Applying the “safe place, safe person, safe systems ...

Applying the “safe place, safe person, safe systems” framework to improve OHS management: a new integrated approach

by

Anne-Marie Makin Student number: 8338957

A thesis submitted for completion of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Risk and Safety Sciences The University of New South Wales

Submitted November 2008 Accepted July 2009

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0.1 Declaration

“I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best

of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has

been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the

university or other institute of higher learning, except where due

acknowledgment is made in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual

content of this thesis is my own work, except to the extent that assistance

from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation

and linguistic expression is acknowledged.”

Signed……………………………………………………………….

Date:…………………………………………………………………

0.2 Copyright Statement

“I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to

archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in

the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known,

subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary

rights such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works

(such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation.

I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my

thesis in Dissertation Abstract International.

I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my

thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where

permission has not been granted I have/ will apply for a partial restriction

of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.”

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0.3 Authenticity Statement

“I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the

final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content

has occurred and if there are any minor variations in formatting, they are

the result of the conversion to digital format.”

Signed……………………………………………………………….

Date:…………………………………………………………………

Anne-Marie Makin

July, 2009

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0.4 Acknowledgements I wish to acknowledge a number of key people for their assistance and support throughout the course of this study:

Professor Chris Winder for his insight, guidance, patience, dedication and practical assistance. His motivation and enthusiasm have been a source of inspiration to me, and his belief in me from the start a precious blessing.

Murray, and our beautiful children Danielle & Andrew, for the balance, support, comfort and joy they bring. My parents, Olga and Emmanuel Gialanze – their deep faith and wisdom have been a constant source of strength. Also, my sisters, Vivien and Evelyn, for their encouragement, support and proof reading.

To my dear friends Vicki Forrest, Vicky Devine and Ruth Truswell, for their time to just listen and be there. I thank God for the gift of their enduring friendship, wit and wisdom. Also I wish to thank Marie Horvath, Antoinette Grech and honour the memory of Lucy Criniti. All amazing women who were able to overcome adversity with their kindness, warmth and strength of spirit.

Dr Carlo Caponecchecia, Dr Anne Wyatt; Dr Christian Khalil; Dr Shahnaz Bakand; and Dr Silvia Silva for their practical suggestions and guidance. To all the members of the expert panel that participated in the peer review for their time and constructive comments. To Tony Natoli from the UNSW library, for his patience, persistence, advice and perennial good cheer.

The administrative and professional staff of the School of Risk and Safety Sciences for their excellent ongoing assistance and general helpfulness.

Col Simpson, dear friend and colleague, for his constant support, counsel, reliability, wondrous friendship and many, many years of nurturing.

Many thanks to you all. This journey was a team effort.

Anne-Marie Makin, July, 2009

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“ Not everything that can be counted counts, and

not everything that counts can be counted.”

Albert Einstein

0.5 Abstract A new model was developed to enhance the understanding of the full

context of work associated hazards, to explore the connection between OHS

performance and a systematic approach to safety, and to simplify

approaches to OHS management. This Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems model was derived from the literature and used as the basis for the

development of a framework, consisting of 60 elements which was

transformed into an assessment tool. This assessment tool was trialled with

a pilot study on a medium sized manufacturing plant in the plastics industry,

and the tool and Preliminary Report peer reviewed by an expert panel using

the Nominal Group Technique. After refinements were made to the

assessment tool it was applied to eight case studies that were drawn from

advertisements. This qualitative study consisted of two parts: firstly the

assessment using the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework;

and secondly a controlled self assessment exercise to target improvements

to three of the elements over a period of four months. The study illustrated

that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework could be

successfully applied in a range of industries to promote OHS improvements

and to provide a systematic, planned approach to fulfilling OHS

responsibilities. The application of this framework highlighted that: there is a

need for further education on the correct application of the risk assessment

process and the responsibilities owed to contractors; techniques such as

dynamic risk assessments are more suitable where the place of work is

variable and hazards are unpredictable; more focus is needed on the

appropriate management of hazardous substances with long term health

consequences; and that the level of formality invoked for treating hazards

does not necessarily equate to improved risk reduction outcomes. The Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found to be applicable to

small, medium and large organisations provided the assessment was

scoped to a small division of relatively homogeneous activity to ensure a

more representative hazard profile. This approach has provided a way

forward to simplify OHS management and also offers practical direction for

implementing a targeted OHS improvement program.

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0.6 Table of Contents 0.1 Declaration__________________________________________ ii0.2 Copyright Statement __________________________________ ii0.3 Authenticity Statement________________________________ iii0.4 Acknowledgements __________________________________ iv0.5 Abstract ___________________________________________ vi0.6 Table of Contents ___________________________________ vii

List of Figures ______________________________________xList of Tables_____________________________________ xiii

0.7 List of Publications__________________________________xviii

1. INTRODUCTION _____________________________________________2

1.1 Background _________________________________________21.2 Development of OHS Legislation_________________________8

1.2.1 Historical Legal Developments in Britain Leading to the Creation of a Statutory Duty of Care _______________9

1.2.2 The Robens Report – Lost in Translation?___________121.2.3 Australian Developments in OH&S_________________151.2.4 Other International Influences ____________________191.2.5 The Effectiveness of Robens’ Style Legislation _______231.2.6 Incentives for Change __________________________34

2. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY_________40

2.1 Understanding the Context of Workplace Hazards __________442.2 Focusing on the Hardware and Operating Environment ______52

2.2.1 Safe Place Strategies___________________________552.2.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Place Strategies

in Practice ___________________________________632.3 Focusing on People__________________________________70

2.3.1 Safe Person Strategies _________________________742.3.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Person

Strategies in Practice __________________________962.4 Focusing on Management Strategies and Methodology ______99

2.4.1 Safe Systems Strategies _______________________1022.4.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Systems

Strategies in Practice _________________________103

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE OHS MS MODEL FRAMEWORK ______________107

3.2 OHS Model Framework Development ___________________1103.3 Analysis of National and International OHS MS Structures ___1163.4 Emergent trends in OHS MS structures__________________131

4. MEASURING & EVALUATING SAFETY PERFORMANCE ________________138

4.1 From the Perspective of Management___________________1404.2 From an Operations Perspective _______________________1464.3 From the Perspective of the Individual Worker ____________152

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4.4 Summary _________________________________________155

5. PREVIOUS STUDIES AND GAP ANALYSIS _________________________159

5.1 Summary of Studies and the Way Forward _______________1725.2 Towards the Safe Organisation ________________________179

6. RESEARCH PROJECT AIMS, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES____184

6.1 Area of Research___________________________________1846.2 Project Aims_______________________________________1856.3 Research Questions ________________________________187

7. METHODOLOGY __________________________________________190

7.1 Research Methods__________________________________1907.1.1 Rationale for the Study_________________________1907.1.2 Sampling Strategy ____________________________191

7.2 Establishing Validity_________________________________1927.2.1 Construct Validity _____________________________1927.2.2 Internal Validity_______________________________1937.2.3 External Validity ______________________________1957.2.4 Reliability ___________________________________196

7.3 Development of Pilot Study Research Instruments _________1967.4 Ethics Approval ____________________________________1977.5 Significance of the Pilot Study _________________________1977.6 Methodology for the Pilot Study________________________1997.7 Potential Outcomes _________________________________201

8. PILOT STUDY RESULTS _____________________________________204

8.1 Preliminary Results _________________________________2048.2 Discussion of Key Findings from the Pilot Study ___________2098.3 Lessons from Stage One of the Preliminary Pilot Study _____2138.4 Lessons from Stage Two of the Pilot Study: Monthly Self

Assessments and the Evaluation Survey _______________2168.5 Improvements Resulting from the Application of the Nominal

Group Technique _________________________________2188.6 Pilot Study Summary - Strengths and Limitations __________221

9. INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY RESULTS -SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION _______223

9.1 Case Study 1 ______________________________________2239.1.1 Case Study 1 Results Summary__________________2239.1.2 Discussion of the Main Findings for Case Study 1 ____226

9.2 Case Study 2 ______________________________________2329.2.2 Results Summary for Case Study 2 _______________2329.2.2 Discussion of Main Findings for Case Study 2 _______235


9.4 Case Study 4 ______________________________________2499.4.1 Results Summary for Case Study 4 _______________249

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9.4.2 Discussion of Main Findings for Case Study 4 _______2529.5 Case Study 5 ______________________________________259

9.5.1 Results Summary for Case Study 5 _______________2599.5.2 Discussion of Main Findings for Case Study 5 _______262




10. COMPARISON OF CROSS CASE RESULTS _______________________292

10.1 Comparison of the Existing Level of OHS MS Infrastructure across the Eight Case Studies _______________________295

10.2 Comparison of the Distribution of Final Scores after Interventions Applied across the Eight Case Studies ______301

10.3 Comparison of Total Risk Scores _____________________31610.4 Perceptions of Important Elements for an OHS MS________320

11. DISCUSSION ____________________________________________322

11.1 Discussion of Results across the Eight Case Studies ______32211.2 Cross Case Synthesis - Emergent Themes______________33311.3 Answering the Research Questions____________________34111.4 Potential Applications of the “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems” Framework ______________________________35011.5 Limitations of the Study _____________________________354

12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION _______________________359

12.1 Recommendations_________________________________35912.2 Future Directions __________________________________36212.3. Conclusion ______________________________________364

13. REFERENCES__________________________________________368

14. APPENDICES ___________________________________________394

Appendix 1 __________________________________________394Definition of OHS MS Framework Elements _________________394

Safe Place Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria ____394Safe Person Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria ___397Safe Systems Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria__400

Appendix 2: Study Advertisement _________________________403Appendix 3: Study Brochure (Tri-fold Pamphlet Side 1) ________404

(Tri-fold Pamphlet Side 2) ___________________________405Appendix 4: The Nominal Group Technique _________________406

Guidelines as per Delbeqc __________________________406

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Appendix 5: Case Study Protocol _________________________408Appendix 6: Hazard Profiling Questionnaire - Without Interventions in

Place __________________________________________411Appendix 7: Assessment of Current Controls against Proposed Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems Framework___________429Appendix 8: Performance Measurement Indicator Guidelines____449Appendix 9: Guidelines for the Targeted Selection of Three Building

Blocks for Improvement_____________________________457Appendix 10: Example of the Pro-Forma for the Customised Self -

Assessment Tool__________________________________459Appendix 11:Follow-Up Evaluation ________________________460Appendix 12: Pilot Case Study Report______________________461Appendix 13: Project Field Kit ____________________________494Executive Summary____________________________________495

Safe Place Elements_______________________________501Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks _______________501Safe Person Elements______________________________506Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks _______________506Safe System Elements _____________________________511Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks _______________511

Appendix 14: The “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems” OHS Management Assessment Tool_______________________520

Appendix 15: Case Study 1 Preliminary Results Report ________581Appendix 16: Case Study 2 Preliminary Results Report ________619Appendix 17: Case Study 3 Preliminary Results Report ________656Appendix 18: Case Study 4 Preliminary Results Report ________691Appendix 19: Case Study 5 Preliminary Results Report ________724Appendix 20: Case Study 6 Preliminary Results Report ________760Appendix 21: Case Study 7 Preliminary Results Report ________794Appendix 22: Case Study 8 Preliminary Results Report ________825Appendix 23: Monthly Self Assessments____________________861Appendix 24: Follow-Up Evaluation Surveys _________________951Appendix 25: Sharing Good Practice_______________________965

List of Figures Figure 1: The Organisation ______________________________43

Figure 2: Examples of Possible Hazard Profiles for Different

Organisations__________________________________51

Figure 3: Context of Workplace Hazards – Focusing on the

Hardware & Operating Environment ________________52

Figure 4: The Context of Workplace Hazards: Focusing on

People _______________________________________70


Management Strategies and Methodology ___________99

Figure 6: Breakdown of Workplace Activities _______________107

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Figure 7: Breakdown of Specialised Activities_______________108

Figure 8: Cycle of Improvement _________________________109

Figure 9: The Safe Organisation - Blending Strategies & Co-

ordinating Defences through the use of a Model OHS

MS Framework________________________________180

Figure 10: Model for Integrated Systematic OHS Management _182

Figure 11: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place

Elements ____________________________________207

Figure 12: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person

Elements ____________________________________207

Figure 13: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems

Elements ____________________________________208

Figure 14: Pilot Study - Distribution of Risks Without

Interventions and With Interventions in Place ________208

Figure 15: Injury and Incident Results after Completion of Stage

two of the Pilot Study ___________________________217

Figure 16: Case Study 1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place

Elements ____________________________________224

Figure 17: Case Study 1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person

Elements ____________________________________224

Figure 18: Case Study1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Systems

Elements ____________________________________225

Figure 19: Case Study 1 - Distribution of Risks Without


Figure 20: Case Study 1 - Risk Reduction after Interventions

Applied______________________________________226

Figure 21: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place

Elements ____________________________________233

Figure 22: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person

Elements ____________________________________233

Figure 23: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Systems

Elements ____________________________________234



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Applied______________________________________235

Figure 26: Case Study 3 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Place

Elements.____________________________________241

Figure 27: Case Study 3 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Person

Elements ____________________________________241

Figure 28: Case Study 3 Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems

Elements ____________________________________242




Applied______________________________________243


Elements.____________________________________250


Elements ____________________________________250


Elements ____________________________________251




Applied______________________________________252


Elements ____________________________________260


Elements ____________________________________260


Elements ____________________________________261




Applied______________________________________262


Elements ____________________________________268

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Elements ____________________________________268

Figure 43: Case Study 6 Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems269




Applied______________________________________270


Elements ____________________________________277


Elements ____________________________________277


Elements ____________________________________278



Figure 50: Case Study 7 Risk Reduction after Interventions

Applied______________________________________279


Elements ____________________________________284


Elements ____________________________________284


Elements ____________________________________285




Applied______________________________________286

List of Tables Table 1: Examples of Potential Hazards Relating to the

Hardware and Operating Environment_______________54

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Table 2: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated as a Result

of Changes to the Hardware and Operating

Environment___________________________________55

Table 3: Examples of Safe Place Strategies _________________69

Table 4: Examples of Hazards Affecting People ______________73

Table 5: Examples of Hazards Generated from Changes to the

People Sector _________________________________73

Table 6: Examples of Safe Person Strategies________________98

Table 7: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated from

Management Strategies and Methodology: __________101

Table 8: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated from

Changes to Management Strategies and Methodology

Used: _______________________________________101

Table 9: Examples of Safe Systems Strategies______________106

Table 10: Proposed OHS MS Model Framework. ____________115

Table 11: Comparison of Selected OHS MS with Safe Place

Criteria ______________________________________118

Table 12: Comparison of Selected OHS MS with Safe Person

Criteria ______________________________________119

Table 13: Comparison of Selected OHS MS with Safe Systems

Criteria ______________________________________120

Table 14: OHS MS at a Glance: Proportion of Safe Place, Safe

Person and Safe Systems Building Blocks __________124

Table 15: Distinguishing Features of Selected OHS MS

Structures ___________________________________129

Table 16: The Perspective of Various Measurement Indicators _140

Table 17: Strengths and Limitations of Various Measurement

Indicators ____________________________________156

Table 18: Analysis of Previous Studies Pertaining to OHS

Management _________________________________161

Table 19: Operational Characteristics _____________________191

Table 20: Number of Elements Handled Formally, Informally and

Not Addressed ________________________________206

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Table 21:The New, Improved “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems” OHS Management Framework ___________220

Table 22: Case Study 1 - Number of Elements Handled

Formally, Informally and Not Addressed. ____________223















Table 30: Summary of Case Study Characteristics ___________292

Table 31: Total Risk Reduction Factors for each Case Study

Showing Individual Risk Reduction Factors for Safe

Place, Safe Person and Safe Systems Components___318

Table of Charts

Chart 1: Comparison of the Number of Safe Place Elements

Addressed Across the 11 OHS MS Structures Analysed121

Chart 2: Comparison of Safe Person Elements Addressed

Across the 11 OHS MS Structures Analysed_________122

Chart 3: Comparison of Safe Systems Elements Addressed

Across the 11 OHS MS Structures Analysed_________123

Chart 4: Comparing OHS MS Structures with the number of

Suggested Safe Place Building Blocks _____________125


Suggested Safe Person Building Blocks ____________126

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Suggested Safe System Building Blocks ____________127

Chart 7: Comprehensiveness of OHS MS Structures –

Comparing the Total Number of Suggested Elements__128

Chart 8: Total Number of Safe Place Elements Addressed

Formally Across the Eight Case Studies ____________295

Chart 9: Total Number of Safe Person Elements Addressed


Chart 10: Total Number of Safe Systems Elements Addressed


Chart 11: Total Number of Safe Place Elements Not Addressed

Across the Eight Case Studies____________________298

Chart 12: Total Number of Safe Person Elements Not Addressed

Across the Eight Case Studies____________________299

Chart 13: Total Number of Safe Systems Elements Not

Addressed Across the Eight Case Studies __________300

Chart 14: The Number of “High” Risk Rankings Allocated, After

Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Place Element ___301


Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Person Element __302


Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Systems Element_303

Chart 17: The Number of “Medium - High” Risk Rankings

Allocated, After Interventions Applied, for Each Safe

Place Element ________________________________304



Person Element _______________________________305



Systems Element______________________________306

Chart 20: The Number of “Medium” Risk Rankings Allocated,

After Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Place

Element _____________________________________307

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After Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Person

Element _____________________________________308


After Interventions Applied, for Each Safe Systems

Element _____________________________________309

Chart 23: The Number of “Low” Risk Rankings Allocated, After






Chart 26: The Number of “Well Done” Rankings Allocated, After






Chart 29: Comparison of Accumulated Risk Scores for Each

Case Study for Safe Place, Safe Person and Safe

Systems Elements, Without Interventions Applied_____316

Chart 30: Comparison of Accumulated Risk Scores for Each

Case Study for Safe Place, Safe Person and Safe

Systems Elements, With Interventions Applied _______317

Chart 31: Comparison of Total Accumulated Risk Scores for

Each Case Study With and Without Interventions

Applied______________________________________318

Chart 32: Total Accumulated Risk Scores, With and Without

Interventions, Across the Eight Case Studies ________319

Chart 33: Perceptions of the Most Important Elements of an

OHS MS from the Follow-Up Evaluation ____________320

0.7 List of Publications

Book Chapter

� Makin A.-M., Winder, C. (2007) OHSE Risk assessment and control.

Chapter 8 in: Master OH&E Guide, 2nd edition. CCH, Sydney pp 121-

132.

Peer Reviewed Papers

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2009) Managing hazards in the workplace

using organisational management systems – a safe place, safe

person, safe systems approach. Journal of Risk Research, In Press.

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2009) Development of an assessment tool

to assist OHS management based upon the Safe Place, Safe Person,

Safe Systems framework. In Safety, Reliability and Risk Analysis:

theory Methods and Applications (Martorell, S., Soares, C.G., Barnett,

J., eds) Taylor and Francis; London, pp 739-747.

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2008) A new conceptual framework to

improve the application of occupational health and safety

management systems. Safety Science, 46(6): 935-948.

