Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Section 2 Introduction to Cells Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
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1. Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4 Table of Contents
Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Section 2 Introduction to
Cells Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Section 4 Unique
Features of Plant Cells
2. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 Objectives
Name the scientists who first observed living and nonliving cells.
Summarize the research that led to the development of the cell
theory. State the three principles of the cell theory. Explain why
the cell is considered to be the basic unit of life.
3. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The
Discovery of Cells All living things are made up of one or more
cells. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the
processes of life.
4. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The
Discovery of Cells, continued Hooke In 1665, Robert Hooke
discovered cells in slices of cork. Leeuwenhoek In 1673, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells in
microorganisms; Leeuwenhoek called these organism animalcules ~ we
now call them protists.
5. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Cell
Theory The cell theory states that all living organisms are made of
one or more cells, cells are the basic units of structure and
function, and cells come only from pre-existing cells. In 1838, the
German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were
composed of cells In 1839, Theodor Schwann concluded the same thing
for animals In 1855, Rudolf Virchow noted that all cells come from
other cells
6. Chapter 4 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual
Concept Cell Theory Section 1 The History of Cell Biology
7. Section 1 The History of Cell Biology Chapter 4 The Cell
Theory, continued Cellular Basis of Life All living things are made
of organized parts, obtain energy from their surroundings, perform
chemical reactions, change with time, respond to their environment,
and reproduce.
8. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Objectives Explain
the relationship between cell shape and cell function. Identify the
factor that limits cell size. Describe the three basic parts of a
cell. Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Analyze the
relationship among cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and
organisms.
9. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cell Diversity
Cell Shape A cells shape reflects its function.
10. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cell Diversity,
Continued Cell Size Cell size is limited by a cells surface
areato-volume ratio.
11. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Cell size differs
amongst species
12. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cell Size
Unicellular organisms are made up of one cell Multicellular
organisms are made up of many cells that often specialize according
to function - differentiation
13. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Specialized
Animal Cells Bone Cells Cheek Cells Red Blood Cells
14. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Prokaryotic Cells
-Cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles -Includes
bacteria -Single, circular chromosome in nucleoid region
-Surrounded by cell membrane and a cell wall made up of
peptidoglycan -Divided into two domains, I.e., Archaea and
Bacteria
15. Eukaryotic Cells Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4
-Cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles -Incudes
protists, fungi, plants, and animals
16. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Comparing
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
17. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a
Eukaryotic Cell The three basic parts of a cell are the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
18. Chapter 4 Section 2 Introduction to Cells Internal
Organization of a Cell Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
19. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a
Cell, continued Plasma Membrane The cells outer boundary, called
the plasma membrane (or the cell membrane), covers a cells surface
and acts as a barrier between the inside and the outside of a
cell.
20. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a
Cell, continued Cytoplasm The region of the cell that is within the
plasma membrane and that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and
all of the organelles except the nucleus is called the cytoplasm.
The part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small
particles, such as ribosomes, but not membrane bound organelles is
the cytosol About 20% of the cytosol is made up of protein
21. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Basic Parts of a
Cell, continued Nucleus The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle
that contains a cells DNA.
22. Section 2 Introduction to Cells Chapter 4 Cellular
Organization In multicellular eukaryotes, cells organize into
tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally organisms.
23. Chapter 4 Objectives Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Describe the structure and function of a cells plasma membrane.
Summarize the role of the nucleus. List the major organelles found
in the cytosol, and describe their roles. Identify the
characteristics of mitochondria. Describe the structure and
function of the cytoskeleton.
24. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma
Membrane Selectively permeable, separates internal metabolic
reactions from the external environment, and allows cell to excrete
waste Membrane Lipids Cell membranes consist of a phospholipid
bilayer. Phospholipids have a polar, hydrophilic (water-loving)
phosphate head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic (water-fearing) fatty
acid tails Cholesterol gives membrane firmness and prevents
freezing in low temperatures
25. Chapter 4 Structure of Lipid Bilayer Section 3 Cell
Organelles and Features
26. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma
Membrane, continued Membrane Proteins Cell membranes often contain
proteins embedded within the phospholipid bilayer. Proteins help
move large molecules or aid in cell recognition (peripheral and
integral)
27. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Plasma
Membrane, continued Fluid Mosaic Model The fluid mosaic model
states that the phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than
it behaves like a solid. As a result of such lateral movement, the
pattern, or mosaic, of lipids and proteins in the cellmembrane
constantly changes
28. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus
The nucleus directs the cells activities and stores DNA. When a
cell is not dividing, the DNA is in the form of a threadlike
material called chromatin When a cell is about to divide, the
chromatin condenses to form chromosomes Nuclear Envelope The
nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear
envelope. Nucleolus The nucleolus is the place where DNA is
concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal
RNA.
29. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Nucleus of
a Cell
30. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Mitochondria Mitochondria harvest energy from organic compounds and
transfer it to ATP. Mitochondrial DNA endosymbiotic origin
31. Chapter 4 Ribosomes Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Ribosomes are either free or attached to the rough ER and play a
role in protein synthesis. Made of protein an RNA molecules
Ribosome assembly begins in the nucleolus and is completed in the
cytoplasm
32. Chapter 4 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual
Concept Ribosomes Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
33. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum intracellular highway The rough ER prepares
proteins for export or insertion into the cell membrane. Most
abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export,
such as digestive glands and antibody-producing cells The smooth ER
builds lipids, like cholesterol, and participates in detoxification
of toxins. In ovaries and testes, smooth ER produces estrogen and
testosterone, respectively In skeletal and heart muscle cells,
smooth ER releases calcium, which stimulates contraction Abundant
in liver and kidneys for detoxification
34. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes Click below to watch the
Visual Concept. Visual Concept
35. Chapter 4 Golgi Apparatus Section 3 Cell Organelles and
Features The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins;
proteins get address labels that direct them to other parts of the
cell
36. Chapter 4 Vesicles Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Vesicles, including lysosomes (digestive enzymes) and peroxisomes
(detoxification enzymes liver and kidneys), are classified by their
contents. Lysosomes digest worn-out organelles in a process called
autophagy; digestion of damaged or extra cells by the enzymes of
their own lysosomes is called autolysis Protein Synthesis The rough
ER, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles work together to transport
proteins to their destinations inside and outside the cell.
37. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Processing
of Proteins
38. Chapter 4 Cytoskeleton Section 3 Cell Organelles and
Features The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers that help cells
move and maintain their shape. The cytoskeleton includes
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
39. Chapter 4 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual
Concept Cytoskeleton Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
40. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are
hairlike structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where
they assist in movement.
41. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features Structure
of Cilia and Flagella Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
42. Chapter 4 Section 3 Cell Organelles and Features
Cytoskeleton, continued Centrioles Centrioles consist of two short
cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and are
involved in cell division.
43. Chapter 4 Objectives Section 4 Unique Features of Plant
Cells List three structures that are present in plant cells but not
in animal cells. Compare the plasma membrane,the primary cell wall,
and the secondary cell wall. Explain the role of the central
vacuole. Describe the roles of plastids in the life of a plant.
Identify features that distinguish prokaryotes, eukaryotes, plant
cells, and animal cells.
44. Chapter 4 Plant Cells Plant cells have cell walls, central
vacuoles, and plastids. Section 4 Unique Features of Plant
Cells
45. Chapter 4 Cell Wall Section 4 Unique Features of Plant
Cells In plant cells, a rigid cell wall covers the cell membrane
and provides support and protection.
46. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells Parts of
a Cell Wall Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual
Concept
47. Chapter 4 Central Vacuole Section 4 Unique Features of
Plant Cells Large central vacuoles store water, enzymes, and waste
products and provide support for plant tissue.
48. Chapter 4 Plastids Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Plastids store starch and pigments. Chloroplasts use light energy
to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water; thylakoids
contain green pigment chlorophyll that absorbs light energy
Chromoplasts contain colorful pigments Amyloplasts store
starch
49. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Comparing Cells Prokaryotes, animal cells, and plant cells can be
distinguished from each other by their unique features.
50. Chapter 4 Section 4 Unique Features of Plant Cells
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells