The West between Wars (1919-1939). Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security A Weak League of Nations The Treaty of.

The West between Wars (1919-1939)

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability• Uneasy Peace, Uncertain Security• A Weak League of Nations• The Treaty of Versailles• League of Nations• Woodrow Wilson• US

• French Demands• Reparations • Germany Total amount • German annual installment payments

• The Weimar Republic 1921 • Ruhr Valley

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability

• Inflation in Germany• Policy of passive resistance• Strike to protest French occupation • Adds to the growing inflation• German mark worthless

• An International Commission • Charles Dawes • Dawes Plan

• The Treaty of Locarno • Foreign Ministers of:• Germany- Gustav Stresemann • France - Aristide Briand

• Sign of real peace? • League of Nations• Kellogg-Briand Pact

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability• The Great Depression• Causes of the Great Depression

• Two factors• Series of downturns • US Stock Market• US bank loans to Germany• 1928 – pull money out of Germany• 1929 – US stock market crashes • American investors • 1931- The Creditanstalt Bank

• Responses to the Depression • 1932 (Worst year)• Governments • Led to serious political effects:

• Increased government activity in the economy• Renewed interest in Marxism• Marx’s prediction

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability• Democratic States• End of World War I

• Woodrow Wilson - “keep the world safe for democracy” • Seemed to be true in 1919 • Democratic governments• Returning to the norms

• Germany • Weimar Republic• Economic problems• No tradition of democracy

• France• Strongest power on the European continent • Financial problems• More balanced economy• Economic instability then led to political effects • 6 different cabinets were formed • Popular Front Government• The French New Deal • Collective bargaining

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability• Great Britain

• Heavy Industries • Great Depression • The Labour Party • Conservatives

• John Maynard Keynes• Deficit spending• Austrian School of Economics:

• Ludwig von Mises

• Friedrich von Hayek • The United States

• 1932- Franklin Delano Roosevelt• New Deal • Public Works programs • The Works Progress Administration (WPA)

• Welfare System• Social Security Act

Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes• The Rise of Dictators

• Totalitarian State• Democracy short lived • Italy, Germany, Soviet Union• Totalitarian State •Minds and hearts • Achieved this goal – modern technology • Limited • Collective will

Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes• Fascism in Italy

• Suffered severe economic problems• Middle class• Early 1920’s – Benito Mussolini• 1919 –Fascio di Combattimento• Fascism – glorifies the state • By 1922 – movement was growing • Treaty of Versailles• Nationalism

• 1922 – March on Rome – Mussolini and his Black Shirts • Victor Emanuel III• New laws passed: • Right to stop any publication• PM was made the head of the government • Police were given unlimited power• Catholicism was made the state religion • Lateran Pacts

• OVRA• “Il Duce”

• The Fascist State • Totalitarian• OVRA• Mass media• Propaganda• “Mussolini is always right”• Created youth groups• The family

Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes• A New Era in the USSR

• Lenin’s New Economic Policy• War communism

• “Down with Lenin and horse flesh. Bring back the Czar and pork”• Industrial production • New Economic Policy (NEP)

• The Soviet Union• Union of Soviet Socialists Republics – USSR or Soviet Union

• Industrialization• Lenin will die in 1924 • Politburo • Leon Trotsky & Other group

• The Rise of Stalin• Trotsky and Joseph Stalin• Trotsky - Commissar of War • Stalin - Party General Secretary

• Five-Year Plans • 1928 Stalin will end the NEP• He will launch his first Five-Year Plan • Five-Years Plans – set economic goals for a five-year period

• Cost of Stalin’s Program • Massive industrial expansion needed workers • Government used propaganda• Collectivization of Agriculture

• Peasants resisted• Stalin

• Stalin will control the party • The Great Purge

Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

• Authoritarian States in the West• Authoritarian • Eastern Europe

• After WWI: • Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary

• Parliamentary Systems failed: • No tradition • Mostly rural and agrarian• Large landowners• Ethnic Conflicts• Land owners, churches, and the middle class

• Spain • The Second Republic• Rivalries

• Francisco Franco • Youngest general in Europe• Coup in 1936• Spanish Civil War

• Foreign intervention s• Guernica

• Popular Front• 1939 –Madrid

• Franco will establish a dictatorship • The impact of the civil war

Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany

Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany

• Hitler and His Views• Adolf Hitler

• Early Hitler• April 20, 1889• School –Vienna• Basic social and political ideas:• Racism• Nationalist• Propaganda and terror

• Western Front during WWI• Germany • German Worker’s Party• 1921 • National Socialist German Worker’s Party – NSDAP – or Nazi

• SA, Storm Troopers, or the Brownshirts• Beer Hall Putsch • Mein Kampf or My Struggle • Social Darwinian theory of struggle• Lebensraum “ living space”

Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany

• Rise of Nazism • Mass politics and not revolt• National party • Reichstag

• “ The Nazi’s rose to power on the empty stomachs of the German people” • The Nazis Take Control

• President Hindenburg & Reichstag • Hitler to take control and lead• Hitler - Chancellor • Reichstag Fire • Enabling Act • The constitution • Hitler - dictatorship

• Nazis• Purged • Concentration Camps• Nazis

• Hindenburg - 1934 • Totalitarian state• Fuhrer or “leader”

Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany

• The Nazi State, 1933-1939• Hitler’s totalitarian state

• Aryan Racial State • Reichs: • Holy Roman Empire and• German Empire 1871-1918. • Third Reich

• Used terror • Controlled institutions• Hitler Youth

• The State and Terror• Schutzstaffeln, (“Guard Squadrons”) the SS• Heinrich Himmler • Terror and Ideology

• Economics and Spectacles• Economics • Too solve the unemployment problem: • Unemployment

• Spectacles • Used grand events• The Nuremberg Party Rallies

Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany • Women and Nazism

• Men’s Role• Women’s Role• Employment opportunities • “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom”

• Anti-Semitic Policies• Long tradition• Nuremberg Laws • defined who was considered a Jew • German citizenship• Civil rights• Forbade marriages• Teach or take part in the Arts• Yellow Stars of David

• Kristallnacht • November 9, 1938• After Kristallnacht:

•

Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends

Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends • Mass Culture and Leisure • Marconi’s• Mass production of Radios

• Movies• Quo Vadis – Italy• Birth of a Nation – America

• Use of Radio and Movies for Propaganda • Radio and Movies • For political purpose• Films Impact• Joseph Goebbels• Propaganda Ministry

• The Uses of Leisure • More leisure time• Professional sporting events and Travel • Mass Leisure • Kraft durch Freude

Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends • Arts and Science

• Despair and uncertainty• Art: Nightmares and New Visions

• “the world does not make sense, so why should art?”• The Dada movement• Dadaist• Revolted • Hannah Hoch – photomontage

• Surrealism • Portraying the unconscious • Salvador Dali

• Nazis set out to create a new art form • Literature: the Search for the Unconscious

• “Stream of consciousness”• James Joyce - Ulysses• Hermann Hess –Siddhartha and Steppenwolf

• The Heroic Age of Physics • Albert Einstein• Ernest Rutherford – “ heroic age of physics”• The new physics – undermined the physics of Newton • Werner Heisenberg - The uncertainty principle• Heisenberg’s theory• The theory’s emphasis on randomness