Chapter+6+ppt

CHAPTER 6:THE FOUNDING OF GEORGIA

SIR ROBERT MONTGOMERY’S PLAN FOR MAGRAVATE OF AZILIA, 1717

THE COLONY OF GEORGIA’S 3 PURPOSES ACCORDING TO ITS CHARTER OF 1732

1. Charity: relieve unemployment in Britain

2. Economics: To provide England goods to protect in the system of mercantilism

3. Defense: buffer between Carolinas & Spanish (Catholic) Florida

THE 4TH (UNSTATED) REASON

4. Religion: provide a home for persecuted British Protestants

PROTESTANTS vs. CATHOLICSEngland SpainAnglican Church Catholic ChurchGeorgia Florida

THE TRUSTEES:

21 in all Trustee: man placed in a position of trust on

behalf of other people; Georgia’s 21 trustees did not benefit personally (income, land, or government office) from their position

Principal Officials: Thomas Causton: Keeper of the Trustees’ Store:

Manager of the “Colonial Wal-Mart”; maintained a huge warehouse in Savannah where colonists purchased food, clothing, supplies and guarantted amounts of meat and flour. (Powerful man: made $ by degen. the food)

William Stephens: Secretary of Trustees: sent detailed reports of Savannah’s happenings back to Britain

JAMES E. OGLETHORPE

James Edward Oglethorpe is credited with founding Georgia. The first group of British settlers landed at the site of the planned town, then known as Yamacraw Bluff, on the Savannah River, and Oglethorpe led them sixteen miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean on February 12, 1733.

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. “DOCUMENTING THE AMERICAN SOUTH. DOCSOUTH.UNC.EDU/SOUTHLIT/OGLETHORPE/OGLETTP.JPG (ACCESSED JANUARY 23, 2009).

GEORGIA’S BOUNDARIES

1732: Northern Boundary: Savannah River Southern Boundary: Altamaha River Area also claimed by Spain & France!!

GEORGIA AS TRUSTEE COLONY:ARTISTIC RENDITIONS Everyone coming to the colony was

expected to work. Colonists were expected to live and

work under the rules and supervision of the trustees.

Georgia’s native peoples were shown as being friends of the English colonists.

Boats were shown carrying goods for trade, possibly with the Indians.

Success in bringing European civilization to the wilderness can be seen. (Architecture, etc.)

ARTISTIC RENDITION:EARLY EBENEZER

TRUSTEES’ SEAL

“NON SIBI SED ALILIS” : “Not for ourselves but others”

ATTRACTING COLONISTS

Sermons, pamphlets, speeches & newspapers appeal for monetary contributions & colonists

Application process for potential colonists Trustees looked for hardworking, down-on-their luck

people to send on charity Colonists sent on charity received: land, seed, tools,

weapons and food to support them until the 1st harvest.

35 Families Carpenters, tailors, bankers, merchants &

other skilled pople

THE 1ST COLONISTS SAIL TO GEORGIA

November 1732 on the ship Anne 57 day journey Landed in Charles Town Oglethorpe scouts for a settlement site & finds a

place nearby a village of Yamacraw Indians

JOHN & MARY MUSGROVE: TRADERS & TRANSLATORS

Mary Musgrove (pictured with her third husband, the Reverend Thomas Bosomworth) served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and her Native American community in the mid-eighteenth century. She took advantage of her biculturalism to protect Creek interests, maintain peace on the frontier, and expand her business as a trader.

Due to the Musgrove’s help – Tomochichi and the Yamacraw Indians welcomed the new British settlement near their village. The colonists arrived at Yamacraw Bluff on February 12, 1733.

TOMOCHICHI

As the principal mediator between the native population and the new English settlers during the first years of Georgia's settlement, Tomochichi (left) contributed much to the establishment of peaceful relations between the two groups and to the ultimate success of Georgia. His nephew, Toonahowi, is seated on the right in this engraving, circa 1734-35, by John Faber Jr.

A large granite boulder with a decorative copper plate was installed in Savannah's Wright Square, southeast of the original grave marker, on April 21, 1899. The plate is inscribed to "the mico of the Yamacraws, the companion of Oglethorpe, and the ally of the colony of Georgia."

