php

Books

Guidelines for Williams students. Use print style manuals for more detailed information.

Single Author

APA

in text:

(Austin, 1998)

reference list:

Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditationand consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Chicago (Note)

note:

1. Tom Nairn, Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited (London: New York: Verso,1997), 17.

bibliography:

Nairn, Tom. Faces of Nationalism: Janus Revisited . London: New York: Verso,1997.

Chicago(Author-Date)

in text:

(Nairn 1997)

reference list:

Nairn, Tom. 1997. Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited . London: New York:Verso.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Perle 183-185)

bibliography:

Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. 6th ed. Berkeley: University of California Press,1991. Print.

ACS in-text citation: See by style info

bibliography:


http://library.williams.edu/citing/print.php








Chang, R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill:Boston, 2003.

Multiple Authors

APA

in text:(Calarco & Atterton, 2009)

reference list:

Calarco, M., & Atterton, P. (2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in

continental thought . New York, NY: Continuum.

Chicag

o(Note)

note:

2. Gilbert Geis and Ivan Bunn, A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-CenturyWitchcraft Prosecution (London: Routledge, 1997), 17.

bibliography:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. A Trial of Witches: a Seventeenth-Century

Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge, 1997.


in text: (Geis and Bunn 1997)

reference list:

Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A trial of witches: A seventeenth-century

witchcraft prosecution. London: Routledge.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Higonnet and Templeton 191)

bibliography:

Higonnet, Margaret R., and Joan Templeton, eds. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist

Explorations of Literary Space. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press,1994. Print.

Edited Book

APA

in text:(Ickes, 1998)

reference list:

Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Chicago

note:



(Note)

3. Basil Dmytryshym, ed., Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 (NewYork: Academic International Press, 1999), 35-41.

bibliography:

Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed. Imperial Russia: A Source Book, 1700-1917 . New York:Academic International Press, 1999.


in text: (Sarat and Stuart 1998)

reference list:

Sarat, Austin and Stuart Scheingold, eds. 1998. Cause lawyering: Political

commitments and professional responsibilities. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

MLA

parenthetical reference:

(Gibbons xii)

bibliography:

Gibbons, Reginald, ed. The Poet's Work: 29 Masters of 20th Century Poetry on

the Origins and Practice of their Art . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. Print.

ACS

in-text citation: See by style info

bibliography:

Gbalint-Kurti, G. G. Wavepacket Theory of Photodissociation and Reactive

Scattering. In Advances in Chemical Physics; Rice, S. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York,2004; Vol. 128; p 257.

By Group or Corporate Author

APA

in text:

(World Bank, 2004)

reference list:

World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa:

women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.

Chicago(Note)

note:

4. Global Environment Coordination, Facing the Global Environment Challenge

(Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept.,The World Bank, 1994), 433.

bibliography:





Global Environment Coordination. Facing the Global Environment Challenge.Washington, DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept.,The World Bank, 1994.


in text:

(Global Environment Coordination 1994)

reference list:

Global Environment Coordination. 1994. Facing the global environment challenge: A progress report on World Bank global environmental operations. Washington,DC: Global Environment Coordination Division, Environment Dept., The WorldBank.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (World Bank 205)

bibliography:

World Bank. Transition, The First Ten Years: Analysis and Lessons for Eastern

Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank, 2002. Print.

Chapter/Essay in a Book

APA

in text:

(Herrmann, 2002)

reference list:

Herrmann, R. K. (2002). Linking theory to evidence in international relations. InW. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons (Eds.), Handbook of international

relations (pp. 119-136). London, England: Sage.

Chicago(Note)

note:

5. Craig H. Roell, "The Piano in the American Home," in The Arts and the

American Home, 1980-1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling(Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994), 194.

bibliography:

Roell, Craig H. "The Piano in the American Home." In The Arts and the American Home, 1890 - 1930, edited by Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204.Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.


in text: (Roell 1994)

reference list:



Roell, Craig H. 1994. The piano in the American home. In The arts and the

American home, 1890 - 1930, ed. Jessica H. Foy and Karal Ann Marling, 193-204.Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.

MLA


(Calvino 15)

bibliography:

Calvino, Italo. "Cybernetics and Ghosts." The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans.Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27. Print.

