By: Adrian Kano Ryan Hagstrom Jay Jang Ron Reyes.

By: Adrian Kano

Ryan HagstromJay Jang

Ron Reyes

A phase or a mixture of phases which has certain characteristics in a microstructure

Microconstituents are created from different types of heat treatments

All the phases are known by specific names Iron-Carbide or Cementite (Fe3C) Ferrite Austenite Delta-ferrite Liquid phase or the liquid solution of Fe and C

Eutectoid Steel is harder than pure iron Hypoeutectoid steel is as hard but more

ductile Hypereutectoid steel is brittle

Annealing, Quenching, and Tempering. Lower Temperatures allow for a smaller

number of nuclei. Shape Memory Effect.

727 degrees Celsius Quenching to a slightly lower

temperature lowers the driving force of ferrite and cementite nucleation.

Consequently, the time span for ferrite and cementite nucleation is longer.

Pearlite start time (Ps) Austentite transforms into Ferrite and

Cementite platelets. Pearlite finish time (Pf) High temperature means that the

diffusion is fast. The pearlite will be coarse and the

hardness will be low.

If quenched to a lower temperature than the nucleation time is shorter.

The diffusion distances are also smaller. Pearlite will then be finer and the

hardness will be higher.

If quenching is lowered even further… Bainite Start time (Bs) Bainite Finish time (Bf) Quenched higher= Coarser, Softer, More

Ductile Quenched lower= Finer, Harder, Less

Ductile

Quenched below 220 degrees Celsius. Skips Bainite and Pearlite. Hardest of the 4. Most brittle. Transforms structure. Tempering must be applied.

Causes precipitation of equilibrium ferrite in which very fine cementite particles are dispersed.

Results in increased ductility at the expense of hardness.

For Martensitic steel tempering between 450 and 600 degrees Celsius is typically used.

Influences the martensitic transformation.

Changes the rate at which the piece is cooled.

Rate is doubled by stirring.

They effect the rate of transformation as well as the hardness.

If a thick part is quenched from austenite then…

May result in quench cracks.

Alloying elements such as Mn, Si, Ni, Cu, Mo, and V into steel favorably alter the properties.

Usually under 1 percent. 1st hardenability. 2nd shift in eutectoid

composition. 3rd decrease in eutectoid

temperature. 4th martensitic start and

finish temperatures are reduced.

5th tempering time is reduced.

Stainless steel is steel that contains an addition of at least 12 percent chromium.

Keeps the steel from corroding or rusting.

Chinese began manufacturing cast iron 3000 years ago.

Enabled the melting temperature to be reduced to around 1150 degrees Celsius.

Which gave us a liquid metal that could be effectively cast.

Raw Cast Iron is called Pig iron.(the material that flows out of a blast furnace)

Contains carbon above 2.11 percent. For practical uses 2.5 to 4.5 percent carbon is used.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Used more because it is the least expensive metallic material of all.

Also, has the ability to dampen mechanical vibrations.

Frequently used in the bodies of heavy machines that require vibration reduction.

Flows easily when molten. Allowing the casting intricate shapes.

Barely shrinks after casting.

Very brittle, though hard.

Very weak in tension. Should never be

used in the creation of tools. Especially hammers.

Will shatter when exposed to a blow.

Contains 1 to 3 mass percent silicon. If the Si concentration is lowered or the

cooling rate is increased, the decomposition of the cementite into graphite and ferrite is incomplete and the graphite is then surrounded by cementite.

Graphite precipitates in spherical particles that are imbedded in Pearlite

When heated it will increase ductility

Another type of cast iron which is hard and brittle

The surface contains the hard phase whereas the interior transforms into gray cast iron

Ductility increases by heating in an inert atmosphere

This results in a high strength and fair ductility

1. What is a microconstituent?2. What is the Af temperature?3. What is the hardest of the four phases?4. Which is more brittle? Hypoeutectoid steel or

Hypereutectoid steel.5. Name two of the most common elements for

alloying steel?6. What is the temperature range for tempering

martensitic steel?7. What percent carbon does cast iron have?8. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of a

gray cast iron?9. Name one of the Iron-Carbon Phases.10. In a white cast iron the interior transforms into

what?

QUESTIONS 1-7, 9, 10 QUESTION 8

A phase or a mixture of phases which has certain characteristics in a microstructure.

727 degrees Celsius. Martensite. Hypereutectoid. Manganese, Silicon, Nickel,

Copper, Molybdenum, and Vanadium.

