ARUL IAS ACADEMY GROUP2A REVISION GENERAL ENGLISH …aruliasacademy.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/119401038/GE GR2A.pdf · arul ias academy group2a revision general english literature

ARUL IAS ACADEMY

GROUP2A REVISION GENERAL ENGLISH

LITERATURE

POETIC DEVICES

FIGURE OF SPEECH

ALLITERATION:

Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words in the same line.

EXAMPLE: “ so we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky’(drink-deep) d is repeated

APOSTROPHE:

Where the is a breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a non existence character, we call it an apostrophe.

EXAMPLE: “ laugh till the game is played…” metaphor is used here. Life is compared to a game. When we say “ life is like a game”, then it is a simile

METOPHOR:

Metaphor is an implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have some thing important in common

EXAMPLE: the cloud’s my kin. Here the bird thinks that the cloud is like his kin (relation) . it is an implied comparison between cloud and relations. It is metaphor

ONAMATOPOELIA:

it is use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

EXAMPLE: A slender tinkling fall that made Here the word “tinkling” refers to the sound. It is onamatopoelia.

PERSONIFICATION:

Simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have some resemblance.

A simile is usually introduced by a word of comparison such as-like, so, as,, as…..so. or a figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities

EXAMPLE: the world in gloom and splendor by. The world here is animated as a human being passing by. The world is

personified. SIMILE:

It is stated comparison(usually) formed with “like” or “as” between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.

EXAMPLE: now drops that floated on the pool Like pearls, and now a silver blade

OXYMORON:

It is usage of contradictory terms. EXAMPLE: the wisest fool. Harmonic cacophony

ALLUSION:

An allusion is an indirect reference to someone or something.

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ELLIPSIS:

Ellipsis means leaving out rather than repeating them unnecessarily For EXAMPLE: I want to go but I can’t ; instead of I want to go but I can’t go

REPETITION:

Means using the same words again. EXAMPLE: he could also have cut out much of the repetition and thus saved

many pages RHYMING WORDS:

Trying – flying ; grant – shan’t Another –other ; shop- pop Repairing –daring ; noses – roses Cheer it- steer it ; kings – wings

ALLITERATION:

Said orville Wright to Wilbur Wright

Rhyme scheme: EXAMPLE: song-wrong; span – man

FIGURES OF SPEECH AND APPRECIATION QUESTIONS FROM POEMS

A PSALM OF LIFE: H.W. Long fellow

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS:

1. Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream! a) Who is the speaker ?

The poet h.w.long fellow is the speaker b) What you meant by ‘mournful number”?

“mourndul number” means sad songs c) Why do some people say that life is an empty dream?

Those who do not accept death as part of cycle of life, call life an empty dream

d) How does the poet look upon life/ The poet reproaches the readers who grumble about the supposed emptiness of life. There is no need to be sad about life. It is a joyful experience

Mark the rhyme scheme of the poem. The rhyme scheme for the first stanza is as follows: Tell me not, in mournful numbers, a Life is but an empty dream! - b For the soul is dead that slumbers, a And things are not what they seem. b 2. Alliteration: “Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several nearby words.” Note that in alliteration the sound and sense go together. “For the soul is dead that slumbers And the grave is not its goal.” In the first line, /s/ is repeated (soul-slumbers), and in the second line /g/ is repeated (grave-goal). Find out two more instances of alliteration.

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WOMEN’S RIGHTS- Annie Louisa Walker

Appreciation questions 1) ‘To sleep our life away’ – Comment on this.

Sleep here means”wasting” A Noiseless, Patient Spider-Walt Whitman

Appreciation questions: 1. Has the poet succeeded in conveying what he wanted to convey through this

poem? Yes, the poet has succeeded in conveying his intentions

2. What does the spider symbolise? The spider symbolize perseverance

3. What is the significance of the gossamer thread? Gossamer thread is used for making cloth for sound.

4. What do you think is the underlying theme of the poem? man, like the spider, is trying to reach the power beyond his understanding. He also uses invisible thread of hope to reach god

ENGLISH WORDSV K Gokak

Appreciation questions 1. Who is the poem addressed to?

