GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY PROF.JAMES GRASPARIL
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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
PROF.JAMES GRASPARIL
PSYCHOLOGY DEFINED
-THE WORD PSYCHOLOGY IS DERIVED FROM THE TWO GREEK WORDS PSYCHE (MIND OR SOUL) AND LOGOS(STUDY).ITS IS THEREFORE THE STUDY OF MIND OR SOUL.
-THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES.
WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?
-IT REFERS TO ANYTHING WE DO,THINK AND FEEL.
TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
1. COVERT-BEHAVIORAL PATTERN KNOWN ONLY TO THE PERSON EXPERIENCING IT.
2. OVERT-BEHAVIORAL PATTERN WHICH CAN BE OBSERVED BY OTHERS.
CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR
1. CONSCIOUS-BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES AND PROCESSSES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL IS AWARE OF.
2. UNCONSCIOUS-MENTAL PROCESSES AND BODY REACTIONS THAT THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT AWARE OF.
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNERS CONTRIBUTIONS
RENE DESCARTES ANIMAL STUDIES;REFLEX ACTION
JOHN LOCKE IDEA OF TABULA RASA
FRANZ JOSEF GALL PHRENOLOGY
CHARLES DARWIN PUBLISHED “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”
WILHELM WUNDT ESTABLISHED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABOROTORY IN LEIPZIG,GERMANY
HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ STUDIED THE SPEED OF NERVE IMPULES
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
ERNEST WEBER PHYSIOLOGY OF SENSE ORGAN
GUSTAV FECHNER PSYCHOPHYSICS
G.STANLEY HALL FIRST AMENICAN PH.D IN PSYCHOLOGY,ESTABLISHED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABOROTORY FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN US.
JAMES CATTEL FORMULATED THE FIRST QUESTIONNAIRE KNOWN AS (16 PF).
WILLIAM JAMES PUBLISHED”PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
EDWARD TITCHENER CONTINUE TO PROPAGATE THE STRUCTURALISM IN US.
EDWARD THORNDIKE PIONEERED ON TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING OF ANIMALS USING PUZZLE BOX.
SIGMUND FREUD DEVELOPED PSYCHOANALYSIS,INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
ALFRED BINET DEVELOPED THE FIRSTINTELLIGENCE TEST IN FRANCE.
IVAN PAVLOV PROPONENT OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
FORERUNNER CONTRIBUTION
MAX WERTHEIMER DESCRIBE THE ORGANIZATION PROCESSES THROUGH GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY.
JOHN WATSON ADVOCATED BEHAVIORISM.
JEAN PIAGET PROPAGATED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY.
BF SKINNER PROPONENT OF OPERANT CONDITIONING.
ABRAHAM MASLOW ESTABLISHED THE HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY.
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
STRUCTURALISM
FOUNDERS: WILHELM WUNDT,EDWARD TITCHENER
MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THOUGHT PROCESS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING: TRAINED INTROSPECTION.
FUNCTIONALISM
FOUNDERS: WILLIAM JAMES,JIHN DEWEY
MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPOTANCE OF APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL FINDINGS TO PRACTICAL SITUATIONS. THE FUNCTION OF MENTAL PROCESSES IN ADOPTING TO ENVIRONMENT.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING: INTROSPECTION,EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND COMPARATIVE METHOD
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
FOUNDERS: SIGMUND FREUD, CARL JUNG
MAJOR EMPHASES:THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNCONCIOUS ON BEHAVIOR . THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY LIFE EXPERIENCE ON PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY OF THE PATIENT.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
FOUNDERS: MAX WERTHEIMER,WOLFGANG KOHLER,KURT KOFFKA
MAJOR EMPHASES:THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION AND CONTEXT IN THE PERCEPTION OF MEANINGFUL WHOLES.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:PERCEPTION EXPERIMENT
BEHAVIORISM
FOUNDERS: JOHN WATSON,B.F SKINNER, EDWARD THORNDIKE
MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPOTANCE OF OBJECTIVE,OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR IN THE STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGY. THE CONVICTION THAT BEHAVIORS ARE MERE RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL STIMULI.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING: EXPERIMENTS, PRIMARILY ON LEARNING AND OFTEN DONE WITH ANIMALS.
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
FOUNDERS: CARL ROGERS, ABRAHAM MASLOW
MAJOR EMPHASES: THE IMPORTANCE OF PEOPLE’S FEELINGS. THE VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AS NATURALLY POSITIVE AND GROWTH SEEKING, AND FAITH IN PEOPLE’S ABILITY TO SOLVE THEIR OWN PROBLEMS.
TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING:INTERVIEW TECHIQUE.
METHODS OF STUDY USED IN PSYCHOLOGY
RESEARCH-IS A CRITICAL INQUIRY OR CAREFUL EXAMINATION IN SEEKING FACTS.
OBSERVATION-THE MOST WIDELY USED METHOD. THIS IS DEPENDENT ON OVERT BEHAVIOR.
KINDS OF OBSERVATION
UNCONTROLLED/INFORMAL- IT DOES NOT FOLLOW ANY PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR TO BE OBSERVED. IT IS CASUAL AND THE PSYCHOLOGIST IS FREETO OBSERVE ANY ACTIVITY THAT COMES HIS WAYS WITHOUT ANY FORMAL RECORDING OF BEHAVIOR.
NATURALISTIC- IT IS THE OBSERVATION OF THINGS AS THEY NATURALLY HAPPENED. ITS IS ALSO CALLED THE FIELD STUDY METHOD.
CONTROLLED/FORMAL- IT FOLLOWS CERTAIN RULES,FACTORS OR CONTROL IN GATHERING MATERIALS IN ORDER TO DRAW THE BEST CONCLUSIONS.
LIFE HISTORY- THIS INVOLVES EXTENSIVE STUDIES OF INDIVIDUALS BY TRACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PARTICULAR FORM OF BEHAVIOR.
A. DAYBOOK METHOD-IT IS THE DIARY OF DEVELOPMENT; NORMALLY A RECORD OF DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES USED IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT.
B. CLINICAL METHOD-IT CONTAINS THE EMOTIONAL AND THE PERSONALITY ADJUSTMENT OF HUMAN BEINGS. THIS IS OBTAINED FROM MEDICAL/HOSPITAL RECORDS.
C. CASE HISTORY-THE PARENTS PROVIDE THE DATA ABOUT THE INDIVIDUAL BEING STUDIED BY PSYCHOLOGIST TO DISCOVER THE CAUSE OF AND SOLUTION TO SOME SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS.
D.BIOLOGICAL METHOD-IT TELLS ABOUT THE LIVES OF PERSON BASED ON THE REMEMBERED EVENTS AND RECORD WRITTEN ON THEIR OWN BY THE INDIVIDUAL THEMSELVES.
SURVEY/GROUP METHOD-IT IS DONE THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRES OR INTERVIEWS WHEN DIRECT OBSERVATION IS NOT FEASIBLE.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD-THIS METHOD STUDIES BEHAVIOR IN THE LABOROTORY AND NORMALLY UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.
FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY PARANORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
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