Article from a Reference Book

APA

in text:

(Chen, 2003)

reference list:

Chen, J. Q. (2003). Intelligence: Multiple intelligences. In J. Guthrie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education (pp. 1198-1201). New York, NY: Macmillan.

If there are no page numbers, the entry title is sufficient. For an entry in a referencework with no author, place the entry title in the author position. (PublicationManual, Chapter 7.02)

Chicago(Note)

note:

6. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Washington, George."

For online reference sources, include URL and date of access.

bibliography:

Well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries are usually not listed in the bibliography. For other reference works, cite as a book. (for more information, seeCMS )

Chic

ago(Author-Date)

in text:Include in running text. Example: "In his article on psychology in the 11th editionof the Encyclopædia Britannica, James Ward...."

reference list:

Not usually included in the reference list. (CMS sec. 17.238).

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Loizou 351)





bibliography:

Loizou, Andros. "Theories of Justice: Rawls." Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics. Ed.Ruth Chadwick. Vol. 4. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998. Print.

Note: for standard, familiar reference works, such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica,

do not list the full publishing information, just the year of publication. If you are

using more than one volume of a multi-volume work, give number of volumes (x

vols.) before place of publication. If you are using only one volume, use the exampleabove. For greater detail, see section 5.5.14 of the MLA Handbook.

ACS


bibliography:

Powder Metallurgy. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed.;Wiley: New York, 1982; Vol. 19, pp 28-62.





http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/articles.php

Articles


Journal Articles, One Author

APA

in text:

(Oware, 2009)

reference list:

Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454

Chicago (Note)

note:

1. Ilya Bodonski, "Caring among the Forgotten," Journal of Social Activism 14,no.3 (1989):117.

bibliography:

Bodonski, Ilya. "Caring among the Forgotten." Journal of Social Activism 14, no.3(1989): 112-34.


in text:

(Bondonski 1989)

reference list:

Bondonski, Ilya. 1989. Caring among the forgotten. Journal of Social Activism 14(Fall): 112-34.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Wolff 231)

bibliography:

Wolff, Larry. "'The Boys are Pickpockets, and the Girl is a Prostitute': Gender andJuvenile Criminality in Early Victorian England from Oliver Twist to LondonLabour." New Literary History 27.2 (1996): 227-249. Print.

Note: Provide issue numbers (if available) in addition to volume numbers, for all

items in the Works Cited list, even if the volume pagination is continuous. See section 5.4.1 of MLA Handbook.








Journal Articles, Multiple Authors

APA

in text:

(Ko, Yen, Liua, Huanga, & Yen, 2009)

reference list:

Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Liua, S. C., Huanga, C. F., & Yen, C. F.(2009). The associations between aggressive behaviors andinternet addiction and online activities in adolescents. Journal of

Adolescent Health, 6, 598-605.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.11.011

in text:

(Burger et al., 2007)

reference list:

Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T.,Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potentialrisk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The

Total Environment, 384, 93-105.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004

When authors number eight or more, include the first six names,then three ellipses, and then the last author's name. (PublicationManual, Chapter 7.01.2)

Chicago(Note)

note:

2. Arthur Carter and Margaret Speigel, "Childhood in Alsace," Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):741.

bibliography:

Carter, Arthur and Margaret Speigel. "Childhood in Alsace." Journal of Modern History 74, no.4 (2002):738-79.


in text: (Liker and Szekely 1997)

reference list:

Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. Aggression amongfemale lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour . 54 (3):797-802.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Millán-Zaibert and Zaibert 33)



bibliography:

Millán-Zaibert, Elisabeth and Leo Zaibert. "El AnálisisFilosófico." Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 627 (2002): 29-35.

Print.

ACS


bibliography:

Evans, D. A.; Fitch, D. M.; Smith, T. E.; Cee, V. J. Application of Complex Aldol Reactions to the Total Synthesis of PhorboxazoleB. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 10033-10046.

Magazine Articles

APA

in text:

(Henry, 1990)

reference list:

Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time,135(4), 28-31.

Chicago(Note)

note:

3. Scott Spencer, "Childhood's End," Harper's, May 1979, 16.

bibliography:

Spencer, Scott. "Childhood's End." Harper's, May 1979, 16-19.


in text: (Birnbaum 1998)

reference list:

Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1998. How to succeed at damage control. Fortune, March 30, 173-176.