The poem is addressed to the English words 2. What does the poet mean by ‘you crossed the furrowed seas’?

The English language sailed along with british merchants 3. ‘You pose the cosmic riddle’ – What’s the riddle? Has the riddle been solved?

The cosmic riddle concerns the beginning of life on earth. It concerns God too, who created and who is an everlasting cosmic riddle. It has not been solved by any so far

4. Words have divinity in them – Explain. Words have a charm. One can use words to kill a person or to bail a person out from the jaws of death by consoling him.

THE MAN HE KILLED- Thomas Hardy

Appreciation questions

1. Bring out the use of frequent hyphens in the poem. The frequent hyphens imply the speaker’s confusion and lack of sense of purpose

2. What are the emotions expressed in this poem? Regret, helplessness, remorse and indifference are the emotions expressed in the poem

SONNET NO: 116- William Shakespeare

Appreciation questions: 1. Give a suitable title to the poem. Give reasons for your choice.

Sonnet no.116 love conquers time 2. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several nearby

words. Example: “Let me not to the true marriage of true minds.”

THE SOLITARY REAPER-William Wordsworth

Appreciation questions

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1. When we make comparisons, we say “this is like ................” (something else) e.g. “This child is gentle as a lamb.” These are called similes. An implied simile is a metaphor. In the poem, what does the poet say about the reaper’s song and about her voice? What does he compare them to? ANSWER: The reaper’s song is melodious. It carries a streak of sorrow The poet compares the voice of the solitary reaper to the voices of nightingale and cuckoo bird. 2. Poets and musicians generally believe that the most thrilling / beautiful songs are the saddest ones. Do you agree? Discuss with your partner. ANSWER: Shelley says” we look before and after and pine for what is not. Our sweetest laughters are those that tell of saddes; thoughts in his poem “ the ode to the skylark”. I agree sweetest things do carry a tinge of sorrow. The truth is that the sweetest thing does not last for ever in this world

3. Which stanza of this poem did you like best? Learn it and recite it to your class. Second stanza ANSWER: “no nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to wary bands”

4. Can you think of poems / songs in your mother-tongue that reapers sing? Share your information with your class. Think about festive occasions too. ANSWER: Pongal is harves festival. Wising reaper’s song during pongal

5. Have you seen reapers harvesting grain? Are they usually alone or in groups? See if you can find any similarities in the reapers you have seen and the one mentioned in this poem. Do they sing or do they work silently? ANSWER: Yes, reapers work mostly in groups. Reapers in Tamil nadu also sing. But most of them reflect a happy mood. They sing to mitigate the boredom caused by the work.

BE THE BEST- Douglas Malloch Appreciation questions:

1. Write down the rhyming words in the poem. Hill grass lake t rail star here Rill bass make fail are near

2. Which line do you like most? ‘be the best of whatever you are!”

3. If you can’t be ........... then be .................Complete the sentence with suitable ideas. There can be only one sun. so one can be a star.

4. Could you add two more lines to the poem – If you can’t be ............. then just be If you can’t be the landlord then just be a farmer

5. Which structure gets repeated in the poem? “if” clause gets repeated in the poem

6. How is ‘repetition’ effectively made use of in this poem? It reinforces the idea that what one is, inessential for success in life

7. Some expressions in the poem bring vivid pictures to our minds. Can you identify some of them? Pine on top of the hill, muskie livelist bass in the lake, captains, sun and stars bring some vivid picture to our mind.

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O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN! - Walt Whitman Appreciation questions:

1. State symbolically the arrangement of syllables, stressed and unstressed in each line. The arrangement of stressed syllables create a somber and yet an exalted effect. The unstressed syllables reveal the poignance of the poem. Thus glory of victory and loss of the captain are effectively brought out in the poem.

2. Bring out the significance of the first four long lines and the next four lines short in each stanza. The first four lines deal with a mood of jubilation on account of winning the civil war. In the subsequent short stanzas with short lines symbolize the meanness of the assassin in humbling the hero of the nation. They express the deep sense of loss of the nation.

