Chapter 5 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body.

Chapter 5Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body

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© 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved

Overview

Topographic Anatomy Anatomic Positions Range of Motion The Integumentary System The Muscular System The Skeletal System

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Overview

The Nervous System The Endocrine System The Circulatory System The Respiratory System The Digestive System The Reproductive System

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Topographic Anatomy

The study of the relationship of one body part to another – Lines of reference– Midline– Midclavicular lines– Midaxillary line

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Topographic Anatomy

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Topographic Anatomy

Directional terms– Superior, inferior– Anterior, posterior – Lateral, medial – Unilateral, bilateral – Proximal, distal

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Topographic Anatomy

Directional terms– Ventral, dorsal– Plantar, palmar– Apex, base– Superficial, deep

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Anatomic Positions

Prone Supine Fowler’s position High Fowler’s Modified Trendelenberg Recovery position

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Anatomic Positions

Prone

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Supine

Anatomic Positions

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Fowler’s position

Anatomic Positions

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High Fowler’s

Anatomic Positions

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Modified Trendelenberg

Anatomic Positions

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Recovery position

Anatomic Positions

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Range of Motion

Extension—Putting your arm out to shake another person’s hand

Flexion—Hand is pulled back with elbow bent Abduction—Arm raised away from midline Adduction—Arm is returned to the side

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Range of Motion

Flexion

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Abduction

Range of Motion

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Range of Motion

Supination—Palm turned upward Pronation—Palm turned downward Eversion—Foot turned outward Inversion—Foot turned inward

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Range of Motion

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Range of Motion

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The Integumentary System

Skin consists of three layers– Epidermis—Outermost layer– Dermis—Middle layer– Subcutaneous tissue—Deepest layer

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The Muscular System

Sternocleidomastoid muscle– Connects the sternum with the clavicle and

mastoid process

Trapezius muscle– Covers the upper back

Pectoralis major muscles– Cover the anterior chest wall

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The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

Deltoid muscle– Covers and protects the shoulder and upper arm

Biceps muscle– Flexes the upper arm

Triceps muscle– Straightens the arm

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The Muscular System

Diaphragm– Separates the

abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

– Vital to normal breathing

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The Muscular System

Gluteus muscles

– Larger muscles of the buttock

Quadriceps muscle– Runs down the anterior portion of the upper leg

Gastrocnemius muscle– Calf muscle

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The Muscular System

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Stop and Review

Describe one of the most important functions of skin.

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The Skeletal System

Protects vital organs Provides support for erect posture Consists of axial skeleton and

appendicular skeleton

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The Skeletal System

Axial skeleton– Skull – Spinal column – Thoracic cage

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The Skeletal System

The skull (facial bones)– Mandible–Lower jawbone– Maxillae–Upper jaw– Hard palate–Roof of the mouth– Zygomatic bones–Cheekbones – Orbit–Houses the eyes

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The Skeletal System

The skull (cranium bones)– Frontal bone–Forehead– Temporal bone–Sides of the skull– Occipital bone–Posterior bone through which the

spinal cord passes – Parietal bone–Largest of the skull bones

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The Skeletal System

The skull (cranium bones)– Sutures– Fontanels

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The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column– Strong, flexible column made up of a series

of bones– Supports the head– Provides for attachment of the ribs – Protects the spinal cord

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column– Individual vertebrae

• The vertebral body, the drum-shaped center, bears weight

• A ring of bone creates the vertebral foramen • Protruding posteriorly is the spinous process• The intervertebral disk, a fibrous pad, cushions the

vertebrae

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column– Cervical vertebrae– Thoracic vertebrae– Lumbar vertebrae– Sacral vertebrae– Coccyx

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column– Cervical vertebrae

• There are seven cervical vertebrae• The atlas holds up the entire weight of the skull• The axis allows the head to turn from side to side

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column – Thoracic vertebrae

• There are 12 thoracic vertebrae• There is one spinal vertebra for each rib

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The Skeletal System

The spinal column – Lumbar vertebrae

• The five lumbar vertebrae support the weight of the entire upper body

– Sacral vertebrae• The five sacral vertebrae are part of the pelvic girdle

– Coccyx• The last portion of the spinal column

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The Skeletal System

The thoracic cage– Protects the heart and lungs– Consists of bony ribs, cartilage, and sternum– Top section of the sternum is the manubrium– Bottom end of the sternum is the xiphoid process

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The Skeletal System

The thoracic cage– Seven pairs of true ribs– Three pairs of false ribs– One pair of floating ribs

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The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– The shoulder girdle

• Consists of the scapula and the clavicle

• Creates a point of insertion for the arms

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– The arms

• Provide the ability to grasp and carry• The humerus is the bone of the upper arm• The ulna and radius are the bones of the forearm• The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges are the bones

of the hand

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– The pelvic girdle

• Composed of the ilium, Ischium, and pubis

• The spine inserts into the pelvis at the rear

• All the weight of the body is supported by the pelvis

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– The legs

• Composed of upper leg, patella, lower leg, and foot

– The upper leg• The femur is the only bone• The acetabulum is a hollow in the hipbone that holds the

head of the femur

– The patella (kneecap)• Lies over the knee, the joint between the femur and the

lower leg

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– Lower leg

• The tibia (shinbone) runs down the front of the lower leg• The fibula is found on the lateral surface of the lower leg

