Ppt chapter 6

Chapter 6Chapter 6

Jails: Jails: Way Stations Along the Justice Way Stations Along the Justice HighwayHighway

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

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Key Terms Key Terms

Jails – Local (or combined with State) operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction. Inmates sentenced to jail usually have a sentence

of one year or less. Total Admission - The total number of

people admitted to jail each year. Average Daily Population (ADP) - The

sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year.

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Jails in HistoryJails in History

King Henry ordered the first jail built in 1166

John Howard’s Four Jail Reforms Secure and sanitary structures Jail inspections Elimination of fees Emphasis on reforming prisoners

The first jail in America was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia 1773 Housed offenders with no regard to sex, age,

or offense

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American Jails in the 20American Jails in the 20thth Century Century

Detain people awaiting arraignment or trial Confine offenders serving short sentences Serve as surrogate mental hospitals Frequently detain people with drug or

alcohol dependency The homeless, street people, some with

extremely poor physical health including many with HIV, AIDS, and tuberculosis (TB)

Rabble management

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Architecture and Inmate ManagementArchitecture and Inmate Management

First-Generation Jails Jail with multiple-occupancy cells or

dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes

Inmate supervision is intermittent; staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells

Officers often do not enter the housing units unless there is a problem

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Architecture and Inmate ManagementArchitecture and Inmate Management

Second-generation jails Emerged in the 1960s to replace old, run-

down linear jails and improve visual surveillance

Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate housed areas called pods and surveillance is remote

Verbal interaction between staff and inmates even less frequent than in linear jails

Property destruction minimized through continued use of steel and cement

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Architecture and Inmate ManagementArchitecture and Inmate Management

Third-generation jails Direct-supervision jails Inmates are housed in small groups

staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers

Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior

Bars and metal doors are absent

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Architecture and Inmate ManagementArchitecture and Inmate Management

Fourth-Generation Jails Incorporates natural light into the

dayroom; “borrowed light” Brings program services, staff,

volunteers, and visitors to the housing unit

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JailsJails

Many of the nation’s 3,365 locally Many of the nation’s 3,365 locally operated jails are old, overcrowded, operated jails are old, overcrowded, poorly funded, inadequately staffed poorly funded, inadequately staffed by underpaid and poorly trained by underpaid and poorly trained employees, and given low priority in employees, and given low priority in local budgets.local budgets.

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Jail InmatesJail Inmates

In June 2011, local jail authorities housed or supervised 837,833 offendersThe number decreased for the first time since the federal government began its annual survey of jails in 1982 when the jail population was 223,551. Growth in the U.S. jail population has been slowing since 2005.

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Jail InmatesJail Inmates

Thirty-eight percent of the jail Thirty-eight percent of the jail inmates are not yet convicted, 87.8 inmates are not yet convicted, 87.8 percent are male, 42.5 percent are percent are male, 42.5 percent are white, 39.2 percent are black, and white, 39.2 percent are black, and 16.2 are Hispanic.16.2 are Hispanic.

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Characteristics of Jail inmatesCharacteristics of Jail inmates • • 80 percent earned less than $2,000 a month before they were 80 percent earned less than $2,000 a month before they were

locked up.locked up. • • 75 percent who had mental health problems also had co-75 percent who had mental health problems also had co-

occurring substance abuse or dependency issues;occurring substance abuse or dependency issues; • • 68 percent had not seen a health-care provider since 68 percent had not seen a health-care provider since

incarceration;incarceration; • • 64 percent suffered from some form of mental illness;64 percent suffered from some form of mental illness; • • 55 percent of females had been sexually or physically abused;55 percent of females had been sexually or physically abused; • • 50 percent grew up in homes without both parents;50 percent grew up in homes without both parents; • • 46 percent were not taking their medication at the time of 46 percent were not taking their medication at the time of

arrest;arrest; • • 44 percent had less than a high school education;44 percent had less than a high school education; • • 40 percent had a criminal history;40 percent had a criminal history;

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Women in Jail Women in Jail

The number of women in jail has more than quadrupled over the past 25 years In 1985 there were 19,000 women in

jail In mid-2006 there were 100,572

women in jail The typical female jail inmate is poor, a

high school dropout with one to three children, and belongs to a racial minority

Two-thirds of women in jail are mothers with children under the age of 18

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Mental IllnessMental Illness

At midyear 2007, almost two-thirds (64 At midyear 2007, almost two-thirds (64 percent) of all jail inmates had a mental percent) of all jail inmates had a mental health problem compared to about 11 health problem compared to about 11 percent of the general population.percent of the general population.

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Juveniles in JailJuveniles in Jail

Cities and states may detain juvenile offenders up to 12 hours in an adult jail before a court appearance.

In 1995, 76% of the 7,800 juveniles confined in the nation’s jails were held as adults. Currently, 81% of 5,847 juveniles

are housed as adults.

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Jail Staff Jail Staff

An estimated 297,600 people work in the nation’s jails

Women comprise one-third of all jail employees One-fourth of all corrections officers

66% of all jail corrections officers are white, 24% are black, 8% are Hispanic, and 2% are of other races

Problems of jail staff: substandard pay; low job prestige; high turnover; and inadequate systems for recruitment, selection, and training

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PrivatizationPrivatization

A contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in part, from the public sector to the private sector

Jails can be privatized in one of three ways:1. Private management2. Private sector development3. Private services provision

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Jail Issues Jail Issues

The jail managers cited inmate The jail managers cited inmate mental health as their top concern mental health as their top concern and recommended that the and recommended that the government give jails more support government give jails more support in that area.in that area.

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Educational and Vocational Educational and Vocational ProgramsPrograms

National studies show that more than 40 percent of all jail inmates have less than a ninth-grade education.

Studies show that inmates who earn their GEDs while incarcerated are far less likely to return to crime.

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Religious ProgramsReligious Programs

Getting into trouble and turning to religion is supported by the coping literature

Inmates actively involved with Bible studies commit less institutional infractions and are less likely to be rearrested

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Benefits of Jail ChaplaincyBenefits of Jail Chaplaincy Jail chaplains believe that the cycle of

crime can only be broken one life at a time Chaplains can help jail staff with their

emotional and family problems Chaplains are in a unique position to

mediate and moderate tensions and conflicts between inmates and staff

The public perceives ministering to the disadvantaged as legitimate

Chaplains can help inmates confront the truth about themselves

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AccreditationAccreditation

Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards and through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status

JAIL ACCREDITATION: Formal approval of a jail by the American Correctional Association (ACA) and the Commission on Accreditation

Only 131 of the nation’s 3,365 jails are ACA-accredited

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Reasons to have ACA AccreditationReasons to have ACA Accreditation

Protect health and safety of staff and inmates

Defense against lawsuits over conditions of incarceration

Preparing for accreditation leads to self-evaluation

Professional recognition and status, greater appreciation by the community, and a sense of pride in the achievement and in the hard work that went into it

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Workforce DevelopmentWorkforce Development

Jail staff need strong communication skills, knowledge of the psychology of behavior, multicultural sophistication, ethnic and racial tolerance, human management expertise, endurance, and fitness

ACA’s national Commission on Correctional Certification and online Corrections Academy recognize jail staff as qualified correctional practitioners

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Evidence-Based PracticesEvidence-Based Practices

Evidence-based practices based on recommendations from National Institute of Drug Abuse are in place in more than half of all jails, but have still not been rigorously evaluated. These include:

Comprehensive treatment methods Engagement with community agencies Use of positive incentives Standardized substance abuse

assessment tools