Chapter 1 - Social Psychology

8/18/2019 Chapter 1 - Social Psychology

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INTRO TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER 1


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WHAT IS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY?

At the heart of social psycholoy is social i!"#e!ce$

• We are all i!"#e!ce% &y other people'

Social Psycholoy is$ The scie!ti(c st#%y of the )ay i! )hich people*stho#hts+ attit#%es+ feeli!s+ a!% &eha,iors arei!"#e!ce% &y the real or i-ai!e% prese!ce of

other people'


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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

What happe!s )he! a terrorist attac. ta.es place+ i'e'Septe-&er 11+ /001?

• Co!se#e!ces$•

Racial2Reliio#s i!tolera!ce i!creases• 3ri,i! ,s' 4lyi!

• I!crease i! tra5c acci%e!ts a!% %eaths

What happe!s )he! pare!ts &eco-e o,er co!cer!e%a&o#t cri-e?

• 4ree ra!e chil% reari! ,s' o,er&eari!2o,erprotecte% pare!ti!• Chil%re! Wal.i!26i.i! to school ,s' 3ri,i! i! car &y pare!ts

• I!crease i! tra5c acci%e!ts a!% %eaths


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SEL47PERCEPTION 8SEL47PRESENTATION

Self-perception:

Social psycholoy e9a-i!es ho) )e thi!. a&o#to#rsel,es a!% i! partic#lar ho) o#r ,ie)s a&o#t

o#rsel,es %epe!% o! o#r e!,iro!-e!t'

Self-presentation:

Social psycholoy also e9a-i!es ho) )e prese!t

o#rsel,es to others'Ha&its+ i!terests+ reso#rces+ stat#s'


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SOCIAL PERCEPTION

Ho) )e Think + Feel+ a!% Behave i! thesocial )orl%'

Social psycholoy e9a-i!es ho) peoplefor- i-pressio!s a!% -a.e i!fere!cesa&o#t other people a!% e,e!ts i! the social

)orl%'


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POWER O4 SOCIAL IN4L:ENCE

Fundamental Attribution Error:

The te!%e!cy to o,eresti-ate the role of perso!alca#ses+ a!% #!%eresti-ate the role of sit#atio!al

ca#ses of pre%icti! &eha,ior'

Social Cognition:

Ho) )e thi!. a&o#t people a!% a&o#t the social

)orl%' Ho) )e select+ i!terpret+ a!% #sei!for-atio! to -a.e ;#%-e!ts a&o#t the )orl%'


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:N3ERESTI


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SEL474:L4ILLING PROPHECY

Self7f#l(lli! prophecy is the process &y)hich people=s e9pectatio!s a&o#t a perso!lea% the- to elicit &eha,ior that co!(r-s

these e9pectatio!s'

EXA!"ES#


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SEL474:L4ILLING PROPHECY

Rose!thal 8 aco&so! @1BD fo#!% that a teacher)ho e9pects certai! st#%e!ts to %o )ell -ay ca#sethose st#%e!ts to %o &etter' Ho) %oes s#ch a self7f#l(lli! prophecy co-e a&o#t?

• Teachi! e9pecti! speci(c st#%e!ts to perfor-)ell ofte!$• pay -ore atte!tio! to the-+

• liste! to the- )ith -ore respect+

• call o! the- -ore fre#e!tly+• e!co#rae the-+

• try to teach the- -ore challe!i! -aterial'

• This+ i! t#r!+ helps these st#%e!ts feel$•

happier+ -ore respecte%+ -ore -oti,ate%+ a!% s-arter'


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THE S:6ECTIITY O4 THESOCIAL SIT:ATION

• H#-a! &ei!s are se!se -a.i! creat#res+co!sta!tly i!terpreti! thi!s'

• Ho) h#-a!s )ill &eha,e i! a i,e! sit#atio! is

!ot %eter-i!e% &y the o&;ecti,e co!%itio!s of asit#atio! t+ rather ho) they percei,e it@construalD'

• What e9actly %o )e -ea! &y the social sit#atio!?

