Ccna ppt1

1

Distance Vector

Link State

Hybrid

Distance Vector vs. Link State

Route table

TopologyIncremental Update

Periodic UpdateRouting by rumor

A B C D

X

E

2

Distance Vector vs. Link State

Distance Vector

• Updates frequently

• Each router is "aware" only of its immediate neighbors

• Slow convergence

• Prone to routing loops

• Easy to configure

Link State

• Updates are event triggered

• Each router is "aware" of all other routers in the "area"

• Fast convergence

• Less subject to routing loops

• More difficult to configure

3

Comparison Continued

Distance Vector

• Fewer router resources

required

• Updates require more

bandwidth

• Does not "understand"

the topology of the

network

Link State

• More router resource

intensive

• Updates require less

bandwidth

• Has detailed knowledge

of distant networks and

routers

5

Link State

Example

OSPF

IS-IS

OSPF is used for corporate networks

IS-IS is used for ISP’s

6

7

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

OSPF is an open standards routing protocol

This works by using the Dijkstra algorithm

OSPF provides the following features:

Minimizes routing update traffic

Allows scalability (e.g. RIP is limited to 15 hops)

Has unlimited hop count

Supports VLSM/CIDR

Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)

8

Link State

There are two types of Packets

Hello

LSA’s

9

OSPF Hello

• When router A starts it send Hello packet – uses 224.0.0.5

• Hello packets are received by all neighbors

• B will write A’s name in its neighbor table

• C also process the same way

A

B C

10

"Hello" Packets

• Small frequently issued packets

• Discover neighbours and negotiate "adjacencies"

• Verify continued availability of adjacent neighbours

• Hello packets and Link State Advertisements (LSAs) build and maintain the topological database

• Hello packets are addressed to 224.0.0.5.

11

Link State Advertisement(LSA)

An OSPF data packet containing link state and routinginformation that is shared among OSPF routers

LSAs are shared only with routers with whom it hasformed adjacencies

LSA packets are used to update and maintain thetopology database.

12

Link State

There are three type of tables

Neighbor

Topology

Routing

13

Tables

Neighbor

Contain information about the neighbors

Neighbor is a router which shares a link on samenetwork

Another relationship is adjacency

Not necessarily all neighbors

LSA updates are only when adjacency is established

14

Tables

Topology

Contain information about all network and path toreach any network

All LSA’s are entered in to topology table

When topology changes LSA’s are generated and sendnew LSA’s

On topology table an algorithm is run to create ashortest path, this algorithm is known as SPF ordijkstra algorithm

15

Tables

Routing Table

Also knows as forwarding database

Generated when an algorithm is run on the topologydatabase

Routing table for each router is unique

16

OSPF Terms

Link

Router ID

Neighbours

Adjacency

OSPF Area

Backbone area

Internal routers

Area Border Router (ABR)

Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)

17

Link

A network or router interface assigned to agiven network

Link (interface) will have "state" informationassociated with it

Status (up or down)

IP Address

Network type (e.g. Fast Ethernet)

Bandwidth

Addresses of other routers attached to thisinterface

18

OSPF Term: Link

A link is a network or router interface assigned to any givennetworkThis link, or interface, will have state information associatedwith it (up or down) as well as one or more IP addresses

19

OSPF Term: Link State

Status of a link between two routersInformation is shared between directly connected routers.This information propagates throughout the network unchanged andis also used to create a shortest path first (SPF) tree.

20

Router ID

The Router ID (RID) is an IP address used to identify the router

Cisco chooses the Router ID by using the highest IP address of allconfigured loopback interfaces

If no loopback interfaces are configured with addresses, OSPF willchoose the highest IP address of all active physical interfaces.

You can manually assign the router ID.

The RID interface MUST always be up, therefore loopbacks arepreferred

21

Neighbours

Neighbours are two or more routers thathave an interface on a common network

E.g. two routers connected on a serial link

E.g. several routers connected on a commonEthernet or Frame relay network

Communication takes place between /among neighbours

neighbours form "adjacencies"

22

Adjacency

A relationship between two routers thatpermits the direct exchange of routeupdates

Not all neighbours will form adjacencies

This is done for reasons of efficiency – morelater

23

OSPF Design

Each router connects to the backbone called area 0, or the backbone area.

Routers that connect other areas to the backbone within an AS are called Area Border Routers (ABRs). One interface must be in area 0.

OSPF runs inside an autonomous system, but can also connect multiple autonomous systems together. The router that connects these ASes together is called an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR).

24

OSPF Areas

An OSPF area is a grouping of contiguous networks androuters

Share a common area ID

A router can be a member of more than one area (areaborder router)

All routers in the same area have the same topologydatabase

When multiple areas exist, there must always be an area0 (the backbone) to which other areas connect

25

Why areas?

Decreases routing overhead

Compare to multiple smaller broadcast domainsinstead of one large one

Speeds convergence

Confines network instability (e.g. route "flapping") tosingle area of the network

Adds considerably to the complexity of setting up OSPF

CCNA certification deals only with single-area OSPF

26

Area Terminology

27

LSA’s in Area

• LSAs communicate with adjacent routers in the sameOSPF area

• Subsequently, a change in a link state is "flooded" to allarea routers via LSAs

• In larger networks, multiple areas may be created

– LSAs are sent only to adjacent routers in the samearea

– "Area border routers" connect areas, passingsummarized route information between

28

Path Calculation

Changes to the topological database of a router trigger arecalculation to re-establish the best route(s) to knownnetworks

Uses the SPF (shortest path first) algorithm developedby a computer scientist named Dijkstra

This is done by each individual router using itsdetailed "knowledge" of the whole network

Leads to rapid and accurate convergence

Based on detailed knowledge of every link in the areaand the OSPF "cost" of each

builds an OSPF tree with itself at the route

29

Terminology: Cost

• Various criteria can be selected bythe administrator to determine themetric

• Usually,OSPF cost=108/bandwidth

Do not forget toconfigure thebandwidth`command on serial links to ensure correctdefault OSPF cost

30

Pros and Cons

Note that OSPF is a more sophisticated routing protocol

Converges rapidly and accurately

Can use a metric calculation that effectively selectsthe "best" route(s) primarily based on bandwidth,although an OSPF cost can be administrativelyassigned

Use of OSPF requires

More powerful routing hardware

More detailed knowledge by the administrator,especially when large multi-area networks are used

31

Types of Neighbors

• OSPF can be defined for three type of neighbors

– Broadcast Multi Access (BMA) ex- Ethernet

– Point to Point

– Non-Broadcast Multi Access (NBMA)

32

OSPF Network Types

33

Adjacencies

Point to Point all routers form adjacencies

BMA & NBMA one router is elected as DR

DR establish adjacency with every neighbor router

LSA updates are exchanged only to DR

DR is the router which has highest priority

All CISCO routers has priority 1

If priority is same then router id is seen

The RID is highest IP address of all interfaces

34

Point-to-Point Links

Usually a serial interface running either PPPor HDLC

No DR or BDR election required

OSPF autodetects this interface type

OSPF packets are sent using multicast 224.0.0.5

All routers form adjacencies

35

Multi-access Broadcast Network

• Generally LAN technologies like Ethernet and Token Ring

• DR and BDR selection required

• All neighbor routers form full adjacencies with the DR andBDR only

• Packets to the DR use 224.0.0.6

• Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5

36

Electing the DR and BDR

Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast.

The router with the highest priority isselected as the DR.

If Priority is same then Router ID is seen

Use the OSPF router ID as the tie breaker.