IMPORTANT LINES FROM THE POEM

Where The Mind Is Without Fear

Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high Where knowledge is free Where the world has not been broken up into fragments By narrow domestic walls Where words come out from the depth of truth Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit Where the mind is led forward by thee Into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

The Solitary Reaper

Behold her, single in the field, Yon solitary Highland Lass! Reaping and singing by herself; Stop here, or gently pass! Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain; O listen! for the Vale profound Is overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale did ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt, Among Arabian sands: A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what she sings?— Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow

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For old, unhappy, far-off things, And battles long ago: Or is it some more humble lay, Familiar matter of to-day? Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain, That has been, and may be again?

Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sang As if her song could have no ending; I saw her singing at her work, And o'er the sickle bending;— I listened, motionless and still; And, as I mounted up the hill, The music in my heart I bore, Long after it was heard no more.

BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH Going for Water BY Robert Frost, 1874 - 1963 The well was dry beside the door, And so we went with pail and can Across the fields behind the house To seek the brook if still it ran; Not loth to have excuse to go, Because the autumn eve was fair (Though chill), because the fields were ours, And by the brook our woods were there. We ran as if to meet the moon That slowly dawned behind the trees, The barren boughs without the leaves, Without the birds, without the breeze. But once within the wood, we paused Like gnomes that hid us from the moon, Ready to run to hiding new With laughter when she found us soon. Each laid on other a staying hand To listen ere we dared to look, And in the hush we joined to make We heard, we knew we heard the brook. A note as from a single place, A slender tinkling fall that made Now drops that floated on the pool

Like pearls, and now a silver blade.

A PSALM OF LIFE Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! - For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem.

http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/william-wordsworth

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Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way; But to act, that each tomorrow Find us farther than today. Art is long, and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world’s broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life, Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife! Trust no Future, how’er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act, - act in the living Present! Heart within, and God o’erhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time; Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o’er life’s solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to walk.

- H W Longfellow BE THE BEST It you can’t be a pine on the top of the hill, Be a scrub in the valley – but be The best little scrub by the side of the rill; Be a bush, if you can’t be a tree. If you can’t be a bush, be a bit of the grass, And some highway happier make; If you can’t be a muskie, then just be a bass- But the liveliest bass in the lake! We can’t all be captains, we’ve got to be crew, There’s something for all of us here. There’s big work to do and there’s lesser to do

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And the task we must do is the near. If you can’t be a highway, then just be a trail, If you can’t be the sun, be a star; It isn’t by size that you win or you fail- Be the best of whatever you are!

- Douglas Malloch SONNET NO: 116 Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove. O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark, That looks on tempests and is never shaken; It is the star to every wand’ring bark, Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle’s compass come; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me prov’d, I never writ, nor no man ever lov’d.

- William Shakespeare Match the Poems with thePoets

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING FOLK ARTS WITH INDIAN STATE

