Social Psychology Chapter 9 Student V

Social PsychologyChapter 9

Prejudice & Stereotypes

Rita MerhejSpring 2012

Overlapping terms:

• Prejudice• Stereotyping• Discrimination• Racism• Sexism• Segregation

definitions• Prejudice = preconceived judgment of a

group and its individual members- Some prejudices can be positive- Most prejudices are negative

Allport:“an antipathy based upon a faulty and

inflexible generalization”

Prejudice is an attitude(ABC)

• Affect = the feeling• Behavior = discriminatory act• Cognition = the belief→ I dislike people who are different from

me, I behave in a discriminatory manner against them, as I believe them to be ignorant and dangerous

StereotypeIt is a belief and a

generalizationNot always negativeSome may be true!

Some famous stereotypes:The Jewish Mother stereotype

• nagging, overprotective, manipulative, controlling, smothering, and overbearing mother,

• persists in interfering in her children's lives long after they have become adults

The Japanese Mother stereotype:the “KYOIKU MAMA”

• Translates literally as "education mother".• Pushes her child to study, to the detriment of his

social and physical and emotional development• Goes to extremes to get her children a good

education• Least-liked pop-culture figure in contemporary

Japan (analogous to American stereotype of the “stage-mother” who forces her child to show-business success)

• Blamed by the press for school phobias and youth suicides

Discrimination is a negative behavior

Stems from a negative prejudiceExamples:• Racism• Sexism• Segregation of disabled, of the ill

Is Racial Prejudice disappearing?• 1942: “There should be separate sections

for “Negroes” on streetcars and buses”• 1980: 90% of Whites support school

integration• 1999: More than 9 in 10 Blacks and

Whites say they would vote for a Black Presidential candidate

• January 20, 2009 → Obama elected

Yet: Subtle forms of prejudice• Still widespread, difficult to see• Called: Modern Racism or Cultural racism►creates an image that is more politically correct:

it is a “polite” form of racism (Sherman). • It is acting unprejudiced while maintaining

prejudiced attitudes:►They hide their prejudice to avoid being called

racist, but when a situation becomes safe, they express it.

Example in USA today:

• Americans today say they are opposed to segregated education

• Yet a lot of white parents oppose busing their children in multi-racial buses.

• When questioned why, these parents say “they don’t want their children to spend a lot of time on a bus”.

• But they don’t object to having their children bused to school when the bus is “plain white” !

Today’s “Polite Racism”: typical racist remarks are cloaked as

compliments from people in power, often expressing surprise that minorities are

talented, smart, attractive, and even "clean."

More examples of Modern (subtle) Racism…

• The glass ceiling effect (the "invisible" differences in salary, position, or appraisal experienced by women and minorities)

• The "positive" stereotypes such as: Blacks are athletic, Asians are intelligent.

• Denial: Rather than hurling racist insults, new racists deny there are problems of inequality and oppose moves aimed at advocating the rights of ethnic minorities (such as immigrants).

A new form of Racism: Euroscepticism

• = criticism of the European Union (EU), and opposition to the process of European integration

• Euroscepticism is based on the notion that integration weakens the nation state

• In France many parties are more or less eurosceptic (= against EU intervention in national affairs, advocate outright withdrawal from the EU)

• The French extreme-right party : Le Front National (naturally opposed to the EU ) :”France lost its political and economic sovereignty to a supra-national entity.”

Automatic Prejudiced behavior Unconscious associations based on cultural assumptions, negative or positive prejudices.

Examples:• In a Swedish study (2007), applicants with Muslim names were

never called for an interview by 193 corporate employers

• In the UK (2005) : a 27-year-old electrician from Brazil who had been working legally in Britain for 3 years was shot five times from close range by police officers because they mistakenly thought he was an Arab suicide bomber connected to the terror attacks in London .

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Gender prejudiceUndisputable conclusions:1) Strong gender stereotypes exist2) Members of the stereotyped groups accept these

stereotypes (we learned to live with it)3) Gender stereotyping is stronger than racial stereotyping4) Gender stereotypes tend to exaggerate differences5) Gender stereotypes have persisted across time and

culture

→Does this reflect an innate stable reality ?

Gender stereotypes are ambivalent: - favorable /benevolent- unfavorable/ hostile• Benevolent sexism: “Women have a superior

moral sensibility”(Eagly: the “women-are-wonderful” effect)• Hostile sexism: “Women are all bad drivers”►This ambivalence serves to justify the status

quo in gender relations (balance)

The gender biasDoes it still exist?

1968: Goldberg’s study showed that even women “devalue” women-authors, compared to male authors (women discriminate against women)

1980-1994: many replications of the study revealed no difference

In the West, blatant gender bias has died but subtle bias has survived

Subtle gender biases

• 1941: in USA, 38% of parents said they prefer to have a baby boy if they could have only one child, 24% a girl, 23% no preference

→2003: not much change in results with 38% still preferring to have a baby boy!

