Quick Review & Looking Forward
Bell Ringer 11/12/2013m.socrative.com - Room #38178QUESTION:1.
Name a classical composer. If you dont know one, name a famous
composer youve heard of
Answering today will get you points you dont have to be right
(but you probably will be)
The Classical Period - HistoryThe Enlightenment
NEW TAB CLASSICAL PERIODThis is a BIG unit now through
December.The Enlightenment - Introduction18th Century (1700s)
The Age of Enlightenment
A change in styles, philosophies, and politics
Art, Music, Dance, and Drama will begin to develop in separate
directions at different timesThe Enlightenment - IntroductionMain
Themes of 18th century thought:Faith in scienceFaith in human
rights arising from natural lawFaith in human reasonFaith in
progress
Progress: the assumption that the conditions of life could only
improve with time and that each generation made life even better
for those followingThe Enlightenment - IntroductionThe age becomes
increasingly secular enlightenment, reason, and progress are
secular ideas
Politics and business superseded religion
Leadership was wrestled away from the Church
Religious toleration increasedPersecution and the imposition of
corporal punishment for religious offense became less popularThe
Enlightenment - IntroductionThe ancient thought: the works of the
Greeks and Romans would never be surpassed
The modern thought: science, art, literature, and the inventions
of their own age were better since they were built upon the
achievements of their predecessorsNew TechnologyNew
TechnologyTelescopes and microscopes improvedWho invented the
telescope?? GALILEO!
The invention of the steam engine gave rise to other machines
and paved the way for the Industrial Revolution at the end of the
18th century
Coal fuel takes the place of charcoal
Improvements in iron and steel pave the way for structural
improvements in bridges and buildings
New TechnologyThe introduction of power machinery revolutionized
the English textile in the late 18th century
Human, animal, wind, and water power were replaced by
machine
New TechnologyUndoubtedly the most significant invention: the
STEAM ENGINE
First developed in England in 1699
Early steam engines were used to drain mine shafts
Some wealthy people were using steam engines to pump domestic
water supplies (filter)
First successful steam engine locomotive 1804Could generate an
estimated 1000 horsepowerStarted the Industrial
RevolutionPhilosophyPhilosophers and PhilosophesThe PhilosophesThe
Enlightenment was concerned MORE with philosophy than invention
Humanitarianism all men and women had a right, as rational
creatures, to dignity and happiness
Philosophes: were not philosophers in the usual sense of the
word. They were publicists.Pulled thought from great books and
translated it into simple terms that could be understood by a
reading public
The Philosophes - EncyclopediaThe most serious of all the
philosophe enterprises: EncyclopediaIn FranceEditted by Denis
Diderot (1713-84)70 volumesTook from 1751-1772 to
completeCompilation of scientific, technical, and historical
knowledgeMajor contributors Voltaire and Rousseau
Other Things to NoteClassicismAesthetics and
ClassicismAesthetics: the study of beauty and theory of art
Classical influences dating from the Renaissance continued to be
importantThe excavation of the ruins of the Roman city of Pompeii,
found virtually intact, in 1748 caused a wave of excitement
A classical education was considered essential for all members
of the upper classesThe Classical PeriodMUSIC CHARACTERISTICSA
Review of TermsConcerto: two or more dissimilar musical forces are
used such as one or more soloists playing opposite an orchestra
Program Music: illustrates an external idea (music to tell a
story)
Absolute Music: purely musical ideas (music for the sake of
music opposite of program music)
Sonata: any piece played on instruments thats not a fugue or a
concertoOrnamentation Baroque IdeaMary Had a Little Lamb
Ornamented
Common Ornaments
Mordent go up or down one note, then backTurn go up, back, down,
and backTrill quickly move between the note and the note just
aboveClassical StyleMusic started being composed not only for the
aristocracy but to the middle classes as well
Mostly absolute music music simply because it sounds nice
Philosophes inspired composers to seek larger audiences
Excessive ornamentation and excessive complexity (baroque) as
not appealing to a wide audienceClassical music will avoid
artificial decorationClassical StyleThere was a move toward order,
simplicity, and careful attention to form
Classical rather than neoclassical or classical revival, because
although the other arts returned to Greek and Roman prototypes,
music had no known classical antecedents to revive.It turned to