DUMMY HORSE DUCK PURAVI ATTAM

PUPPETRY BOMMALATTAM

STREET PLAY PANGUNI AND AADI

DURAISAMI KANNAPA THAMBIRAN THERUKOOTHU ARTIST

BOW SONG VILLUPAATU

PARAI THAPPATAM

PARAI INSTRUMENT SANGAM,CHOLA,PANDIYAN COUST

OYILATAM THE DANCE OF BEAUTY AND GRACE

POIKKAL KUDHIRAI DANCE WOODEN STILT

PUPPETEERS SRTING AND WIRE

THERUKOOTHU PURISAI

PURASI ATTAM FALSE LEG

MATCH THE POET,DRAMTIST,PAINTER WITH SUITABLE OPTION

BOAT SONG T.V.PADMA

ADITYAN BOATMAN

KARIKALAN THE CHOLA EMPEROR

DISCOVERY GAYATRI PAHLAJANI

MAKE DREAMS THAT JUST DON’T DISAPPEAR DISCOVERY

TSUNAMIKA A LITTLE GIRL

MALAR LIVED KEERANUR VILLAGE

SHANTHI MALAR’S MOTHER

KATHIRVEL MALAR’S FATHER

PONNI MALAR’S ELDEST SISTER

MALLIKA MALAR’S SECOND SISTER

BIKING JUDITH NICHOLLS

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AN OPEN LETTER CHIEF SEATHL

CHIEF SEATHL THE HEADER TRIBE

NIGHT(POEM) WILLIAM BAKE

THE FAIRY CRANE A JAPANESE FOLK

BRITISH ENGLISH- AMERICAN ENGLISH

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH

LL L

I II

OUR OR

RE ER

NCE NSE

QUE CH

CE SE

SS S

IDENTIFY THE CORRECT DEGREE:

The adjective sweet is said to be positive degree The adjective sweeter is said to be comparative degree The adjective sweetest is said to be superlative degree The positive degree of an adjective is the adjective in its simple form. It is

used to denote the mere existence of some quality of what we speak about. It is used no comparision is made.

The comparative degree of an adjective denotes a higher degree of the quality than the positive and is used when two things are compared

The superlative degree of an adjective denotes the highest degree of the quality, and is used when more than two things are compared.

By adding Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

R,st Noble

Wide

Pure

Brave

Large

Nobler

Wider

Purer

Braver

Larger

Noblest

Widest

Purest

Bravest

Largest

Er,est Bitter

Proud

Great

Bitterer

Prouder

Greater

Bitterest

Proudest

Greatest

Er,est after the last letter gets doubled Big

Hot

Thin

Bigger

Hotter

Thinner

Biggest

Hottest

Thinnest

More,most (to be placed before) Proper

Excellent

Beautiful

More proper

More excellent

More beautiful

Most proper

Most excellent

Most beautiful

Irregular Well,good

Ill,bad

Old

Little

Many,much

Better

Worse

Older, elder

Less, lesser

More

Best

Worst

Oldest, eldest

Least

Most

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IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE(SIMPLE,COMPOUND,COMPLEX)

KINDS OF SENTENCE:

There are 3 kinds of sentence: simple, compound, complex

SIMPLE SENTENCE:

A simple sentence is one which has one subject and one predicate Example: I’ve met him before

COMPOUND SENTENCE:

A compound sentence is one made up of two or more principal or main clause

CLAUSE:

A clause is a group of words having subject and predicate- there are two kinds of clauses they are 1.main clauses 2.subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses main clause

1.if you study well you will pass

2. wherever I go my shadow fallows

COMPLEX SENTENCE:

A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clause.

MODEL 1:

1) In spite of her wealth, she is humble(SIMPLE SENTENCE) 2) Though she is wealthy, she is humble(COMPLEX SENTENCE) 3) She is wealthy, yet she is humble(COMPOUND SENTENCE)

MODEL 2:

1) On account of his hard work, he passed(SIMPLE SENTENCE) 2) Because he worked hard, he passed (COMPLEX SENTENCE) 3) He worked hard and so he passed (COMPOUND SENTENCE)

SELECT THE CORRECT PLURAL FORMS

RULES:

1. NOUNS ARE SINGULAR IN NUMBER IF THEY REFER ONLY ONE THING Example: a book, a pencil

2. NOUNS ARE PLURAL IN NUMBER IF THEY REFER TO MORE THAN ONE THING Example: boys, two tickets

3. Uncount nouns have no plurals Example: milk

4. Some nouns having two similar things are always plural

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Example: scissors, trousers

FORMATION OF PLURAL WITH CH/SH/S/O/X take ‘es’

Hero- heroes Church- churches Tax- taxes

Fox- foxes Brush- brushes Dish- dishes

Potato- potatoes Mango- mangoes Watch- watches

Bush-bushes Echo-echoes Buffalo- buffaloes

Bench-benches Branch-branches Volcano-valcanoes

Box-boxes Match-matches Class-classes

SOME WORDS ENDING WITH ‘O’ DO NOT TAKE ‘ES’