37

Terminology: DRs and BDRs

The designated router (DR) is responsible for generating LSAs on behalf of all routers connected to the same segment

38

DR Responsibility

When a router sees a new or changed link-state, it sendsan LSA to its DR using a particular multicast address

The DR then forwards the LSA to all the other routerswith whom it is adjacent

Minimizes the number of formal adjacencies thatmust be formed and therefore the amount of LSU(link state update) packet traffic in a multi-routernetwork

39

OSPF Summary

AD -100

Hop count is unlimited

Metric = Cost – 108/BW

Classless, VLSM

Load balance up to SIX routers

Require more processing power

40

Basic OSPF Configuration

Router(config)# router ospf 1

The number 1 in this example is a process-id # thatbegins an OSPF process in the routerMore than one process can be launched in a router,

but this is rarely necessaryUsually the same process-id is used throughout the

entire network, but this is not requiredThe process-id # can actually be any value from 1 to

"very large integer“The process-id # cannot be ZEROThis is NOT the same as the AS# used in IGRP and

EIGRP

41

Configuring OSPF Areas

After identifying the OSPF process, you need to identify the interfaces thatyou want to activate OSPF communications

Lab_A#config t

Lab_A(config)#router ospf 1

Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

area ?

<0-4294967295> OSPF area ID as a decimal value

A.B.C.D OSPF area ID in IP address format

Lab_A(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255

area 0

• Every OSPF network must have an area 0 (the backbone area) to which other areas connect So in a multiple area network, there must be an area 0 The wildcard mask represents the set of hosts supported by the

network and is really just the inverse of the subnet mask.

42

OSPF Configuration

• OSPF Process ID number is irrelevant. It can be the same on everyrouter on the network

• The arguments of the network command are the network number(10.0.0.0) and the wildcard mask (0.255.255.255)

• Wildcards - A 0 octet in the wildcard mask indicates that thecorresponding octet in the network must match exactly

• A 255 indicates that you don’t care what the corresponding octet isin the network number

• A network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 wouldmatch 1.1.1.1 only, and nothing else.

• The network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.0.0 0.0.255.255would match anything in the range 1.1.0.0–1.1.255.255

43

OSPF Configuration -1

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

10.0.0.1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2 30.0.0.1

30.0.0.2 40.0.0.1

10.0.0.240.0.0.2

A B

44

OSPF Configuration -1

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2 30.0.0.1

30.0.0.2 40.0.0.1

10.0.0.240.0.0.2

R1#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)#router ospf 1R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0R1(config-router)#^Z

A B

45

OSPF Configuration -2

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

200.0.0.16/28

200.0.0.8/30200.0.0.12/30

200.0.0.32/27

A B

46

OSPF Configuration -2

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.9

200.0.0.10 200.0.0.13

200.0.0.14 200.0.0.33

200.0.0.18 200.0.0.34255.255.255.240

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252

255.255.255.224

A B

47

OSPF Configuration -2

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.9

200.0.0.10 200.0.0.13

200.0.0.14 200.0.0.33

200.0.0.18 200.0.0.34255.255.255.240

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252

255.255.255.224

R1#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)#router ospf 1R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0.16 0.0.0.15 area 0R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 8 0.0.0.3 area 0R1(config-router)#^Z

A B

R3#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R3(config)#router ospf 1R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 32 0.0.0.31 area 0R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 12 0.0.0.3 area 0R3(config-router)#^Z

48

OSPF and Loopback Interfaces

Configuring loopback interfaces when using the OSPF routingprotocol is important

Cisco suggests using them whenever you configure OSPF on arouter

Loopback interfaces are logical interfaces, which are virtual,software-only interfaces; they are not real router interfaces

Using loopback interfaces with your OSPF configuration ensures thatan interface is always active for OSPF processes.

The highest IP address on a router will become that router’s RID The RID is used to advertise the routes as well as elect the DR and

BDR. If you configure serial interface of your router with highest IP

Address this Address becomes RID of t is the RID of the routerbecause e router

If this interface goes down, then a re-election must occur It can have an big impact when the above link is flapping

49

Configuring Loopback Interfaces

R1#config t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

R1(config)#int loopback 0

R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.255

R1(config-if)#no shut

R1(config-if)#^Z

R1#

50

show ip protocols

Router#

• Verifies the configured IP routing protocol processes, parameters and statistics

Verifying OSPF Operation

show ip route ospf

Router#

• Displays all OSPF routes learned by the router

show ip ospf interface

Router#

• Displays the OSPF router ID, area ID and

adjacency information

51

show ip ospf

Router#

• Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics

Verifying OSPF Operation (Cont.)