classical ideals, though not to classical models (because none
existed)This period in Drama and Art is referred to as NEOCLASSICAL
or new classical. They are looking to the Greeks and Romans and
making it something newClassical StyleFive Basic
Characteristics:Variety and Contrast in Mood Major to minor, happy
to sad, etc.Flexibility of Rhythm/TempoCould push and pull, speed
up or slow downPredominantly Homophonic TextureAll parts will work
togetherMemorable MelodyGradual Changes in DynamicsDynamics didnt
exist before the classical period
Well look at each of these individually in the next few
slides.Classical Style - CharacteristicsVariety and Contrast in
MoodBaroque typically dealt with a single emotionWith classical,
moods could change within movements or even within themestheme in
music refers to a recurring melodic ideaCould be more gradual or
suddenWell controlled, unified, and logical
Example: Beethovens Moonlight SonataClassical Style -
CharacteristicsFlexibility of RhythmExplores a wide variety of
rhythmsUtilizes unexpected pauses, syncopations, and frequent
changes from long to shorter notes (or even slower to faster
tempos)Syncopation a rhythm with accents on the upbeat (in between
beats)May be sudden or gradual
Example: Mozart Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Classical Style -
CharacteristicsPredominantly Homophonic TextureTexture is also
flexible with sudden and gradual shifts from one texture to another
but mostly homophonic with all lines working togetherSimpler
texture than Baroque piecesA work may begin homophonically, with a
melody and simple accompaniment, and then shift to complex
polyphony featuring two simultaneous melodies or melodic fragments
among the instruments, back to simple homophony
Example: Mozart Symphony no. 40Classical Style -
CharacteristicsMemorable MelodyThemes tend to be very tuneful and
often have a folk or popular flavor (easy to sing)Melodies tend
toward balance and symmetryHave two phrases of equal lengthPhrase
musical sentence, music comes to an endingThe second phrase often
begins like the first, but ends more decisively
Example: Beethovens Symphony No. 9 Finale (2:52)
Classical Style - CharacteristicsGradual Changes in DynamicsThe
replacement of the harpsichord with the pianoThe piano was more
capable of handling dynamic patternsCrescendo: gradually getting
louderDiminuendo: gradually getting softer
Example: Beethovens 5th SymphonyThe Classical OrchestraSimilar
to our orchestra today, minus a few instruments
Strings: 1st Violins, 2nd Violins, Violas, Cellos,
BassesWoodwinds: 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets, 2 BassoonsBrass: 2
French Horns, 2 TrumpetsPercussion: 2 Timpani
No Trombones or other percussive instruments yet
New addition from Baroque the clarinet
Approximately 30 string players (approx. 40-50 instrumentalist
total)Classical FormsClassical Forms - SonataChange of definition
more specific now
Sonata: a piece forOne or two keyboard instrumentsFor another
instrument accompanied by keyboard instrument
Composition included several movements
Example: Beethovens Pathetique (mvt. 2)
Classical Forms - SymphonyThe word symphony comes from the Latin
symphonia meaning sounding together
A symphony is an extended composition typically lasting between
20 and 45 minutes and exploring the broad range of tone colors and
dynamics
Example: Beethovens Symphony 5Mvt. 1 BeginningMvt. 2 7:26Mvt. 3
17:25Mvt. 4 22:48Classical Forms Sonata FormNot to be confused with
sonata, sonata form is applied to the first movement of a
symphony
Three main sections:Exposition presents the musical
themesDevelopment themes are treated in new ways, developed in
different keysRecapitulation themes return
ABA Design
When we look at specific symphonies by Mozart and Beethoven over
the next week, I will show you how sonata form worksClassical Forms
Theme & VariationsTheme & VariationsWidely used as an
independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, sonata, or
string quartetThe theme is repeated over and over, each time with
some changeCould be mood, rhythm, dynamics, and so on
Example: Mozart Twinkle Twinkle Little Star VariationsListening
Recognition PracticeOn the Quiz and Test youll need to recognize
certain famous pieces of music. They will always be ones weve gone
over in class that have stood the test of time (still very popular
today.)Listening Recognition PracticeOn your paper is a list of
pieces you heard today that youll need to recognize on the next
quiz and test.
For today, simply write the number next to what you think is
being played.
Once we study these pieces more closely over the next few days,
Ill ask you to match the composer with the title. We will add a few
more.