• Gender bias and advancement of medical technology (ultrasound) + availability of abortion → unbalanced sex ratios in China, India, Taiwan, Singapore

Social consequences of unbalanced sex ratios

• China (2007): 118 newborn males to every 100 girls = surplus of 40 million males unable to find female-mates (tens of millions of “missing women”!)

• Male excess predicts more traditional gender roles and higher violence rates

Gender Bias and Gender discrimination

Subtle forms of Gender Bias against MEN:- Shorter life-span (they die 5 years sooner)- More likely to commit suicide- More men on the battlefield- Higher crime rate- Higher prevalence in ADHD and AutismBias against Women is more explicit:- At work- In Rights (in certain countries)- 2/3 of world’s unschooled children are girls (UN)- In political life► leading to gender discrimination!Gender discrimination is very strong in non-democratic non-Western

countries and makes for misery(In some countries, a raped woman is prosecuted for adulttery and even burnt

alive!)

FACE-ISM

A contemporary example of subtle gender-bias (unnoticed sexism)

• Face-ism or facial prominence is the relative prominence of the face in the portrayal of men and women

• Research showed that media tend to feature more on men’s face and women’s body

Yet, some changes:

1937: Only 33% of Americans voted yes for a woman presidential candidate

2007: 90% voted yes2008: Conservatives voted yes for Sarah

Palin as vice-presidential nominee

Ambiguity of prejudices

We see others as:• Either likable• Or competent But NOT BOTH!

Examples: • Germans love Italians but don’t admire them• Italians admire Germans but don’t love them• Americans respect Jews but don’t like them• Men admire assertive women but don’t like them

In general, people of lesser status and power are liked (we sympathize with them) but not respected (seen as incompetent)

→ we like people with disabilities but we will not hire them

Prejudice, politics & vocations

• People in high-status positions tend to be prejudiced and support policies that maintain hierarchies and increase their status

• Such people usually like to work in politics and business (= professions that maintain social hierarchies)

• And avoid jobs like social worker (= oppose hierarchies, advocate equality)

Sources of prejudice

1.Social

2. Motivational

Social sources:• Social inequalities• Family disciplinary

style• Conformity

Motivational sources:• The Scapegoat theory• The Realistic Group

Conflict theory• The Social Identity

theory

Social sources of prejudice1) Social inequalities: unequal status breeds prejudice→ in such systems, prejudice justifies the power and

control of the economically and socially superior (wealth & power)

Examples:• Blacks/Whites:19th Century exploitation of the Blacks

was kept vivid as long as there was a prejudice against slaves (weak, lazy, inferior, must be controlled)

• Men/Women: Discrimination against women helps keep male patroniziation of society

2) Family Disciplinary Styles: children's racial attitudes reflect their parents’ prejudices

Adorno (1950): children brought up in authoritarian families are highly likely to develop prejudices

►the authoritarian personality: submissive to those in power and aggressive/punitive toward those beneath them

►authoritarian personality is a common characteristic of ethnocentric people (= those who believe their ethnic group is superior)

9 traits of the authoritarian personality

(as the result of childhood experiences): • conventionalist • submissive • aggressive • superstitious• stereotyped • tough and destructive • cynical (sarcastic)• uses projection• exaggerated concerns over sex

About authoritarianism

• Authoritarian tendencies surge during threatening times of economic recession and social upheaval:

► in Russia today, authoritarian voices are calling for a return of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and are opposing democratic reform

• Authoritarian people can embrace different forms of prejudice (toward Blacks, gays, Muslims, immigrants…)

3) conformity: we conform because we need to be liked and accepted→we are forced sometimes to adopt the group’s views

►Conformity maintains the gender prejudice (“the nursery and the kitchen are the natural sphere of a woman”)

Motivational sources of Prejudice

1) The Scapegoat TheoryWhen you feel in pain or frustrated and cannot fight back

the source of your pain or frustration, you redirect your hostility→ displaced aggression

Examples:• In Middle Ages, people directed their fears on “witches”• After WWI, Germans blamed the Jews for the

economic chaos• After 9/11 attacks, Americans grew intolerant of

immigrants and Middle-Easterners

2) The Realistic Group Conflict Theory:Competition can fuel prejudice

When 2 groups are competing toward the same goal, when one group wins, the 2nd will develop hostility toward it

Example: Low-income Americans feel prejudice

toward immigrants taking their jobs►When interests clash, prejudice will result

3) Social Identity Theory:We cheer for our group, we kill for our group, we die for our

groupOur group is our social identity:Based on:• Categorization: we find it useful to put people into

categories (“he’s a Scot”,…)• Identification: we gain self-esteem by associating with a

group (called the ingroup)• Comparison: we are positively biased toward our ingroup

in contrast to other groups (the outgroups). It is US versus THEM→ this is the ingroup bias

► the stronger my social identity, the more prejudice I will feel toward a threatening outgroup

Page Numbers in chapter 9

308- 309- 310 (top page)- 311- 312- 313- 314- 315- 316- 317- 318- 319- 320- 322 (conformity)- 323-324- 325- 326- 327-(exclude bottom paragraph)- 329 (need for status)