BellringerBellringer In what ways does the Indian Ocean reflect the changing balance of power during the Early Modern period?

BellringerBellringerBellringerBellringer

In what ways does the Indian Ocean In what ways does the Indian Ocean reflect the changing balance of reflect the changing balance of power during the Early Modern power during the Early Modern

period?period?

EvolutionEvolutionof theof the

Early Modern EuropeEarly Modern Europe

EvolutionEvolutionof theof the

Early Modern EuropeEarly Modern Europe

The Fragmentation of The Fragmentation of Western Christendom Western Christendom The Protestant The Protestant

Reformation Reformation

Corruption of the Medieval Corruption of the Medieval Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Corruption of the Medieval Corruption of the Medieval Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

£ Popes used excommunication to force Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to obey the Church.monarchs to obey the Church.

£ Many priests were illiterate or broke vows of Many priests were illiterate or broke vows of chastity.chastity.

£ Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure.Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure.£ Some clergy:Some clergy:

Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains and objects.and objects.

Sold church offices to the highest bidder.Sold church offices to the highest bidder. Sold indulgences.Sold indulgences.

Why did Luther question Why did Luther question Church practices and Church practices and

teachings?teachings?

Why did Luther question Why did Luther question Church practices and Church practices and

teachings?teachings?£ Troubled by the idea that salvation Troubled by the idea that salvation

was attainable through good works.was attainable through good works.£ Interpreted St. Paul to mean that Interpreted St. Paul to mean that

path to salvation was by faith alone.path to salvation was by faith alone.£ Believed forgiveness for sins could Believed forgiveness for sins could

come only from God’s mercy.come only from God’s mercy.£ Angered by sale of indulgences.Angered by sale of indulgences.

How did his criticisms expand into How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new church?an effort to form a new church?

How did his criticisms expand into How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new church?an effort to form a new church?

£ Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Church abuses.Church abuses.

£ Published books and pamphlets Published books and pamphlets questioning Church teachings.questioning Church teachings.

£ Ideas for reform led to a new church:Ideas for reform led to a new church: Congregations choose their own ministersCongregations choose their own ministers Worship of saints and holy days was Worship of saints and holy days was

considered sinfulconsidered sinful Mass conducted in German instead of LatinMass conducted in German instead of Latin Clergy allowed to marry.Clergy allowed to marry.

Why did his reforms create Why did his reforms create widespread revolt in Germany?widespread revolt in Germany?

Why did his reforms create Why did his reforms create widespread revolt in Germany?widespread revolt in Germany?

£ Peasants, believing everyone was Peasants, believing everyone was equal under God, revolted against equal under God, revolted against lords.lords.

£ Princes, who wanted freedom from the Princes, who wanted freedom from the pope, seized Church land.pope, seized Church land.

Doctrines of LutheranismDoctrines of LutheranismDoctrines of LutheranismDoctrines of Lutheranism

£ The Bible is the final authority for faithThe Bible is the final authority for faith£ The Bible is translated into the The Bible is translated into the

languages of the peoplelanguages of the people£ whatever is not expressly forbidden in whatever is not expressly forbidden in

scripture can be acceptedscripture can be accepted£ There should be only two sacraments There should be only two sacraments

(sanctifies by grace)(sanctifies by grace) baptismbaptism communioncommunion

The Reformation Spreads The Reformation Spreads Throughout EuropeThroughout Europe

The Reformation Spreads The Reformation Spreads Throughout EuropeThroughout Europe

£ Why did Protestantism spread beyond Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany?Germany? Political leaders looked for ways to Political leaders looked for ways to

escape power of Catholic Church.escape power of Catholic Church. People were tired of Church abuses and People were tired of Church abuses and

corruption.corruption. Charismatic individuals questioned Charismatic individuals questioned

Church teachings and provided Church teachings and provided leadership.leadership.

Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid spread of new ideas.spread of new ideas.

How did the Catholic Church How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?respond to the Reformation?How did the Catholic Church How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?respond to the Reformation?

£ Reformed the Church from WithinReformed the Church from Within•Had Church abuses catalogued.Had Church abuses catalogued.•Called meeting at Trent to deal with Called meeting at Trent to deal with

growth of Protestantism.growth of Protestantism. Council of Trent (1545-1563)Council of Trent (1545-1563)

•Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses.abuses.

•Sale of indulgences prohibited.Sale of indulgences prohibited.•Seminaries established to train parish Seminaries established to train parish

priests.priests.•Monasteries and convents cleansed of Monasteries and convents cleansed of

immoral clergy.immoral clergy.