MLA parenthetical reference:

(Lerner 42)

bibliography:





Lerner, Barbara. "America's Schools: Still Failing After All TheseYears." National Review 15 Sep. 1997: 42+. Print.

Note: use the + sign if the pages are not consecutive; 42-44 would

be the correct way if this article ran on consecutive pages; do not give the volume and issue number, even if they are available.

ACS


bibliography:

Manning, R. Super Organics. Wired, May 2004, pp 176-181.

Newspapers

APA

in text:

(Young, 2003)

reference list:

Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counselingand take psychiatric medication. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A37-38.

If the article was found through the newspaper's website, include "Retrievedfrom" and the URL of the home page. (Publication Manual, 7.01.11)

Chicago(Note)

note:

4. Steven Erlanger, "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army'sRole," New York Times, sec. A, May 8, 1998."Because a newspaper's issue of any given day may include several editions,and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. (CMS sec. 17.188)

bibliography:

Newspapers are usually cited in notes, not bibliographies. (CMS sec. 17.191)If a bibliographic entry is included, it would be formatted as follows:

Erlanger, Steve. "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's Role," New York Times, May 8, 1998, sec. A.


It is preferable to include newspaper references in running text (CMS 17.191).

Example: In his 8 May 1998 New York Times article "Pact on Israeli Pullback Hinges on Defining Army's role," Steven Erlanger states...









If the newspaper citation needs to be included in the reference list, follow thismodel:

Erlanger, Steven. 1998. Pact on Israeli pullback hinges on defining Army's

role. New York Times, May 8, sec. A.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Kennedy N1)

bibliography:

Kennedy, Louise. "Same Old Song." Boston Globe 9 March 2003, late ed.: N1+. Print.

Article from a Full-text Database


APA

APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles.Use the generic article citation example.

in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:

Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages inthe songs of female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies,39(5), 786-802. doi:10.1177/0021934707302454

Chicago(Note)

note:

5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week , March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

bibliography:

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.


in text: (Zellner 2003)



reference list:

Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-

nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

MLA

parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)

bibliography:

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of aMedium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP . Web. 9 March 2009.

ACS

in-text citation:

See by style info

bibliography:

Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online] July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index.http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from an E-Journal Collection

Note: Different web browsers break the text in different places of a URL. The URL should

begin on the same line as the rest of the citation information, with a break inserted after aslash, if needed.

APA


in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:


Chicago(Note)

note:

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and PublicGoods in Kenya versus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004):330,





http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

bibliography:

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public

Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004):327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

Note: if the article has a DOI, use it in place of the page numbers.See Chicago Manual of Style sec. 17.181 for more information andexample.


in text:(Oakley 1998)

reference list:

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenya versus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.


MLA

parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)

bibliography:

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web.9 March 2009.

ACS


bibliography:

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum DoubleSquare-Well Potential. Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessedAug 23, 2007).











Article from a free web e-journal


APA


in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:


Chicago(Note)

note:

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25,1996, http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.

bibliography:




in text:(Shrum 1996)

reference list:



MLA parenthetical reference: If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers,include in the text the name of the person that begins thecorresponding entry in the works cited list, instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLA Handbook









sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2."Castle points out..."

bibliography:

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing andRevealing Nothing in History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag.Web. 9 March 2009.




http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/media.php

Media


Music Score

APA

No example given in APA Publication Manual for Music Score

Chic

ago(Note)

note:

1. Charles L. Johnson, "Crazy Bone Rag," in Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems,

1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45 (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997).

bibliography:

Johnson, Charles L. "Crazy Bone Rag." In Ragtime Jubilee: 42 Piano Gems, 1911-21, edited by David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1997.

"Published musical scores are treated in much the same way as books." (CMS17.263)

Chicago(Author-

Date)

in text:

(Johnson 1997)

reference list:

Johnson, Charles L. 1997. Crazy bone rag. In Ragtime jubilee: 42 piano gems,

1911-21, ed. David A. Jasen, 41-45. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

MLA

parenthetical reference

(Schoenberg)

bibliography:

Schoenberg, Arnold. A Survivor from Warsaw; For Narrator, Men's Chorus, and

Orchestra. Op. 46 . Long Island City: Bomart Music Publications, 1949. Print.