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2007) Emergent trends in safety

management systems; An analysis of established international

systems. In Risk, Reliability and Societal Safety (Aven, T., Vinnem,

J.E., eds) Taylor and Francis; London, pp 1237-1244.

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2007) Measuring and evaluating safety

performance. In Risk, Reliability and Societal Safety (Aven, T.,

Vinnem, J.E., eds) Taylor and Francis; London, pp 1245-1252.

� Makin, A.-M., Winder, C. (2006) Do self-assessment tools assist the

effectiveness of performance-based OHS legislation? Journal of

Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 22(3):

261-267.

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Editorials

� Makin, A-M., Winder, C. (2008) Dynamic risk assessments: When

time is a real constraint. The Journal of Occupational Health and

Safety Australia and New Zealand; 24(5) pp: 379-382.

� Makin, A-M., Winder, C. (2007) Systematic OHS management: What

makes it work? The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

Australia and New Zealand; 23 (4) pp: 291-294.

� Winder, C., Makin, A.-M. (2006) Hierarchy of controls: inflexible

dogma or flexible decision-making? Journal of Occupational Health

and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 22(1): 3-6.

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Part 1: Introduction,

Literature Review and Model

Development

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The definitions of Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems

(OHS MS) available in the literature are wide and varied, each offering

different perspectives or merits associated with their use. Some have been

defined by the elements they are composed of, others by the objectives

they seek to achieve, and some incorporate both.1-3 There are those

definitions of OHS MS that focus on the linking of various parts, call on

systems theory or emphasise certain aspects of the approach – typically

that it is planned, documented and verifiable.4-7 In order to add to the

fabric of available definitions, the following statement is presented which

intends to address a gap in the literature and attempts to analyse and

coalesce the varying definitions available:

The presence of an OHS MS serves as a catalyst for improvement and

learning. When a mature OHS MS is in place, like a catalyst, the system

An OHS MS is a framework that facilitates the management of health and safety

within an organisation by providing:

� allocation of responsibility and accountability,

� a repertoire of strategies for dealing with work related hazards/risks,

� cues for the timing and co-ordination of key system elements,

� links to ensure interested and affected parties are kept informed and

updated and communication channels are open,

� contingency plans for handling situations where preventive measures

have failed,

� tools for enhancing the understanding of the system and to provide

opportunities for continuous learning, and

� a means of identifying system strengths and vulnerabilities.

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remains largely unchanged at the end of the process. The emphasis then

shifts from the mechanisms of the system to the tools, triggers and

communication links that the system provides to achieve the desired

outcome of a safe workplace. The rate at which this outcome is achieved

will depend largely on the organisation’s ability to: 8

� implement changes that are planned, proactive and preventive,

� learn from past experiences both internal and external to the

organisation, and

� maintain and improve upon practices found to be conducive to

enhanced OHS performance.

None of this, of course, can be achieved without genuine commitment and

support from the directing minds of the organisation.

Working with the statement of an OHS MS presented for the purposes of

this thesis, one would not expect to find a direct correlation between the

presence of an OHS MS and injury rates per se, but only a correlation

between the change in injury experience and the presence of a fully

implemented OHS MS. If the particular OHS MS structure being used was

unsuited to the hazard profile or other unique needs of the organisation,

then there is no reason why a correlation between injury rates and the

OHS MS would exist. This highlights two important determinants of an

effective OHS MS - suitability and appropriateness to the task and the

degree of implementation as evidenced by compliance with the system.3, 9

Difficulties in separating these two issues may also explain why there is a

notable lack of empirical evidence available from studies on what

constitutes an effective OHS MS.10-12 The current paucity of information

available may also be considered an indicator of the complexity of the

issues involved, their highly interactive nature, and the need for a broad

based approach towards the elimination of workplace injuries and

illnesses.

4

Many times the need to address safety has been justified by the

unacceptable cost of workplace accidents and compensation claims, or

driven by the fear aroused by disasters such as Flixborough (1974),

Seveso (1976), Bhophal (1984), and Piper Alpha (1988).13, 14 These

tragedies have at times provided the necessary impetus for change in

legislation and have attracted much public attention, albeit in an

unfortunate way.12, 15, 16 However, the most important reason for the focus

on worker safety is much more fundamental – it is a moral and ethical

imperative.11, 17, 18 No one should be harmed physically or psychologically

in the process of earning an income.19 Crucial to this concept is the notion

that employers and employees acknowledge they have a duty and must

take responsibility for their actions because safety is everyone’s

responsibility, and as such it should be a natural part of all workplace

activities. As cited in Redinger by Follet: 20

In the past, employees sometimes traded personal safety for danger

money or allowances to use personal protective equipment.21 This is no

longer acceptable. It is acknowledged that employers must take the

greater share of the legal responsibility, as they have the ultimate control

of the workplace and are usually the greatest financial benefactors of the

business undertakings.22 On a societal level, governments and regulatory

authorities reinforce this responsibility through the “duty of care” owed,

and the need for this responsibility to be fulfilled in the spirit of worker

participation, through the “duty to inform” and the “duty to consult.” 23

Within organisations, Peterson argues that it is only through the fixing of

accountability that responsibility will be accepted, because people will only

devote attention to those things that are being measured.24

Whether or not an organisation will take on the responsibility for actions

and have the ability to learn from their past mistakes will impact upon their

“taking of responsibility is usually the most vital matter in the life of every human

being, just as the allotting of responsibility is the most important part of business

administration.”

5

development and level of organisational maturity. By taking risks that have

been thought through and the negative consequences minimised to an

acceptable level, responsible expansion and progress can be made. 25

When the responsibility for actions is accepted, and efforts are made to

understand the nature of the process at hand, potential problems can be

anticipated and defence strategies can be put in place. Where these

strategies have been insufficient, lessons are learnt by examining the root

cause of incidents and taking action to prevent these problems from

recurring.26 The effectiveness of responses is examined, and there is good

communication between the parties. Safety will be incorporated as part of

the culture of the business, and integrated into everyday activities

becoming simply “the way we do things around here.” 11

Alternatively, this responsibility can be denied or ignored. In these cases

the learning process will be slow or absent as there is no motivation to

understand the nature of processes that contribute to safety, and

corrective action may be forced upon the organisation externally by

regulatory authorities or external intervention by unions or the media.

Resistance to these changes may be exacerbated simply because they

are driven by external forces. Remedial action may be taken in a purely

reactive manner, and superficial “band aid” solutions applied. There will be

no improvement in the rate of injury or illness experience, and possibly a

deterioration will be seen as the organisation tries to recover as it attempts

to deal with each undesired event in an ad hoc manner, potentially fixing

one problem inadequately only to create another.27

The purpose of this thesis is to provide a means of avoiding the above

scenario by trialling an assessment tool that allows organisations to gauge

the effectiveness of the OHS MS it already has in place and identify areas

of weakness within their system.

There have been numerous paradigms that have driven the trends in

preventive strategies over the years. They fall into three main categories:28

6

� those that focus on the technical aspects of the workplace – the

equipment, environment and operating conditions; 29-31

� those that focus on people and human factors, including behavioural-

based safety; 32-35 and

� those that focus on the system including leadership, culture and

management philosophies, such as Total Quality Management. 2, 36-38

There are also those strategies that concentrate on the interface between

the people dimension and the operating environment, for example

ergonomics, or between the people/system interface such as competency

training.39, 40 Synthesising these defence strategies in the development of

a model for safety management will provide the capacity and flexibility

necessary to deal with the assortment of hazards present in workplaces

today. Furthermore, developing a clear understanding of the limitations of

the various techniques will help determine whether such strategies are

being applied under the conditions necessary to realise their full potential.

Many OHS MS structures such as AS/NZS 4801 have been based on the

Deming “plan–do-check-improve” cycle. AS/NZS 4801 is set out in five

broad sections: - OHS Policy; Planning; Implementation; Measurement

and Evaluation; and Management Review.41 Notably policy has been

separated from the planning section to emphasise the importance of

management commitment. This basis is well suited to development of an

assessment tool, because the concepts of the continuous improvement

cycle can be translated into a learning exercise for the organisation.

Hence, the planned assessment tool, based on a three-part model

incorporating operating, people and system factors embedded in an

Deming “plan-do-check-improve” layout will appraise whether the OHS MS

in place matches the hazard profile of the organisation and how

effectively the existing OHS MS identifies and controls various specific

workplace hazards.

7

The study will be open to a variety of organisations, covering those

businesses whose operations are routine; specialised; organisations that

monitor their process and use feedback for improvement as well as those

that are in position to use best practice to help determine where the

planned assessment tool will be most suitable. It is envisaged that from

this research a means of systematically examining workplace hazards and

identifying corresponding building blocks of OHS MS that are designed to

control the particular risks will pave the way for responsible growth and

sustainable safety.

8

1.2 Development of OHS Legislation

With the perspective that safety is an individual as well as a collective

responsibility, the question arises as to how much responsibility

governments should take for the prevention of death, injury and illness in

the workplace. The following discussion examines the development of

Robens’ model for self-regulation and the evolution of performance-based

legislation. The concept of a statutory duty of care which already exists in

common law and the notion of worker participation underpin the Robens’

model and represent a quantum change from the older style regulations

that originally focused on inspection and prescribed forms of safety control

such as machine guarding. Whilst the concept of self-regulation caters for

the increasing complexity of hazards in the workplace and advances in

technology, finding the right support mechanisms to enable this style of

legislation to achieve its aims has been a case of trial and error, with new

lessons being learnt from every major disaster or common law judgments.

The influences that have shaped the current style legislation in Australia

will be discussed, together with the problems that have emerged and the

conditions most favourable for successful implementation. Consideration

is also given to whether better alternatives exist elsewhere, particularly

interstate or overseas, and if opportunities for further improvements are

available.

It will be shown that the capacity for law to prevent workplace injury and

illness is at best, limited. Hopkins reinforces this point with a call for “pure

risk prosecutions”, where prosecutions are made without actual harm

having been caused, but where the circumstances would be likely to lead

to such events.42 However OHS regulators have been reluctant to follow

this approach, preferring to punish only when harm is proven. Despite the

dismal yearly statistics that demonstrate the weakness of current OHS

strategies there appears to be little incentive for corporations to voluntarily

improve OHS practice, apart from the threat of personally prosecuting

managers and directors. Even with this threat, the results are not always

9

constructive.42 OHS MS are then presented as an ideal means of support

for the Robens’ model, with the additional benefit of providing an effective

tool for organisations to demonstrate legislative compliance and due

diligence.

1.2.1 Historical Legal Developments in Britain Leading to the Creation of a Statutory Duty of Care

The framework of Australian legislation has largely followed developments

in Britain, originally borne out the squalor and appalling conditions

generated in the manufacturing textile industries. Gunningham describes

how in 1784 in Manchester, a fever epidemic that started with pauper

apprentices and later spread through the community was attributed to long

working hours, overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in the large cotton

factories.43 Setting a precedent for legal intervention as a means of social

justice in the workplace, the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act was

enacted in 1802 to protect pauper children who were essentially being

used as slaves. This was replaced by the 1819 Act for the Regulation of

Cotton Mills and Factories to include free children but was narrow in

application and led to only two convictions. Many cases were awarded a

penalty of a guinea, leading to the term a sovereign remedy. The 1833

Factories Regulation Act ensued, and was the first Act to invest power in a

local inspectorate, although enforcement was dubious and penalties

weak.44 In the Amendment Act of 1844, provisions for machine guarding

were introduced, much to the opposition of the mill owners. The scope

was still restricted to the major textile industries until the Act of 1864, when

it was extended to cover six high-risk trades. These included pottery that

carried the threat of lead poisoning, and matchmaking associated with

painful necrosis of the jawbone from the handling of phosphorus. Separate

legislation emerged to address coal mines (1842); railways (1900); all

factories as legally defined (1937); agriculture (1956); and shops and

offices (1963). With technology developing at a great rate, the legislative

coverage of industries was fragmented and not all persons in the

workforce were protected.43

10

Few avenues were available to recompense injured workers, although

Bohle, James and Quinlan note the development of a number of largely

powerless “self-help” remedies emanating from benevolent societies and

trade unions founded by craftsmen. These authors portray

disenchantment amongst the working class as playing a key role in the

introduction of the 1880 Employers’ Liability Act, which provided manual

workers with access to restricted claims.45 As this was still perceived to be

a poor remedy to the situation, a no-fault system of workers’ compensation

was instigated in 1897, based on the German model introduced by

Bismark.46 Prior to this development, attempts to make common law

claims against employers under their contract of employment were fraught

with difficulty. In Priestly v. Fowler in 1837, the doctrine of common

employment had been established underpinned, as suggested by Brooks,

by the doctrine of voluntary assumption of risk.47 This effectively placed a

limitation on the employers’ vicarious liability so that in the case of a

breach committed by a fellow employee (said to be in common

employment), there was no common law recourse for justice from the

employer.48 In what Brooks describes as a “hundred years war”, it was not

until the Wilson and Clyde Coal v. English case in 1938 that the

employers’ obligation was recognized as a personal duty that could not be

delegated.44, 47 This was the culmination of a number of precedents that

had developed, slowly eroding the harsh doctrine of common employment: 46, 48

� 1850 Hutchinson v. York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway Co.:

Duty on employers to select competent staff.

� 1858 William v. Clough: Duty on employers to provide safe

premises and plant.

� 1862 Clarke v. Holmes: Duty on employers to provide a safe system

of work.

� 1915 Toronto Power Co. v. Paskwan: Duty on employers to provide

safe plant could not be delegated to a competent person.

11

� 1938 Wilson and Clyde Coal v. English: Duty on employers to

provide a safe place of work; safe premises, plant and materials;

competent staff; effective supervision; and a safe system of work.

These and other common law precedents made contributions to what is

now regarded as the “employer duty of care.” The Wilson and Clyde Coal

v. English case also served to reinforce the principle of negligent conduct

that had emerged with the landmark case of Donoghue v. Stevenson

(1932) in the House of Lords. It was from this product liability case where

Ms Donoghue successfully sued the manufacturer after finding a

decomposed snail in her ginger beer that the duty of care evolved. In the

words of Lord Atkins, drawing from the parable of the Good Samaritan: 49

Whilst this established a fundamental duty of care in common law, and

had enormous legal significance for example in tort law, as a vehicle of

restitution for injured workers it was not always satisfactory - being time-

consuming, expensive, and adversarial because remedies had to be

sought in the courts. Furthermore, it required the demonstration of “fault”

of the employer by the employee. In cases where contributory negligence

was a factor, pursuit of damages under the old system of breach of

employer contract may have been preferable, as this was held to only be

applicable in tort law. Essentially the duties under both tort and contract

law were the same, as were the problems encountered.44, 46

The passing of the various Factories Acts had opened up another

possibility for common law compensation – breach of statutory duty, as the

doctrines of voluntary assumption of risk and common employment were

“The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure

your neighbour; and the lawyers question, Who is my neighbour? receives a

restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which

you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then in

law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be – persons so closely and directly

affected by my actions that I ought reasonably have them in my contemplation as

being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts and omissions which

are called in question.”

12

not considered to apply.44 Until the 1940’s, the main obstacle for workers

and main defence for employers invoking this route was contributory

negligence, which was able to form a complete defence for breach of

statutory duty. Although it has re-emerged as a partial defence today, the

removal of this defence for many years made it an attractive option for

workers seeking redress.44, 46 The advantages of this pathway were that

there was no need to demonstrate foreseeability, preventability or lack of

reasonable care, unless it specifically formed part of the statutory duty

itself.48 Furthermore, the payouts from common law claims for serious

injuries were generally higher than for workers compensation schemes.19

As work related fatalities continued in Britain in the order of 1000 per year,

there was growing dissatisfaction with traditional prescriptive style

legislation that was “piecemeal,” did not apply to all industries and did not

protect all workers.50, 51 In 1972, the UK Robens Royal Commission into

workplace safety recommended the development of generic performance-

based occupational health and safety legislation to establish in law the

employer’s duty of care, through a system of communication, training and

self-regulation.52 As it was recognised that litigation was a reactionary,

frustrating and costly exercise, usually unable to ever restore a worker to

their pre-injury condition, the Health and Safety at Work (HSW) Act 1974

attempted to endorse the findings of the Robens Report, with the intention

to use the threat of more comprehensive and broader punitive action as an

incentive for prevention of workplace injuries and illnesses.53

1.2.2 The Robens Report – Lost in Translation?

The spirit of the Robens Report was revolutionary for its time,

recommending that responsibility be moved from the regulators back to

industry where the hazards and risks originated. This concept of self-

regulation was to be achieved through management-worker consultation

and more involved employee participation through the establishment of

joint safety committees and the election of employees’ safety

representatives.54 It was envisaged that the safety representatives would

be empowered to conduct workplace inspections and have access to

13

regulatory inspectors as necessary. Robens considered that mandating

such provisions might be too restrictive, suggesting as an alternative the

enactment of a general duty to consult with the details of how this might be

attained encapsulated within a code of practice.55

Whilst self-regulation seems an intuitively logical means of promoting

ownership of the problem with those who are in an ideal position to

generate workable solutions, the concept of self-regulation was not without

its critics.54 A valid argument for the old prescriptive style legislation was

that the duty holder knew precisely what was expected, making the

enforcement task more straightforward. As a counter to this, there has

been growing recognition of the changing nature of workplace hazards,

with acknowledgement that many dangers arise not only from the physical

environment, but also from the way in which work is organised.22, 50, 56

Critics such as Brooks felt that the law had not been given a chance to

work, and twisted the significance of statements in the Robens report such

as “the single most important reason for accidents at work is apathy” to

imply “worker apathy”, even though it was admitted that these words were

not specifically used in the report.48, 50 Furthermore, employer apathy

should not be discounted. Reluctance aside, self-regulation offered a more

flexible alternative to the traditional “command and control” style

legislation, more suited to a rapidly changing and dynamic society.57

Robens saw the role of worker participation and consultation as crucial to

the success of the self-regulation concept. Workplace consultation could

certainly, in theory, be an effective means of improving safety in the

workplace, provided that the agenda of safety committee meetings had not

been hijacked, employees were sufficiently skilled in the workings of the

process and meaningful consultation was in fact taking place.58 Yet there

lies an inherent conflict between the duty of consultation and the authority-

control gradient underpinning the employer-employee relationship. A

consultative approach requires that the employer and employee have a

more level relationship. This explains why a number of authors such as

Saksvik, Quinlan and Frick emphasise trade union support as a key factor

14

for the success of participatory workplace arrangements.59 60 Furthermore,

authentic consultation requires trust between the two parties – a situation

that is more ideal than commonplace.61 This suggests that in places where

union involvement is weak or absent, the existence of a favourable safety

culture may be a vital ingredient for fruitful worker participation and

meaningful workplace consultation.