£ Tried to Stop the Spread of ProtestantismTried to Stop the Spread of Protestantism Jesuits (1540)Jesuits (1540)

• Disciplined and well-educated order of Catholic Disciplined and well-educated order of Catholic priests.priests.

• Won Poland and southern Germany back into Won Poland and southern Germany back into the Catholic faith.the Catholic faith.

• Spread the Christian message across Africa, Spread the Christian message across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.Asia, and the Americas.

Inquisition (1542)Inquisition (1542)

• Church court designed to judge and convict Church court designed to judge and convict heretics.heretics.

• Imprisoned exiled or executed those with Imprisoned exiled or executed those with unorthodox viewsunorthodox views

Index of Banned Books (1559)Index of Banned Books (1559)

• List of banned books which Catholics were List of banned books which Catholics were forbidden to read.forbidden to read.

• List included Protestant Bibles and some List included Protestant Bibles and some scientific writing.scientific writing.

£ Witch-Hunts and Religious WarsWitch-Hunts and Religious Wars 110,000 trials for witchcraft110,000 trials for witchcraft Religious conflict in France and Religious conflict in France and

SpainSpain The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War

The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

Economics?Economics?Economics?Economics?

1.1. What is “economics”? What is “economics”?

2.2. What are some basic principles of What are some basic principles of economics?economics?

Postclassical Postclassical EconomyEconomy

Postclassical Postclassical EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Postclassical Characteristics of Postclassical EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Postclassical Characteristics of Postclassical EconomyEconomy

1.1. Manorialism Manorialism £ Subsistence farming = serfsSubsistence farming = serfs£ Lords live off of taxesLords live off of taxes£ ““Old Money” based on landownership Old Money” based on landownership

and traditionand tradition

2.2. Small guilds develop to encourage Small guilds develop to encourage artisanryartisanry

Early Modern Early Modern EconomyEconomy

Early Modern Early Modern EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

1.1. MercantilismMercantilism£ Economic health of a nation could be

measured by the amount of gold or silver it possessed

£ Favorable balance of trade£ Each nation must try to achieve economic

self-sufficiency£ A large population was needed to provide a A large population was needed to provide a

domestic labor force to people the colonies.domestic labor force to people the colonies.£ Luxury items should be avoidedLuxury items should be avoided

• They took money out of the economy They took money out of the economy unnecessarily.unnecessarily.

£ State action was needed to regulate and State action was needed to regulate and enforce all of these economic policies.enforce all of these economic policies.

• State-sponsored trade monopolies.State-sponsored trade monopolies.

Characteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of MercantilismCharacteristics of Mercantilism

Manufactured goods

Raw materials

MotherCountry

Capital

MotherCountry

CapitalColonyColony

Cheap labor

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

2. Proto-Industrialization / Putting-Out System£ Building of manufacturing income in

rural areas£ Source of supplemental income

(cottage industries)£ Sign of modern industrial society

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of Early Modern Characteristics of Early Modern EconomyEconomy

The “Putting-Out” SystemThe “Putting-Out” System

Advantages of Putting-Out Advantages of Putting-Out SystemSystem1. Peasants could supplement their agricultural

incomes.

Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible.

2. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor.

Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad.

3. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself.

4. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

Disadvantage of Putting-Out Disadvantage of Putting-Out SystemSystem

When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient.

Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output.

Early Modern Early Modern GovernmentGovernmentEarly Modern Early Modern GovernmentGovernment

Rise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation State

Rise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation StateRise of the Nation State

o Loyalty to nation rather than to rulerLoyalty to nation rather than to ruler

o Ruler governed through natural Ruler governed through natural contract with peoplecontract with people

o Government worked for the interests Government worked for the interests of the peopleof the people

Flow ChartFlow ChartFlow ChartFlow Chart

In order to: In order to: show the connection between show the connection between events in Early Modern Europe & ways events in Early Modern Europe & ways that Europe was transformed socially, that Europe was transformed socially, politically, & economicallypolitically, & economically

£ Groups of 4:Groups of 4: One person specialize in:One person specialize in:

• RenaissanceRenaissance

• Reformation & Commercial RevolutionReformation & Commercial Revolution

• Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

• EnlightenmentEnlightenment Look for the social, political, & economic Look for the social, political, & economic causes causes

and effectsand effects of your specialized topic of your specialized topic

£ As a group, discuss the causes & effects. Then, As a group, discuss the causes & effects. Then, create a create a flow chart of visuals to show flow chart of visuals to show connections & transformationconnections & transformation