Chapter 26 The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919 - 1939.

Chapter 26

The Futile Search for a New Stability:

Europe Between the Wars,

1919 - 1939

An Uncertain Peace: Weaknesses of the League of NationsAllied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billion

Paid in annual installments of billion gold marksGermany unable to pay

German mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end 1923 Dawes PlanTreaty of Locarno, 1925

The Little Entente

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The Great Depression

Problems in domestic economies

International financial crisis

Crash of the American stock market, October 1929

Affects European markets

Social repercussions

Powerlessness of governments

The Democratic StatesGreat Britain

Labour Party failed to solve problemsCoalition claimed credit for prosperityJohn Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

• Keynes says the government should create jobs

FranceWas the strongest power in EuropeCould not solved financial problemsPopular Front

The Democratic States (cont)

The Scandinavian StatesSocialist parties

Expanded social services

High taxes and large bureaucracies

The United StatesHerbert Hoover, (1929-1933)

• Franklin D. Roosevelt, (1933-1945)

• New Deal

• Public Works

The Colonial Empires

The Middle EastTurkey, Iran, Saudi ArabiaDivided up Ottoman territories

IndiaMahatma. Gandhi• peaceful policy of

civil disobedience

Authoritarian and Totalitarian States

TotalitarianismMost democracies overrun except in France and Britain

The modern totalitarian state• Active commitment of citizens

• Mass propaganda techniques

• High speed communication

• Led by single leader and single party

Fascist ItalyBenito Mussolini (1883-1945)

Italians angry over failure to receive territory after WWI

Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat)

Squadristi (black shirts)

March on Rome with the Black Shirts, 1922

Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922 Il Duce

Hitler and Nazi GermanyWeimar Germany and the Rise of the Nazis

Great DepressionAdolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NAZI) Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm TroopsMunich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923

Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont.)

Hitler imprisoned • Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)• Lebensraum (living space)

Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933Enabling Act, March 23, 1933

Suspends rights of the people and prevents democratic reforms for 4 years

The Nazi State (1933-1939)

Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowshipEconomics and the drop in unemploymentThe SS (Protection Squad)Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi controlHitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) Aryan racial state

Nuremberg laws, September 1935Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938Restrictions on Jews

The Soviet UnionNew Economic Policy

Modified capitalism

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established, 1922

Revived economy

Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924)Division

Leon TrotskyJoseph Stalin

• General party secretary

Stalin Era, (1929-1939)

First Five Year Plan, 1928Emphasis on industry

Real wages declined

Use of propaganda

Rapid collectivization of agricultureFamine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died

Political controlStalin dictatorship established, 1929

Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested

Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure

The Roaring Twenties

Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe

Josephine Baker (1906-1975)

Jazz Age

Radio and movie influence

Mass Leisure

Professional sporting events

Travel

National recreation agenciesKraft durch Freude in Germany

Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years

Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptablePolitical, economic, and social insecuritiesRadical changes in women’s stylesTheodor van de Velde

Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique

Nightmares and New Visions: Art and MusicAbstract painting; fascination with the absurdDadaism

• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)

Surrealism• Salvador Dali (1904-1989)

Functional ArchitectureBauhaus School in Germany

Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951)

Literature & Physics Between the Wars

The Search for the UnconsciousJames Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses

Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)

Impact of Freud

Carl Jung (1856-1961)

The “Heroic Age of Physics”Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split

Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), “uncertainty principle”

Discussion Questions

What were the causes of the Great Depression?

What did France feel it needed for security after the Great War? How does this affect Germany?

What were the characteristics of Nazi Germany?

What were the characteristics of Stalin’s Soviet Union?

Describe the art trends of this period? What were the lasting affects of these trends?

Web Links

Great Depression

John Maynard Keyes

Francisco Franco

Benito Mussolini

Weimer Republic

Adolph Hitler

Joseph Stalin

Dadaism