Creighton attributed many of the recommendations of the International

Labour Organisation (ILO) Standards – The Occupational Health and

Safety Convention 1981 (No 155) directly to the Robens’ model. This gave

further credence to the philosophies espoused by Robens, and took the

influence of his work to a new level.62

It is interesting that some aspects of the Robens Report such as the

general duty clause and worker participation were widely embraced, while

some other insightful perspectives on inspectorate and workplace reform

were downplayed. For example, the recommendation that a general duty

of care replace the proliferation of ad hoc regulations that were

cumbersome, difficult to interpret, and lagging behind technology was well

received, as was the notion that supporting guidance material should be

embodied in standards or codes of practice.44 Yet, the emphasis that

Robens placed on the use of improvement and prohibition notices to

reinforce the preventive nature of the legislation, an aspect that would

always have been limited by the available resources of an inspectorate

body, did not receive similar attention.52 Also downplayed were the points

Robens made about responsibility for actions, the accountability of

management at the highest level, the pivotal role line supervisors play in

assessing the practicability of safety arrangements and the need to hold

line management accountable within their sphere of influence. Robens

advocated that safety should be handled like any other business function,

echoing the words of Heinrich many years before.55, 63

15

The promotion of a systematic approach to safety was a particularly

enlightened observation in the Robens Report that seems to have been

overshadowed by the simultaneous launch of a number of innovative

concepts: 55

It is here that the Robens Report clearly indicates that the intention behind

the concept of self-regulation was not only one of worker participation, but

also included the development of a deeper, more process-driven

systematic response that was preventive and predictive in nature. Also

hinted at here is the need to develop guidance material that would help

stimulate industry to move in this direction. Potentially overwhelming and

challenging to traditional mindsets, the encouragement of a systems

approach to safety was, nevertheless, ahead of its time.

1.2.3 Australian Developments in OH&S

Mirroring developments in Britain, the Williams Inquiry in 1980 in New

South Wales (NSW) also recommended enactment of performance based

occupational health and safety (OHS) legislation that covered all workers

and all workplaces.21 This led to enactment of the Occupational Health

and Safety (OHS) Act (NSW) in 1983, and although it contained a general

duty clause limited by “reasonable practicability”, it had not reflected the

true spirit of the Robens Report, presenting as a hybrid between

prescriptive and performance based standard models.

“The essential import of these approaches is that the employer who wants to

prevent injuries in the future, to reduce loss and damage, and to increase

efficiency, must look systematically at the total pattern of accidental happenings –

whether or not they are caused by injury or damage – and must plan a

comprehensive system of prevention rather than rely on ad hoc patching up of

deficiencies which injury-accidents have brought to light.”…

“We are encouraged by the increasing interest shown by employers in the

development of more systematic approaches to prevention. … More needs to be

done to increase industry’s capacity for this kind of systematic self-regulation.”

16

By 1995, aspects of the Robens’ style legislation had been adopted by all

the various Australian jurisdictions. Notably South Australia, Victoria and

the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) had gone much further than the

other states with worker participation, having empowered health and

safety representatives with the option to cease work in certain

circumstances. Some critics viewed this as a rejection of the Robens’

model which presumes equal bargaining power between workers and

management.22, 64 Queensland took a unique positive tack, requiring the

appointment of an appropriately qualified health and safety officer in firms

of 30 or more people to assist employers in OHS matters.65, 66

By the end of the nineties there was still a plethora of OHS related

regulations under a number of different Acts. This situation was rectified in

NSW with the OHS Regulation 2001(NSW) made under the current OHS

Act 2000 (NSW) repealing and consolidating 37 old style regulations under

the Factories, Shops and Industries Act 1962 (NSW), the Construction

Safety Act 1912 (NSW) and the OHS Act 1983 (NSW).67, 68 Although the

1983 Act referenced the establishment and functions of a safety

committee, there was no specific “duty to consult”. Whilst there was not a

great deal of difference between the OHS Act 2000 (NSW) and its

predecessor, the duties where placed in a much more logical order, and

there has been greater emphasis on workplace consultation with the new

“duty to consult” being placed second only to the employer’s duty of care.

The 2000 Act also required the employer to value the outcomes of the

consultation process.67, 69

Currently all states and territories in Australia are covered by workers’

compensation schemes, although there are significant differences across

the various jurisdictions. In Tasmania and the ACT there are no limits on

common law claims whilst Victoria, South Australia (SA) and the Northern

Territory (NT) have moved to almost completely cut off access to common

law damages, following trends in the United States (US) and New Zealand

(NZ). Other states such as NSW, Western Australia (WA) and

17

Queensland, as well as the Commonwealth have taken a more moderate

approach by having limited provisions for access to common law.19, 46

Perhaps in response to the difficulties of having different OHS regulations

across Australia, most jurisdictions with the exception of the NT, the ACT

and Tasmania have developed audit tools to assist legislative compliance.

The NT provides general OHS guidance material, whilst the ACT and

Tasmania have chosen to focus more on small business, producing a

number of self-help tools that are freely available from the respective

regulatory authorities.70-73 Common themes appearing in the audit tools

available from Victoria, Queensland, SA, WA, and NSW include:

� the provision of systematic, structured guidelines for improving OHS

management and practice,

� emphasis on management leadership and commitment; employee

participation and involvement; and the need to understand and

control workplace hazards,

� references to the relevant OHS legislation to assist employers

through their respective OHS compliance duties,

� tiering systems to package the potentially overwhelming amount of

information into digestible portions and to reflect different levels of

achievement, and

� incentive schemes for workers’ compensation premium discounts

(WA, SA and previously NSW) or self-insurance options (Victoria or

Queensland).

Despite all the auditing tools containing threads of similarity, they remain

sufficiently different to be considered uniquely branded. Of particular note

are Victoria, SA and Queensland. Victoria took the lead by being the first

state in the 1990’s to develop an auditing tool, and modelled their

proprietary SafetyMAP package on the ISO 9000 quality management

standards series. SA preferred instead to use AS/NZS 4801 as a template

for their Safety Achiever Business Scheme (SABS) with modifications

18

made to incorporate workers’ compensation and rehabilitation.

Queensland, in a display of positive initiative, use layered vertical audits in

their Tri-Safe system to crosscheck that evidence from management was

supported by the practices of line supervisors and workers.36, 74-80

As illustrated above, there is considerable variation amongst provisions for

OHS across Australia, which is frustratingly difficult for organisations

operating over a number of jurisdictions that have to deal with up to nine

different legal systems. This was a relic from Australia’s colonial past, with

each jurisdiction following developments in the United Kingdom (UK) in an

independent, ad hoc manner. In an attempt to overcome this problem,

attention turned to the constitution as a possible remedy. Whilst there are

limited provisions in the Australian Constitution under s 51(37), OHS

remains a matter for the states unless they voluntarily decide to refer their

powers back to the Commonwealth, which no jurisdiction has done. Even

though this scenario is considered unlikely, there is an alternative route via

the external affairs powers conferred in s51 of the Constitution, which

Creighton suggests could be invoked through the ILO Convention No. 155.

Theoretically a legal option is available, although Bohle and Quinlan

suggest a political reluctance to seize this path.46, 64 Previously, the only

move towards national uniformity was the formation of the National

Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) in 1985, which

was a tripartite body comprising of government or expert members,

employer councils and union representatives. NOHSC had no inspectorate

authority or legal administration tasks (this function is covered at the

Commonwealth level by Comcare), but provided a resource for research,

statistics and the development of a number of national advisory codes and

informative publications.65, 66 Codes of practice and standards are not

legally binding, but can be used to demonstrate whether or not an

employer has followed best practice. Failure to follow a code of practice,

especially state endorsed codes, could form evidence that not all was

done that was reasonably practicable, unless the defendant could show

the existence of a better arrangement in place.65, 81 NOHSC was replaced

by the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) in 2005. The

19

impact of ASCC on future developments in OHS is yet to be seen.82 With

a change in Federal Government in late 2007, it appears that calls for

nationally uniform OHS regulations will be further investigated.

1.2.4 Other International Influences

After the 1970’s, broader influences from the international arena have

impacted the course of legislation in Australia. The formation of NOHSC

was influenced from the United States (US). The US has the National

Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). However,

arrangements in the US are quite different from Australia, with the

retention of a more prescriptive style legislation in the Occupational Safety

and Health Act 1970 and the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) being the main federal agency having enforcement

powers in approximately 25 states. In other states this power has been

delegated out and is handled by approved state plans. OHSA also

administer a Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) that has been operating

since 1982. The program has a tiering system to identify two levels of

achievement, as well as alternative workable systems – star, merit and

demonstration. The incentive to comply with the VPP is a reduced number

of scheduled inspections. There are four key elements to the program: -

management leadership and employee involvement; worksite analysis to

assess hazards; hazard prevention and control; and safety training.83-85

In Europe, the formation of the European Community (EC), the Single

European Act 1986, and the development of a number of ‘daughter’

Framework Directives have had considerable impact on the direction of

OHS legislation within the European Union (EU). One of the main

elements originating from the 1989 EU Framework Directive 89/391 has

been the use of a documented risk assessment strategy. This entails

evaluation of workplace hazards and controlling the risks at the source.

Where this is not possible, management strategies to treat the risks must

be applied, based on preventive principles. Workers were to be involved in

the collection of information for this purpose. These principles have been

taken up by a number of countries in Europe, including the UK (1992),

20

Denmark (1997), the Netherlands (1994) and Greece (1996).59, 86, 87 This

influence extended to the revamped OHS Regulations 2001 (NSW) that

focused heavily on risk assessment methodology.59

Prior to the 1989 EU Framework Directive 89/391, there had been a

number of significant disasters – Flixborough in 1974, Bhopal in 1984 and

Piper Alpha in 1988, all tending to reinforce the inherent sensibility of

workplace risk assessment, the importance of robust control measures

and better OHS management.

In Flixborough, England, a temporary modification to existing plant went

terribly wrong when the makeshift pipe work failed, and the resulting

vapour cloud explosion killed 28 men. Unqualified personnel had failed to

take into account the torsional forces involved when connecting two tanks

of cyclohexane that were not horizontally aligned. The only documentation

of the change was a chalk drawing on the workshop floor. Ten years later

in the UK, the introduction of the Control of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards (CIMAH) Regulations 1984 were commonly attributed to

Flixborough. This legislation required organisations storing specified

quantities of hazardous materials to prepare a “safety case.” 88 A “safety

case” is a stand-alone document covering: the identification of potential

hazards; an assessment of the likelihood of the identified hazards

occurring; a description of risk reduction strategies in place to control the

perceived risk to acceptable levels; and emergency preparedness

arrangements.16 Later in 1993 after the Piper Alpha disaster, new

regulations for off-shore facilities also called for operators to submit a

safety case, with the obligations extended to include an explanation of

how the operator’s safety management system will actually achieve safety

objectives and be able to adapt to incorporate changes where

necessary.89

The 1982 Seveso Directive (82/501/EEC) required the notification of major

industrial accidents involving hazardous substances to the European

Commission. This directive was named after the 1976 accident in Seveso,

near Milan, Italy, involving a release of dioxins. Without claiming any lives,

21

the impact of this toxic fallout was far reaching – it contaminated the land

of a surrounding village and was responsible for around 250 people

developing the disfiguring skin disease chloracne.15 The Seveso II

Directive (96/82/EC) in 1997 helped to clear up the definition of what

constituted a major accident and widened the recommendations to include

voluntary reporting of near misses.90 The recommendation to report near

misses has appeared in the OHS Regulation 2001(NSW) as an internal

reporting requirement.69 However enforcement of such a requirement

remains paradoxical by nature because there is no damage or injury to

prove that the incident happened.

During the early 1990’s two Scandinavian countries - Norway and

Sweden, mandated an internal control strategy. In Norway this

commenced in 1992, and involved legislating requirements for OHS MS.

Saksvik and Quinlan attributed the impetus for such a change to two main

factors: 59

� the collapse of the Alexander Kielland oil rig platform in 1980 during a

storm which killed 123 workers; and

� the total quality management (TQM) movement and implementation

of the ISO 9000 quality management standards series which were

typically in use by the offshore oil industry.

The move to formally regulate OHS MS in Norway was set in the following

context: 59, 91

� a high proportion of a relatively stable work force involved in the off-

shore oil, gas and related industries,

� an atmosphere of strong but co-operative union involvement,

� the governing inspectorate having a strong presence, and

� regulatory authorities that supported the trade unions.

22

This style of legislation has been in place for a considerable period of time.

The lessons learnt from this approach were:59, 92

� the pitfalls of becoming lost in the mechanism of the system, such as

paper compliance and stifling bureaucracy, and

� difficulties for small firms trying to comply and if unable to do so,

being in breach of the law.

Overall, the approach has been generally regarded as a success, with

sympathy for the concerns of small businesses widely acknowledged.

Some critics have cynically portrayed this style as being very “top-down”

and an excuse to incorporate management jargon into the sphere of

contemporary consciousness.59 In contrast to this, Saksvik, Torvatn and

Nytro describe the benefits of the systems approach, suggesting links to

lower rates of absenteeism, improved overall worker well-being and

insightfully, the process of organisational learning.92

The Alexander Kielland tragedy in 1980 would certainly have reinforced

the need for safe work practices on a local level; however, it was not until

1992 that Norway took this direction, two years after Sweden. During this

time there had been the horror story of Bhopal, India, in 1984, where a

runaway reaction released 25 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC), resulting

in the official deaths of nearly 2000 people, and injuring up to 200,000.

The cause of the runaway reaction was contamination of a storage tank

containing MIC with water. In the investigations unfolding from this tragedy

emerged the sad revelation that there was no need to have stored such a

dangerous material in the first instance – it was a chemical intermediate

that could have been used without delay.93 This reinforced the importance

of eliminating hazards at the source where ever possible as per the

hierarchy of controls.

If the Bhopal catastrophe had a surreal, distant element to it, the fire on

the Piper Alpha oil rig in the UK North Sea would not have. The Piper

Alpha disaster in 1988 resulted in the deaths of 167 people. The

recommendations released in 1990 from the public inquiry led by Lord

23

Cullen pointed to the failure of the permit to work system, as well as other

problems within the organisation, risk assessment, training and existing

legislation.94

With the need to focus on management systems becoming ever more

apparent, and with examples from Norway and Sweden already in

existence, another important outcome from the Seveso II Directive

(96/82/EC) was the requirement for organisations holding certain

quantities of hazardous materials to implement a Safety Management

System (SMS).95, 96 Hence, the picture that emerges from overseas was

the growing realisation that not only were risk assessment, control and

reporting vital, but that there was an important co-ordinating role for OHS

MS, especially for large organisations with high levels of risks.

1.2.5 The Effectiveness of Robens’ Style Legislation

When considering the effectiveness of Robens’ style legislation, it is

important to bear in mind the philosophical nature of the persuasion

versus punishment debate underpinning the preferential use of an

outcome oriented legal framework for OHS.97 With Australia having

embarked on the persuasion option, there appears to be significant limits

to what this style of legislation can realistically achieve. Performance

based legislation represents a more mature positioning of the law. The

embodiment of a statutory “duty of care” and a statutory “duty to consult”

has an educative role, promoting the expectations that society has on the

type of relationship that should exist between the employer and the

employee.97, 98 It is appropriate that the law should reflect these

sentiments, and whilst the law provides direction, questions remain as to

how effective the legislation can be in preventing workplace injury and

illness without spelling out the means to achieve the desired outcomes or

taking a highly punitive approach. Furthermore, if the current application of

Robens’ style legislation is not delivering then the following questions are

posed:

� Are alternative models available, other than strictly prescriptive or

persuasive?

24

� Are these models applicable to the Australian context?

� Do these alternatives generate worse problems?

Experience from the UK has demonstrated the difficulty in finding the

correct blend of supporting regulations to effectively implement generic

performance based legislation. The moves to focus on risk assessment,

and later OHS MS in Scandinavia, illustrate the need to develop the

requirements more fully, and the importance of striking a balance between

broadly stated goals and the specification of the processes to fulfil these

aims.

Further lessons from the UK emerged when the injury rates began to

increase again in the 1980’s, after an initial drop attributed to the

introduction of performance based legislation.99 In the period of self-

reflection that followed, Dawson et al recommended that senior executives

include safety objectives in management appraisals and that annual

reports include the presentation of serious and fatal incident rates as well

as the disclosure of any formal dealings with the courts or safety

inspectors. Other recommendations for the safety inspectorate included

increased fines and penalties, greater use of informal notices and advice

to be followed through, and the need to conduct more frequent and

probing workplace inspections.100 These later recommendations rely on

the availability of resources and indicate that the success of a more

persuasive style of enforcement would need the support of a heavily

funded regulatory body. Given that such authorities will always be under

financial scrutiny and pressure, this presents an on-going constraint to the

application of Robens’ model.97

Robens had highlighted an important role for trade unions in participative

workplace safety arrangements and a strong co-operative trade union

environment also supported the success of the Scandinavian internal

control model. This is in contrast to the situation in the US, where a more

prescriptive legislation has been retained and the position of trade unions

is weaker.101 Interestingly, the emphasis on the workplace by the

25

“A homogenous set of assumptions and decision premises which when they are

invoked on a local and decentralized basis, preserve coordination and

centralization. Most important, when centralization occurs via decision premises

and assumptions, compliance occurs without surveillance.”

legislation and US OSHA has been counter balanced by a focus on safe

behaviour and safety culture by some prominent employers such as

DuPont, who despite criticisms for under-reporting of lost time injuries

(LTI’s), are still considered to have iconic status in OHS performance.102-

104 This suggests that problems foreseen with translating the Robens’ or

internal control model to Australia due to diminished trade union support

could be addressed by an alternative support mechanism - a highly

developed safety culture.59, 91, 105

Just exactly what safety culture means has been the subject of much

deliberation within the literature.106 Reason makes a poignant remark

when he questions whether safety culture is something that an

organisation possesses or whether it is something that it actually is.

Reason then goes on to suggest the need for an informed culture which

he believes is comprised of a “reporting culture, a just culture, a flexible

culture and a learning culture”.107 Weick proposes that organisational

culture provides:108

However, as promising a concept as this is, attempts to measure and

assess the existence of such an entity remain difficult, although

researchers such as Grote and Flin are exploring the predictive validity of

some recently developed survey instruments.106, 109

Another potential drawback of the application of performance-based

legislation lies in its inability to provide a sufficient resource for

businesses. Whilst the Robens’ model promoted the use of codes of

practices and standards to capture the necessary level of detail, these do

not carry the same perceived legal standing as acts or regulations, despite

having evidentiary status.19 This increases the degree of difficulty in

persuading corporations to follow such recommendations. Hopkins

26

promoted regulations as a potentially powerful but under-utilised resource

for organisations. To support this notion, Hopkins cited Gun’s South

Australian study in 1992 that suggested with proper enforcement and

application of regulations up to 50% of injuries could be prevented.98 So

the question remains, has Australia seen the right blend of legislation yet?