Note: Refer to MLA Handbook section 5.6.2 for scores online and 5.7.1 for television and radio broadcasts of music.

Sound Recording

APA

in text:

(Desmond, 1959, track 3)








reference list:

Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out

[CD] New York, N.Y.: Columbia. (1987)

Use the original copyright date after the author/composer's name. If the date of therecording is different from the copyright date, place it after the name of therecording label, as above. (Publication Manual, 7.07)

Chicago

(Note)

note:

2. Virginia Eskin, Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime, Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.

bibliography:

Eskin, Virginia. Fluffy Ruffle Girls: Women in Ragtime. Northeastern Records NR 9003-CD.

Note: List sound recordings under the composer, writer, or other person responsiblefor the content. The performer may be added after the title. The recording companyand the number of the recording are usually enough to identify the recording. (CMSsec. 17.265-268)


"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text andgrouped in the reference list under a subhead such as 'Sound Recordings.'" (CMS17.265)

MLA

parenthetical reference:(Bernstein)

bibliography:

Bernstein, Leonard. Candide: Opera House Version, 1982. Orch. New York CityOpera Chorus and Orchestra. Perf. Erie Mills, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, JohnLankston, Jack Harrold, David Eisler, James Billings, Scott Reeve. Cond. JohnMauceri. New York: New World Records, 1986. CD.

Note: If citing a medium other than compact disc, indicate that medium after the

date; e.g., audiocassette, LP, etc.

Video Recording

APA

in text:

(LaVoo & Brown, 2003)

reference list:



LaVoo, G., & Brown, E. T. (Producers), & Cardozo, P. (Director). (2003). Real womem have

curves [DVD]. United States: HBO Video.

Chicago(Note)

note:

3. Thelma & Louise, videocassette, directed by Ridley Scott (Culver City, CA :

MGM/UA Home Video, 1992).

bibliography:

Thelma & Louise. Directed by Ridley Scott. Culver City, CA: MGM/UA HomeVideo, 1992. Videocassette.

"Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with theaddition of the type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) aretreated as chapters and cited by title or number. Ancillary materials, such as criticalcommentary, is cited by author and title." (CMS 17.273)


"..the author-date system is inappropriate for most audiovisual materials. In a work using the author-date system, such materials are best mentioned in running text andgrouped in the reference list under a subhead such as '[Video] Recordings.'" (CMS17.265)

MLA


("Like Water for Chocolate")

bibliography:

Like Water for Chocolate [Como agua para chocolate]. Screenplay by LauraEsquivel. Dir. Alfonso Arau. Perf. Lumi Cavazos, Marco Leonardi, Regina Torne.1992. Burbank, Calif.: Miramax Home Entertainment, 2000. DVD.

Consult section 5.7.3 of the MLA Handbook for further information about citingfilms.

Television or Radio Program

APA

in text:

(Writer, year)

reference list:

Daniels, G. (Writer) & Kwapis, K. (Director). (2006). Gay witch hunt [Televisionseries episode]. In G. Daniels (Executive producer), The office. Los Angeles, CA: National Broadcasting Company.

Chicago(Note)


Chicago Manual Q & A provides this example for bibliographies:





Friends. Episode no. 153, first broadcast 16 November 2000 by NBC. Directed byDavid Schwimmer and written by Scott Silveri.

Chicago

(Author-Date)


MLA


("Frederick Douglass")

bibliography:

"Frederick Douglass." Civil War Journal . Narr. Danny Glover. Dir. Craig Haffner.Arts and Entertainment Network. 6 April 1993. Television.



http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/online.php

Web and Online Materials



Web Page

APA

in text:

(Centers for Disease Control, 2009)

reference list:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu")and You. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm

Chicago

(Note)

note:

1. Norman R. Yetman, "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives," Born in

Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938,http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.

bibliography:

Yetman, Norman R. "An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives." Born in

Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.


in text:

(Yetman)

reference list:

Yetman, Norman R. "An introduction to the WPA slave narratives." Born in

slavery: slave narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938.http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snhome.html.