– The foot• The tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges are the bones of

the foot• The largest bone is the calcaneus, the heelbone

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The Skeletal System

The appendicular skeleton– Joints

• Joints are the points where bones meet bones• Joints permit range of motion

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Physiology

Physiology is the study of the bodily processes of an organism

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The Nervous System

Controls and coordinates all bodily functions Subdivided into the central, peripheral, and

autonomic nervous systems

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The Nervous System

The central nervous system (CNS)– Made up of the brain and spinal cord– The CNS supervises and coordinates the activity

of the entire nervous system– The brain consists of the brainstem, cerebellum,

and cerebrum

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The Nervous System

The brainstem– Controls breathing and heartbeat and other

involuntary activities The cerebellum

– Controls muscular coordination The cerebrum

– Seat of all higher thinking– Occupies the majority of the cranial vault

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The Nervous System

The meninges– Membranes that surround and protect the brain

and spinal cord– Three layers:

• Pia mater—innermost• Arachnoid—middle• Dura mater—outermost

– Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorbs impact, nourishes brain cells

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The Nervous System

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The Nervous System

The spinal cord– Originates at the base of the skull and runs down

the spinal column– All messages between the brain and the body

pass along the spinal cord

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The Nervous System

The peripheral nervous system– Made up of nerves that originate in the spinal cord

and take messages to the body – Peripheral nerves are very important and

necessary for movement and sensation

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The Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system– Part of the nervous system that is concerned with

the control of involuntary bodily functions– Controls the heart muscle, smooth muscles of the

body, and glands

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The Endocrine System

Helps maintain a more constant control of the body

System of glands that produce hormones—chemicals that are excreted into the bloodstream

Hormones change the way other organs or cells function

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The Circulatory System

The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels is called circulation

The heart acts as the pump The blood vessels (arteries and veins) act as

the pipes Circulation transports oxygen and nutrients to

the tissues and removes waste products from the body

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The heart– Muscular organ located behind the sternum and

between the lungs– Consists of two muscular pumps:

• Right pump circulates blood through the lungs to obtain oxygen (pulmonary circuit)

• Left pump delivers oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (systemic circuit)

• Each pump has an atrium and a ventricle

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Direction of blood flow– Pulmonary circulation

• Right atrium• Tricuspid valve• Right ventricle• Pulmonary valve• Pulmonary artery

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Direction of blood flow– Systemic circulation

• Left atrium• Mitral valve• Left ventricle• Aortic valve• Aorta

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Electrophysiology– The heart generates its own electrical impulses,

called automaticity– The conduction system provides electrical

stimulation• The sinoatrial (SA) node —the primary pacemaker• The atrioventricular (AV) node• Bundle of His• Bundle branches• Purkinje fibers

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The blood vessels– Arteries—carry blood away from the heart– Veins—carry blood back to the heart– Capillaries—carry blood between arteries

and veins – The largest artery is the aorta

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Blood– Transports nutrients and oxygen; removes waste – Circulates to maintain perfusion – Transports disease-fighting white blood cells– Has a mechanism of self-repair called coagulation

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The Lymphatic System

Another circulatory system is filled with lymph

Lymph carries infectious organisms to lymph nodes

White blood cells in lymph fight infection and disease

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The Respiratory System

Ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Respiration refers to the exchange of oxygen and CO2 at the capillary level

Divided into upper and lower airways

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The upper airway– Mouth– Oropharynx– Nose– Nasopharynx

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The upper airway– The trachea (windpipe) channels air into

the lungs– The larynx contains the vocal cords– The epiglottis protects the trachea from

foreign bodies

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The lower airway– Carina– Right and left mainstem bronchi– Bronchioles– Terminal bronchioles– Clustered alveoli

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The pleurae– Visceral pleura—lines surface of lung – Parietal pleura—lines inside of rib cage

The diaphragm– Large muscle not under voluntary control– Controlled by the brainstem via nerves from

the cervical spinal cord

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Ventilation– Driven by the action of the diaphragm– Contraction creates a negative pressure that

forces intake of air to equalize the pressure– Relaxation creates positive pressure that forces

the air out of the lungs

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The Digestive System

Digestive system contains the organs used to break down food into chemical components

Through digestion, the body is able to extract the nutrients it needs to survive

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The abdominal cavity– Borders– Umbilicus is used as a center point

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Digestive organs– Mouth– Esophagus– Stomach– Small intestine

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Digestive organs– Gallbladder – Large intestine– Rectum– Anus

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The appendix– Has no known function

The liver– Creates digestive bile – Detoxifies poisons that are in the bloodstream– Stores sugar in the form of glycogen

The pancreas– Creates powerful digestive enzymes

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The retroperitoneal cavity– Located in the posterior of the abdomen– Separated from the abdominal cavity by the

peritoneum

The kidneys– Filter blood– Collect urine

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The Reproductive System

Organs of reproduction are called gonads In males, these are the testes In females, these are the ovaries

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Male reproductive organs– The testes

• Suspended outside of the body in a pouch called the scrotum

• Produce the hormone testosterone, responsible for the secondary sex characteristics of the male

• Responsible for producing sperm

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Male reproductive organs– The penis

• Conduit for both urine and semen• Semen contains sperm from the testes • Seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce the fluid

that transports sperm

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Female reproductive organs– Ovaries

• Produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

• Responsible for the development of the secondary female characteristics

• Release egg every 28 days

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Female reproductive organs– Uterus

• Where a fertilized egg implants and grows to become a fetus

• If the egg is not fertilized or implantation is incomplete, menstruation occurs

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Female reproductive organs– Vagina

• The passage from the uterus to the outside of the body• Conduit for the acceptance of the male penis during

sexual intercourse• Serves as the birth canal

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Stop and Review

What is the heart’s pacemaker called? What are the main blood vessels in the body? Name the male and female gonads. Name the structures of the upper respiratory

system.

Chapter 5 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body.

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