Kim explored this very question in 2004 when she compared the handling

of hazardous substances in the oral health industry in Queensland under

performance-based legislation with fluorescent lamp manufacturers in

Korea under more prescriptive regulations. Kim came to the conclusion

that for the management of high-risk substances such as lead and

mercury in the workplace, a combination of the two styles would deliver a

better outcome.14

By the mid 1990’s it was clear that the existing application of the Roben’s

style legislation in NSW was not achieving its aims to reduce workplace

injuries and illness, and from 1996-98 the Legislative Council Standing

Committee on Law and Justice recommended overhaul of NSW OHS

legislation that took effect in 2000/2001.66, 68 It was not that the Robens’

style legislation was considered a failure, but that there was a need to

capture the intent of the Robens Report more authentically.54

Johnstone and Gunningham highlighted the following problems that

existed with the legislation at that time: 22, 110, 111

� prosecutions focused on the events immediately leading up to the

injury rather than uncovering broader system or organisational

factors,

� there was little incentive to do more than meet minimum standards

(which by default become maximum standards),

� trivial or inadequate penalties being imposed did not provide a

sufficient deterrent factor for large organisations,

27

� inability to capture the changing nature of illness and injury, for

example hazards arising from the changing organisation and

structure of work activities, and

� failure to accommodate the trend towards a more fluid labour force

with greater use of part-time and casual employment, outsourcing via

contractors and subcontractors, labour hire agencies as well as

franchising arrangements.56

In 2001, Johnstone and Gunningham campaigned for the introduction of a

third style of legislation - a systems approach, having witnessed the

relative success of such moves in the Scandinavian countries.84 To

accommodate the concerns drawn from the internal control model, a “two

track” scenario was presented. Traditional compliance with the legislation

was proposed as track one, a likely option for small businesses. As an

alternative, track two would offer organisations an opportunity to

demonstrate compliance with a certified OHS MS. As an incentive for

taking the track two pathway, the waiving of traditional track one

compliance requirements was suggested.110

The two-track strategy was rejected by the Industry Commission and the

Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), with some observers

considering it to be a watering down of the law.110, 112 OHS regulators

insisted that compliance with OHS legislation remain even with an OHS

MS.2 In his OHS MS Strategic Issues Report issued by NOHSC,

Bottomley had noted that OHS MS were more suited to “a large, static

workplace with a stable workforce.” 6 Quinlan and Mayhew examined in

considerable detail the growth of precarious employment in Australia and

the ensuing difficulties for maintaining worker safety in small workplaces.

Implementing OHS MS in a highly fractured labour market was considered

to be problematic on all levels.56 There were also concerns surrounding

the auditor requirements, such as the high level of expertise that would be

necessary, and the lack of incentive to attract a pool of qualified auditors

to the role, as the potential conflict of interest would cut off more lucrative

on-going consulting revenue.3 Other issues highlighted from studies in

28

Michigan were the potential for corruption within the auditing arena, and

the potential exposure of auditors to litigation claims.113-116 The call for a

two-track strategy was abandoned.

Also around the same time Gallagher was promoting the “adaptive

hazards manager” as a best practice model which was based on a risk

assessment approach combined with strong workplace consultation,

management involvement and a more integrated approach to health and

safety.10 Bottomley went so far as to make the point that “Gallagher, in her

study, found that an unambiguous link between health and safety systems

and reductions in injury and ill health could not be demonstrated.” This

was erroneous since Gallagher had used a case study methodology, and

an audit tool based on a modified version of SafetyMAP to categorise

twenty enterprises. Having done so, statistical analysis was not applicable,

nor was extrapolation of results to a wider population.10 Bottomley went on

to recommend that the “majority of low-risk small businesses use

traditional hazard management methods” and only the small proportion of

high-risk small businesses be targeted for a limited OHS MS.6

The revamped OHS Regulation 2001 (NSW) captured Bottomley’s

recommendations in combination with the model put forward in

Gallagher’s study. Principal contractors in the high-risk construction

industry for work over $250K were required to implement safety

management plans, and sub-contractors were to submit safe work method

statements. The rest of the regulation maintained a risk assessment focus,

consistent with the promotion of a “safe place” rather than a ”safe person“

ethos, following trends in Europe as opposed to the US. The new style

NSW regulations made no other mention of OHS MS, nor were they

formally mentioned in the OHS Act 2000.10, 67, 117

According to figures released by WorkCover NSW, changes to the

legislation appear to have had a positive impact on OHS performance in

the workplace.68 However, there still remain a number of issues with the

current application of Robens’ style legislation in general:

29

� The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) made the

point that a survey of business attitudes revealed a great reluctance

to approach regulatory bodies for OHS advice when the same entity

has the capacity to prosecute them.118

� Frick and Hopkins highlight the inherent conflict of interest that exists

if regulatory bodies also administer workers compensation schemes.

For example, hazardous substances associated with long latency

illnesses may not receive the same attention as other accident

hazards that result in prompt claims. Similarly, hazards that lead to

catastrophic failures may go unnoticed if they are rare and are not

preceded by claims or other injury experience.60, 119

� Jensen describes the phenomenon of “sidecar” learning based on

experiences from Denmark that can occur with the use of

participatory schemes, a critical feature in the Robens’ model. In the

“sidecar” concept, the safety function is marginalised, with

workgroups focusing on relatively minor problems. The resolution of

these issues remains encapsulated within the participatory

mechanism and detached from the corporate decision making

processes.23 Wyatt and Sinclair also observed cases of OHS

committees in Australia remaining “bogged down with trivial

maintenance-type issues rather than operating at the policy

development level as the Regulation empowers them to do.” 120

Hence “sidecar” functioning could pose a substantial threat to the

effective application of existing legislation, serving as a smoke screen

to create the illusion of workplace consultation when nothing of

substance is being discussed.

� There is a tendency to push the liability for high-risk work onto small

contractors, who are poorly placed to bear the risk.3, 56, 121 An

example of this is the widespread use of non-English speaking

background (NESB) contract labour to undertake cleaning work,

involving the use of numerous hazardous substances.

30

� Small businesses in particular still need to know specifically what they

have to do, and are unlikely to have sufficient funding to access

consultants or other specialist support.68, 122

� The mistaken belief that a plea of ignorance might mitigate a penalty

in the event of an incident.123, 124

Fear of documenting hazards has emerged as a formidable setback to the

role of regulations in safeguarding the worker. Without well-documented

hazards, the learning cycle is disconnected and the basis for important

dialogue between management and employees disintegrates. In what

could be construed as a futile attempt to wash managements’ hands of

responsibility, undocumented hazards stifle the potential for continual

improvement and breach the employer’s duty to inform and train.

The proliferation of this myth was highlighted in the case of WorkCover

NSW v Warman International Ltd (2001) in the court of the New South

Wales Industrial Commission. In this case Warman was being prosecuted

over a foundry accident where a worker experienced difficulty

manoeuvring a large ladle of molten metal, which eventually spilt resulting

in third degree burns to the worker’s foot. The defendant pleaded that the

particular operation leading to the accident was not a normal work

practice; therefore a risk assessment had not been performed, so the risk

could not have actually been foreseen. Judge Walton’s counter to this was

that the failure to identify the risk indicated an inherent flaw in their safety

systems.123

When considering whether alternative models fare any better, it is worth

noting the situation in the US where the possibility exists of being

prosecuted for a “wilful violation”. Fear of documenting hazards and

preparing audit reports has led legal US commentators such as Yohay to

advise companies to exercise extreme caution in the wording of their

assessment reports, including not to “undertake audits without the firm

intent to remedy hazards that are uncovered in the process.” 125 Along

similar lines, the use of the control test to establish the liability of

31

contractors has also led to the suggestion that principal contractors on

multi-employer worksites supervise sub-contractors at an arm’s length.

Yohay advised principal contractors to distance themselves from any

issues where the impact is restricted to the welfare of the sub-contractors’

employees.126 Gallagher, Underhill and Rimmer point to similar

developments with labour hire companies in Australia, citing Bluff’s

comments that “there is a tendency for client companies to distance

themselves to ensure that they’re not seen as direct employers.” 3 Such a

highly legalistic approach to worker safety defies the notion of a “duty of

care” and the moral obligations of employers. This sends a dire warning of

how things could turn should the persuasion argument give way to a more

negative, adversarial approach. It also highlights the problems with the US

approach where ignorance can be used as a defence under their system

in a way that it is not possible under Australian law.

Stringent requirements for contractors in the construction industry in NSW

to produce safety management plans may encourage the adoption of

token systems simply as a means of “ticking the box”. Gallagher, Underhill

and Rimmer reinforce this observation, highlighting the problem of “paper

systems” developing in response to tender requirements imposed by

principal contractors on subcontractors to have their own OHS MS.3

Although Mayhew encourages the incorporation of OHS clauses in

contracts and bank loan conditions to guarantee attention to OHS issues,

this strategy could be subject to abuse.121 It then becomes possible for

larger companies to manipulate small businesses if excessively difficult

OHS contract conditions are used as a reason for withholding payments or

as a means of eliminating them from a tender.

Small businesses will inevitably experience problems regardless of the

style of legislation imposed, as they have fewer resources available and

less infrastructure to carry them.127 Small businesses are reliant on larger

organisations for their livelihood, so an element of survival by whatever

means is necessary will always exist. 3, 128 Tapping into the financial

pressure that a principal contractor is able to exert on sub-contractors is

32

likely to be one of the main means of ensuring compliance with the new

NSW OHS regulations, as principal contractors seek to cover themselves

within the law. Whilst this may be effective in increasing OHS awareness

amongst sub-contractors, it will do so in a negative light if the action has

been forced upon them.

One of the biggest tests for the effective application of the Robens’ style

legislation was the explosion at Esso’s Longford gas plant in 1998 that

killed two people, injured eight others and left Melbourne without gas for

two and a half weeks. Esso was a self-insurer, and in order to qualify they

had to pass the initial assessment stage of SafetyMAP, which notably did

not include self-auditing requirements. Even though there was a

requirement in element 6.1.1 of SafetyMAP to identify hazards and assess

the risks of work processes, the auditors had overlooked the fact that a

systematic hazard and operability study of the plant had not been

performed, nor did they pick up the hazard of cold metal embrittlement,

which lead to the critical failure of one of the heat exchangers. In the Royal

Commission that followed, many problems within Esso were uncovered,

including communication failures, downsizing and the subsequent

relocation of available expertise away from Longford, lack of a reporting

culture and inadequate risk assessment. Furthermore, the Victorian

WorkCover Authority had failed to detect problems on the site prior to the

event.9, 129, 130

Clearly the existing legislative framework is unable to prevent disasters of

such an intricate nature in high-risk industries. With the ever-increasing

complexity of industries and technology, the onus to do the right thing

must come from within the organisation itself, and must primarily come

from senior management.

In summary, whilst in theory the Robens’ style legislation is progressive

and should present the way forward, to be effective in practice the

following conditions would appear to provide the most favourable climate

for its success:

33

� supportive regulations or codes of practice/standards, where primary

legislation does not provide the necessary details of the processes

involved to achieve OHS aims;

� sufficient funding of regulatory bodies to enable greater application of

informal advice for workplace improvements and the time to follow up

such requests;

� the formation of strong links between regulatory authorities and

industry that enable organisations to approach them for help and

guidance without fear of prosecution;

� dissemination of legal precedents that encourage organisations to

document hazards in the workplace without fear of self-incrimination;

� high level support for small businesses from regulatory bodies that is

either freely available or for a minimal fee;

� the existence of an appropriate safety culture in organisations that

promotes a consultative environment characterised by open,

forthright communication and meaningful dialogue;

� access to trade union support where necessary; and

� management and line supervisors that are seen to be accountable for

OHS and are committed to a genuine employer-employee

partnership.

The factors conducive to the effective application of the Robens’ model will

be subject to funding constraints, political trends and market forces; just as

organisations will be driven by the desire for self-protection and economic

survival. Realistically, performance-based legislation can only ever be

expected to have limited success in the prevention of workplace incidents,

especially given the dynamic and complex nature of hazards present in

the workplace today. Despite these limitations, the law will always have an

important role to play in maintaining social justice in the workplace,

educating employers as to the standards that are expected and visibly

34

demonstrating serious consequences for failure to use every reasonably

practicable means to protect worker’s safety and health. To this end, a

persuasive approach is more desirable, although it is likely to take some

time and fine-tuning before this model will flourish.

1.2.6 Incentives for Change

It appears that the incidents that have the most impact are not necessarily

the ones that cause the most death or disability, but the ones that cause

the most inconvenience or have high emotional impact. For example, the

public’s attention was certainly captured when the disruption to

Melbourne’s gas supply after the Longford explosion resulted in cold

showers for two and a half weeks.131 Other examples are those that create

an indelible memory, such as the images of the Piper Alpha platform

burning, which was well publicised and widely distributed for training

purposes. Society seems to have become desensitised to the statistics on

OHS that are generated each year such as those provided below.

The following statistics on the cost of OHS failures are made available

from State Workers Compensation agencies and NOHSC.132 In 2001,

there were 319 compensated fatalities (287 males, 30 females) in

Australia. A further 71 compensated fatalities occurred on work related

journeys. There were 142,700 new workers compensation cases reported

(99,671 males, 42,799 females). Almost three quarters of new

compensated cases occur in the Manufacturing, the Wholesale and Retail

Trades, Construction, Transport, Agriculture and Health Care industries.

In 2001, there were 1.5 million working weeks lost by new cases requiring

workers compensation. The average duration of case was ten weeks; the

average cost of a claim was ten thousand dollars. Other costs (new staff,

training, lost orders, reduced production, increased sickness and welfare

payments) can increase these costs, to ten to fifteen billion dollars a year.

This list is not meant to be exhaustive - other costs also exist, including

the impact of illness on morale, job satisfaction and worker loyalty. While

difficult to measure, such intangibles can have a profound effect on

productivity.133 In all, the cost of work-related injury and disease to the

35

Australian employer, worker and community is conservatively estimated at

around 40 billion dollars a year, and this figure could be doubled if the cost

of pain, suffering and early death were to be included.134

Despite quantifying the problem to some extent, whilst ever these statistics

appear to be tolerated within society, they are unlikely to provide impetus

for change. These figures do, however, capture quite clearly the limits of

the legislation as a means of protecting the workers. As Hopkins explains,

whilst breaches of duty of care typically rely on harm being caused to

demonstrate an offence, the law can only provide a reactive tool, even

though the intention is one of prevention.97, 98

Bottomley cites the following factors that encourage corporations to take

up a proactive approach to OHS: 6

� fear of loss of credibility and reputation;

� fear of business interruption and the resulting loss of consumer/

customer confidence;

� fear of penalties;

� desire to reduce compensation costs; and

� a perceived moral/ethical duty to comply with OHS regulations.

Hopkins contests that the drive for employers to reduce workers’

compensation costs can only provide a limited incentive to embrace safe

work practices, for example where a change to safer technology would

involve greater expense than the potential compensation payouts. Along

the same lines runs the argument that fines and penalties provide only a

limited deterrence factor especially if they are not publicised.22, 97

Relatively small penalties can increase the attractiveness of taking risks

with workers’ safety and health if the perceived risk of being caught is

minimal. This has led some authors to suggest that the larger penalties

associated with common law damages claims would provide much greater

enticement for organisations to take preventive OHS measures. 45, 97

36

However, this could be counterproductive as the employer can insure

against common law liability. As premiums increase with additional claims,

the resulting coping strategies are likely to be associated with more

aggressive claims management and information suppression.135, 136 In fact

rather than being a preventive measure, the fear of common law damages

has lead to proliferation of contracts that require ever increasing amounts

of insurance coverage, which to some extent could encourage dubious

litigation activity.

The fear of personal prosecution does strike a chord of vulnerability and

may provide a powerful incentive for the prevention of workplace injuries

and illnesses. In NSW, the opportunity to harness the high level of

motivation arising from the fear of personal exposure to liability has been

limited to cases where it can be shown that: 67

� the person was concerned in the management of the corporation,

and that

� they were in a position to influence the conduct of the corporation in

relation to the offence.

Typically these provisions have been used to effect in smaller firms where

the directors and managers are more involved with the daily running of the

business. Large corporations have so far remained relatively immune to

prosecution, protected by the layers within the management hierarchy.67,

137

Despite the relative failure of these provisions to target larger

organisations, Tooma cites the case of Batty v. C I & D Industries and

Grigor [1995] NSWIRC 226, where the director of a concrete fabrication

firm was personally fined 20 thousand dollars after a worker lost his arm in

an unguarded agitator. This is not an unsubstantial sum, and highlights the

importance of being able to demonstrate due diligence as a legitimate

defence.67

37

In 2005 in Newcastle Wallsend Coal Company and others v. McMartin

[2005] NSWIRComm31, two corporations were fined in the order of one

million dollars and two managers and a surveyor were convicted and

personally fined between 30 and 42 thousand dollars.138 In this case,

which occurred in November 1996, miners accidentally broke into an

abandoned underground mine that had been flooded. The resulting inrush

of water killed four miners. The plans that had been relied upon were

inaccurate and it turned out that the location of the abandoned mine was

100 metres closer than was anticipated. Even though there was no intent

to harm these workers, the courts found the mine managers and surveyors

to be culpable and that, in effect, they should have known better.139 In

Newcastle Wallsend Coal Company and other v. McMartin (no 2) [2007]

NSWIRComm 125, it was noted that the corporations offered a plea

bargain of guilty in exchange for dropping the personal charges against

the mine managers and the surveyor.140 This was unsuccessful, and sent

a very strong message to the community and the mining industry. How

effective this was a means of deterrence was an issue of some

considerable debate, yet the need for more preventive and proactive

measures to protect the community from such disasters was again

highlighted.42 Had all due diligence been applied in the above case, it is

unlikely that inaccurate plans would have been used in the first instance.

WorkCover NSW and Tooma offer the following advice on what actually

constitutes due diligence: 67, 141

� awareness of relevant OHS legislation, standards and codes of

practice;

� a safe system of work that manages hazards and controls the OHS

risks identified in the workplace;

� a system that is consistent with industry standards and practice;

� the provision of on-going OHS training and instruction to all

employees;

38

� competent supervision;

� open communication with employees about potential hazards to

health and safety;

� provision of adequate time and resources to support an OHS

program;

� the timely reporting of safety or health concerns to the board or top

level management;

� prompt responses by the board or top level management to any

indications of system failure; and

� the regular review and monitoring of the safety program in place.

In the case of Inspector Christensen v Harnischfeger of Australia Pty Ltd

trading as Minepro Services AND the labour hire company Zelbarry

International Pty Ltd, Judge Haylen stressed the importance of not only

having a safe system of work, but also ensuring effective auditing of the

system. In this instance, the jig being used by a worker to weld a band on

a bucket for open cut mining failed, striking him on the head and fracturing

his skull. Zelbarry, a labour hire agency, had supplied the worker. In

response to Harnischfeger, Judge Haylen made the following comments:

As for Zelbarry, Judge Haylen rebuked them for having relied on

Harnischfeger’s system of work without undertaking their own risk

analysis, or checking Harnischfeger’s OHS management system for

adequacy.123

In conclusion to the discussion on the development of OHS legislation, it is

evident that fear of personal prosecution for directors and managers

provides one of the greatest sources of motivation for corporations to

“the provision of a safe system of work is of little or no value if the defendant did not

take effective steps to obtain compliance.”

39

undertake preventive and proactive OHS activities, but management by

fear is not ideal, nor desirable. Replacing this fear with knowledge,

competence and commitment is far more preferable.

The means of demonstrating due diligence embodies strategies that have

true potential for making a difference to OHS in the workplace. Whilst

performance based legislation will be inherently limited by constraints of

economics, politics, market forces and the rapid pace of technological

change, it provides employers with the direction that is desired and

advocates fundamental concepts such as a neighbourly “duty of care” and

a “duty to consult”. These concepts promote the dignity and respect of

workers, as well as training industry to accept responsibility for the risks

and hazards that they generate.

In the course of the discussion of the development of OHS legislation and

the effectiveness of the Robens’ model, gaps in the current level of

support for the existing style of legislation are clear. Despite the great

opposition to the adoption of a formal systems approach in Australia,

similar to the internal control model in Scandinavia, systematic OHS

management can offer an ideal level of backing for moves towards self-

regulation.

An assessment tool that covered the core requirements of the relevant

OHS standards could serve as a valuable means of demonstrating due

diligence whilst actively promoting awareness of management’s obligation

to take every reasonable precaution to ensure the protection of employees

and others in the workplace.141 Hence the need for an assessment tool

clearly exists, especially one that could provide benchmarking within

organisations as well as across the various industry sectors.

40

2. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

Whilst the law and punitive measures clearly have their place, many

theorists have exposed the limitations of punishment as a means of

behaviour modification.142-144 A number of difficulties associated with

resorting to legislation to protect the health and safety of workers are

highlighted below:

� For punishment to be effective, it must consistently and openly

enforced.142-145 The ability to administer punishment consistently is

related to the frequency of violations. If non-compliance is

widespread, it is often only the worst cases that are addressed. In

such instances, it is almost impossible to achieve consistent

enforcement on a large scale. This leads to a further problem

referred to by Geller as “perceived inconsistency”, which he aptly

describes as the “root of mistrust and lowered credibility”.146

� Penalties set by regulatory authorities need to be consistent with

community expectations and high enough to deter inappropriate

behaviour.147 However, organisations may view harsher penalties as

an expedient means of generating revenue. This presents a

significant dilemma if the relationship between industry and the

enforcing authority is to be protected. In addition to damaging

relationships, punishment creates a defensive environment,

discouraging cooperation and problem-solving.142

� Should an adversarial climate develop, there is the risk of reinforcing

the wrong type of behaviour. Under these circumstances, more may

be learnt about avoiding litigation through the use of cautiously

worded reports and the restrained documentation of hazards than

actually promoting a safe and healthy workplace.125, 126, 142 Geller,

citing Skinner’s work in behavioural science, refers to this response

as “counter control”. Counter control is explained as a reaction to “a

41

perceived loss of control or freedom … most likely when negative

consequence contingency is implemented.” 146

� Overly stringent OHS requirements can encourage the proliferation

of “paper systems” and token compliance.3 This passive-aggressive

response may again develop due to the apparent loss of situational

control.148 Like Robens before him, Geller referred to this minimal

response as “apathy”, and suggested that it also leads to a decline in

employee involvement.149

� It is more productive to direct funds to OHS improvements than to

pay fines, although it is acknowledged that some businesses would

not voluntarily allocate resources to OHS issues without sufficient

external pressure.50 This pressure is strongest for small businesses

where fines can have a significant impact on cash flow.121

� As many occupational illnesses having long latency periods, the

need for remedial action may become apparent only after damaging

exposures or practices have occurred. The long latency periods of

such diseases also makes it difficult to associate the causal

exposures with the negative outcomes, which may entrench unsafe

work practices.150 In such situations the importance of early

intervention is self-evident.

Clearly, the successful application of Robens’ style legislation also relies

heavily on industry initiatives to assess workplace risks and implement

control measures if a positive, co-operative climate is to be fostered rather

than an antagonistic one. The safety of workers cannot be guaranteed by

relying on legislation alone, and preventive techniques need to be tailored

to individual workplaces and circumstances. In order to achieve these

aims industry must have access to specialist knowledge or OHS guidance

material.122 Without supporting knowledge and the availability of self-help

tools to facilitate the implementation of proactive measures, moves to self-

regulation will be fraught with difficulty. As Deming pointed out: 41

42

The following discussion will provide a broad overview of the diverse

strategies that organisations have available to build prevention into their

businesses and the dominant paradigms that have influenced the

development of these techniques. For the benefit of systematic analysis,

the workplace will be broken down into three main elements that when

brought together uniquely define the profile of the organisation.151 Without

any one of these three elements the organisation would not exist:

� the people to whom a duty of care is owed;

� the hardware and operating environment that people use or convert

in order to produce goods and/or services; and

� the management strategies and methodology employed to organise

and direct the transformation of resources into organisational

outputs.

The organisation also exists within an external environment that impacts

on the nature of the organisation, but is sometimes beyond its control.94,

151 Hazards in the workplace may emerge from within, or from changes to,

any of these three elements; at the interfaces between these elements; or

at the boundaries with the external environment. The defences invoked to

address these hazards will be examined in this thesis, together with their

relative strengths and weaknesses.152

“Support of top management is not enough … They must know what it is that they

are committed to – that is, what they must do.”

43

Figure 1: The Organisation

Social Culture

Legislations

Norms & Values

Economic Climate Physical

climate Hardware & Operating Environment

People

Management

Strategies & Methodology

External Environment

44

2.1 Understanding the Context of Workplace

Hazards

A recurring theme in the literature examining prevention and control

strategies has been the philosophical argument surrounding the safe place

versus safe person approach. Interestingly, this argument also represents

a great geographical divide – with the proponents for the safe place

strategies often being located in the UK, Europe and Australia, whilst the

US has embraced the safe person approach. 10, 28, 63, 86, 117, 142, 153

Although there are staunch differences in viewpoints, there have been

some recent moves to appreciate the merits of the alternative perspective,

especially from the US.60, 154-156 For example, Krause notes that: 155

Studies of the DuPont facilities - well known for their behavioural safety

focus and very low injury rates, show that they do not rely entirely on

behavioural based safety (BBS) techniques, but also dedicate

considerable effort to eliminating hazards at their source.102 However, the

proponents of the safe place paradigm are less likely to be enthusiastic

about promoting BBS unless hazards within the operating environment

have already been addressed.60, 156 This seems intuitively logical since it

would be unreasonable to expect to keep workers safe if they were

constantly exposed to dangerous equipment, poor environmental

conditions or harmful substances. Heinrich, Petersen and Roos make the

following important observation: 157

“Many managers look to address behavior only when facility issues have been

addressed …. The behavioral component and facilities component interact in

such a way that one must accomplish both in order to reach the desired outcome.”

“The most ardent supporters of the belief that worker-failure accident causes are

predominant are, nevertheless, firmly convinced that mechanical guarding and

correction of mechanical and physical hazards are fundamental and first

requirements of a complete safety program.”

45

These comments represent a significant refinement to Heinrich’s earlier

work, which justified focusing primarily on unsafe acts with: “Common

sense dictates that the preventive effort be first toward the thing most

easily and quickly corrected.” 63 It is clear to see how appealing this

statement would be to employers, offering the potential for quick returns

on improved safety performance for little capital investment.

Upon examination, it becomes evident that underpinning these juxtaposed

paradigms are fundamental differences in the models for injury and illness

causation, and the weighting given to the influence of the various types of

hazards encountered in the workplace. These models, mental or

otherwise, will influence the selection of preventive strategies, and failure

to accurately account for all significant hazards in the workplace can only

ever result in limited success.158

To illustrate this point, Heinrich’s domino theory released in 1931 was

presented as a straight chain of causation and assumed that control of the

final “unsafe act” would have the most impact on the prevention of

workplace accidents. The model suggested that the following sequence of

factors culminated in an injury: 63

� social environment;

� fault of person;

� unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical hazard;

� the accident; and

� the injury.

As the unsafe act and/or unsafe condition were viewed as immediate

precursors to the accident, removing this important factor was considered

to guarantee accident prevention. Invoking a vivid analogy with falling

dominoes to reinforce his theory, it was argued that the tipping of factors

46

further upstream would have no impact on the final outcome if the unsafe

act/unsafe condition factor had been eliminated (removal of the domino).

However, this model was only linear because the unsafe act/unsafe

condition factors were combined together. Even though the importance of

both safe person and safe place factors were recognised, the emphasis

was placed primarily on the unsafe act. As noted earlier, this derived from

the belief that changing workers’ behaviour was the easiest and most

expedient means of effecting change.63 Heinrich’s domino theory model

was attractive in its simplicity. The convincing parallel with the dominoes,

an experience that most people could relate to, also served as a

persuasive, visual marketing tool.

Heinrich’s model used some disparaging terminology - such as “fault of

person”. The word fault is easily associated with blame and so the model

rendered itself susceptible to criticism on the basis that it could encourage

employers to relinquish their duty to provide a safe workplace, and transfer

the responsibility for safety solely to the worker.102, 159 Although “unsafe

act” prevention strategies stemming from Heinrich’s work have been

heavily criticised on account of this, apportioning blame to workers was

not Heinrich’s original intention. Heinrich vehemently rebuked the shifting

of responsibility to the worker with the following: “the responsibility lies first

of all with the employer.” Heinrich added that: “Management’s

responsibility for controlling unsafe acts exists chiefly because these

unsafe acts occur in the course of employment that management creates

and then directs.” 63 It appears that the importance of these sentiments

were lost to the attention centred on the domino theory.

Heinrich’s model was modified by Bird to emphasise management’s input

into the sequence of events as shown below: 157

� lack of control - management;

� basic causes - origins;

� immediate causes – symptoms;

47

� accident – contact; and

� injury/damage loss.

Bird opened up Heinrich’s model by using far less restrictive labels and

distinguished between underlying causes and the more superficial

symptoms that ultimately manifest in accidents. This distinction between

proximate and underlying causes was a significant departure from

Heinrich’s model because it promoted the concept of multiple causes

rather than a single chain of events.

Peterson sums up multiple causation theory with the following: 24

In Reason’s model, organisational factors are depicted as the underlying

causes of “error provoking workplace conditions”, which in turn are

portrayed as the underlying causes of unsafe acts.152 Petersen supports

Reason’s model noting, “Root causes often relate to the management

system. They may be due to management’s policies and procedures,

supervision and its effectiveness, training etc.” 34 Both of these extend

Bird’s earlier work by acknowledging the importance of management and

organisational factors.

Whilst it is beyond the scope of this literature review to examine all models

of accident causation, it is useful to highlight some fundamental

differences between the simple and more complex models.

In stark contrast to linear models originating from Heinrich’s domino theory

are the branched models, such as those that invoke decision Fault Trees,

Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) or Human Factors

analysis.160-162 Some of these models can become quite intricate and Kletz

“The theory of multiple causation states that these factors combine together in a

random fashion, causing accidents … When we look only deep enough to find the

act or condition, we deal only at a symptomatic level. This act or condition may be

the “proximate cause”, but invariably it is not the “root cause”. To effect

permanent change, we must deal with the root causes of accidents.”

48

makes the sensible observation that it is important not to become too

involved or distracted with the actual modelling, and that models should

only be used where they are considered to assist the understanding of the

events giving rise to potential or actual accidents.163

There are also the “ball and stick” human factor models. Elwyn Edwards’

Software (S), Hardware (H), Environment (E) and Liveware (L) - (SHEL)

model provides another systematic, analytical tool for incident

investigations and emerged from the aviation industry in 1972. The model

is three-dimensional and examines the potential for accidents at the

interface of the liveware (human) element with each of the other

components: L-S, L-H, L-E and L-L. The liveware are the operators or

players within the system, and the model considers their skills, limitations,

physical and psychological status. This model is extremely comprehensive

and has the benefit of not only considering the system when it is static, but

also when there are states of flux.151

It can be seen that there are numerous models of accident causation

available, differentiated by the focus of their analysis and the “stop rule”

applied to decide when to cease examining causes.164 An overview of the

various models suggests that selection may be influenced by:

� a perception of what hazards are within the sphere of influence; or

� what factors are most easily controlled; or

� the conditions likely to have the greatest final impact on safety

performance.

Safe place theorists prefer to analyse those things that are more

predictable and hence easier to control, avoiding the complexities of

human behaviour.163 Instead of concentrating on the unsafe act, safe

place strategists consider the potential for accidents to occur by

conducting a comprehensive risk assessment of the workplace, then

applying the hierarchy of controls to eliminate hazards or risks from the

source wherever possible.159 As a counter to this, Sulzer-Azaroff contests

49

that examination of accident data reveals that injuries continue to occur

even when the hazards associated with the working environment have

been carefully analysed and addressed.145 Safe person proponents

dissect incidents into the unsafe action and the resulting injury and focus

on eliminating the unsafe action as a means of prevention, seeing humans

as the weak link in the chain of causation.63 Alternatively, some human

factors models such as Ramsey’s, examine options when an individual is

confronted with a hazardous situation including the choice whether or not

to avoid the hazard and the ability to be able to do so.162

Rasmussen questions the adequacy of existing accident causation

models, arguing that despite the numerous models available, accidents

continue to happen.57 Benner, after examination of fourteen different

models and seventeen accident investigation techniques, suggests that

many are contradictory and so they cannot all be correct.165 Rasmussen

explains this with the insightful observation that analysts have the

tendency to find what they are looking for.164 Whilst this may be the case,

there is still considerable merit to be extracted from various aspects of

many of these models, even if they do not address the entire hazard

landscape when applied independently.

Due to moves towards a more dynamic, rapidly changing society, in stark

contrast to the era of Fordism characterised by stable employment and

industry that ended in the 1980’s, Rasmussen asserts that it is

increasingly difficult to find a single, comprehensive model that takes all

the socio-technical factors into account.14, 57 In light of such obstacles,

Rasmussen advocates a very practical approach to “navigating the safety

space” with the following: 57, 166

Translating this method to the application of prevention and control

strategies, the concept of the safe organisation is presented to bring

together the merits of both the “safe person” and “safe place” paradigms,

“ … making the boundaries explicit and known and by giving opportunities to

develop coping skills at boundaries”

50

as well as acknowledging the importance of management strategies,

systems and methodology in the protection of worker safety and health. As

part of this paradigm shift, OHS MS frameworks have the benefit of being

able to provide the overall co-ordination of prevention and control

strategies at the boundaries of safe operation. The identification of

hazards, and corresponding prevention and control measures therefore

provides the foundation and “sizing criteria” for a successful OHS MS

framework.167 In order to develop such a framework, an adaptation of

Elwyn Edwards’ SHEL model provides a useful tool for guided, systematic

hazard identification, that also clarifies the context of workplace hazards.29,

151 This technique will be used to form the basis of an OHS MS framework

that will allow the hazard profile of an organisation to be assessed to

ensure that appropriate prevention and control strategies have been

invoked. Finally, a number of the strategies will be classified into four

areas: planning; implementation; measurement or review; to illustrate

where they are located on the continual improvement cycle.2, 41

51

Figure 2: Examples of Possible Hazard Profiles for Different Organisations

Key:

Manufacturing Industry

Public Service

Health Care

P = People H = Hardware and Operating Environment M = Management Strategies and Methodology

P

P

P

H

H

M

M

H

� Highly hazardous infrastructure

� Few operators

� Numerous procedures

� Large staff numbers

� High stress

� Stringent procedures

� Biological hazards

� Ergonomic hazards

� Large staff numbers

� Largebureaucracy

� Low hazard infrastructure

� Ergonomic hazards

M

52

2.2 Focusing on the Hardware and Operating

Environment

The hardware and operating environment component of the organisation

will be defined to include all the hardware, infrastructure, equipment, tools,

material resources, live (excluding human) resources, and the physical

environment that people either use or convert to produce goods or

services.151 Examples include process machinery; vehicles; buildings;

furniture; electrical goods; stationery; computers; telecommunications;

audio-visual equipment; livestock; land; plants; personal protective

equipment; hazardous substances and other raw materials.168

Hazards may be generated from within the hardware and operating

environment or as a result of its interaction with people; management

strategies and methodology; and/or the external environment.28, 40, 151

Figure 3: Context of Workplace Hazards – Focusing on the Hardware

& Operating Environment

People

Hardware & OperatingEnvironment

ManagementStrategies & Methodology

Interfaces

53

The potential for harm from within the hardware and operating

environment may involve: mechanical failures; faulty equipment; process

design failures; dangerous atmospheres or entrapment hazards from

confined spaces; dangerous goods such as flammable or combustible

materials and corrosive liquids; sources of ignition; unsafe storage such as

dangerously stacked pallets or blocked exits and walkways; electrical

hazards including static electricity, electrical fires and electrocution;

radiation; working at heights; hazardous substances such as toxic metals,

gases and vapours, some of which may pose a threat to reproduction;

biohazards such as illnesses contracted from livestock; and moving

vehicles, including forklifts.36, 69, 158, 169-178

On the interface between the hardware and operating environment and

people lie ergonomic hazards such as noise; vibration; lighting/glare;

unguarded machinery such as exposed pinch points; workstation design;

slippery surfaces; manual handling issues and poor ammenities.69, 179-183

On the interface between the hardware and operating environment and

management strategies and methodology are those hazards related to

poor decisions concerning the operation of equipment or facilities, for

example – failure to test protective equipment and alarms; failure to

maintain equipment in good working order when business closure is a real

possibility; or where shortcuts have been taken with the application of

equipment or processes to ensure continuity of output or to increase

production.93, 184, 185

Hazards originating from interactions between the external physical

environment and the hardware and operating environment may be related

to climate, for example: heat and humidity causing heat stress; exposure

to the cold; or ultra violet (UV) radiation in the case of outdoor workers.186,

187 Mechanical failure may also result from exposure of equipment to the

elements, for example in the case of the brittle failure, as was the case in

the Longford explosion.188

54

Other influences from the external environment may include a depressed

economic climate, and the resulting pressure this may have on equipment

selection, the frequency of maintenance or the ability to purchase

adequate protective equipment.3, 128 The stringency of regulations in force

may also affect the standard to which a plant or facility has been built, and

the type of plant or equipment selected. This effect may be more obvious

in businesses operating over several jurisdictions.

Finally, hazards may result from changes to the hardware and operating

environment such as when new equipment is installed. Failure to carefully

consider the full impact of modifications can have a disastrous impact on

an organisation, as was the case with Flixborough.88, 151 Storms and other

natural disasters or even terrorism may create changes to the hardware

and operating environment, resulting in emergency situations.189, 190

Table 1: Examples of Potential Hazards Relating to the Hardware and

Operating Environment

� Mechanical Failures � Hazardous Substances

� Process Design Failures � Unstable Storage - Fall Hazards

� Faulty Equipment/Tools � Unsafe Storage - Trip Hazards

� Electrocution � Blocked Exits/ Access ways

� Static Electricity � Manual Handling

� Sources of Ignition � Unguarded Machinery

� Confined Spaces � Slippery Surfaces

� Working at Heights � Noise/Vibration

� Dangerous Goods � Lighting/ Glare

� Poor Ergonomic Design � UV Exposure

� Poor Amenities � Heat/ Cold/ Humidity

� Failure to Test Alarms/ Protective Equipment

� Biohazards

� Failure to Maintain Equipment � Reproductive Hazards

� High Levels of Competition � Financial Restrictions on Equipment Selection/ Maintenance

55

Table 2: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated as a Result of

Changes to the Hardware and Operating Environment

2.2.1 Safe Place Strategies

Safe place strategies focus on creating an environment that is free from

harm -ideally this would translate into an “inherently safe” workplace.159

Safe place strategists achieve this aim through the application of risk

management philosophy, primarily by conducting risk assessments to

determine those factors that have the greatest potential to cause illness

and injury.23, 191 Safe place strategies may be implemented at any of the

planning, implementation, measurement and review phases of the Deming

“plan-do-check-act” cycle, and are most effective when all four stages

have been considered.41 Safe place strategies deal with the existing

physical environment and are based on best practice, reasonable

forseeability and reasonable practicability.

