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(A) Detail from the fresco, "Creation of Adam," by Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1508-1512 (B) The contour of the same image is reminiscent of a midline saggital section of the brain and includes the hypothalamus, pituitary and brainstem. (From Toni R., The human hypothalamus: clinical anatomy of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses, J. Endocrinol. Invest 2003, in press).
Adrenal cortex : corticoid (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid)Adrenal medulla : catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Zona glomerulosa -aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
Zona fasiculata and reticularis - cortisol and cortisone (glucotorticoid)
Paracrine communication• Do not enter the circulation• Highly localized
Growth factors• Soluble polypeptides• All cells make polypeptide growth factors• Function : mitogen, trophic factors, chemoattractants• 10-30 kDa, more than 100 (Table 7-2)• Ex, PDGF platelet-dervied growth factor
Activates a different signal transduction pathways
Pleotropic response in a single cell
Switch mitogen to trophic stimulus
Blast stage Mature
Nerve growth factor• Require for survival and differentiation• 50% neurons < die normally (excess innervati
on to target ; why? - Assured)• Nerve growth factors (NGF)
– chemoattractant molecules– Homodimer – two 118 a.a. chains coupled by disu
lfied bond
50%< die
Nerve growth factor• NGF binds to NGF receptors on the growth co
nes of approaching axons.• It is internalized by receptor mediated endocyt
osis and transported retrogradely to the cell body, where it undergoes lysosomal degradation.
• NGF supports the survival of cholinergic nerons.– Alzheimer disease (cholinergic neuron for memory)
팀 동료인 베이브 루스와 함께 1 루수를 맡으며 메이저리그 역사상 가장 견고한 1, 2 번을 구축했다는 평을 받는다 . 한 시즌 100 득점 이상을 13 시즌 연속으로 수립하였고 , 150 타점 이상을 7 번이나 기록하였으며 , 1932 년에는 한경기에 4연속 홈런을 때려 20 세기 들어 첫번째 선수가 되는 영광도 누렸다 .역대 타점 랭킹 1, 2 위 선수들이 21-23 시즌에 2200 타점을 넘어섰지만 루 게릭은 단 14 시즌동안 1995 타점을 기록하였다 . 이 외에 12 년 연속 3 할 타율 , 13 년 연속 100 타점 -100 득점 , 최다 400 총루타 5 회 , 사이클링 히트 2 회도 그의 이름을 드높이는 결과이다 .근위축성 측색 경화증 (ALS) 이란 희귀병에 걸려 사망하였는데 , 이후 이 병은 그의 이름을 따 ' 루 게릭병 ' 으로 명명되어 그의 아까운 죽음을 기리고 있다 .
NO nitric oxide• Highly diffusible through membrane.• Biological effects of NO
– Memory in brain– Relaxation of blood vessel
• Mechanism of vasodilation– Endothelial cell contain NO synthase (Fig 7-16)– Ach binds muscarinic receptor on the surface of endothelial cell– G protein mediated signal transduction– Ca2+ increase– NO synthase
– Nitroglycerin is rapidly converted to NO in the blood
Synaptic transmission
Ach
EpinehprineNorepinephrine
Ach Ach
Symphathetic
Parasymphathetic
Ach
Ach Ach-muscarinic-nicotinic
EpinehprineNorepinephrineAch : sweat glands and vasodilation (skeletal muscle)