Technology in Action Alan Evans • Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Tenth Edition Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Technologyin Action
Alan Evans • Kendall Martin
Mary Anne Poatsy
Tenth Edition
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Technology in Action
Chapter 3
Using the Internet:
Making the Most of the Web’s Resources
Chapter Topics
• The Internet and How It Works
• Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
• Web Entertainment
• Conducting Business over the Internet:E-Commerce
• Accessing and Moving around the Web
• Searching the Web EffectivelyCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3
The Internet and How it Works
• Internet is a network of networks connecting billions of computers globally
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The Internet and How it WorksThe Origin of the Internet
• Developed while U.S. was in midst of Cold War with Soviet Union
• Created to respond to two concerns– Establishing a secure form of military
communications
– Creating a means by which all computers could communicate
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The Internet and How it WorksThe Origin of the Internet
• Evolved from Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)– Vinton Cerf– Robert Kahn
• First communication occurred in 1969• World Wide Web is subset of the Internet
– Common protocols enable computers to talk to each other
– Special links enable navigationCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6
The Internet and How it WorksHow the Internet Works
• Web browser – software that lets you display and interact with text and other media on the web
• Computer connected to the Internet acts in one of two ways– Client is computer that asks for data– Server receives the request and returns data
to the client– Client/server network
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The Internet and How it WorksHow the Internet Works
• Requests travel along transmission lines– Similar to highway system of roads– Some are faster then others– Internet backbones: Transmission lines with
faster speeds
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The Internet and How it WorksHow the Internet Works (cont.)
• Internet Protocol (IP) address– How computers connected to the Internet
identify each other
– Websites are assigned unique IP addresses
– Text versions of IP addresses are used because IP addresses are hard to remember
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
• Web 2.0– Social web
– Allows users to collaborate• Social media
– Google Docs, Facebook, Yelp, YouTube, Pinterest
– Blogs, wikis, podcasts, and webcasts
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking
• Means by which people use the Internet to communicate and share information– Facebook
• Networking in business community– Finding and filling job positions
– LinkedIn is business-oriented network
– Marketing and communicating with customersCopyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11
Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Privacy concerns – When social networking first became popular
there was concern over privacy
– Most sites have improved privacy protections, reducing concern but not eliminating it
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Privacy concerns (cont.) – Precautions to consider
• Keep personal information personal
• Know who your friends are
• Do not post information like favorite teacher often used as security question to verify identity
• Use caution when posting images
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Employers and colleges use social networks to check out potential applicants
• People have been fired or expelled for using social media in a questionable way
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Social Networking (cont.)
• Questionable content includes– Negative comments about poster’s job,
employer, or colleagues
– Inappropriate content about the poster
• Responsibility for your content rests with you
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
• E-mail is still primary the means of communication on the Internet
• E-mail: Written message sent or received over the Internet
• Asynchronous
• Convenient
• E-mails really are not private
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
E-mail (cont.)
• E-mail etiquette– Be concise and to the point
– Use spell-check
– Avoid texting abbreviations
– Include meaningful subject line
– Include signature line with basic contact or corporate information
– Include only people who need to receive it
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
E-mail (cont.)
• Two different types of e-mail systems– Web-based e-mail client
• Accessible from any device that can access the Internet
• Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, or Gmail
– E-mail client• Accessible only from computer on which e-mail
client software is installed• Microsoft Outlook
– Both systems can be used together
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Instant Messaging (IM)
• Programs to communicate in real time over the Internet– Casual conversations between friends– Businesses use for quick and instant
communication– Some provide video chat with webcam
• Proprietary IM services: AIM, Google Chat, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Instant Messaging (IM)
• Facebook chat with “friends”
• Universal chat services: Trillian, Digsby
• Web-based universal chat service: Meebo
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Wikis
• A Wiki is a website that allows users to change content
• Wikipedia uses wiki technology so content can be updated continually
• Google Docs has wiki-like features
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Wikis (cont.)
• Wikipedia is not a good source for research papers– Users might add
erroneous content
– Tighter controls are being implemented
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Blogs
• A blog (short for weblog) is a personal log or journal posted on the Web– Single author
– Arranged as entries on single page
– Most recent entry on top
• A video log (vlog) is a personal journal that uses video as primary content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Blogs (cont.)
• Sites offering free blog hosting– Blogger
– Wordpress
• Blog popularity has created a problem– Splogs
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts
• A podcast is a series of audio or video files distributed over the Internet– Files that come to you through syndication
– Podcasts are available on a wide variety of topics and content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts (cont.)
• Really Simple Syndication (RSS) – podcasts use RSS to deliver content
• Aggregator – locates all the subscribed RSS series and downloads new content
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Communicating and Collaborating on the Web
Podcasts and Webcasts (cont.)
• A webcast is the broadcast of audio or video content over the Internet– Live or one-time events
– Continuously feeds audio and video content
– Facilitates viewing and downloading of large audio and video files.
– Can be interactive, inviting audience response
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Web Entertainment
• Web entertainment includes– Streaming audio and
video– Internet radio– MP3s– Interactive gaming– Smart TV
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Multimedia is anything that involves one or more forms of media in addition to text– Graphics– Audio files– Video files
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Streaming audio: Continuously feeds an audio file to your browser
• Streaming video: Continuously feeds a video file to your browser
• Do not have to wait to download entire file
• Netflix and video on demand from your cable provider
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Plug-in (or player): Special program often needed to view or hear some multimedia files
• Many plug-ins are preinstalled
• Can download the plug-in free of charge
• Update your plug-ins frequently
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Web Entertainment (cont.)
