Chapter 1 Section 1 T HE R ENAISSANCE AND R EFORMATION.

Chapter 1 Section 1

THE RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

SETTING THE STAGE

Renaissance- Rebirth of the old Greek and Roman Empires Revival of art and

learning 1300-1600 Began in Italy

I. ITALY'S ADVANTAGES

Created something new by trying to revive old ways

New values focused on the individual, not the church

Spreads from Italy to the rest of Europe

3 advantages:

1. thriving cities

2. wealthy merchant class: Medici

3. Location to Greece and Rome

A. CITY STATES

Cities grew by trade and the Crusades

Urban setting

Cities became the setting for an intellectual revolution

Bubonic plague killed large portion of the population – people moved to the cities

B. MERCHANTS AND THE MEDICI

Wealthy merchant class developed in cities - Florence and Milan

Became involved in political life

People worked for success and celebrated it

Focused on individual achievement

Florence and the Medici

Powerful banking family

(Influenced council members Cosimo de Medici

Lorenzo de Medici)

C. LOOKING TO GREECE AND ROME

Looked down on art and literature of middle ages Drew inspiration from ruins

Studied Latin manuscripts

CLASSICAL AND WORLDLY VALUES

Classics lead to Humanism- (intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements)

Influenced art and architecture

Popularized Humanities (history, literature, and philosophy)

Enjoyed life

Society was secular- worldly rather than spiritual mansions, good music, fine foods

Patrons- wealthy individuals who support the arts Beautified Rome and other cities

Had their pictures painted to show importance

CLASSICAL AND WORLDLY VALUES CONTINUED…

Educated were to create art

Man/woman who excelled in all fields was “universal” or a “renaissance” man or woman

Castiglione wrote The Courtier which taught how to be a renaissance man/woman

Woman should be charming and inspiring

Did not participate in politics

D’Este- ruled Mantua when husband was captured

II. RENAISSANCE REVOLUTIONIZES ART

Supported by patrons

A. Realistic style of art

Perspective- 3 dimensions on a flat surface

Painted prominent citizens

Michelangelo- realistic style for human body

Sistine Chapel, marble David

Donatello- realistic/natural poses

Bronze David

Leonardo da Vinci- Renaissance man

Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

Raphael- used realism

Madonna and Child, School of Athens

RENAISSANCE WRITERS CHANGE LITERATURE

Wrote in vernacular- native language instead of Latin

Wrote for self expression and individuality

(Petrarch- father of Renaissance humanism)

(Boccaccio- wrote Decameron, series or realistic, off color stories)

Machiavelli- wrote The Prince, about imperfect conduct of humans

“The end justifies the means”

“It is better to be feared than loved”

Section 2

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE BEGINS

Ideas from Italy spread to England, France, Germany, and Flanders

Population rebounds

Italy and France- monarchies

Monarchs supported arts

Francis I- Castle at Fontainebleau

Northern humanists develop plans for social reforms

ARTISTIC IDEAS SPREAD

Artists leave for N. Europe b/c of war

Styles and techniques

Renaissance ideas taken back by scholars

German Painters

Albrecht Durer- woodcuts and engravings

Hans Holbein- portraits of Henry VIII

FLEMISH PAINTERS

Artistic center

Jan van Eyck- oil based paints

Oil painting spread to Italy from Flanders

Peter Bruegel- painted scenes from everyday peasant life

NORTHERN WRITERS TRY TO REFORM SOCIETY

Christian humanism-N. European’s use humanist ideas to examine traditional teachings of church

Reform society

Education most important

Promoted education of women

Christian Humanists

Desiderius Erasmus- Praise of Folly: made fun of greedy merchants, people should study Bible