Photo-photos Piano-pianos

Bamboo-bamboos Video-videos

Auto-autos Memento-mementos

Dynamo-dynamos Radio-radios

Studio-studios Stereo- stereos

WORDS ENDING WITH “Y” DROP “Y” AND TAKE “IES”

City-cities Lady-ladies

Baby-babies Lorry-lorries

Story-stories Army-armies

Country-countries Pony-ponies

WORDS ENDING WITH “F” or “FE” and take “VES”

SOME WORDS ENDING WITH ‘F’ or “FE” Take “S”

Belief-beliefs Gulf-gulfs

Roof-roofs Grief-griefs

Chief-chiefs Dwarf-dwarfs

Strife-strifes Proof-proofs

Hoof-hoofs Brief-briefs

SOME WORDS HAVE THE SAME FORM FOR BOTH SINGULAR AND PLURAL

Pair-pair Fish-fish

Sheep-sheep Dozen-dozen

Cod-cod Gross-gross

SOME WORDS LOOK LIKE PLURAL BUT THEY ARE SINGULAR

Leaf-leaves Wolf-wolves Life-lives

Wife-wives Thief-thieves Loaf-leaves

Knife-knives Calf-calves Shelf-shelves

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NEWS; PHYSICS; MATHEMATICS; MEASLES

SOME WORDS TAKE A DIFFERENT SPELLING FOR PLURALS

Man-men Mouse-mice

Ox-oxen Foot-feet

Goose-geese Woman-women

Tooth-teeth Child-children

FIND OUT THE ODD WORDS(VERB,NOUN,ADJECTIVE,ADVERB)

NOUN:

A noun is a word used as the name of person, place or thing. The word thing is used to mean anything that we can think of.

Look at the following sentence: Asoka was wise king.

The noun asoka refers to a particular king, but the noun king might the applied to any other king as well as to asoka- we call asoka a proper noun, and king a comman noun.

A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place A common noun is the name given in common to every person or thing of

the same class or kind

PROPER NOUNS:

Shivaji Damon Rajendra Prasad

Kennedy Henry B Jawahar

A.O.Hume Alien Motilal Nehru

Graham bell Horotius Gandhiji

Shahjahan Miranda Rajaji

Andy Prospers Mother Teresa

c.v.raman Bsharathi Ariel

Homer Sarojini naidu Caliban

COMMON NOUNS:

Scientist Minister Hero

Doctor Prime minister Landlord

Advocate Friend Poet

Goldsmith Enemy Cheat

Carpenter Companion Officer

Engineer Instructor Neighbor

Magician Servant Warrior

King Thief Emperor

Master Messenger Conductor

Hunter Leader Miser

VERB: A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing A verb may tell us:

1. What a person or thing does 2. What is done to a person or thing 3. What a person or thing is

Example : (verb)

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Advice Dedicate Invite Attack Listen

Mab Agree Dance Improve Save

Watch Lean Beg Admire Dare

Ignore Smile Reach Gain Drag

Accuse Decide Love Share Approach

Help Stop Arque Deprive Manage

Add Search Develop Worship Assemble

Estimate Move Award Defend Refresh

Console Complete Cultivate Create Collect

Realize Receive Reveal Raise Rush

ADJECTIVES:

Adjectives is word used with a noun to describe or print out, the person,animal,place or thing which the noun names, or to tell the number or quantity is called an adjective

We may define an adjective as a word used with noun to add something for its meaning.

