10/8/13 1 Memory, Pt. 1 PSYCH 100 Mara Breen October 7, 2013 What is memory? • The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme What is memory? • The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme – encoding , the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory – storage , the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me – retrieval , the process of bringing to mind informa9on that has been previously encoded and stored. Encoding • Memories are constructed, not recorded, and encoding is the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. – elaboraGve encoding – visual imagery encoding – organizaGonal encoding – encoding of survival informaGon 5 DEMO 6 Is the word in capital letters? BOOK
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10/8/13
1
Memory, Pt. 1
PSYCH 100 Mara Breen
October 7, 2013
What is memory?
• The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme
What is memory?
• The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme – encoding, the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
– storage, the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
– retrieval, the process of bringing to mind informa9on that has been previously encoded and stored.
Encoding
• Memories are constructed, not recorded, and encoding is the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. – elaboraGve encoding – visual imagery encoding – organizaGonal encoding – encoding of survival informaGon
5
DEMO
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Is the word in capital letters?
BOOK
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Would the word fit the sentence: “I saw a _____ in the pond” ?
duck
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Does the word rhyme with BLUE?
safe
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Would the word fit the sentence: “The girl walked down the _____” ?
house
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Does the word rhyme with FREIGHT?
WEIGHT
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Is the word in small letters?
snow
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Would the word fit the sentence: “The _____ was reading a book” ?
STUDENT
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Does the word rhyme with TYPE?
color
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Is the word in capital letters?
flower
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Would the word fit the sentence: “Last spring we saw a ____” ?
robin
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Does the word rhyme with SMALL?
HALL
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Is the word in small letters?
TREE
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Would the word fit the sentence: “My _____ is six feet tall” ?
TEXTBOOK
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Does the word rhyme with SAY?
day
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Is the word in capital letters?
FOX
ElaboraGve Encoding
• the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory
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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember
from the task a minute ago.
DUCK HOUSE
STUDENT ROBIN
TEXTBOOK
SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY
BOOK SNOW
FLOWER TREE FOX
Meaning Rhyme Letters
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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember
from the task a minute ago.
DUCK HOUSE
STUDENT ROBIN
TEXTBOOK
SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY
BOOK SNOW
FLOWER TREE FOX
Meaning Rhyme Letters
80% 50% 10%
ElaboraGve Encoding
• the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory
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Visual Imagery Encoding
• the process of storing new informa9on by conver9ng it into mental pictures
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Imagery (Bower & Winzenz, 1970)
Subjects either repeated word pairs or visualized them interacting
BOAT - TREE
Visual imagery encoding
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Visual imagery encoding
Interaction helps, bizarreness doesn’t
(Wollen, et al, 1972)
Noninteracting
Interacting
Nonbizarre Bizarre
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Method of Loci
• Think about a well-known path
• Associate items with landmarks along that path
Visual imagery encoding
Method of Loci
Visual imagery encoding OrganizaGonal Encoding
• the process of categorizing informa9on according to the rela9onships among a series of items – No9cing rela9onships – Crea9ng categories – Conceptual groups
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Encoding of Survival InformaGon
• Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)
Survival encoding:
Moving encoding:
Pleasant encoding:
rate the relevance of each word on a list to their situaGon
HORSE TENT APPLE
Encoding of Survival InformaGon
• Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)
Remembering your grocery list by coming up with a recipe that features each item on it is an example of
People seem to be able to hold “7 plus or minus 2” units (Miller, 1956)
• How do you keep informaGon in short-‐term memory longer? – Rehearsal: the process of keeping informa9on in short-‐term memory by mentally repea9ng it.
• How do you increase the capacity of short-‐term memory? – Chunking: combining small pieces of informa9on into larger clusters or chunks.
Short-term memory
Short-term memory
Chunking
Subject S.F. increased his digit span from 7 to 79
Required 230 hours of training
Used running stats for chunking (he was a runner)
73229434
19882010
• ac9ve maintenance of informa9on in short-‐term storage
Working memory
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Storage
• the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
Long-‐term Memory
• Holds memories for hours, days, weeks, or years…
• (We’ll have much more to say about it on Monday)