By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross BTHS By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas.

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross BTHS By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Addendum: Thomas Ross BTHS How did the unification of Germany and Italy impact the stability of Europe? Nationalism People joined together by a common heritage, language culturePeople joined together by a common heritage, language culture Ethnic borders and political borders should be the same Problem is which is a significant ethnic group? Nationalist pressure in Italy, Ireland, Germany, Austro- Hungarian Empire (Balkans), Ottomans, Russia Zionism Reaction to Anti-SemitismReaction to Anti-Semitism Arthur de Gobineau Race Theories 1853Arthur de Gobineau Race Theories 1853 Dilution of Aryan Greatness Obscure until revived in 1899 by Houston Chamberlain Racial selective breeding can improve the European Race Jews are main source of racial degeneration Contributes to rise of Anti-semitismContributes to rise of Anti-semitism Popular belief that Jews control banks and finances as industrial capitalism emergedPopular belief that Jews control banks and finances as industrial capitalism emerged Principles of Zionism Founded by Theodore HerzlFounded by Theodore Herzl Jews need a separate state to protect liberties and rights Socialism= Create a classless society Appeals to poor JewsAppeals to poor Jews Elements of Liberalism Classic liberal concept of rights and privelegesClassic liberal concept of rights and priveleges The Crimean War [ ] Count Cavour [The Head] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The Sword] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The Heart] Italian Nationalist Leaders Pope Pius IX Sardinia-Piedmont: The Magnet Step #1 Step #2 Step #3 Italian Unification Italian Unification A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot. The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 Zollverein Prussia v. Austria Kaiser Wilhelm I Helmut von Moltke Chancellor Otto von Bismarck Blood & Iron Realpolitik The Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.... THE Single most important event in Europe German Unification The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better theyll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the mistake of but by blood and iron. Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war. Unification of Germany Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks War], 1866 Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck doctored the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [ ] German soldiers abusing the French. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [ ] Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War] France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry]. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 18711888] Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser German Imperial Flag Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag Bismarcks Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government. Bismarcks Reapproachment With the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ] Dropping the Pilot [1890] Kaiser Wilhelm II Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire Austrian Imperial Flag The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary The Hungarian Flag Russian Expansion Russian Imperial Flag Forced Migration of Russias Jews The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c The Sick Old Man of Europe