show ip ospf neighbor [detail]

Router#

• Displays information about the OSPF neighbors,

including Designated Router (DR) and Backup

Designated Router (BDR) information on

broadcast networks

52

The show ip route ospf Command

RouterA# show ip route ospf

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile,

B - BGP, D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF,

IA - OSPF inter area, E1 - OSPF external type 1,

E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP, i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS

level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default

Gateway of last resort is not set

10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 is subnetted, 2 subnets

O 10.2.1.0 [110/10] via 10.64.0.2, 00:00:50, Ethernet0

53

The show ip ospf interface Command

RouterA# show ip ospf interface e0

Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 10.64.0.1/24, Area 0

Process ID 1, Router ID 10.64.0.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10

Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1

Designated Router (ID) 10.64.0.2, Interface address 10.64.0.2

Backup Designated router (ID) 10.64.0.1, Interface address 10.64.0.1

Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5

Hello due in 00:00:04

Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1

Adjacent with neighbor 10.64.0.2 (Designated Router)

Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)

54

The show ip ospf neighbor Command

RouterB# show ip ospf neighbor

Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.64.1.1 1 FULL/BDR 00:00:31 10.64.1.1 Ethernet0

10.2.1.1 1 FULL/- 00:00:38 10.2.1.1 Serial0

55

show ip ospf neighbor detail

show ip ospf database

56

Setting Priority for DR Election

ip ospf priority number

This interface configuration command assigns the OSPF priority to an interface.

Different interfaces on a router may be assigned different values.

The default priority is 1. The range is from 0 to 255.0 means the router is a DROTHER; it can’t be the DR or

BDR.

Router(config-if)#

57

58

EIGRP

• IGRP– DV– Easy to configure– Neighbor– Advanced Metric– Periodic– Broadcast

• OSPF

– LS

– Incremental Updates

– Multicast

– Open Standard

• EIGRP

– Hybrid

– DUAL

– Topology Database

– Rapid Convergence

– Reliable

59

Overview

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol based on Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(IGRP).

Released in 1994, Unlike IGRP, which is a classful routing protocol,EIGRP supports CIDR and VLSM.

it is probably one of the two most popular routing protocols in usetoday.

Compared to IGRP, EIGRP boasts faster convergence times, improvedscalability, and superior handling of routing loops.

EIGRP is often described as a hybrid routing protocol, offering thebest of distance vector and link-state algorithms.

60

Comparing EIGRP with IGRP

IGRP and EIGRP are compatible with each other.EIGRP offers multiprotocol support, but IGRP does not.Communication via Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)Best path selection via Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)Improved convergence timeReduced network overhead

Introducing EIGRP

EIGRP supports:

Rapid convergence

Reduced bandwidth usage

Multiple network-layer protocols

62

EIGRP Tables

• EIGRP maintains 3 tables

– Neighbor table

– Topology table

– Routing table

63

Neighbor Discovery

There are three conditions that must be

met for neighborship establishment

Hello or ACK received

AS numbers match

Identical metrics (K values)

? AS

? K

K1 – BWK2- DelayK3-LoadK3-ReliabilityK5-MTU

64

The metrics used by EIGRP in making routing decisions are (lower the metric thebetter): bandwidth

delay

load

Reliability

MTU

By default, EIGRP uses only: Bandwidth

Delay

Analogies:

Think of bandwidth as the width of the pipe

and

delay as the length of the pipe.

Bandwidth is the carrying capacity

Delay is the end-to-end travel time.

Metric Calculation

65

Neighbor Table

The neighbor table is the most important table in EIGRP

Stores address and interface of neighbor

66

Topology Table

Network

67

Topology Table

The topology table is made up of all the EIGRP routing tables in theautonomous system.

DUAL takes the information and calculates the lowest cost routes to eachdestination.

By tracking this information, EIGRP routers can identify and switch toalternate routes quickly.

The information that the router learns from the DUAL is used to determinethe successor route, which is the term used to identify the primary or bestroute.