450C - 600C. 2.5 - 4.5 percent. Austenite, Ferrite, Delta-

Ferrite, and Liquid phase. Gray Cast Iron

Disadvantages:

Very brittle, though hard. Very weak in tension. Should never be used in the creation of

tools. Especially hammers. Will shatter when exposed to a blow.

Advantages: Used more because it is the least

expensive metallic material of all. Also, has the ability to dampen

mechanical vibrations. Frequently used in the bodies of heavy

machines that require vibration reduction.

Flows easily when molten. Allowing the casting intricate shapes.

Barely shrinks after casting

Carbon Steels

High Strength Low Alloy Steels

Quenched and Tempered Steels

Heat Treatable Low Alloy Steels

Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

Low-carbon steels: Steel alloys that contain up to 0.30 weight percent C.

Medium-carbon steels: Contain carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60 weight percent and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65 weight percent.

High-carbon steels: 0.60 to 1.00 weight percent C with 0.30 to 0.90 weight percent Mn.

High-Strength Low-Alloy steels (microalloyed steels): are designed to provide better mechanical properties than conventional carbons.

Good Weldabillity, Formability, Machinability (rated 55-60%)

0.1%-0.2%: chain, stampings, rivets, nails, wire, pipe, and where very soft,

0.2-0.3%: structural steels, machine parts, soft and tough steels.

Low costs most common

More Machinable (60-70%) 0.3-0.4: lead screws, gears, worms, spindles,

shafts, and machine parts. 0.4-0.5: crankshafts, gears, axles, mandrels,

tool shanks, and heat-treated machine parts. 0.6-0.7: called “low carbon tool steel” and is

used where a keen edge is not necessary, but where shock strength is wanted. Drop hammers dies, set screws, screwdrivers, and arbors.

0.7-0.8: tough and hard steel. Anvil faces, band saws,hammers, wrenches, cable wire, etc.

Good toughness and ductility. Balanced

Toughness, Formabillity, Hardenability, and Weldability are Low

0.8-0.9: rock drills, shear blades, cold chisels, rivet sets, and many hand tools.

0.9-1.0: used for hardness and high tensile strength, springs, cutting tools, press tools, and striking dies.

1.0-1.3: drills, taps, milling cutters, knives, cold cutting dies, wood working tools

1.3-1.4 used where a keen cutting edge is necessary, razors, saws, and where wear resistance is important

Hardness is high and wear resistant

Greater Strength-to-weight Ratio than low carbon steels

Developed primarily for automotive industry

Low carbon (.05-.25%) with Manganese up to 2% and small quantities chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations

Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Copper Lead Boron

Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Aluminum Zirconium Niobium Titanium Vanadium

Stainless steel is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10% Chromium.

However resistance in air is usually achieved at 13%.

Chromium in stainless steel forms a layer of chromium oxide. ( very thin )

Impervious to water and air Passivation

There are over 150 grades of stainless steel.

Classified by crystal structure: Austenitic: over 70% of stainless steel

production. Ferritic: highly corrosion resistant but less

durable than austenitic Martenistic: not as corrosion resistant,

but much tougher

Stainless steel is 100% recyclable and has antibacterial properties.

Stainless steel is not “invulnerable”

ART WORK AND BUILDING FACADES DUE TO HIGH SHEEN ST.LOUIS GATEWAY

ARCH (LEFT)WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL

Suspension bridges have been around since antiquity

Modern suspension bridges made up of concrete slabs on top of steel plates with steel reinforced towers and held up by steel cables

Built 1928 spanning the Ohio River

Steel body frame with and steel eyebars and cable

Fatigue failure in eyebar causes collapse

Built between 1938 and July 1940

Nicknamed “Galloping Gertie

Collapsed November 1940

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw

Weak rivets in part to blame for the sinking of the titanic.

Roughly 3 million rivets used to keep the titanic together.

Iron used to rivets were No.3 bar (known as best), the standard was No.4.

•Rivets used on the titanic contained 3 times the accepted amount of slag in iron.•Rivet head’s broke, letting in ice water

If quality iron had been used for the rivets the section of the titanic might not have sunk.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TswFzWTv7qc

Which element is the primary hardening element? What is fully-killed steels? What is a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron? What weight percent chromium is needed for

oxidation-resistance in room temperature? In harsh environments?

What is the key element in stainless steel? What is the layer that protects stainless steel from

corrosion called? What is the name of the process that makes

stainless steel so durable? Which elements kill steels? Austenitic stainless steel makes up ____% of total

steel alloy production. Stainless steel is ____% recyclable.