Kind Cruel Good Bad Active

Useless Dry Soft Proud Humble

Clean Careful Simple Deep Beautiful

Lovely Ugly Powerful Forceful Handsome

Happy Great Anger Sincere False

Common Wise Foolish Dangerous Durable

Essential Important Cheap Costly Loyal

Faithful Clever Brilliant Pretty Ordinary

Shrewd Reluctant Incapable Necessary Earnest

Guilty Skillful Inefficient Cunning Poor

ADVERB:

An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb

Cruely Kindly Early Justly Regularly

As Rarely There Often Always

Late Slowly Fast Rapidly Easily

Rightly Wrongly Carefully Politely Briskly

Gradually Immensely Truly Actually Firmly

Never Friendly Ever Now Then

Almost Rather Very Still Yet

Here Everywhere Well Better Thoroughly

Anxiously Severely Forward Backward Not

Exactly Sincerely Finally Properly Certainly

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FIND OUT THE ERROR

(ARTICLES, PREPOSITION,NOUN,VERB,ADJECTIVE,ADVERB)

EXAMPLES:

Each of the following sentences is divided into four groups of words. The groups are marked by the four numbers 1/2/3/4. In this sentence there are grammatical errors.

Find out the group of words contains error. The answer should be marked as 1/2/3/4

1. We stayed(1) / there quietly(2) /all(3) / day(4) Answer: (2) ‘there quietly’ must be replaced by “quietly there”

2. There is (1)/ difficult to (2)/ find a house (3) / in this town(4) Answer : (1) ‘there is difficult’ must be replaced by “it is difficult”

3. You must(1)/ listen (2)/ what I(3) / say(4) Answer : (3) “to” must be introduced before “what”

4. He (1)/ gave me (2) / a book(3) / I wanted(4) Answer : (3) “a book” must be replaced by the “ the book”

5. My house (1)/ is (2)/ made of (3)/ bricks and stones (4) Answer : (4) “bricks and stones “ must be replaced by “brick and stone “

PRACTICE

1. Though(1)/ is poor (2)/ but he(3)/ is honest(4) 2. Everyone (1) / of his(2) / children are (3)/worthless(4) 3. One(1)/should be(2)/ true to his(3)/word(4) 4. This is(1)/the second time(2)/ you broke(3)/ a cup(4) 5. I am able to(1)/ copeup(2)/ with all these(3)/ difficulties(4) 6. I set(1)/ my(2)/ watch with the(3)/ office clock(4) 7. He (1)/denied(2)/ to come(3)/ to my house(4) 8. He did(1)/ nothing(2)/ but(3)/ laughed(4) 9. She is(1)/one of the(2)/ most brilliant woman(3)/ of our country(4) 10. This is the(1)/ first time I (2)/ have used(3)/ cell phone(4)

Answers for practice :

1. (3) “but” must be deleted 2. (3) “are” must be replaced by “is” 3. (3) “his” must be replaced by “one’s” 4. (3) “broke” must be replaced by “had broken” 5. (2) “up” must be deleted 6. (3) “with” must be replaced by “to” 7. (1) “denied” must be replaced by “refused” 8. (3) “laughed” must be replaced by “laugh” 9. (3) “woman” must be replaced by”women” 10. (3) “ever” must be introduced before “used”

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HOMOPHONES

Homophones are word that sound alike, but are spelt differently, and their meanings also differ

Coarse and course are homophone. Coarse means rough, while course is a programme on line of action