• Cache: Temporary storage place
• To keep system running efficiently– Delete temporary Internet cache regularly
– Click Refresh or F5 key to ensure most recent website content is displayed
– Clear your Internet cache manually
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Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
• E-commerce or electronic commerce is the process of conducting business online– Business-to-consumer (B2C)
• Purchases consumers make at online stores
– Business-to-business (B2B)• Businesses buying and selling to other businesses
– Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)• Consumers selling to each other
• eBay, Freecycle, Craigslist
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Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
• Social commerce - e-commerce subset using social networks to assist in marketing and purchasing products.
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Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
E-Commerce Safeguards
• Businesses must have some form of security certification to give customers a level of comfort
• Look for visual indicators a website is secure: URL changes from “http://” to “https://” – with the “s” standing for secure socket layer
• Shop at well-known, reputable sites
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Conducting Business over the Internet: E-Commerce
E-Commerce Safeguards
• Pay by credit card
• Check the return policy
• Avoid public computers for online transactions
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Accessing and Moving around the WebWeb Browsers
• Web browser is software installed on your computer that allows you to locate, view, and navigate the web
• Graphical browsers display – Text
– Pictures
– Sound
– Video
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Accessing and Moving around the WebWeb Browsers (cont.)
• Web browser features– Tabbed browsing– Pinned tabs– Tear-off tabs– Thumbnail previews– Tab isolation
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Accessing and Moving around the WebWeb Browsers (cont.)
• Web browser features (cont.)– Combined search and address bar– SmartScreen filter– Privacy browsing– Add-ons– Session restore
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Accessing and Moving around the WebURLs, Protocols, and Domain Names
• Every web site has a unique address– Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• URLs have several parts that help identify the web document– The protocol
– The domain name
– The path or subdirectory
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Accessing and Moving around the WebURLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol– Web server – computer that hosts the website
– The most common protocol
– Part of Internet protocol suite• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Part of Internet
Protocol suite
• BitTorrent – protocol used to transfer files using a peer-to-peer networking system
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Accessing and Moving around the WebURLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• Domain name identifies the site’s host
• Top-level domain: The suffix after the dot
• Each country has own top-level domain– Further divisions can be made for regions or
states
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Accessing and Moving around the WebURLs, Protocols, and Domain Names (cont.)
• When URL is domain name: Requesting site’s home page
• File or path: Information after forward slash following domain name
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Accessing and Moving around the WebHyperlinks and Beyond
• Hyperlink is specially coded element
• Clicking on hyperlink lets you jump to another location– Breadcrumb trail
– Back and Forward buttons
– Recently visited sites
– History list
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Accessing and Moving around the WebHyperlinks and Beyond (cont.)
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Accessing and Moving around the WebFavorites, Live Bookmarks, and Tagging
• Favorites feature place marker of site’s URL on list on browser’s toolbar– Favorites (Internet Explorer and Safari)
– Bookmarks (Firefox and Google Chrome)
• Live bookmark feature (Firefox)– Provides up-to-date information using RSS
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Accessing and Moving around the WebFavorites, Live Bookmarks, and Tagging (cont.)
• Social bookmarking or tagging– Store, organize, and manage bookmarks– Keyword or term assigned to web page,
digital image, or video– Delicious, Digg, and Reddit
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Dig Deeper
Discovering the Semantic Web
• Semantic web (Web 3.0): Evolving extension of the web – Data is defined to be easily processed by
computers
• Beginning to emerge in technologies such as Siri
Searching the Web Effectively
• Narrow down the vast quantity of web information by using– Search engine: A set of programs that
searches the web for keywords (specific works you wish to look for or query)
– Subject directory: A structured outline of websites organized by topics
– Metasearch engine: Searches other search engines rather than individual websites
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Searching the Web EffectivelyUsing Search Engines Effectively
• Search engines have three components– Spider constantly collects data on the web
– Indexer program organizes the data into large database
– Search engine software searches indexed data, pulling out relevant information
• Resulting list appears in your web browser as list of hits
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Searching the Web EffectivelyUsing Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Search engines use unique formulas to formulate searches and create results
• Search engines also differ in which sites they search
• Search engines also let you search for images and audio and video files
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Searching the Web EffectivelyUsing Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Boolean operators - words such as AND, NOT, and OR that describe the relationships between the keywords in a search
• Initially were used to refine searches
• Today advanced search pages are available
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Searching the Web EffectivelyUsing Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Additional strategies for refining searches with key phrases– Place quotation marks around keywords to
search for exact phrase
– Search within a specific site
– Use a wild card
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Searching the Web EffectivelyUsing Search Engines Effectively (cont.)
• Other specialty search strategies and services– “More” hyperlink in Google
– “Even More” option in Google• Scholar
• Custom Search
• Product Search
• Alerts
Searching the Web EffectivelyEvaluating Websites
• Before using an Internet resource, consider– Authority– Bias– Relevance– Audience– Links
• These factors will help decide if a website is a good source of information
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Chapter 3 Summary Questions
1. What is the origin of the Internet?
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2. How does data travel on the Internet?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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3. How can I communicate and collaborate with others using Web 2.0 technologies?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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4. How can I communicate with others using e-mail and instant messaging?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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5. What multimedia files are found on the web, and what software is needed to access those files?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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6. What is e-commerce, and what online safeguards are available?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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7. What is a web browser, and what are a URL and its parts?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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8. How can I use hyperlinks and other tools to get around the web?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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9. How do I search the Internet effectively, and how can I evaluate websites?
Chapter 3 Summary Questions
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