•

O!e stratey for %e(!i! it )o#l% &e to specifythe o&;ecti,e properties of the sit#atio! a!% the!%oc#-e!t the behaviors that follo) fro- theseo&;ecti,e properties'


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6EHAIORIS<

Psycholoists )ere i!tereste% i! #!%ersta!%i!people=s &eha,ior o! ho) positi,e or !eati,ee,e!ts i-pacte% this &eha,ior'

•

6eha,ior that )as follo)e% )ith a re)ar% )o#l%co!ti!#e a!% &eha,ior that )as follo)e% &yp#!ish-e!t )o#l% !ot'

Ho)e,er+ foc#si! o!ly o! the &eha,iorist

approach !elects the role of people=s tho#hts+feeli!s+ a!% attit#%es to e9plai! other &eha,iors'• 4or e9a-ple$ re)ar%i! chil%re! for rea%i! a &oo.'


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GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

A school of psycholoy stressi! the i-porta!ce ofloo.i! at the )hole o&;ect a!% ho) it appeare% i!people=s -i!%s as oppose% to loo.i! at speci(c

o&;ecti,e parts of the o&;ect'$urt "e%in too. the &ol% step of applyi! Gestaltpri!ciples &eyo!% the perceptio! of o&;ects tosocial perceptio!'

• Le)i! )as the (rst scie!tist to stress the i-porta!ce ofsocial perceptio! i! i!"#e!ci! people=s &eha,ior+ the!at#re of ro#p %y!a-ics+ a!% the factors co!triti! tostereotypi! a!% pre;#%ice'


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HISTORICAL EENTS

&' (olocaustPerso!al e9perie!ces of scholars %#ri! WWII i!"#e!ce% a%eeper #!%ersta!%i! of ho) the po)er of ro#psi!"#e!ce people=s &eha,ior'

• Sta!ley


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HIN3SIGHT 6IAS

People -ay ,ie) social psycholoy as si-plyco--o! se!se'

(indsight bias is the te!%e!cy to see a i,e!o#tco-e as i!e,ita&le o!ce the act#al o#tco-e is.!o)!'I .!e) it all alo!' or I .!e) that )as oi! to

happe!'

Co!spiracy theories$ 211

Common Sense *ui+


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4OLJ WIS3O<

Altho#h a reat %eal ca! &e lear!e% fro-co--o! se!se .!o)le%e+ there is at least o!epro&le- )ith relyi! e!tirely o! s#ch so#rces$ They

fre#e!tly %isaree )ith o!e a!other+ a!% there is!o easy )ay of %eter-i!i! )hich of the- iscorrect'

• Are )e to &elie,e that o#t of siht is o#t of -i!%

or that a&se!ce -a.es the heart ro) fo!%er?• Which is tr#e+ that haste -a.es )aste or that

he )ho hesitates is lost?


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:SE O4 SCIENTI4IC


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EKPERI


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E


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3INING O:T

Are yo# i! co!trol of )hat yo# eat+ ho) -#ch yo#eat+ )he! %i!i! at resta#ra!ts?

• Research states$•

Colors %ar.7colore% ca.e ser,e% o! a &lac. plate rathertha! a )hite o!e+ patro!s percei,e% it as s)eeter a!%-ore i!te!se'

• Lihte!i! eMects %ar.er resta#ra!ts ca! lea% people toeat -ore'

•

Sce!ts la,e!%er @stay lo!erD -ore -o!ey• Le-o! or !o sce!t patro!s left #ic.er

• So#!%s art @stay lo!erD -ore -o!ey

• Cro)%e% rep#tatio!+ especially i! Asia


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3ON=T 6E 3ECEIE3

Ho) %oes o!e loo. at a!% i!terpret %ata thro#h chart=s?

• I! the riht @or )ro!D ha!%s+ &ar raphs a!% pie chartsca! &eco-e po)erf#l ae!ts of %eceptio!+ tric.i! yo#

i!to i!ferri! tre!%s that %o!=t e9ist+ -ista.i! less for

-ore+ a!% -issi! alar-i! facts'

The &est -eas#re of a chart=s ho!esty is the a-o#!t ofti-e it ta.es to i!terpret it+ says $ A &a% chart re#ires -ore co!iti,eprocesses a!% -ore reaso!i! a&o#t )hat yo#=,esee!'