Risk Assessment:

Risk assessment is defined here to include three stages:192-194

(i) hazard identification;

(ii) an assessment of the level of risk - taking into account the likelihood

that the hazard will cause harm, the degree of exposure and the

severity of potential harm caused; and

(iii) the application of control measures to minimise the risk if the

assessment suggests that the risk is a problem.

� Fire � Mechanical Failure

� Explosion � Structural Collapse

� Loss of Containment � Vapour Cloud

� Flooding � Water Damage

56

The “hierarchy of controls” is typically used to describe the order of

preference for the selection of control measures as follows:159, 195, 196

� Elimination - the permanent removal of a hazard is the most

desirable control method. Examples include the phasing out of lead

in petrol and paints; and the staged restrictions on the use of

asbestos, now prohibited in Australia since 2003.

� Substitution - replacing a known hazard with a less harmful

substance or using an alternative method that involves a lower level

of risk. Examples include the handling of toxic substances as solid

briquettes rather than as powders or liquids to reduce the potential

for spillage and dust; and the use of alcohol to replace mercury in

thermometers.

� Engineering Controls (including Isolation) – may involve isolating the

person from the hazard by some form of barrier or by “engineering

out” the degree of exposure. Examples include the use of machine

guarding to prevent fingers being caught in roller pinch-points; and

the use of local exhaust ventilation to extract fumes during welding.

� Administrative controls - limit exposure to the hazardous condition

through specific controls such as safe work methods, warning signs,

and restricted entry; and/or generic controls such as housekeeping

rules, permit to work systems, scheduling of activities to reduce the

potential for exposure, and job rotation.

� Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – is worn to provide a

protective barrier between the person and the hazard and is a means

of last resort. The weakness of this control method is that it relies on

the equipment being correctly specified and worn as required. It is

doubtful that the enforcement of PPE will be readily accepted if the

PPE is uncomfortable or cumbersome to wear, and in some cases

has created additional hazards such as heat stress.186

57

PPE may be useful as a “stop gap” measure whilst engineering

control or substitution methods are being evaluated; in emergency

situations; for specialist jobs such as asbestos removal; and for work

involving variable locations where existing control measures may be

unknown or unreliable.196 Examples include head and hearing

protection, safety glasses, gloves, safety boots, breathing apparatus

and fall protection equipment.

Although this simplified, three-step risk assessment methodology is

commonly referred to in general practice and OHS regulations, it only

represents part of the more rigorous risk management process described

below: 29, 69 158, 192

(i) Establishing the Risk Context: The organisation should be

considered as a whole, legal requirements identified, criteria

developed against which the risk may be evaluated, and the method

of analysis established. This anticipatory step is frequently

overlooked, with risk assessments often only focusing on a narrow

section of the overall system.197

(ii) Identifying the Risk: Risk identification should consider both normal

and abnormal situations, start-ups/shut-downs, shift change-overs,

routine and non-routine maintenance and modifications to the normal

operating environment.198 For this reason, a single workplace

inspection is unlikely to account for all the sources of potential

hazards as it only represents the situation at a given point in time.

However, this may serve as a useful starting point.158, 168

Reason stresses the importance of considering the maintenance

function during the risk assessment process by highlighting the

number of maintenance failures that have been implicated in major

disasters - including Flixborough, Piper Alpha and Bhopal.199

Included amongst the multiple factors contributing to the Bhopal

tragedy was a flare tower that was disconnected, a refrigeration plant

that was off-line, and fouled pipe work and valves.93, 199 Reason also

58

points out the opportunity for error in the assembly of installations

which may be overlooked. To illustrate this point, Reason takes the

example of assembling a bolt with eight nuts. If the objective is to

assemble the bolt in a specific order, there are over 40,000 ways

(eight factorial) that the nuts could be reconfigured, yet there is only

one way to undo the arrangement - by simply sliding each nut off the

bolt. 199

The hazard identification process may draw information from the

following sources:168, 191, 195, 200

� incident/injury records;

� workplace inspections;

� job task analysis;

� specialist advice or audits including the use of ergonomists and

occupational hygienists;

� formal hazard analysis including fault trees analysis, failure

mode and effect analysis (FMEA), probability analysis,

simulation and computer modelling;192, 200, 201

� deviation analysis such as hazard and operability studies

(HAZOP) where key words such as “too high“ or “too low” are

used to systematically guide a consideration of each section of

the process for potentially dangerous occurrences;201, 202

� objective peer review – often used where only a limited number

of people have the required specialist knowledge to be able to

foresee process or design problems; 203 and

� informal methods such as brainstorming, tool box talks,

observation, checklist surveys and walk-arounds.168, 204

(iii) Analysing the Risks: At this stage evidence or information is collected

on the nature and consequences of the risk, the means by which it

59

may cause harm and the magnitude of the risk. Codes of practice,

standards, material safety data sheets (MSDS), exposure limits and

regulations may need to be considered at this point.191 An evaluation

of the effectiveness of existing control measures is also desirable at

this time, although Main suggests that in the first instance it may be

more useful to consider the hazards as if no control measures were

in place to get a better appreciation of the full spectrum of risk

possibilities. Monitoring may be required to determine the level of

exposure where exposure standards exist, for example with noise,

radiation or hazardous substances. 158, 191

Risks may be evaluated subjectively with qualitative risk assessment

using descriptors to capture both the severity and likelihood of an

event in order to determine a ranking position on a risk matrix;

numerically with quantitative risk assessment to denote the

probability of an adverse event occurring; or by using a combination

of qualitative and quantitative methods.192-194

The strength of qualitative risk assessment lies in its simplicity and

expediency for screening exercises, although inconsistencies may be

encountered whenever the severity of the outcome includes the

possibility of a fatality.192, 205 Cross argues that workplace fatalities

are not within the realm of common experience and so the likelihood

of these events may be underestimated. Cross recommends that

such activities should be subject to more detailed assessments.158 As

a counter to this, Underwood, Winder and Wyatt suggest that when a

fatality is possible, for example in the case of electrical hazards, the

risk may be overestimated by a ranking order of high or extreme,

leading to unnecessary restrictions on work practices.127 However, it

is less likely that there will be a problem when a suitably qualified

electrician is performing the role. In this example the use of qualified

personnel is a reasonable control, and the residual risk with this

control in place is much lower than if no electricians where available

to perform the task. This highlights the potential for inconsistency

60

depending on the sophistication of the matrix model used and the

individual assessors involved.206 Cross contends that it is not so

much the ranking order that is important, but the increased level of

understanding of the risk that has been gained through the

discussions.158 Whilst this may be a valid point, it may be of little

practical assistance to those trying to prioritise the allocation of

scarce resources.

Techniques employed in quantitative risk assessment are frequently

derived from variations of fault tree analysis. Fault tree analysis

clarifies the relationship between adverse events through the use of

“and/or” gate logic, which also assists in calculating the probability of

events.192 The value of quantitative risk assessment is highly

dependent on the reliability of the estimations, the degree of

uncertainty in the predictions and the validity of the modelling

invoked.158, 192, 207

Semi-quantitative analysis involves assigning a weighting or value to

the qualitative descriptors. Caution is necessary when using semi-

quantitative techniques when there are extremes in either the

severity or likelihood, as the weightings may misrepresent the relative

significance of events, or suggest a level of precision in the analysis

that does not actually exist.192

(iv) Evaluating the Risks. This stage involves comparing the level of risk

determined to the acceptance criteria previously established.

Regulations require that risks be reduced to a level that is as low as

reasonably practicable (ALARP).192 ‘Reasonably practicable” requires

a sensible balancing of the magnitude of the risk with the sacrifice

involved to successfully address it, and may necessitate some level

of value judgements. Decisions to accept the risk should consider not

only the organisation itself, but also the tolerability of the risk to other

affected parties.208, 209 Hopkins observes that this decision is fraught

with difficulty, as the question of “acceptability to whom” raises moral

dilemmas and the controversial issue of the value of human life.197, 210

61

The concept of individual versus societal risk should not be

discounted and may provide useful ancillary information in situations

where not only the individual worker is exposed, but also large

numbers of the public.197 Gadd, Keeley and Balmforth highlight the

danger of downplaying the risk of a highly hazardous activity on the

basis that only one individual has been exposed for a short period of

time. Gadd, Keeley and Balmforth go on to explain: 211

Also cautioned against is the failure of organisations to consider

relevant best practice and the inappropriate use of cost benefit

analysis to exaggerate the costs to reduce the attractiveness of a

particular option.211

(v) Risk Treatment. The range of outcomes from this stage of the risk

management process may include the decision to: 212

� avoid the risk entirely;

� to retain and manage the risk;

� outsource the risk; or

� to insure to minimise the financial impact when prevention and

control methods have failed.

Examples of outsourcing the risk include the use of contractors and

subcontractors or relocating offshore where the legislation may be

less stringent. Cross points out that subcontractors are often used in

the mistaken belief that organisations can transfer the duty of care

“It is not appropriate to divide the time spent on the hazardous activity

between several individuals and estimate the risk on this basis (the ‘salami

slicing’ technique). For example, if any one person is only exposed to the

hazard for a short time, but someone is always exposed, it would give a

misleading picture of the risk to estimate the risk from this hazard by taking

into account the exposure time of each individual.”

62

owed to their own employees onto the subcontractor. However, the

liability for injury and illness towards an organisation’s own

employees can only be reduced in the rare instances where the

subcontractors have been allocated full site control.158, 195

Where a decision has been made to retain the risk, plans on how this

residual risk will be managed involve the application of the hierarchy

of controls.195 Emergency planning always remains a core

requirement as the residual risks in these instances can never be

addressed entirely.189, 213 With the growing emergence of terrorism,

and the need to deal with the consequences of natural disasters and

other critical unplanned events, the importance of emergency

planning is self evident.195 The need for business continuity planning

to ensure key operational functions are protected and the importance

of having critical incident recovery strategies in place is becoming

more obvious and the subject of increased levels of attention.191

(vi) Monitor and Review: An essential stage of the risk management

process where the effectiveness of the risk reduction strategies

utilised is evaluated. Methods available to complete this stage

include: 158, 191, 214

� follow-up workplace inspections;

� review of injury and incident data, including trend analysis;

� review of near miss reports and investigations;

� comparison of occupational hygiene monitoring data to baseline

assessments to check the effectiveness of engineering control

measures;

� surveillance audits;

� commissioning exercises to ensure that projects have been

delivered as specified before being accepted;

63

� audiometry surveillance;

� medical surveillance;

� exit interviews and review of turn-over rates, and

� reporting of results to the directing minds of the organisation or

other overseeing body.

This process is often iterative and may require fine-tuning to obtain

the desired results. Comprehensive reviews enhance the

understanding of the overall processes and encourage continual

improvement.215 Documentation of this step has the added benefit of

providing evidence that due diligence has been exercised.191

Communicating these results also serves to add to the body of

knowledge pertaining to the various hazards identified both inside

and outside the organisation, as well as fostering trust and goodwill

by demonstrating the duty of care and consultation in action.216

2.2.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Place Strategies in Practice

Safe place strategies underpinned by the risk assessment process forms

the cornerstone of a safety program, ensuring that the workers’ actual

surroundings and facilities are as safe as reasonably practicable.158, 159

Risk assessment can be a detailed, sophisticated process when the full

risk management methodology has been invoked, or it can be applied on a

more informal basis with qualitative risk analysis.205 The need for a

qualitative or quantitative approach (or blend of the two) will be indicated

by the types of hazards that dominate the total hazard profile. For

example, a nuclear plant will clearly need a sophisticated quantitative

approach, whilst this may be unnecessary for a small retailer. One of the

greatest benefits of the risk management approach lies in its flexibility and

adaptability. It is through this fundamental hazard identification stage that

action plans and control strategies can be customised to address the

needs of a particular organisation.

64

Risk assessment strategies can be applied to routine and non-routine

activities or to project specific work, for example in the construction

industry where each new project involves a different scenario with a

unique risk profile.204 However, safe place strategies are likely to be more

successful where there is more information and experience available

regarding the nature of the risks and hazards likely to be encountered.

Other advantages of the safe place approach concern manufacturers and

large-scale organizations. These have the benefit of being able to extract

“economies of scale” from the risk assessment process for example with

the use of generic risk assessments that can be customised for the

individual sites or functions. The tailoring of solutions is much more

arduous for small businesses as they have to prepare “one-off” safety

plans and have fewer resources at their disposal. 23

As far as shortcomings of the risk management process are concerned,

the length and intensity of the technique can sometimes discourage its

use, with some businesses refusing to undertake risk assessments unless

they are deemed to “add value”.205 This is highly subjective, and may not

reflect the requirement for specific risk assessments to be carried out for

all significant risks.2 The term “significant” may be manipulated by the

particular risk matrix method used and the assessors involved.

Furthermore, a risk assessment carried out by one person in isolation

without review or consultation of affected parties should not be considered

a valid application of the risk assessment process.

It is crucial that sufficient time has been allowed to conduct the evaluation

stage to enable the most appropriate solutions to be implemented.197

Where this is not the case, issues may be dealt with superficially on the

basis of expedience, rather than eliminating problems from the source.217

Jensen warns of the problem of focusing on minor, day-to-day issues

when the need to perform risk assessments is mandated, resulting in the

neglect of more important strategic issues.23, 120 This may stem from a lack

of basic problem-solving skills.117 When training needs are identified, it is

65

important not only to ensure personnel are instructed on risk management

methodology, but also in the analytical skills that should accompany it.

This includes the ability to distinguish between actions that provide

temporary relief of the hazardous situation, and the use of more

permanent solutions that address the problem at its source.217

Failure to consider organisational, societal and human factors is another

common pitfall of the risk assessment process, as the process is often

only applied in a narrow context. When estimating societal risk, there is a

tendency to underestimate risks to the general public if an individual

exposure is used as the basis of the risk calculation. This may erroneously

result in the risk been considered negligible when a given individual’s

exposure is only for a short period of time.197, 218

Risk perception is in itself a highly contentious issue as perception by

definition, will vary from individual to individual.219 This can lead to

inconsistency in the risk analysis stage.206 Flemming, Geller and Adams

suggest the following factors influence the perception of risk: 216, 220, 221

� what is known about the risk including future implications;

� the apparent level of control over the situation;

� situational awareness and understanding of outside influences;

� the depth of task knowledge;

� whether the potential consequences relate to everyday experiences,

require specialist knowledge or are the subject of speculation;

� experience and the frequency of previous task performance;

� the potential to imagine vivid, gruesome or frightening outcomes; and

� personality-dependent risk taking attributes.

Complacency can be very dangerous where the task is routinely

performed - leading to risk habituation. Activities with low level

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consequences but high levels of frequency are prone to being

underestimated. This phenomenon may be overcome by ensuring the

involvement of objective team members during the risk assessment

stage.216

Kouabenan discusses the effect of the different roles and beliefs that are

brought to the risk assessment process, and how the perception of the risk

target may influence the final evaluation of the control measures applied.

This aspect may be important for organisations involved in transfers of

technology across different cultures, particularly from developed to

developing nations.222

Lack of situational awareness has been implicated in many disasters and

is a critical factor when outside specialists are called in to identify hazards

on a site where they have no prior experience. Expertise on a chemical

plant can take many years to acquire, and every chemical plant is different

in some way. The following example cited by Adams highlights problems

where repair work has been scheduled without considering the impact on

adjoining plant and equipment. In this case, welding was scheduled on a

very long vent line that led into the top of a tank. The place where the

welding was planned was quite a distance from the actual tank and the

welders were unaware that the tank held wastewater contaminated with

hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fumes in the pipe work where ignited by

the welding, causing the tank to explode.216 This illustrates the danger of

analysing risks in isolation, a problem that is accentuated when those

assigned to the task lack in-depth understanding of the process.

Risk assessment is therefore most reliable when handling problems of a

predictable nature, or where there is substantial evidence collected to

support assertions. Where uncertainty in quantitative risk assessment

values has been underestimated, the results may proliferate a false sense

of confidence.192

Hopkins also questions the philosophical basis of quantitative risk

assessment, arguing that quantitative risk assessment implies that

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accidents are inevitable, random events. Another perspective is that all

accidents are preventable and have causes that once understood may be

addressed. Hopkins also suggests that the lure of an elegant solution and

the sense of control they afford may override the desire to investigate and

factor in the unpredictable nature of individuals and the dynamics and

pressures of modern organisations.208 Geller vehemently opposes the

concept that “all accidents are preventable”, considering this to be

fundamentally flawed on the basis of the complexity of human

behaviour.221 It is certainly easier to launch a safety campaign with the

belief that accidents are preventable, although some critics cynically

suggest that this merely allows organisations to transfer blame onto

individual workers.144, 156, 221 It is asserted here that whilst most accidents

are preventable, the degree of difficulty involved ranges from being

relatively straightforward to overwhelming. The suggestion that all

accidents are preventable may be used as a statement of commitment

from organisations, and that in itself does have some merit provided that

the organisation recognises the need to provide the resources that will

allow this to be possible, and the difficulty therein.

One of the greatest drawbacks with risk management methodology is that

its application may unveil long lists of prevention and controls requiring

capital expenditure. Small businesses and other managers with pressing

budgetary constraints may not always welcome this information.3, 122 There

is also the possibility that funds set aside to address safety program

issues may be transferred across to other, seemingly more important

projects. These issues demonstrate the advantage of using a due

diligence plan that is realistic, regularly reviewed, monitored and adhered

to. Such a plan recognises the economic realities of the business world,

acknowledging that with limited funds projects must be carefully prioritised

and planned ahead. In the event of a successful prosecution, a well

maintained due diligence program may serve to reduce the size of the

penalty imposed by the courts, as well as providing a legitimate defence

for directors and other concerned in the management of the corporation.67,

141

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In summary, safe place strategies offer techniques that strive to ensure

that the existing physical environment is harm-free. They are best applied

when funding is plentiful, resources including time have been allowed for,

and the risks have been assessed by those with the necessary balance of

skills to do so in a spirit of genuine consultation.

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Table 3: Examples of Safe Place Strategies

Safe Place Strategies

Planning Phase � Risk Assessments: Qualitative eg, Working at Heights; Confined Spaces; Electrical;

Machine Guarding; and Hazardous Substances.

� Risk Assessments: Quantitative eg, Mechanical Failure or Process Failure.

� Ergonomic Assessment: eg, Noise; Lighting; Manual Handling; and Climate.