MLA

in text:

(Pilgrim)

bibliography:

Pilgrim, David. "The Brute Caricature." Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia.








Ferris State University. Nov. 2000. Web. 20 May 2009.

Note: If your instructor requires it, include the URL immediately following the date

of access, a period, and a space. Enclose the URL in angle brackets (<>), and

follow it with a period. For more details on citing works on the Web, see section 5.6 of the MLA Handbook.

ACS


bibliography:

National Library of Medicine. Environmental Health and Toxicology: SpecializedInformation Services. http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html (accessed Aug 23, 2004).

Article from a Full-text Database

APA

APA does not make a distinction among types of online articles. Use the genericarticle citation example.

in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:


Chicago(Note)

note:

5. Wendy Zellner, "An Insider's Tale Of Enron's Toxic Culture," Business Week ,March 31, 2003, 16, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.

bibliography:

Zellner, Wendy. "An Insider's Tale of Enron's Toxic Culture." Business Week

March 31, 2003, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.


in text: (Zellner 2003)

reference list:

Zellner, Wendy. 2003. An insider's tale of Enron's toxic culture. Business Week

March 31, 16. http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/form/academic/s_guidednews.html.





MLA

parenthetical reference: (Andreatta 51)

bibliography:

Andreatta, Filippo. "Italy at a Crossroads: The Foreign Policy of a Medium Power after the End of Bipolarity." Daedalus 130.2: 45-65. Expanded Academic ASAP .Web. 9 March 2009.

ACS


bibliography:

Begley, S. When Does Your Brain Stop Making New Neurons? Newsweek [Online]July 2, 2007, p 62. Expanded Academic Index. http:/galegroup.com (accessed Aug23, 2007).

Article from an E-Journal Collection

APA


in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:

Oware, M. (2009). A "Man's Woman"? Contradictory messages in the songs of

female rappers, 1992-2000. Journal of Black Studies, 39(5), 786-802.doi:10.1177/0021934707302454

Chicago(Note)

note:

6. Miguel Edward, "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenyaversus Tanzania," World Politics 56, no.3 (2004): 330,http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.

bibliography:

Miguel, Edward. "Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya

versus Tanzania." World Politics 56, no. 3 (2004): 327-362.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.


Chicago(Author-

in text:(Oakley 1998)







Date)

reference list:

Miguel, Edward. 2004. Tribe or nation? Nation building and public goods in Kenyaversus Tanzania World Politics 56 (3): 327-362.

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v056/56.3miguel.html.


MLA

parenthetical reference: (Brooks 177)

bibliography:

Brooks, Gwendolyn. "Henry Dumas: Perceptiveness and Zeal." Black American

Literature Forum 22.2 (1988): 177. JSTOR. Web. 9 March 2009.

ACS


bibliography:

Peacock-Lopez, E. Exact Solutions of the Quantum Double Square-Well Potential.Chem. Ed. [Online] 2007, 11, 383-393http://chemeducator.org/bibs/0011006/11060380lb.htm (accessed Aug 23, 2007).

Article from a free web e-journal

APA


in text:

(Oware, 1995)

reference list:


Chicago(Note)

note:

7. Robert Shrum, "Taxing Clinton's Character," Slate, June 25, 1996,http://slate.msn.com/id/1573/.

bibliography:

Shrum, Robert. "Taxing Clinton's Character." Slate, June 25, 1996.







http://slate.msn.com/id/.



in text:(Shrum 1996)

reference list:



MLA


If the work does not have page numbers or paragraph numbers, include in the textthe name of the person that begins the corresponding entry in the works cited list,instead of using a parenthetical reference. For more information see MLAHandbook sections 6.4.1 and 6.4.2."Castle points out..."

bibliography:

Castle, Robert. "From Desperation to Salvation: Concealing and Revealing Nothingin History." Archipelago 6.3 (2003): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2009.








http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/govdocs.php



Congressional Hearings

APA

Citing Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]

Chic

ago(Note)

note:

1. House Committee on International Relations, The Threat from International

Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the Committee on

International Relations, 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997, 6-8.

bibliography:

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. The Threat from

International Organized Crime and Global Terrorism: Hearing before the

Committee on International Relations. 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1, 1997.


