Unit 6 Human Physiology Systems Review. I. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy A. Anatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and.

Unit 6Human Physiology

Systems Review

I. Anatomy and Physiology

A. AnatomyAnatomy- study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to each other (from Greek ana-apart and tomy-to cut)

B. PhysiologyPhysiology- study of how the body and its parts work or function (from Greek physio- nature and ology- the study of)

II. Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization- biologist have identified levels of organization that make it easier to classify and describe the cells within an organism

Atoms cells tissues organs organ systems

III. Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview- 11 systems in the human body

A. Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System- external covering of the body (the skin)

1. Largest organ of the body2. Waterproofs body and protects deeper tissues from injury3. Secretes salts and urea (waste products) in perspiration (regulates body temperature4. Sensory receptors in skin (temp, pressure, pain, etc.)5. Serves as barrier against infection and protection from UV rays from sun

B. Skeletal SystemSkeletal System- consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments and joints

1. Supports the body

2. Provides framework for skeletal muscles

3. Protection

4. Produces blood in cavities of skeleton

5. Storehouse for minerals

C. Muscular SystemMuscular System- to produce movement by contraction

1. Skeletal muscles- allows body to move

2. Heart muscle and of other hollow organs- move fluids (blood, urine) and other substances (such as food, wastes, hormones, etc.)

D. Nervous SystemNervous System- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

1. Allows body to respond to stimuli (light, sound, temperature, pressure, etc.)

2. Operates on electrochemical impulses

3. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles or glands

3. Regulated by feedback controls that function to maintain homeostasis

E. Endocrine SystemEndocrine System- controls body activities, but acts more slowly than nervous system (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes)

1. Endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream

2. Regulates other structures (growth, reproduction, food use by cells, etc.)

Feedback mechanism of endocrine system

F. Circulatory SystemCirculatory System- composed of the cardiovascularcardiovascular and lymphaticlymphatic systems

1. Heart and blood vessels make up cardiovascularcardiovascular system

2. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances around the body

3. LymphaticLymphatic system picks up fluid (lymph) leaked from blood, filters it, and returns it to the blood via network of vessels

G. Respiratory SystemRespiratory System- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

1. Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide (waste product).

2. Gas exchange occurs through walls of the air sacs of the lungs

H. Digestive SystemDigestive System- basically a tube running from mouth to anus (mouth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

1. Breaks down food (with help of digestive enzymes) and delivers products to the blood

2. Reclaims water

I. Urinary SystemUrinary System- rids body of nitrogen-containing wastes (urea and uric acid) includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

1. Maintains bodies homeostatic balance of water, salt, nitrogenous wastes

2. Regulates acid-base balance of the blood

J. Reproductive SystemReproductive System- exists primarily to produce offspring

K. Immune SystemImmune System- your bodies primary defense against pathogens (disease causing agent)

a. First line of defense- your skin, mucus, sweat, and tears.

b. Second line of defense- inflammatory response

1. Non-specific defenses

2. Specific defense- called immune response

Homeostasis- as a result of coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic), despite changes in the outside environment.