� Peer Design Reviews/ Deviation Analysis - eg HAZOP

� Environmental or Personal Hygiene Monitoring for Initial Assessment Purposes

� Emergency Preparedness

Implementation Phase � Application of Risk Control Measures - Elimination/ Substitution/

� “Engineering Out”; Barrier Methods and Signage

� Preventive Maintenance

� Permit to Work Systems - Electrical; Hot Work; Confined Space; Working at Heights

� Modification Procedures

� Testing of Protective Systems/Equipment

� Emergency Evacuation Drills

� The Conducting of Larger Scale Environmental or Personal Hygiene Monitoring

Measurement Phase

� Housekeeping Inspections/ Plant Inspections

� Specialist Audits

� Analysis of Results of Environmental & Personal Hygiene Monitoring

� Health Surveillance

Review Phase

� Evaluation of Existing Risk Control Methods/ Evaluation of Drills

� Formal Commissioning Prior to Acceptance of Projects/Modifications

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2.3 Focusing on People

The people component of the organisation will be defined to include all

those to whom a duty of care is owed – the employees; members of the

public or visitors utilising or accessing premises within the organisation’s

control; or contractors that may be under the direction or control of the

organisation, operating within the organisation’s facilities or whose welfare

may be affected by the actions of other employees.69, 223, 224


People

Hazards may be generated from within the people section of the

organisation, not only from the people themselves, but also from the way

in which people relate to others; or as a result of interactions between

people and the hardware and operating environment; management

strategies and methodology; and/or the external environment.

Hardware & OperatingEnvironment

Management Strategies & Methodology

External

Environment People

Interfaces

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Harm arising from within the people component of the organisation may

stem from singular or combined psychological, biological or socio-cultural

factors. Examples may include:

� discrimination on the basis of gender, sexuality, religious beliefs,

pregnancy, disability or family care requirements;225, 226

� bullying, sexual or racial harassment, horseplay, practical jokes or

“initiation rites”;225, 227, 228

� violence initiated from within the workplace, for example in the case

of patients abusing health care workers in the mental health industry

or violence initiated against workers in the case of armed theft;190

� conflict, mistrust and antagonism where workplace relationships have

broken down;229, 230

� impaired judgement resulting from cases of substance abuse or

workers experiencing grief or loss;231, 232

� contagious illness and disease, 233, 234 and

� communication problems, including instances where people are

working in isolation or where language barriers exist.235, 236

Examination of the interface between the people component and the

hardware and operating environment may reveal hazards associated with

poor design, human error and the limitations of humans as information

processors. This may include:

� working memory overload – for example Miller found that five to nine

unrelated items can be successfully retained in the working memory

“desktop” at one time and workplace tasks that require more may be

problematic;237

� code incompatibility – codes are used to store information received

by the senses: tasks involving verbal/phonetic codes and

visual/spatial codes are better suited to operate together than

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activities employing two common codes such as speaking and

writing which are both verbal;238

� perception errors – the interpretation of stimulus may be affected by

mental predisposition or expectation;239, 240

� recall errors and the transferral of information from short-term

memory to long-term may be influenced by mood, state, motivation,

association and context at the time of learning;240

� “tunnelling of attention” and misplaced priorities brought on by

stressful circumstances;239, 241 and

� breakdown of selective attention – the ability to decipher important

information amidst multiple stimuli, or the breakdown of focused

attention where concentration is required under conditions of

fatigue.239

On the interface between the people component and management

strategies and methodology are hazards concerning the way in which work

is organised.242 Examples include stress and/or fatigue resulting from shift

work arrangements, overtime, monotonous tasks or the pace of production

activities.243 Stress may also result from the following:244-246

� role ambiguity/role conflict;

� responsibility for actions without the necessary authority;

� career uncertainty; and

� lack of perceived control over a situation.

Analysis of the interface between the people and the external environment

may reveal hazards resulting from the influence of customs, norms and

social culture. Examples include the social acceptability of wearing

personal protective equipment; expectations about the length of time spent

at work away from the family (work/life balance); or the willingness to be

assertive when rights have been violated.102

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Low morale underpinned by resistance to change would be an example of

a hazard arising from changes to the people sector of an organisation.

This low morale and associated workplace stress may be indicated by

unusually high turnover rates and absenteeism levels.227, 246 Furthermore,

dangerous situations may develop from loss of expertise from a business

unit, as was the case with the Esso gas plant explosion at Longford, where

downsizing had lead to the relocation of engineers offsite.91

Table 4: Examples of Hazards Affecting People

� Discrimination � Rule-based errors

� Harassment � Skill-based Errors

� Stress � Knowledge-based Errors

� Fatigue � Communication Breakdown

� Bullying � Conflict/ Mistrust/ Antagonism

� Workplace Violence � Peer Pressure

� Violence/Abuse (Public) � Working Memory Overload

� Substance Abuse � Breakdown of Selective Attention

� Contagious Illnesses & Disease � Breakdown of Focused Attention

� Mental/ Physical Illnesses � Isolation/ Lone workers

� Personal/ Emotional Issues � Language Barriers

Table 5: Examples of Hazards Generated from Changes to the People

Sector

� Loss of expertise/ skill

� Loss of corporate memory

� Low morale

� Stress

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2.3.1 Safe Person Strategies

Safe person strategies focus on people, and included here are prevention

and control measures such as training; human resources functions such

as selecting appropriately qualified personnel; and behavioural based

safety where critical safe behaviours are identified and encouraged. Safe

person techniques offer a means of dealing with the residual risk once the

physical hazards of the workplace have been addressed, as the residual

risk can never be entirely eradicated. The following offers a review of

some of the main strategies available that fall under the safe person

category.

Pre-employment Screening

Pre-employment screening is widely used in large manufacturing

industries and Quinlan and Bohle suggest that it should be used to assist

in the selection of the most suitable roles for workers, rather than to

screen out candidates considered to be a high risk for future workers’

compensation claims.247 Pre-employment screening is useful in the

following circumstances:247, 248

� to assess whether a person is fit to carry out a specific task;

� to identify workers that may have a greater susceptibility to

workplace hazards as a result of a particular medical condition, for

example working at heights would be unsuitable for epileptics, and

those with congenital enzyme deficiencies would be hypersensitive

to some toxicants and at greater risk of asthma from exposure to

irritants;

� where a worker’s ill-health may expose other workers or members of

the public; or

� to prevent aggravation of a pre-existing condition.

Pre-employment screening may take the form of a medical examination

with a consultant physician; an assessment by a trained OHS nurse; or

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more economically through the use of a simple questionnaire to indicate if

further medical screening is necessary.248, 249 The construction of medical

assessments needs to be carefully considered to avoid the potential for

discrimination or equal opportunity claims. The Anti-Discrimination Board

(ADB) of NSW recommends that testing should only be carried out on

candidates that meet all other job requirements, and only relate to

essential job duties. The ADB present the following examples of misuse of

medical information:250

� using pre-employment medicals as a means of culling before the

interview process;

� lines of enquiry during the interview regarding previous injuries or

workers’ compensation claims; and

� disclosure of pre-employment medical results to others.

Evidence from pre-employment screening may only be used to exclude a

candidate if the employer is able to demonstrate that it would cause undue

hardship to modify the task or work station to accommodate the worker’s

special needs.247, 248 In the case where limitations are found, Ellis

challenges the traditional practice where the physician provides a

statement of being either fit or unfit for the position, and instead calls for

more open communication so the extent to which duties may be

reasonably adjusted is well understood. In such circumstances the need

for “transparency” regarding the information that passes between the

health practitioner and the employer would be vital to ensure

confidentiality.251

Health Surveillance

Pre-employment medicals provide an opportunity to collect baseline

information for comparison with subsequent health surveillance results.

Examinations may include lung function tests, audiometry, or the collection

of blood or urine samples for biological monitoring where the levels of

particular toxicants or their by-products are analysed. While not

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preventive, these measurements offer a means of evaluating the success

or otherwise of current hazard control strategies. As these results are

downstream indicators, any indications of harm due to occupational

exposure would require an immediate management response, as well as

observance of local OHS legislation requirements for reporting where

necessary.247, 249 Health surveillance is required by certain jurisdictions

where highly hazardous materials are being handled, for example in the

case of lead or asbestos.69

Quinlan and Bohle note that the use of biological monitoring and X-rays

presents “practical and ethical limitations” as X-rays may expose workers

to unnecessary risks and biological monitoring may be considered

invasive. Quinlan and Bohle highlight the importance of obtaining samples

“without imposing unreasonable danger, inconvenience or discomfort to

the workers involved”.247

Employee Selection Criteria

Failure to select appropriate personnel has been implied as a contributory

factor in a number of accident causation models, and Heinrich’s domino

theory placed considerable emphasis on personal characteristics such as

temperament.157, 252, 253 The need to define the requirements to ensure that

a person has the skill and competency to perform a particular role safely is

widely acknowledged as evidenced by its incorporation into a number of

OHS MS self-audit tools.2, 77-79 Caution must be exercised to ensure that

the recruitment process complies with local equal opportunity

legislation.254 Petersen warns that many tests may be illegal under such

laws, unless successful application of results can be demonstrated.255

Clarke and Robertson conducted a meta-analysis of 45 studies to

challenge common perceptions associating personality traits such as

extraversion with accident involvement. This meta-analysis concentrated

on the main five personality factors that had been explored in previous

work: - extraversion; neuroticism (characterised by high anxiety, self-

consciousness, impulsivity, distractibility and a negative outlook);

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conscientiousness; agreeableness (helpful and tolerant); and openness

(imaginative and broadminded). Overall, the results suggested that low

agreeableness and low conscientiousness were predictors of accident

involvement, but in an occupational context, neuroticism and low levels of

agreeableness were significant. Attempts to explain the results sought to

link a preoccupation with personal worries and the inability to conduct

successful interpersonal relationships with a susceptibility to workplace

accidents.256

It is observed that the OHS literature focuses more on the need for training

and skills analysis to ensure competency to perform tasks safely, than on

defining the requirements for personnel at the selection stage. This is in

contrast to total quality management approaches that view personnel

selection as a controlling input into the process.257 Whilst the emphasis on

training on the job may be perceived as a practical approach, and is

always necessary to some extent, it is contended that ignoring employee

selection criteria represents false economy as the additional expense in

hiring more qualified personnel may well be offset by the risk of having

inexperienced staff spending considerable time on the learning curve,

potentially exposing others to harm.

Policies

Policies are used to motivate supervisors to perform in a specific,

desirable way by understanding the will of management.258 Richardson

stresses that written policies are only one expression of management’s

intentions, and must be supported by actions consistent with the

information in the policy to be credible, quoting Albert Schweitzer: 259

Petersen supports these sentiments with his warning that failure to provide

a suitable work environment whilst claiming “safety first” serves to

generate cynicism.260 Richardson suggests that employers confuse the

“Example is not the main thing in influencing others, it’s the only thing.”

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policy with the written document, when the policy is actually the attitude

conveyed by management as witnessed by their response to everyday

situations.259 Geller extends this concept by promoting safety as value

rather than a priority.261

The advantage of this strategy is that it carefully avoids the conflict

between safety and production by placing safety on an entirely different

emotional level, appealing more to a sense of moral obligations and code

of behaviour.

A range of policies may be invoked to protect OHS interests and related

topics include: health and safety; equal opportunity; anti-discrimination;

anti-bullying; anti-violence; harassment-free workplaces; smoke-free

environment; drugs and alcohol; and the promotion of family-friendly work

arrangements.262, 263 The positive benefits of having these policies

articulated are that this sends a strong message of what is expected and

also clarifies management’s position on these issues.

Training

Employee education and training equip staff with the necessary skills to

fulfill their OHS responsibilities. Training in awareness of workplace

hazards and safe work methods can only be effective if the design of the

physical work environment encourages safe practices, as it is human

nature to find the most expedient method for performing the task.260 247

The type of training delivered may vary in its level of sophistication to

encompass the following range: 264

� receipt of written site safety rules;

� induction training for staff, contractors and visitors;

“Safety should be a value that employees bring to every job, regardless of

priorities or task requirements. It should be an unwritten rule (social norm), one

followed regardless of the situation.”

79

� training on critical safe working procedures and complying with

legislative requirements that are linked to actual workplace hazards

(context specific training);

� broader awareness training of non-critical procedures; to

� in-depth safety education.

The effectiveness of training may be substantially improved by ensuring

that a skills audit and thorough training needs analysis has been

performed for each employee at the onset and by conducting post training

evaluations. Petersen encapsulates the importance of these processes by

encouraging employers to ask the following questions, paraphrased from a

quote by Robert Mager: 265

Petersen suggests that the answer to the first question should consider

three key areas: the business as a whole; the operational unit; and the

individual employees.265

It appears that the acquisition of problem solving skills is often overlooked

in the development of training programs, with greater emphasis being

placed on addressing immediate task requirements. This is unfortunate as

these skills provide the foundation for dealing with safety issues that are

uncovered by safety inspections and incident investigations. 117, 144, 217, 266

Tasks or situations that are performed infrequently - such as first aid or

emergency evacuations, require periodic refresher training to maintain skill

levels. 267 Petersen reinforces this message by stressing the need to

practice what is learnt and adds that training conducted over a number of

“Where am I going?

How shall I get there? and

How will I know when I’ve arrived?”

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short intervals is more likely to be retained than information received in

one large block. 265

Ellis elaborates further on techniques that will assist adult learning with the

following:268

� aim to engage more than one sense in the learning process, for

example by incorporating learning exercises, discussions,

audiovisual aids and/or summary material;

� provide opportunities for feedback on performance;

� offer early opportunities to reward successful learning; and

� ensure that the beginning and endpoints of learning sessions are

used wisely as they are most easily recalled, for example provide an

overview of the topic at the onset and a quick summation to

conclude.

Martin discusses the advantages of on-line learning including flexibility,

accessibility and cost-effectiveness. However, whilst this technique may

suit the dissemination of factual material, it may not be as effective for

conveying attitudes towards safety. Martin cautions that on-line learning

does not cater for individual learning style preferences.264

Geller clarifies the distinction between safety training and education,

explaining that training targets actions whilst safety education relates more

to the underlying principles behind the actions:269

Training and education are complementary - one reinforces the other. By

adding meaningfulness to the information it is also more likely to be

retained. 265, 267 Hopkins implies that without deeper process knowledge

and understanding, the value of training is minimal. Hopkins considers the

“Attitudes, beliefs, values, intentions and perceptions can be influenced directly

through education; whereas behaviours are directly influenced through training.”

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lack of operator safety education to have played a significant role amongst

the factors contributing to the Esso gas plant explosion at Longford.270

Training sessions should be recorded to provide evidence to demonstrate

the contribution towards due diligence shown, to enable effective tracking

and provide for future planning. Training should be conducted by those

competent and qualified to do so. Where possible, trainees should be

assessed.271

Mentoring and Buddy Systems

Martin discusses the use of mentoring programs as a means of improving

OHS management in organisations, citing the work of Wilson and Shaw in

2002 which examined the pairing of senior managers from one

organisation with another. Martin highlights the importance of the

relationships built, the trust and understanding engendered, the broader

perspective of experience, and the sign of deep management commitment

that may stem from such programs.264

Conflict Resolution Petersen suggests that unresolved workplace conflict may manifest in the

following ways:272

� apathy and a deliberate decision to ignore workplace rules;

� mediocrity;

� tuning out;

� substance abuse;

� leaving the organisation;

� “pseudo injuries”;

� venting; and in extreme cases

� labour disputes, strikes and sabotage.

82

Strategies to recognise and deal with conflict may reduce work related

stress and help diffuse potentially volatile situations.

Work Reorganisation/ Task Restructuring

Job enrichment may be used to overcome boredom and associated

feelings of fatigue. Providing more meaningful work enables the worker to

realise their full potential, and may improve job satisfaction. Kroemer and

Grandjean recommend the careful matching of employee capabilities to

the work demands to avoid both boredom and frustration. This may be

achieved by increasing the range of tasks, allocating higher levels of

responsibility and encouraging greater worker participation in decision-

making processes. Task restructuring or job rotation may be necessary

where prolonged exposure increases the risk of manual handling injuries,

fatigue or boredom. The strategic use of rest pauses is also advocated to

maintain performance and efficiency. Regardless of their format - whether

they be prescribed or as waiting periods, it is suggested that they should

combine to represent approximately 15% of total working time.273

Security

Concerns for personal safety may induce higher stress levels and affect

general well being. However, although these effects are on the individual,

the remedy often requires changes to the individual’s physical workplace,

and so this may be dealt with in examinations of either the hardware and

operating environment or when focusing on people.

Security arrangements should be considered as a preventive measure

wherever there is a threat to personal or organisational safety.274 Yohay

and Peppe highlight the following scenarios considered to be at risk of

workplace violence:275

� carrying large amounts of cash for financial transactions;

� exchanging money in public view;

� working in isolation or in small numbers;

83

� working night shifts or early mornings;

� guarding valuables or people;

� working in a high crime rate area;

� employees delivering goods and services (especially if these can be

easily traded for money); and

� where there is a high degree of interface with the public.

Prevention strategies include:276

� use of security personnel;

� duress alarms;

� global positioning systems linked to cars and mobile phones, for

example as used by taxi drivers;

� use of a coded distress signal;

� metal detectors on entrance ways;

� improved lighting and increased visibility;

� pleasant surroundings in waiting rooms including pastel colours,

comfortable seating, availability of drinking water, and climate control;

� “target hardening” such as deadlocks on cabinets with valuables,

wide & high counters at enquiry desks, and

� minimal furniture in interview rooms and the absence of items that

could be potentially used as weapons.

Lone or Remote Workers

Despite the emergence of an “alternative workforce” with increasing

numbers of employees working remotely, there is a paucity of information

84

available in the literature to address the safety issues involved when

workers perform their duties in isolation.277

In the event of experiencing a medical condition such as stroke or heart

attack or in the case of an injury, failure to obtain prompt medical

assistance could serve to aggravate the injury, cause considerable

distress or result in an unnecessary fatality.236 Examples where this may

be necessary include: farmers; working at heights; utility workers; mobile

sales and service personnel; workers during weekends or public holidays;

and lone operators or shop assistants.277

Control measures may include: lone workers informing other personnel

where they will be or agreeing to communicate at regular time intervals;

use of pagers and mobile telephones; having well displayed or

personalised emergency contact numbers listings; and protocols for

suitable authorisation of work arrangements.236

Awareness of Fatigue and Circadian Rhythms

La Dou and Coleman note that major catastrophes such as Three Mile

Island, Bhopal and Chernobyl have all occurred between the hours of

midnight and four o’clock in the morning.243

The body’s circadian rhythm is normally geared towards work readiness in

the early morning and the second half of the afternoon. Disturbance of this

natural rhythm through shift work may lead to irritability, depression, work

disinterest, unhealthy eating habits, and digestive problems such as

ulcers. This biological clock is affected by zeitbergers or “time markers”

such as light and darkness, social cues, meals, knowledge of local time

and routines, and if disrupted may take several weeks to readjust.278

Strategies to help maintain alertness and minimise circadian dysrythmia

where night shifts are necessary include:243

� the use of quickly rotating shifts that involve only one or two night

shifts at a time so that the body’s internal clock has no chance to

reset;279

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� where rotating shifts are used, the use of forward rotating cycles is

preferable;278

� avoidance of monotonous tasks;

� climate control with temperatures set on the lower levels of the

comfort range;

� good air circulation; and

� bright lighting;279

Schur promotes the concept of providing designated napping facilities

such as a recliner, in the belief that it is better that it happens in a

controlled and manageable way. Schur also advocates the importance of

employee participation in the rostering schedule.279

Sensitivity to Cultural Diversity

Where there is cultural diversity, safety information needs to be

transmitted in a format that may be understood by all workers. This may

involve the use of interpreting services to provide information pamphlets in

different languages, the use of diagrams in warning signage,

demonstrations of safe working methods, and the use of other visual aids.