THE SETTLEMENT OF SAVANNAH The colonists lived in tents while they cleared and

tamed the land. “Squared” Plan:

Open public squares to serve as neighborhood centers 4 lots facing each square set aside for public bldgs. 40 60 X 90 house lots around each square, organized into 4 groups of 10.

GEORGIA’S 1ST CRISIS

Dysentery & Disease: water-borne (river water)

¼ Colonists died, including the town doctor. Remedy: a town well was dug. Other colonists soon arrive: Lutheran

Salzburgers, Germans, Italians, Swiss By the end of the 1st year there were over 50

houses in Savannah and many public buildings.

GROWING PAINS

The main 3 regulations of the Trustees, which Georgia colonists oppose:1. Restrictions on Land Ownership2. Ban on Slavery3. Prohibitions on Rum & Hard Liquors

RESTRICTIONS ON LAND OWNERSHIP & INHERITANCE

Trustees’ Goal: Prevent the development of a rich upper class Each Male Adult on Charity received:

50 acres of land (5 city acres, 45 country acres) Each Male Adult who paid his own way received:

50 acres of land for themselves + 50 additional acres for each servant 500 acres maximum

Land was not redistributed if land was unsuitable for farming.

Colonists could not re-sell land. Inheritance: Each land grant had to have an adult male

to protect it. If a landowner died without a male heir, land was returned to the Trustees’.

Prohibition on Slavery: All of the surrounding colonies allowed slavery.

Prohibition on Rum: English beer was allowed. Thomas Causon, Keeper of the Trustees Store is

known for watering-down beer before selling it to colonists.

BUILDING FORTS

1734: Oglethorpe returned to England to brief Parliament. Tomochichi and his nephew Tooanahowi, and a delegation of Creek Indians accompany him.

Oglethorpe: Requests for additional government funding for

the Georgia Colony “Sells” the need for Georgia as a buffer colony

between the Spanish and the French (not haven for the poor)

Parliament agreed to fund the construction of forts along the GA coast.

GEORGIA’S FIRST FORT North of the mouth of the Altamaha River at

Georgia’s southern boundary. (Darien) Constructed by 150 Scottish Highlanders http://

www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/scottish_highlanders

FORT FREDERICA

Fort #2 Dec. 1735: Oglethorpe and 257 colonists sail

from England to build Frederica at St.Simon’s Island

While the Spanish were frightened at the increasing number of British forts under construction, a peace treaty was reached between Oglethorpe and the Spanish Governor of Florida, Moral de Sanchez.

FORT FREDERICA

Designed to defend the southern frontier from the continued presence of Spanish colonials in the American Southeast, Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island served as the British military headquarters in colonial America.

The tabby ruins of Fort Frederica, which was established by James Oglethorpe in 1736 on St. Simons Island, are among the oldest architectural remnants left from the colonial period in the state.

GEORGIA STORIES:

“Daily Life in Georgia: http://

www.gpb.org/georgiastories/stories/daily_life_in_georgia

“Expectation vs. Reality” http://www.gpb.org/georgiastories/story/expectat

ions_versus_reality

Relations with Spain continue to worsen 1736 : Oglethorpe returns to England to appeal

to Parliament for additional funding and military support.

Rumor of an envoy of Spanish militia sent to Cuba from Spain

Continental relations in Europe between Spain and England continue to decline.

October1737: Oglethorpe is promoted to colonel in the British army Raises a regiment of 600 soldiers; Ready to sail

to Fort Frederica in Spring 1738 In charge of all British forces in GA and SC

WAR WITH SPAINContinent Americas

1739: Britain declares war on Spain

Oglethorpe prepares British forces to invade Florida and destroy St. Augustine

1740 Oglethorpe leads an invasion force and captures Fort Diego, then moves on to Fort Mose.

Fort Mose’s defenders fell back to St.Augustine

Oglethorpe marches toward St. Augustine and British forces staying behind are attacked at Fort. Mose

68 British dead, 34 taken prisoner = Oglethorpe turns back to St. Simons Island

June 1742: Spanish ships appear on the horizon off the Georgia coast; British defenders fall back to Fort Frederica.