Every EIGRP router maintains a topology table. All learned routes to adestination are maintained in the topology table.

68

Routing Tables

A successor is a route selected as the primary route touse to reach a destination.

DUAL calculates Successor (Primary Route) and places itin the routing table (and topology table)

Can have up to 4 successors of equal or unequal value DUAL calculates Feasible Successor (Backup Route) and

places it in the Topology Table. Promoted to successor if the route goes down if it has a

lower cost than current successor If no FS in Table - Send query Multiple feasible successors for a destination can be

retained in the topology table although it is notmandatory

69

EIGRP Concepts & Terminology

EIGRP routers that belong to different autonomoussystems (ASes) don’t automatically share routinginformation

The only time EIGRP advertises its entire routing table iswhen it discovers a new neighbor and forms anadjacency with it through the exchange of Hello packets

When this happens, both neighbors advertise their entirerouting tables to one another

After each has learned its neighbor’s routes, onlychanges to the routing table are propagated

70

172.16.100.0

1.544Mbps

56Kbps

1.544Mbps

Dist to 172.16.100.0 =100Dist to 172.16.100.0 =100

Dist to 172.16.100.0 =350

10Mbps

10Mbps – 1001,544Mbps – 25056Kbps -1000

Chennai receives an update from Mumbai with a cost of 100, which is Mumbai's cost to reach 172.16.100.0, Thiscost is referred to as the reported distance (RD)Bangalore will report its cost to reach 172.16.100.0. Bangalore's RD is 350Chennai will compute its cost to reach 172.16.100.0 via Mumbai and Bangalore and compare the metrics for thetwo pathsChennai's cost via Mumbai is 1100. Chennai's cost via Bangalore is 600. The lowest cost to reach a destination isreferred to as the feasible distance (FD) for that destinationChennai's FD to 172.16.100.0 is 600. The next-hop router in the lowest-cost path to the destination is referred toas the successor.A feasible successor is a path whose reported distance is less than the feasible distance, and it is considered abackup route.

71

EIGRP Terms

Feasible distance (FD) - This is the lowest calculated metric toreach destination. This is the route that you will find in therouting table, because it is considered the best path

Reported distance (RD) - The distance reported by anadjacent neighbor to a specific destination.

Interface information - The interface through which thedestination can be reached.

Route status - The status of a route. Routes are identified asbeing either passive, which means that the route is stable andready for use, or active, which means that the route is in theprocess of being recomputed by DUAL

72

Successor – Current Route

A successor is a route selected as the primary route to use to reacha destination.

Successors are the entries kept in the routing table.

Feasible Successor - A backup route

A feasible successor is a backup route.

These routes are selected at the same time the successors areidentified, but they are kept in the topology table.

Multiple feasible successors for a destination can be retained in thetopology table.

EIGRP Terminology and Operations

73

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

Used by EIGRP for its routing updates in place of TCP EIGRP can call on RTP to provide reliable or unreliable service

EIGRP uses reliable service for route updates Unreliable for Hellos

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is a transport layer protocol thatguarantees ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all neighbors.

On an IP network, hosts use TCP to sequence packets and ensuretheir timely delivery. RIP uses UDP

However, EIGRP is protocol-independent and does not rely on TCP/IPto exchange routing information the way that RIP, IGRP, and OSPFdo.

EIGRP uses RTP as its own proprietary transport layer protocol toguarantee delivery of routing information.

With RTP, EIGRP can multicast and unicast to different peerssimultaneously.

74

Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

All route computations in EIGRP are handled by DUAL

One of DUAL's tasks is maintaining a table of loop-free paths toevery destination.

This table is referred to as the topology table

DUAL saves all paths in the topology table

The least-cost path(s) is copied from the topology table to therouting table

In the event of a failure, the topology table allows for very quickconvergence if another loop-free path is available

If a loop-free path is not found in the topology table, a routerecomputation must occur

DUAL queries its neighbors, who, in turn, may query theirneighbors, and so on...