Thomas More- Utopia: “ideal place”, written in Latin but translated later

WOMEN’S REFORMS

Christine de Pizan- 1st woman to earn $ as writer

Wrote in French

Military techniques

Objections men had to educating women

Question different treatment of boys and girls

THE ELIZABETHAN AGE

Renaissance spread to England- Elizabethan Age

Named after Queen Elizabeth I

Helped develop art and literature

William Shakespeare- most famous writer

Playwright

Born Stratford-upon-Avon

Performed at Globe Theatre

Plays examined human flaws

Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet

PRINTING SPREADS RENAISSANCE IDEAS

Chinese invent block printing

Moveable type

Gutenberg improves printing press

Too slow for Renaissance demand for knowledge

Johann Gutenberg- Germany, prints Gutenberg Bible

Legacy of the Renaissance

Artistic and social change

Break in medieval ideals from church

Gradual role in rise of democratic ideas

Section 3

LUTHER LEADS THE REFORMATION

SETTING THE STAGE AND CAUSES OF THE

REFORMATION Catholic church dominates

Practices were criticized

Church leaders wanted wealth and power

Criticism will lead to rebellion

Causes of Reformation

Emphasis on secularism

Printing press

Challenge church’s power

Merchants hated paying taxes to church

New movement begins in Germany

CRITICISMS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Leaders were corrupt

Pope Alexander VI fathered many children

Lower clergy drank and were married

Early calls for reform

People expected higher standards of clergy

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus - Bible had more authority than church leaders

LUTHER CHALLENGES THE CHURCH

Wittenberg, Germany

The 95 Theses

1517 Luther takes stand against Friar Johann Tetzel

(Tetzel was raising $ to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral)

$ raised by selling indulgences- pardon for sin

They could buy their way into heaven

95 Theses written in response Posted on door of the All Saints Church in Wittenberg

Invited scholars to debate him

Someone took These to printer

These actions began the Reformation- movement for religious reform

LUTHER’S TEACHINGS

Went beyond criticizing indulgences

3 main ideas:

Salvation only by faith…. Not “good works”

Teachings from Bible only… church traditions and Pope are false authorities

All people with faith are equal… priests not needed to interpret Bible

THE RESPONSE TO LUTHER

Attracted followers

Pope’s Threat

Viewed Luther as rebel

Pope Leo X- excommunicated Luther in 1520

EMPEROR'S OPPOSITION

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V- Urged Luther to recant (take back) his ideas – he refused

Emperor issued Edict of Worms- declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic (1521)

Prince Frederick captured Luther to hide him

Luther translated the New Testament into German

Luther and his followers became a separate religion- Lutherans.

Peasant Revolt

Revolt occurred inspired by Luther’s ideas

Went against Luther’s wishes

German Princes stopped the revolt (killing 100,000 in the process)

Germany at War

German Princes supported both Lutheranism and Catholicism

Those who were against Luther and his reform ideas were called Protestants

Peace of Augsburg – agreement reached that stated the Princes could decide which religion his state would be – ended fighting

ENGLAND BECOME PROTESTANT

Henry wanted to divorce his wife Catherine, 42, and marry a younger wife, they had 1 daughter, Mary

Church law = no divorce

Pope offered to annul, or set aside, his marriage but Henry refused

King Henry VIII, a

Catholic, wanted

a son to carry on

his name. He was

also against the

ideas of Luther.

HENRY VIII

Henry got parliament to end Pope’s power in England (Reformation Parliament)

Henry married Anne Boleyn

Act of Supremacy – named Henry as the head of England’s Church

CONSEQUENCES OF HENRY

Anne Boleyn gave him a daughter, Elizabeth,

Anne was found guilty of treason and beheaded

Jane Seymour, 3rd wife, gave him a son, Edward – Jane died

Henry married 3 more times – no more children

The Family

RULE OF HENRY’S CHILDREN

1547 - Edward , 9 when he ruled, was controlled by Protestant advisors and reforms(ruled only 6 years)

1553- Mary, a Catholic, brought the Pope back in as leader of the church (she had many Protestants killed)

1558 -Elizabeth ruled – set up the Church of England, or Anglican Church (mix of Protestant and Catholic ways)