July 7, 1742: Spanish forces come within 1 mile of

Fort Frederica. Oglethorpe’s rangers surprise the

enemy open fire from the woods and the Spanish turn back.

Oglethorpe pursues the Spanish = Battle of Bloody Marsh

Spanish attempt to capture Fort Frederica is thwarted.

Spanish withdraw to St. Augustine Oglethorpe is promoted to general in the

British army

WAR WITH SPAIN:BATTLE OF BLOODY MARSH

1743: Oglethorpe returns to England Personal funds repaid by British Parliament Met and married Elizabeth Wright Continues for one decade as a member of

Parliament Activity on the Board of Trustees declines.

THE COLONY DECLINES Colonists begin to give up & return to

England or move to other communities Crop failures Discord between colonists Oglethorpe’s return to England

1750: Ban on Slavery is dropped 1752: Trustees give control of the colony to

the British Crown

1752 GEORGIA BECOMES A ROYAL COLONY

Under direct control of the British Government 1754: Royal Governor John Reynolds

Georgia was to have it’s own bicameral legislature

Upper House: Advise the governor Members appointed Suffrage: only white males owning 500+ acres of land

Lower House (Commons House of Assembly): Gave colonists an opportunity at self-government Members were elected Suffrage: white males owning 50+ acres of land Laws of the Commons House of Assembly could be

vetoed by the Royal Governor or the King

1754-1756: John Reynolds: popular & non-effective

1756-1759: Governor Henry Ellis replaces Reynolds Ellis is unhappy in Georgia, particularly with the

summer heat. 1759: Sir James Wright replaces Ellis as Royal

Gov. Georgia’s ablest and most concerned governor

1758: THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IS DECLARED AS THE OFFICIAL CHURCH OF GEORGIA

Decision made by the royal Assembly Colony is divided into 8 parishes (districts)

Residents voted for church wardens Residents paid taxes to support the church and help

the poor Political functions

FRENCH & INDIAN WARTHE SEVEN YEARS WAR 1754: Great Britain & France engage in war

Began in North America (many) Indians & French vs. British = Colonists on

the side of Britain called the war the “French & Indian War”

War spreads to Europe, then to India Spain is not involved until later

1762: Spain & France ask Britain for peace Treaty of Paris 1763

Spain loses Florida France loses land east of the Mississippi River (Except

New Orleans) Britain loses lad west of the Mississippi River (MS River

becomes Georgia’s western boundary)

THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 What should Britain do with her holdings in

North America? How should Britain handle Indian uprisings

(because of the increasing number of white settlements)?

How could the British government shift the cost of operating the colony to the colonists?

King George III announces the Proclamation of 1763: Britain creates 4 new colonies: Quebec, Grenada,

East Florida & West Florida Georgia’s Southern Boundary: St. Mary’s River All lands West of the Appalachian Mts. Reserved

for Indians

HTTP://WWW.LIBS.UGA.EDU/DARCHIVE/HARGRETT/MAPS/1763S6.JPG

1764: Georgia’s boundary changed to include land north of West and East Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi that were once part of Georgia.

THE COLONY PROSPERS

Spanish & French no longer pose a threat to GA.

Creek Indians cede 2 million acres of land to Georgia.

Georgia surveys new land and adopts the Headright System.

New settlers arrive from Europe and other colonies New land in the south (land west of the

Appalachians belonged to Indians)1766 1776

10,000 white inhabitants 50,000 white inhabitants

8,000 black inhabitants 25,000 black inhabitants

HEADRIGHT SYSTEM

A plan developed after the French & Indian War to distribute newly acquired land open for settlement.

The “Head” of each family was given 100 acres + 50 acres for each additional family member, indentured servant or slave.

Costs to each family: land survey & recording fees

ST. AUGUSTINEHAGRETT RARE COLLECTRION

SAVANNAH

In December 1778, British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell captured Savannah as part of their campaign to restore the colony of Georgia to British rule. This drawing details the town of Savannah at the time of the British invasion.