"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents."(CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1997. The threat from

international organized crime and global terrorism: Hearing before the Committee

on International Relations . 105th Cong., 1st sess., October 1.ML

ACiting Government Documents [automated fill-in form from Arizona StateUniversity Library]

Executive Department Report

APA


Chicago(Note)

(Chicago Manual of Style, sec. 17.317, 17.356)

note:

2. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and YuriA. Voronin (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001),http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

bibliography:














U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice.The Threat of Russian Organized Crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A.Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001.http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.


"...the author-date style is generally inappropriate for citing public documents."(CMS 17.291) If conversion to author-date is necessary, use the following format:

U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice.2001. The threat of Russian organized crime, by James O. Finckenauer and Yuri A.Voronin. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS15051.

MLA






http://library.williams.edu/citing/formats/unpublished.php

Unpublished Sources


Williams College Archives

See the Williams Archives and Special Collections Citation Guide for guidance on citingall formats available in the College Archives.

Interview

APA

In APA Style, personal communications are not considered verifiable or recoverable; they should be cited in the text only and not included in the referencelist. ( Publication Manual , chapter 6.20)

in text example: (H.C. Payne, personal communication, May 22, 1998)

Chicago (Note)

note:

9. Frederick Rudolph, interview by author, Williamstown, MA, May 15, 2001.

bibliography:

Rudolph, Frederick. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15 2001.

"Unpublished interviews are best cited ... in notes, though occasionally appear in

bibliographies." (CMS 17.205)


in text:

(Rudolph 2001)

reference list:

"Unpublished interviews are best cited in text ..., though occasionally appear in ...reference lists." (CMS 17.205)

Rudolph, Frederick. 2001. Interview by author. Williamstown, MA, May, 15.

MLA parenthetical reference:

It is usually preferable to include in the actual text the name of the person in thecorresponding entry in the works cited list rather than using a parentheticalreference. Example: Harry Payne pointed out...

bibliography:

Payne, Harry C. Personal interview. [or "Telephone interview" or "E-Mail




http://archives.williams.edu/citationguide.php



http://archives.williams.edu/citationguide.php



interview" as the case may be.] 22 May 1998.

Note: See section 5.7.7 of the MLA Handbook for interviews in print or media.

See 5.6.2b for interviews on the Web.

Manuscript/Unpublished Document

APA See Publication Manual 4.16F.

Chicago(Note)

See CMS sec. 17.210-233.


See CMS sec. 17.210-233.

MLA See MLA Handbook 5.8.12-13.



C) SEGÚN HERRAMIENTAS DE CITACIÓN

http://library.williams.edu/citing/tools.php

Citation Tools - EndNote and RefWorks

A citation tool stores all your citations in a searchable database so that you can:

• Format your footnotes or endnotes automatically in the style of your choice (APA,Chicago, MLA, etc.).

• Format your bibliography automatically.• Insert references into a Word document with a click.• Create and format an annotated bibliography.

The library supports two citation tools; EndNote and RefWorks.

Which one should I use?

EndNote RefWorks

Type of

Program

A software program that you need todownload on your computer or use inthe computer labs.

A web-based application. Need to useCollege proxy server for off-campusaccess.

How to Get It

Williams has a site license to thissoftware, available through OIT'ssoftware download.

Williams users can create a freeaccount.

Functionality

A robust program with lots of advanced functionality appropriate for sustained research projects such astheses. Learning curve can be high.

A more intuitive program with basicfunctionality. Can be used for larger projects, but its ease of use makes itappropriate for any research paper.

Updates

As with any software program, youwill need to check for updates to the program and filters.

Updates are done automatically.

Word

Processor

Plug-in

Cite While You Write plug-in isadded to Word when you downloadEndNote. Appears under Tools menu.

Need to download the Write-N-Cite plug-in on computer you are using.

