CHAPTER 26 Between the Wars. Search for Security- France.

CHAPTER 26

Between the Wars

Search for Security- France

United States didn’t ratify the Versailles treaty Not a member of the League of Nations

Without the US, Britain backed off their promise to protect France, Russia became hostile LITTLE ENTENTE: alliance with Poland,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia Weaknesses of Eastern countries no real replacement

for Russia France strictly enforced Versailles Reparations

When Germany could no longer make annual payments of 2.5 billion gold marks, France occupied the Ruhr Valley

Inflation

Germany began printing more paper money 1914: $1 = 4.2 M 1923: $1 = 4.2 TRILLION M

DAWES PLAN: reduced reparations and stabilized Germany’s payments on basis of affordability Initial $200 million loan for

recovery Began era of European

prosperity

Permanent Peace?

TREATY OF LOCARNO: (Germany, Italy, France, England, Belgium) guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium Allies left Rhineland Countries would defend each other if one attacked Germany did not accept new Poland border in east “Peace at Last”

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT: renounced war as an instrument of national policy

Attempts at disarmament largely ignored

Roaring Twenties

Berlin became the entertainment center of Europe Nightclubs, Charleston

Radio & Cinema Jazz Josephine Baker Propaganda Entertainment

Mass Leisure Sports, Olympics, Tourism Dopolavoro, Kraft durch Freude: coordinated free

time

Great Depression

Causes Downturn in domestic economies Collapse of American stock market

Funds pulled from European banks and investments

Effects Unemployment

Great Britain 25% Germany 40% Led to violence in streets

Increased Government interventions increase in Marxism

Increase in authoritarian solutions like FASCISM

Great Depression

Great Britain worked through coalition governments, raised tariffs John Keynes: General Theory of

Employment, Interest, and Money argued demand could be raised by public works financed through deficit spending

Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq India: Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948):

“Great Soul” or Mahatma taught nonviolent resistance 1935: internal self-government

Moving away from Democracy

Postwar societies were divided along class lines – weakened social cohesion War bonds sank in value, hurting

middle-class Women forced out of wartime jobs

as men returned Many women needed jobs as they

were newly widowed or lost marital prospects

People felt victimized by war and depression

Moderate beliefs had fewer followers as Europeans looked for answers

Modern Totalitarian States

Demands active loyalty and commitment

Propaganda to conquer minds and hearts

Total state aimed to control economic, political, social, intellectual, cultural aspects of society

Led by a single leader, single party Rejects limited government and

individual freedoms Mussolini’s Italy – Fascist Nazi Germany – Fascist Soviet Union - Communist

Fascist Italy

1919: Socialists, Liberals, and Popolari were unable to form a cohesive coalition Socialists spoke of revolution, alarming conservatives Benito Mussolini combined anticommunist, antistrike

sentiment with nationalist rhetoric and brute force to gain favor

SQUADRISTI: armed Fascists formed and attacked Socialists and unions Fascists were able to paint themselves as party of order

October 24, 1922: March to Rome with BLACKSHIRTS King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime

minister

Il Duce

ACERBO LAW: any party winning 25%+ would be allotted 2/3s of seats Fascists won 65% and majority of seats in parliament

Freedom of press, from arrest, due process, of assembly all limited

Militarization Youth Fascists groups enlisted 66% of adolescents

“Woman into the Home” Large families encouraged with incentives and holidays

LATERAN ACCORDS (1929)- Sovereignty of Vatican City, Catholicism sole religion, Church supported Fascist regime

Nazi Germany

WEIMAR REPUBLIC – established after WWI Paul von Hindenburg, President- monarchist, not

in favor of republic Hyperinflation & Depression

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Austrian, failed artist Decorated WWI Veteran Anti-Semitic German nationalist Need for struggle

Nazi Germany

Rise of Hitler By 1921, controlled party and renamed

National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or NAZIS

Created flags, badges, uniforms, newspapers, rituals

SA: (Strumabteilung – Storm Troopers) police force, defended party, break up other parties’ meetings

BEER HALL PUTSCH- emulated Mussolini, marched on Berlin, failed and arrested Mein Kampf – stresses Lebensraum and

Anti-Semitism Hitler realizes an overthrow must come from

the inside

Nazi Germany

Rise of Hitler Führerprinzip- leadership principle, single-

minded party under one leader A good Nazi is one who will die for his Führer Gained thousands of followers who craved ACTION