Hence the name "Diffusing" Update Algorithm

75

VLSM Support

• EIGRP supports the use of Variable- Length SubnetMasks

• Can use 30-bit subnet masks for point-to-point networks

• Because the subnet mask is propagated with every routeupdate, EIGRP also supports the use of discontiguoussubnets

• Discontiguous network is the one that has two or moresubnetworks of a classful network connected together bydifferent classful networks

76

Discontiguous Network

Configuring EIGRP

Router(config-router)#network network-number

• Selects participating attached networks

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

• Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol

EIGRP Configuration Example

80

EIGRP Configuration

R2

R1 R3

S0 S1

E0

S0

E0

S0

200.0.0.17

200.0.0.9

200.0.0.10 200.0.0.13

200.0.0.14 200.0.0.33

200.0.0.18 200.0.0.34255.255.255.240

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252

255.255.255.224

R1#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)#router eigrp 10R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0.16R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 8R1(config-router)#^Z

A B

R3#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R3(config)#router eigrp 10R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 32R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 12R3(config-router)#^Z

81

Verifying the EIGRP Configuration

To verify the EIGRP configuration a number of show

and debug commands are available.

These commands are shown on the next few slides.

82

show ip eigrp topology

show ip eigrp topology[active | pending | successors]

83

show ip eigrp topologyall-links

show ip eigrp traffic

84

Administrative Distances

85

TELNET

Getting information about remote device

Can connect to remote device and configure a device

Password must be set

R1(config)# line vty 0 4

Password cisco

login

86

© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 86

Discovering Neighbors on the Network

Cisco Discovery Protocol

CDP is a proprietary utility that gives you a summary of directlyconnected switches, routers, and other Cisco devices.

CDP discovers neighboring devices regardless of which protocolsuite they are running.

Runs on the Data link layer

Physical media must support the Subnetwork Access Protocol(SNAP) encapsulation.

Only give directly connected device

By default enabled, you can enable or disable

Discovering Neighbors with CDP

CDP runs on routers with Cisco IOS®

software Release 10.3 or later and on Cisco switches.

Show CDP ?

Summary information includes:

Device ID Local Interface Port ID Capabilities list Platform

89

CDP

CDP timer is how often CDP packets are transmitted to

all active interfaces.

Router(config)#cdp timer 90

CDP holdtime is the amount of time that the device willhold packets received from neighbor devices.

Router(config)#cdp holdtime 240

90

Using CDP

91

Using the show cdp neighbors Command

The show cdp neighbor command (sh cdp nei for short) deliversinformation about directly connected devices.

92

CDP

show cdp neighbor detail

This command can be run on both routers

and switches, and it displays detailed

information about each device connected

to the device

93

Using the show cdp entry Command

The show cdp entry * command displays the same information as the show cdpneighbor details command.

94

Additional CDP Commands

The show cdp traffic command displays information aboutinterface traffic, including the number of CDP packets sent andreceived and the errors with CDP.

95

CDP Commands

To disable the CDP on particular interface usethe "no cdp enable" command

To disable CDP on the entire router use the "nocdp run" in global configuration mode.

96

Summary

Cisco Discovery Protocol is an information-gathering tool usedby network administrators to get information about directlyconnected devices.

CDP exchanges hardware and software device informationwith its directly connected CDP neighbors.

You can enable or disable CDP on a router as a whole or on aport-by-port basis.

The show cdp neighbors command displays information abouta router’s CDP neighbors.

The show cdp entry, show cdp traffic, and show cdp interfacecommands display detailed CDP information on a Cisco device.

97

Manage IP traffic as network access grows

Filter packets as they pass through the router

Why Use Access Lists?

99

What are ACLs?

ACLs are lists of conditions that are applied to traffic traveling acrossa router's interface.

These lists tell the router what types of packets to accept or deny.

Acceptance and denial can be based on specified conditions.

ACLs can be configured at the router to control access to a networkor subnet.

Some ACL decision points are source and destination addresses,protocols, and upper-layer port numbers.