1. Beside By the side of 41. seen Past perfect of see

2. Besides Moreover 42. scene Vision

3. Arms Weapons 43. sum Amount

4. Alter Change 44. stationary

Not moving

5. Apprise Inform 45. stationery Writing materials

6. Abroad In other countries 46. story Tale

7. Accede Accept 47. storey Floor

8. Boost To increase 48. tail Dog’s tail

9. Bail Released on bail 49. vacation Holiday

10. Bear A large animal 50. vain Proud

11. Beech A tree 51. vein A curtain

12. Beet Vegetable 52. weak Opposite of strong

13. Bale Bundle 53. week Period of seven days

14. Trail Trying 54. weather Climate

15. Maize A cereal 55. advice Counsel

16. Mail Post 56. career A profession

17. Meet Encounter 57. deceased Dead

18. Knew Past tense of know 58. diseased Sick

19. Oar Rower 59. farm A land under cultivation

20. Ore Mineral of a metal 60.farmer Peasant

21. Peace Quiet 61.loose Release from bonds

22. Piece Bit 62. lose To be deprived of

23. Peas Plant 63.pass Move through

24. Pray Workship 64. pause Stop

25. Prey Animal hunted for food 65. personal One’s own

26. Practice Act of carrying out 66. personnel Body of employees

27. Principal Main 67. quiet Calm

28. Right Correct 68. quite Completely

29. Rite Ceremony 69. coat Outer garment

30. Route Path 70. quote Write words

31. Root Root of plant 71.gaol Prison

32. Hare Rabbit 72. goal Target

33. Heal Curse 73. moral Virtuous

34. Hole A opening 74. morale Confidence

35. Whole Complete 75. popular Famous

36. Idle Lazy

37. Idol Image in wood or stone

38. Knot Tie

39. Naught Nothing

40. Later Afterwards

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IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE PATTERN OF THE SENTENCE(SUBJECT, VERB, OBJECT)

SENTENCE PATTERN:

A sentence is a group of words which make complete sense In English sentences are divided into Simple, complex and compound. Simple sentences differ from the other two kinds. Every sentence must have a subjects and its predicate- the verb (v) in the

core of the predicate. It is to be noted that just the S+V combination. In S+V pattern sentence, takes no object, because the verb is Intransitive.

Only transitive verbs take objects

Example: Bird inveneted television = S+V+O

S+V+ IO+DO PATTERN

SUBJECT VERB TRANSITIVE INDIRECT OBJECT DIRECT OBJECT

Ravi Told Me A story

Father Bought Me A cycle

The teacher Granted Her Full marks

Their mother Had given Them A dollar

The postman Handed Him A registered letter

The boss Gave Us A grand dinner

The teacher Showed Us A painting

The boy Gave the pussy A saucer of milk

S+V+C PATTERN

SUBJECT VERB INTRANSITIVE COMPLEMENT

The girls Run Fast

This Is A pen

His brother Became A soldier

That book Is Mine

The children Grew Quiet

Sita Is A nurse

I Felt Angry

He Drove fast

S+V+O+C PATTERN

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT COMPLEMENT

We Elected Ramu As our leader

I Found The language Easy

Sharing Made Them Happy

The balloon Made The child Happy

The country Expects Us To do our duty

Computer Keeps Children Busy

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Examples:

Birds /fly S+V

The sun/ rose S+V

The baby /is crying S+V

Frog/ swim S+V

The water/ flows S+V

The boys/ laughed S+V

The dogs/ were barking S+V

Ramu /bought/ a book S+V+O

The boys/ planted/ trees S+V+O

I / know/ his address S+V+O

Mani/ opened/ the door S+V+O

Who/ broke/ jug? S+V+O

Boys/ fly/ kites S+V+O

My neighbor/ bought/ a computer S+V+O

We/ enjoyed/ the show S+V+O

My father/ sent /me/ a watch S+V+IO+DO

Mani/ made/ somu/ a sports man S+V+IO+DO

The boy/gave/ the pussy/a saucer of milk S+V+IO+DO

She /asked/ me / a book S+V+IO+DO

My friend/ gave /me/ a pen S+V+IO+DO

The man/ gave/ his mother/ a hundred rupee S+V+IO+DO

The teacher/ called/ a boy/ a fool S+V+IO+DO

He / became/ a minister S+V+C

They / made/ him captain S+V+C

It/ tastes/ sweet S+V+C

He/ swims/ fast S+V+C

You / have done/ right S+V+C

He/ found/ the door/ locked S+V+O+C

The servants/ swept/ the room/ clean S+V+O+C

They / declared/ him/ their leader S+V+O+C

The thieves/ found/ the cave/ empty S+V+O+C

The boy/ pushed/ the door/ open S+V+O+A

She/ washed/ the plates/ clean S+V+O+A

The thief/ broke/ the safe/ open S+V+O+A

He/ turned/ the lamp/ low S+V+O+A

You/ have made/ your shirt/ dirty S+V+O+A

We/ found/ the trunk/ empty S+V+O+A

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FILL IN THE BLANKS

(INFINITIVE, GERUND, PARTICIPLE) INFINITIVE: Read the sentences: 1. They always find fault with me 2. They always try to find fault with me

In sentence 1, the verb find has they for its subject: hence the verb find is limited by person and number. We therefore, call it a finite verb.