Used unemployment, social unrest to gain votes Hindenburg and other leaders underestimated

Hitler and believed they control him January 30,1933, named Hitler Chancellor

Hermann Göring (1893-1946) made minister of interior and created police force of SA

Nazi Germany

February 27: REICHSTAG FIRE Hitler accused Communists Hindenburg issues emergency power

to Hitler Suspends all basic rights of citizens

ENABLING ACT: made Hitler dictator GLEICHSCHALTUNG: all institutions

under Nazi control Purged Jews from government Concentration camps established Autonomy of states eliminated Trade unions destroyed All parties abolished

Dissent, like from Ernst Röhm, put down

Nazi Germany- The Total State Total Involvement

NUREMBERG PARTY RALLIES – combined symbolism and amusement to create a totalitarian state Evoked mass enthusiasm

Economy Didn’t nationalize industry- doesn’t matter who controls

industry as long as they recognize their master Public works projects, grants given to private industry REARMAMENT ended depression Laborers had to have a WORKBOOK – controlled

masses

Nazi Germany- The Total State

SS- Schutzstaffeln “protection squads” led by Heinrich Himmler

(1900-1945) Controlled all regular and

secret police under 2 principles Terror – secret police, criminal

police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps

Ideology- further the Aryan master race

Hitler Youth- children made oaths to Hitler

Women given jobs meant to foster motherhood

Nazi Germany- Creating an Aryan Nation

Two-Day boycott of Jewish businesses Laws excluded “non-Aryans” from legal, civil

service, medical, teaching, entertainment, press positions

NUREMBURG LAWS Took away citizenship Forbade marriages between Jews and Germans Separate Jews politically, socially, legally

Star of David KRISTALLNACHT- Night of the Broken Glass

(Nov 9, 1938)

Soviet Union

Troubles Civil War (1917-1921) 300,000 dead Red Terror: (1918) 250,000 executions Famine (1920-1922) 5 million dead 1921: Industry was 20% of 1913 levels

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY Modified capitalism Private Ownership reintroduced Industry and banking remain to

Government 1922: “UNION OF SOVIET

SOCIALIST REPUBLICS” Agriculture boomed, industry did not

Soviet Union

January 21, 1924: Lenin died POLITBURO (seven members) divided

Left: Leon Trotsky, wanted to end NEP, carry on revolution and spread Communism

Right: continue NEP, rejected world revolution, construct a socialist state

Josef Stalin (1879-1953) party general secretary 1922: appointed 10,000 to key positions Supported Right

Gained control in 1927, expelled Trotsky

Soviet Union under Uncle Joe

FIVE YEAR PLANS Transition from agricultural country to industrial

state Maximum production of capital goods and

armaments Quadrupled production, Doubled oil production, Steel 48 million tons, Coal 36128 million tons

Soviet Union under Uncle Joe

Downside of 5 Year Plans Investment in housing, Wages

declined Laws limited freedom of

movement Propaganda stressed sacrifice Collectivization of agriculture

Surplus through elimination of private farms

Starved peasants to comply 10,000,000 peasants died

Purged Old Bosheviks 8 million arrested, millions

died in Siberian labor camps

Spanish Civil War

King Alfonso supported a coup under General Miguel Primo de Rivero, but the Great Depression saw this regime fall apart, and Alfonso fled Spain

Republic led by the Popular Front (Leftist groups) was unpopular to army officers

General Francisco Franco (1892-1975) led a revolt Franco supported by Hitler and Mussolini Popular Front supported by USSR Abraham Lincoln Brigade from US fought 400,000 killed, 200,000 executed after war

Impact of WWI on art

WWI, Depression, rise of Fascism added to uncertainty EXPRESSIONISM- expresses anguish of times

Edvard Munch (1863-1944) DADA- emphasizes purposelessness of life

Rebellion from artistic movements Hanna Höch (1889-1978) Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)

SURREALISM- sought reality beyond material world and into the unconscious Portrays fantasy, dream, nightmare Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)

Creates a disturbing world where irrational is tangible

The Scream1893

Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-

Belly Cultural Epoch in GermanyHanna Höch 1919

FountainMarcel Duchamp,

1917

AP EURO Mustache of the YearNominee

The Persistence of MemoryDali, 1931