100

Reasons to Create ACLs

The following are some of the primary reasons to createACLs:

Limit network traffic and increase network performance.Provide traffic flow control.Provide a basic level of security for network access.Decide which types of traffic are forwarded or blocked at the routerinterfacesFor example: Permit e-mail traffic to be routed, but block all telnet traffic.If ACLs are not configured on the router, all packets passing through therouter will be allowed onto all parts of the network.

101

ACL’s

Different access list for Telnet

When configuring ISDN you need to use access list

Implicit deny at bottom

All restricted statements should be on first

There are two types

Standard

Extended

102

Network

N1 N2

N3 N4 N5 N6

192.168.12.0

A

B C

192.168.34.0192.168.56.0

192.168.12.2192.168.12.3

103

IP Packet

SRC IP AddressDEST IP AddressProtocol typeSRC PortDEST Port

The first 2 bytes in the TCP/UDP header are the source port numberThe next 2 bytes in the TCP/UDP header are the Destination port number

104

Standard

Checks source address

Permits or denies entire protocol suite

Extended

Checks source and destination address

Generally permits or denies specific protocols

Types of Access Lists

How to Identify Access Lists

Standard IP lists (1-99) test conditions of all IP packets fromsource addresses.

Extended IP lists (100-199) test conditions of source and destinationaddresses, specific TCP/IP protocols, and destination ports.

Standard IP lists (1300-1999) (expanded range).

Extended IP lists (2000-2699) (expanded range).

106

Standard ACLs

The full syntax of the standard ACL command is:

Router(config)#access-list access-list-number {deny | permit} source[source-wildcard ]

The no form of this command is used to remove a standard ACL. This isthe syntax:Router(config)#no access-list access-list-number

Config# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255Config# access-list 1 permit any

107

Wildcard Mask

Access-list 99 permit 192.168.1.1 wildcard mask

All 32 bits of an IP Address can be filtered

Wildcard inverse mask

0=must match

1= ignore

MASK (192.168.1.1) Matching IP

0.0.0.0 (host) 192.168.1.1

0.0.0.255 192.168.1.0-255

0.0.255.255 192.168.0-255.0-255

0.255.255.255 192.0-255.0-255.0-255

255.255.255.255 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255 (any)

108

The ANY and HOST keyword

Access-list 1 permit 200.0.0.9 0.0.0.0

Or

permit host 200.0.0.9

Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

Or

permit any

Testing Packets with Standard Access Lists

Outbound ACL Operation

• If no access list statement matches, then discard the packet.

111

Reading an ACL

First Hit or Best Fit?

1. Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0

access-list 99 permit any 255.255.255.255

2. Access-list 99 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1

access-list 99 permit any

3. Access-list 99 deny host 192.168.1.1

Implicit deny at the end of every ACL

112

Creating ACLs

ACLs are created in the global configuration mode. There are manydifferent types of ACLs including standard, extended, IPX, AppleTalk, andothers. When configuring ACLs on a router, each ACL must be uniquelyidentified by assigning a number to it. This number identifies the type ofaccess list created and must fall within the specific range of numbers thatis valid for that type of list.

Since IP is by far the mostpopular routed protocol,addition ACL numbers havebeen added to newer routerIOSs.Standard IP: 1300-1999Extended IP: 2000-2699

113

The ip access-group command

{ in | out }

114

Exercise – Standard Access List

A B

Account should be denied access to Sales

To steps to configure•Create a standard Access list•Apply ACL to proper interface inbound or outbound

S0 S0

E0

E0

192.168.0.18255.255.255.248

S0S1192.168.0.17

255.255.255.248

192.168.0.5255.255.255.252

192.168.0.6255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9255.255.255.252

192.168.0.10255.255.255.252

192.168.0.33255.255.255.240

192.168.0.34255.255.255.240

115

Exercise – Standard Access List

A B

S0 S0

E0

E0

192.168.0.18255.255.255.248

S0S1192.168.0.17

255.255.255.248

192.168.0.5255.255.255.252

192.168.0.6255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9255.255.255.252

192.168.0.10255.255.255.252

192.168.0.33255.255.255.240

192.168.0.34255.255.255.240

Config# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.0.18 0.0.0.7Config# access-list 1 permit any

Config#int e 0Config-if# ip access-group 1 out

116

Extended ACLs

Extended ACLs are used more often than standard ACLs because they provide agreater range of control.