Changing

Your MindConverting EndNote to RefWorks Converting RefWorks to EndNote

Getting

Started

Using EndNote

EndNote Tutorials EndNote YouTube Channel

Quick Start Guides and Tutorials

FAQ

Exporting

From

Databases

See EndNote filters pageExporting from FRANCIS Exporting from a Data Service (toRefWorks)

http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-bibliography.php



http://www.refworks.com/Refworks

http://library.williams.edu/computing/proxy.php


http://oit.williams.edu/software/

http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/newuser.asp


http://library.williams.edu/computing/endnote/

http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/WNCDownload.asp

http://library.williams.edu/citing/convert-to-refworks.php

http://www.endnote.com/support/Faqs/Import/faq13.asp

http://library.williams.edu/computing/using-endnote.php

http://www.endnote.com/training/

http://www.youtube.com/user/EndNoteTraining

http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/help/Quick_Start_Guide.htm


http://www.refworks.com/content/path_learn/faqs.asp


http://library.williams.edu/citing/exporting-from-francis.php

http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/help/Exporting_from_Data_Services_and_Importing_into_RefWorks.htm






http://oit.williams.edu/software/




http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/WNCDownload.asp

http://library.williams.edu/citing/convert-to-refworks.php

http://www.endnote.com/support/Faqs/Import/faq13.asp

http://library.williams.edu/computing/using-endnote.php

http://www.endnote.com/training/

http://www.youtube.com/user/EndNoteTraining


http://www.refworks.com/content/path_learn/faqs.asp



http://www.refworks.com/Refworks/help/Exporting_from_Data_Services_and_Importing_into_RefWorks.htm




Writing An Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that includes a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph after each citation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the

relevance, accuracy, and quality of the source cited.

Level of Detail

Some annotated bibliographies will call for a cursory description in preparation for aresearch project, while others will require more detailed analysis. Ask your professor aboutthe level of detail needed in the annotations.

Organization

Bibliographies are traditionally arranged by Author and then Title or Year, and thisarrangement can be used for annotated bibliographies as well. However, it may make moresense to organize an annotated bibliography thematically or chronologically. Use your own judgement, or ask your professor for guidance.

Research Process

An annotated bibliography should be the end product of a comprehensive literature review,and not simply the first 20 citations you find. Through bibliographies and references, eachsource you find will lead to others. As you gradually build up an understanding of your subject by following these connections, it will become clear which sources are most

relevant to your research.

If you're feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of all this research, or don't know where tostart, Ask A Librarian for assistance.

Examples

See the sample at right from Abstract expressionist women painters: an

annotated bibliography (Sawyer Ref ND212.5.A25 P8 1996)

For more examples, search FRANCIS for the keyword phrase annotated bibliography.

Formatting Citations

http://library.williams.edu/askalibrarian/

http://francis.williams.edu/search/X%22annotated%20bibliography%22

http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-bibliography.gif


http://francis.williams.edu/search/X%22annotated%20bibliography%22



When you store your citations and notes in a citation manager such as RefWorks or Endnote, it takes care of the formatting, allowing you to concentrate on research andanalysis.

To create an annotated bibliography using RefWorks:

1. Export citations (from FRANCIS, Article Databases, etc.) into RefWorks.2. Add your notes to the abstract field for each record in RefWorks.3. Use an Annotated with Abstracts style from the RefWorks Styles manager.4. Export the annotated bibliography to Word.

You can also organize your bibliography in different ways, such as by author, title or evenchronologically. This can be especially useful if you are following an artist's career or thehistory of research on a topic.

You can import records from most of our databases in just a few clicks, and export to Word

just as easily. Once you start using a citation manager, you'll wonder how you ever livedwithout it.

For more information, see the citation guide or Ask A Librarian.





http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-refworks-styles.php

http://library.williams.edu/memex/1889/

http://library.williams.edu/citing/






http://library.williams.edu/citing/annotated-refworks-styles.php

http://library.williams.edu/memex/1889/

http://library.williams.edu/citing/




http://library.williams.edu/citing/game/

Citation Game

Pre-set Challenges

• ACS Chemical Burn: 10 rounds of ACS.• APA Psych Out: 10 rounds of APA.• Chicago Showdown: 10 rounds of Chicago (note).• Information Literacy: 11 rounds of Multiple Choice and Chicago (note).• MLA Master Blaster : 10 rounds of MLA.• The Everything Bagel: 20 rounds of ACS, APA, Chicago (note) and MLA.

Create Your Own

CitationStyles

ACS

APA

Chicago (note)

MLA

Rounds

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http://library.williams.edu/citing/game/play.php?game=5















http://web.williams.edu/wp-etc/acad-resources/survival_guide/