In sentence 2 to find merely names the action denoted by the verb find, and is used without mentioning any object. It is therefore , not limited by person and number as a verb that has a subject and is therefore, called the verb infinite or simply the infinitive.

Uses of infinitive: 1. Infinitives are to + present tense (root) verb

To read; to work; to play; to write; to do 2. Infinitives comes as a part of the main clause expressing the purpose of

action He came from the London to see his parents Main clause infinitive (purpose)

3. You also use the infinite with the sentence structure ‘It is’ It is easy to write the examination

4. You also use infinitives when you are reporting instructions/order/commands/ indirect speech He asked you to wait; he asked you not to tell anybody

5. Some common words usually used with an infinitive I want a pen to write a letter I want to buy a scooter

Participle: Infinite verb also called participle. Example : she came to us weeping Weeping here is an infinite verb(also called a participle) Example: that is a stolen purse Stolen is past participle of the verb steal a participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an adjective example: calling the dog, ramu went out,

carrying the basket, selva went to the market doing the work, sita began to sing

In these sentences, the verb calling, carrying, doing qualify he nouns. Ramu, selva and sita as adjectives do. They partake the nature of both a verb and an adjective. The word calling, carrying and doing are called the participles.

Gerund: A gerund in a noun derived/ formed from a verb. It functions like a noun though it resembles a present participle in form. So,

a gerund acts as the subject, the object, the complement and object of a preposition. Phrasal verb are usually followed by gerunds, not by infinitives.

Reading improve your knowledge (used as subject) Learning English is easy (used as a subject) Swimming is a good exercise (used as a subject) She stopped talking to him (used as a object) I like listening to music(use as a object) He liked fishing (used as a object) His hobby is gardening( used as a complement)

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She is afraid of being alone( used as a preposition) He thank you for calling (used as a preposition) He is fond of smoking (used as a preposition)

Note: Gerund = verb+ing

SELECT THE CORRECT QUESTION TAG:

Question tags are short questions tagged on to statement, and they ask for confirmation.

For negative statement the tag question is positive , and for positive statements, the tag is negative. Place a comma just before the tag.

RULES:

1. Affirmative assertive sentence has a negative question tag while negative assertive sentence has a affirmative question tag

2. Helping verbs are repeated in the tag 3. Other verbs have ‘do, does, did’ in the tag

S.NO AFFIRMATIVE ASSERTIVE

QUESTION TAG

NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE

QUESTION TAG

1. I am Aren’t I? I am not Am I?

2. You are Aren’t you? You are not Are you?

3. He is Isn’t he? He is not Is he?

4. It is Isn’t it? It is not Is it?

5. She was Wasn’t she? She was not Was she?

6. They were Wasn’t they? They were not Were they?

7. I shall Shan’t I? I shall not Shall I?

8. You will Won’t you You will not Will you?

9. I must Mustn’t I? I must not Must I?

10. We should Shouldn’t we? We should not Should we?

11. He may pay Mayn’t he? He may not pay May he?

12. You have a doubt

Haven’t you? You have not a doubt

Have you?

EXAMPLES:

1. You aren’t you, are you? 2. The rose is beautiful, is n’t it? 3. This seems well cooked, doesn’t it? 4. This is well cooked, is n’t it? 5. She can’t take a decision, can she? 6. She can decide, can she? 7. Let’s go, shall we? 8. You have flown in a helicopter, haven’t you? 9. They couldn’t understand him, could they? 10. Everyone helped you, didn’t they? 11. Your brother is pilot, is n’t he? 12. It is not ready yet, is it? 13. I am not a begger, am i? 14. Arul was very late, wasn’t she? 15. They have earned more wealth, haven’t they?

ARUL IAS ACADEMY GROUP2A REVISION GENERAL ENGLISH …aruliasacademy.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/119401038/GE GR2A.pdf · arul ias academy group2a revision general english literature

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