Extended ACLs check the source and destination packet addresses as well asbeing able to check for protocols and port numbers.

At the end of the extended ACL statement, additional precision is gained from afield that specifies the optional Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or UserDatagram Protocol (UDP) port number.

Logical operations may be specified such as, equal (eq), not equal (neq), greaterthan (gt), and less than (lt), that the extended ACL will perform on specificprotocols.

Extended ACLs use an access-list-number in the range 100 to 199 (also from 2000to 2699 in recent IOS).

117

Configuration

• Access-list acl# {permit/Deny}• Protocol

• Src IP src WCM

• Dst IP dst WCM

• Opetrator port• Protocol

– OSPF

– EIGRP

– ICMP

– TCP

– UDP

RP If you need to Block a routing protocol

IP• Operator

– eq

– gt

– lt

– neq

Testing Packets with Extended Access Lists

119

Extended ACL Syntax

121

Extended ACL LAB -2

S0

S0

E0E0

A B

192.168.0.34 should be denied FTP of 192.168.0.18

On Router R1Config# Access-list 100 deny tcp 192.168.0.34 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.18

0.0.0.0 eq 21Config# access-list 100 permit IP any any

Config#int s0Config-if# ip access-group 100 IN

192.168.0.18 should be denied website of 192.168.0.34

On Router R3Config# Access-list 100 deny tcp 192.168. 0.18 0.0.0.0 192.168.0.34

0.0.0.0 eq 80Config# access-list 100 permit IP any any

Config#int s0Config-if# ip access-group 100 IN

S1S0

192.168.0.18255.255.255.248

192.168.0.17255.255.255.248

192.168.0.5255.255.255.252

192.168.0.6255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9255.255.255.252

192.168.0.10255.255.255.252

192.168.0.33255.255.255.240

192.168.0.34255.255.255.240

122

Deny FTP

access-list 101 deny tcp any any eq 21

access-list 101 permit ip any any

or

access-list 101 deny tcp any any eq ftp

access-list 101 permit ip any any

123

Rules

For extended access list apply near to thesource

For standard access list apply near to thedestination

124

Named ACLs

IP named ACLs were introduced in Cisco IOS Software Release 11.2,allowing standard and extended ACLs to be given names instead ofnumbers.

The characteristics of named accesslist: Identify an ACL using an alphanumeric name. You can delete individual statements in a named access list Named access lists must be specified as standard or extended You can use the ip access-list command to create named access

lists.

Named ACLs are not compatible with Cisco IOS releases prior to Release 11.2.

The same name may not be used for multiple ACLs.

125

Named ACL’s

Numbered Access list did not give you any hint, What isfiltered

Named ACL’s are both basic and advanced filtering tool

Name cannot start with a number or !

Cannot have space in the name

Should not have ? Character anywhere in the name

Name is case sensitive

126

Named ACL Example

R1(config)#ip access-list standard blocksales

• R1(config-std-nacl)#deny 172.16.40.0 0.0.0.255

• R1(config-std-nacl)#permit any

• R1(config-std-nacl)#exit

• R1(config)#^Z

• R1#

#Int e 0

#Ip access-group blocksales out

127

Verify Access List

128

Basic Rules for ACLs

Standard IP access lists should be applied closest to the destination.

Extended IP access lists should be applied closest to the source. Use the inbound or outbound interface reference as if looking at the port

from inside the router. Statements are processed sequentially from the top of list to the bottom

until a match is found, if no match is found then the packet is denied. There is an implicit deny at the end of all access lists. This will not appear

in the configuration listing. Access list entries should filter in the order from specific to general.

Specific hosts should be denied first, and groups or general filters should come last.

Never work with an access list that is actively applied. New lines are always added to the end of the access list. A no access-list x command will remove the whole list. It is not possible

to selectively add and remove lines with numbered ACLs. Outbound filters do not affect traffic originating from the local router.