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LINJS TO PSYCHOLOGY

Social psycholoy is closely li!.e% to se,eral%iscipli!es )ithi! the (el% of psycholoy+ )hichi!cl#%e$•

Perso!ality psycholoy$ The foc#s o! the role of i!%i,i%#al%iMere!ces+ -ea!i! aspects of people=s perso!ality that-a.e the- %iMere!t fro- other people'

• Cli!ical psycholoy$ The foc#s o! #!%ersta!%i! a!%treati! people )ith psycholoical %isor%ers s#ch asschi>ophre!ia+ %epressio!+ a!% pho&ias'

• Co!iti,e psycholoy$ The foc#s o! e9a-i!i! -e!talprocesses+ i!cl#%i! thi!.i!+ re-e-&eri!+ lear!i!+ a!%reaso!i!'


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LINJS TO OTHER 4IEL3S

Social psycholoy shares a !#-&er of feat#res )ithother %iscipli!es+ )hich i!cl#%e$• Socioloy$ E9a-i!es e!eral r#les a!% theories a&o#t ro#ps+

ra!i! fro- ,ery s-all ro#ps to lare societies+ a!% specially

ho) s#ch ro#ps aMect people=s attit#%es a!% &eha,iors'• 6ioloy @e,ol#tio!ary psycholoyD$ E9a-i!es ho) &ioloical

factors ca! i!"#e!ce people=s &eha,ior'• Social !e#roscie!ce$ E9a-i!es ho) factors i! the social )orl% i!"#e!ce

acti,ity i! the &rai!'

• A!thropoloy$ E9a-i!es the co!cept of c#lt#re+ a!% speci(callythe role of c#lt#re i! i!"#e!ci! people=s attit#%es a!% &eha,ior'

• Eco!o-ics$ E9a-i!es ho) people -a.e tra%e7oMs &et)ee!scarce reso#rces a!% choose &et)ee! ,ario#s alter!ati,es'• 6eha,ioral eco!o-ics$ Applies research o! social+ co!iti,e+ a!% e-otio!al

&iases to #!%ersta!% ho) people -a.e eco!o-ic %ecisio!s'


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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYACROSS C:LT:RES

Rece!t research re,eals that c#lt#re ca! ha,e a%ra-atic i-pact o! ho) people thi!. a&o#tthe-sel,es a!% the social )orl%'

This socio-cultural perspective %escri&espeople=s &eha,ior a!% -e!tal processes as shape%i! part &y their social a!%2or c#lt#ral co!tact+i!cl#%i! race+ e!%er+ a!% !atio!ality'


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IN3II3:ALISTIC S'COLLECTIISTIC

Individualistic c#lt#res ,ie) of the self as %isti!ct+a#to!o-o#s+ self7co!tai!e%+ a!% e!%o)e% )ith#!i#e attrites'

Collectivistic c#lt#res ,ie) of the self as part of alarer social !et)or.+ i!cl#%i! fa-ily+ frie!%s+ a!%co7)or.ers'

1ho Are 3ou#


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I


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WHAT=S YO:RC:LT:RAL ORIENTATION?

Self-Construal Scalenstructions: Rate yo#r aree-e!t )ith each ofthese ite-s o! a 1 to scale+ )ith 1 -ea!i!stro!ly %isaree a!% -ea!i! stro!ly aree'

1'


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WHY ST:3Y SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The i!terest i! e9a-i!i! a!% sol,i! real7)orl%iss#es+ i!cl#%i! %ecreasi! pre;#%ice a!%%iscri-i!atio!+ helpi! co--#!ities re#late the

#se of !at#ral reso#rces+ a!% i-pro,i! ro#p%ecisio!7-a.i!'

Ca#tio! Social sit#atio!s ca!=t resol,e people fro-ta.i! personal responsibility for their o)! actio!s'

Accountability is a! i-porta!t ,irt#e for a ci,ili>e%society'

Chapter 1 - Social Psychology

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