Means of assessing that information has been understood is particularly

vital where language barriers exist, and may take the form of on-the-job

assessments.235, 280

Sensitivity to Pregnancy and Nursing Mothers

Apart from ionizing radiation such as X-rays, hazardous chemicals such as

lead, mercury, anaesthetic agents and organophosphate pesticides;

biological hazards such as rubella, listeria and parasites such as

toxoplasma that can affect the developing embryo or foetus; there are a

number of other physical hazards that are of special concern during

pregnancy. These include:281

� standing for long periods;

86

� travel;

� ergonomic problems due to a changed weight distribution that may

prevent pregnant workers from getting close to loads and counters,

and an altered center of gravity that may affect posture and balance;

� increased sensitivity to heat stress; and

� regular exposure to low frequency vibration, shocks, or excessive

movement.

Other human factors for consideration include:282

� proneness to nausea and vomiting;

� backache,

� earlier onset of fatigue; and

� the potential for difficulty in concentrating due to metabolic changes.

Breastfeeding women require access to seating and private, hygienic

facilities. Refrigeration for expressed breast milk and secure storage for

lactation equipment should also be provided.281

Temporary adjustment of working conditions, shift patterns, and/or hours;

increased rest periods or even a transfer may be necessary.282 In keeping

with anti-discrimination rules, if pregnant or lactating women are being

treated differently, they should not be disadvantaged as a result.281

Young Worker Considerations

Workers under the age of 25 have been found by WorkCover NSW to be

prone to the following five types of injuries: sprains and strains; open

wounds; fractures; bruising and crushing, and burns. The main causes of

injuries cited were manual handling; slips, trips and falls; being hit by

moving objects; falling from a height; and hitting moving objects.

WorkCover attributes this to a lack of experience and familiarity with local

procedures.283 Mentoring programs, providing appealing designs and

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colours for PPE, and implementing multi-media training are suggested

techniques to cater for the special needs of younger workers.264, 283, 284

Comcare also points out that younger workers are at increased risk of

bullying.285

Older Worker Considerations

Reductions in birth rates and the introduction on anti-discriminatory

legislation prohibiting forced retirement have introduced new challenges in

OHS to accommodate an aging workforce.226, 286 Areas for consideration

in connection with the aging process include:286

� reluctance or difficulty with learning new tasks;264

� loss of visual acuity;

� hearing loss and increased sensitivity to loudness;

� reduced aerobic capacity; and

� reduction in joint mobility, strength, reaction times and manual

dexterity.

Statistics provided by Kisner and Pratt from the US indicate that older

workers are “more likely to experience injuries that result in death or

permanent disability”, and machines, motor vehicles and falls featured

amongst the major causes of worker fatalities for those aged over 65.287

Kowalski-Trakofler et al highlight research indicating that any physical

decline is counterbalanced by the growth in wisdom, emotional maturity

and experience that accompanies age.286 Strategies to accommodate

senior workers include the use of technology to overcome limitations

presented by physically demanding tasks; training in general ergonomics

and postural awareness; and the implementation of wellness programs.286,

288

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Wellness Programs

Wellness programs may include: management of diseases such as

diabetes and hypertension; the promotion of exercise, healthy nutrition

and relaxation methods; cancer screening; health appraisal; flu vaccines;

and support for those quitting smoking. Not only do these measures

protect the employers’ most valuable asset - the workers, but wellness

programs also demonstrate that employers genuinely care for the health of

their employees. The long term benefits associated with investing in

worker health include improvements to both employee morale and the

corporate image, as well as the potential to reduce turnover and

absenteeism.286, 289

Strategies to Overcome Substance Abuse

There are conflicting theories on the most effective approach to substance

abuse in the workplace. After conducting a meta-analysis of available

research on various control strategies such as policies, and interventions

such as drug testing programs and counselling, Allsop and Phillips report

that the results remain ambiguous.290 Conversely, Petersen advocates

drug testing at the pre-employment medical phase. He argues that this

strategy will discourage those with substance abuse problems from

applying for the positions in the first instance, and that employers have a

duty to ensure the safety of fellow employees in the workplace and others,

for example where substance abuse may interfere with the safe use of

machinery or the ability to drive.289

Drug testing programs may however simply transfer the risk elsewhere

and Allsop and Phillips’ suggest blending substance abuse strategies into

employee assistance programs (EAP’s) or wellness programs. Ellis also

endorses this approach, and insightfully suggests that successful

intervention is underpinned by non-judgmental support from supervisors,

trained to detect a decline in work performance.291 These sentiments are

well captured by the following citation taken from Edwards: 290

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Bell and Bell reinforce the use of EAP services, and challenge the legality

of pre-employment drug and alcohol screening under local anti-

discrimination laws, viewing alcoholism as a disease. They connect the

success of EAP’s in these instances with the strong incentive for affected

workers to maintain their financial security.292

Employee Assistance Programs (EAP)

EAP’s developed originally as a response to dealing with drug and alcohol

problems in the workplace, by offering a referral to specialist help and

counselling. EAP’s have now been extended to incorporate a broad range

of services including workplace conflict mediation, emotional problems,

work related stress and any issues impacting on workplace

performance.291 Confidentiality, voluntary participation, ease of

accessibility and free service are common features of these services.289

Where OHS services are located on site, counselling services may be

offered by trained OHS staff or the occupational physician.249 The

advantage of in-house systems is that they have greater appreciation of

organisational issues.291

Irrespective of whether the source of the problem originates from home or

work, workers suffering from stress or emotional problems will have

strained interpersonal work relationships which could negatively impact on

others in the workplace.256 This could potentially place fellow workers at

risk if their decision making capability has been compromised. The

availability of EAP services may provide a welcome outlet for problems

that if left untreated could escalate to the point where management of the

workers’ performance becomes increasingly difficult.

“Experience seems … to teach that preventive action on drug problems can never

be imposed by society or culture. All such action if it is to have a chance of

success has to be based on a willingness to listen, to understand, and to be told.

Prevention is then an invitation to change, rather than an edict and the invitation

to change will only be accepted if it is sensible.”

90

Peer support programs may be particularly useful in cases where there is

reluctance to use EAP services, or as a means of enhancing their

effectiveness.291 This has been particularly beneficial in emergency

service and voluntary organisations dealing with critical incidents, where

there is a preference to speak with someone who is intimately familiar with

the circumstances surrounding the incident or who has been in a similar

situation. Critical incident support programs and peer debriefing may be

helpful in reducing the effects of post incident trauma.293

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Stephenson notes that PPE is sometimes classified within the safe person

control strategies category on the basis that PPE is worn on the person

and that its reliability depends on human intervention, such as fit and

correct use, to be effective. Stephenson also makes a salient point when

he observes that in practice most control techniques are rarely used in

isolation and that PPE is often used in combination with other types of

controls.294

Rehabilitation and Injury Management

First aid and medical treatment of workplace injuries should be rapid to

reduce injury impact and to optimise repair and recovery. Rehabilitation

programs are not preventive, but their merit is in the limitation of damage

already sustained where control measures have failed.

Rehabilitation attempts to restore the worker to their pre-injury condition,

hopefully returning them to a workplace that has identified and dealt with

the cause of the injury. There are significant psychological advantages in

returning the injured employee back into the workforce once they are

capable of light or suitable duties, as prolonged periods away from

meaningful employment and loss of contact with workplace peers can

lower self-esteem and confidence.247, 295 Strategies for returning the

worker back to gainful employment should be in accordance with the

following order of preference:296

91

� Same position/same workplace

� Modified job/same workplace

� Different position/same workplace

� Similar or modified position/ different workplace

� Different position/different workplace.

Behavioural Based Safety (BBS)

BBS involves the identification and reinforcement of critical safe practices.

BBS campaigns can promote cultural change by altering attitudes towards

reporting of incidents and the encouragement of thinking through actions

so employees are effectively performing dynamic risk assessments as a

matter of routine. Geller suggests that BBS programs encourage workers

to take responsibility for their actions so less surveillance is necessary,

effectively promoting “safety self-management”. 33

Originally BBS proponents dissected incidents into the unsafe action and

the resulting injury, and then focused on eliminating the unsafe act as a

means of prevention.63 This cast human factors as the weak link in the

chain of causation.294 Interestingly, Kouabenean’s work on causal

attribution suggested that those being exposed to accidents on the shop

floor were more likely to attribute the cause to poor working conditions,

whilst those higher up in management and not exposed where most likely

to suggest lack of care or inattention.297

As BBS was heavily criticised for its potential to be abused to “blame the

worker” these techniques have been revamped with a much more

optimistic, constructive approach.155 BBS has since been transformed into

an attempt to eliminate the motives behind unsafe actions, identifying and

encouraging critical safe behaviours through systems of reward and

praise, and promoting the reporting of incidents.261, 298 A number of studies

have emphasised the importance of providing feedback to encourage

critical safe behaviours.145, 299 However, Ray et al suggest that the benefit

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of these programs may lie simply in the additional attention focused on

safety at the time, and highlights the need for employees to learn how to

“read their environment” and respond accordingly in order to maintain and

sustain performance improvements after the observation programs have

ceased.300 Not all persons are naturally able to do this, and the effects of

stress to induce tunnelling of attention should be not be discounted.239

BBS programs have been used successfully to encourage workers and

their managers to acquire the habit of conducting dynamic, informal risk

assessments by asking the following series of questions as for example, in

the Du Pont “STOP” and “Take Two” programs:

� What am I about to do?

� What could go wrong?

� How could I perform the task safely?

This not only furnishes the employees with valuable skills, but also creates

a forgiving “safety buffer” to accommodate a less than perfect physical

working environment and the economic realities of the business world

where hazards identified are not dealt with immediately but prioritised and

addressed when sufficient funding becomes available.142

Understanding the concepts behind behavioural change programs should

also prompt management to reflect on their own actions to assess whether

or not they are positively reinforcing unsafe behaviours, for example

through production bonus schemes.

Reward Campaigns

It is generally accepted amongst the behavioural scientists that reward

systems are a powerful tool for encouraging desirable safe work practices,

although there is some debate regarding the format these rewards should

take.301, 302 Geller favours the use of praise and recognition, discouraging

the use of monetary rewards by contending that “We cannot expect

external rewards for all the important management related behaviours we

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need to do … We need to start with the right vision, theory and principles,

and hold ourselves accountable with internal consequences”.302 Improved

status, public recognition, private praise, “second hand” praise - where

good work is relayed to a third party in the hope that it will eventually filter

back to the originator, special privileges, preferred job assignments, and

celebratory meals all provide alternative reward systems. 303

When using positive reinforcement techniques to modify behaviour,

strategic use of the reward schedule, that is the timing of the reward, will

improve the likelihood of maintaining the desired outcome in the long term.

If the reward schedule is fixed, the desired behaviour is likely to disappear

when the reward is removed. However, if the reward schedule is variable,

interest is likely to be maintained in anticipation, provided the reward is

sufficiently desirable. For enduring changes to work practices, it is

recommended that the reward schedule is fixed and immediate during the

introduction phase, and then gradually transferred to a variable schedule. 144, 145 Hale cites the profitability of poker machines and the difficulty in

extinguishing such habits to demonstrate how successful a variable

reward schedule can be.304

Perception Surveys

Perception surveys often take the form of a questionnaire and are used to

gauge employee morale, safety attitudes, and the effectiveness of

particular safety program components.305, 306 Bailey suggests that the

advantage of using perception surveys is their ability to easily capture the

weaknesses in program elements as observed by employees and

management.307 Bailey reports that these surveys are particularly useful

when safety performance has reached a plateau, and there is scope for

focusing on behavioural factors.307

Mearns et al suggests that questionnaire surveys relating to safety culture

should be more appropriately termed climate surveys because they

capture a snapshot of the prevailing safety culture.308 A number of safety

climate survey instruments have been developed to assess the impact of

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interventions, for example in the Health Care industry.106 Common themes

in these climate measures have included perceptions of management’s

behaviours and attitudes; existence of safety systems; attitudes towards

risk; the balance between production pressure and safety issues;

perceived competence of the workforce; and compliance with safety rules

and procedures. 309

Perception surveys also have been used successfully in conjunction with

risk assessments to determine the perceived effectiveness of interventions

and to evaluate the perceived merit of further improvement options.310

Where psychological stress is a suspected contributor to workplace

accidents, perception surveys may assist in uncovering the causes of such

stress and to test options for the way forward. For example, Tint and

Reinhold used a perception survey to help acknowledge the link between

stress factors and a variety of health complaints in the workplace. Their

study was used to promote the use of suitable work organisation

arrangements, ergonomically designed workstations and more open

dialogue between management and employees.311

Off-the Job Safety Programs

Off-the-job safety programs encourage workers to “live and breathe”

safety, providing reinforcement and consistency. Elements of off-the job

safety programs may include safe driving skills, defensive driving

programs, as well as education and awareness of commonly encountered

home hazards through posters, pamphlets and newsletters. The following

topics are typically covered: 312-315

� hazardous materials such as paints, oils, cleaners and pesticides;

� ergonomics for home offices and hobbies;

� slips, trips and falls;

� correct use of PPE, for example when gardening or lawn mowing;

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� ladder safety and working at heights,

� electrical safety with household appliances,

� scalds from hot water systems;

� kitchen safety – avoiding cuts and burns;

� smoke detectors and fire extinguishers,

� personal security, and

� home safety checklists.

Off-the-job safety programs demonstrate genuine caring and commitment

from the employer, and foster important attitudes that strengthen and

support safe work practices.312, 315

Accountability/Performance Appraisal

Several authors promote the incorporation of safety criteria into the

performance appraisal process, and Heinrich points to the supervisor as

the vital person to target as he argues they have the most influence over

the workers’ behaviour.63, 301, 302 Petersen emphatically reinforces the need

for accountability and believes that personnel will only accept

responsibility for requirements that are measurable.301 Quinlan and Bohle

qualify this by stating that OHS responsibilities and accountability should

reflect the level of “discretionary power that they exercise”.247

Richardson perceptively illuminates the danger of using injury statistics or

other negative measures for performance appraisal purposes, linking this

practice to under-reporting and suggests the use of positive action items

as an alternative.316 Geller downplays the significance of performance

appraisals on the basis that they are open to manipulation, reinforcing

Richardson’s views. Geller suggests that staff rise to the occasion shortly

before an appraisal is conducted, only to return to their old habits once the

process is over. To circumvent these problems, Geller expands upon

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Richardson’s approach by recommending continuous assessment on

three levels:317

� environmental factors such as housekeeping;

� critical safe behaviours and work practices, as noted through the use

of observation checklists; and

� attitudes towards safety.

2.3.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Person Strategies in Practice

Safe person strategies have the advantage of being able to deal with

potential hazards of a more complex nature and irregular nature, and this

is reflected in the broad range of treatment options available. Where the

elimination of hazards is not a viable option, methods for coping with the

possibility of danger provides a sensible alternative, and in some cases

this may simply involve creating awareness of the potential for problems to

arise.318 Furthermore, not all workplaces are “fixed”, many workers are

required to travel to various locations where the nature of the physical

work environment may be unknown or their purpose may be to make the

area safe. Examples include repair and maintenance work, asbestos

removalists, and emergency service workers. In these instances it may be

necessary to draw upon competency skills, training, the ability to routinely

perform informal risk assessments and the strength of their situational

judgement. Safe person strategies are therefore particularly useful for non-

routine and specialist work environments.

Petersen makes the observation that many safety program initiatives

restrict employees from using their own judgement, and essentially do the

thinking for them. Citing Chris Argyris’s incongruency theory, which

suggests such constraints frustrate the natural process of growth and

maturation, Petersen argues that safety programs should be more

participative and “reduce employee dependence, subordination and

submissiveness”.319 Whilst it is acknowledged that some constraints will

always be necessary, the recognition that some processes do not require

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tight control and may benefit from providing some level of flexibility is a

salient factor in itself.

Due to the high level of personal input, safe person strategies can be time

consuming. Training, mentoring and educating employees demands not

only time but patience. These resources may be difficult to secure when

production demands are high.

It is important to stress that safe person strategies are not just simply

about BBS, but include many other important factors such as training and

competency. Safe person strategies deal with the perspective of the

individual and recognise psycho-social hazards such as workplace stress

and bullying. By taking into account individual factors, safe person

strategies are able to work in conjunction with changes to the physical

workplace and encourage workers to apply their judgement and expertise.

They also help define the situations under which work should cease or

where further assistance is required.

As safe person strategies rely predominantly on the individual, these

strategies may be limited by the complexities of human behaviour, fatigue

and times of job or life stress. These must be appreciated at the time of

application and allowances or additional controls used to counteract these

parameters.

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Table 6: Examples of Safe Person Strategies

Safe Person Strategies

Planning Phase

� Employee Selection Criteria

� Pre-Employment Health Screening

� Anti-Bullying/ Equal Opportunity Policies

� Family-friendly, Flexible Work Arrangements

� Training Needs Analysis

� Competencies for Future Directions Identified

Implementation Phase

� Inductions

� Training Programs/ Refresher Training

� On-going Education/ Alert Bulletins/ Professional Networking

� Behaviour Modification

� Rehabilitation Programs

� Sensitivity to Diversity Including Cultural Differences; Younger/Older Workers;

� Employee Assistance Programs

� Reward Programs/ Safety Campaigns

� Communication/ Contact Systems

Measurement Phase

� Unsafe/ Safe Acts Observations

� Perception Surveys

� Feedback Programs

� Health Surveillance

Review Phase � Performance Appraisal – Safe Working Criteria

� Review of Reasons for Turn-Over Rates

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2.4 Focusing on Management Strategies and

Methodology

Management strategies and methodology will be defined to include the

ways in which both the people and the hardware and operating

environment are organised and directed in order to transform resources

into organisational outputs, whether they be goods or services. This will

include leadership, culture, planning, specialist and technical expertise,

competency, work methods, and the systems utilised in the process.


Management Strategies and Methodology

Hazards generated from within the management strategies and

methodology component of the organisation may derive from lack of

leadership, commitment or competence.41 Failure by management to

acquaint themselves with their legal OH&S obligations, remain current with

changes or to identify areas of non-compliance with local regulations may

also place workers at greater risk of illness and injury.2, 141 Hazards may

People

Hardware & Operating Environment

External

Environment

Management Strategies & Methodology

Interfaces

100

also develop as a response to the culture of the organisation, for example

if reporting of incidents were discouraged, or if safety was not valued by

the organisation.261, 320, 321

On the interface between management strategies and methodology and

the people section are hazards arising from a lack of consultation, poor

supervision and wilful violations from people in response to over

specification of procedures, under specification of procedures or generally

poor procedures.141, 322, 323 Hazards may also occur as a result of failure to

generate a procedure where consistency is required.324 Decisions to use

high levels of contracting personnel as opposed to permanent employees

may also generate hazards due to workforce instability and lack of local

knowledge.56

The interface between management strategies and the physical workplace

may highlight hazards where there has been a failure to understand the

workplace or where many “defences in depth” have been applied. This

may create problems in emergency situations if the purpose of defence

mechanisms has been obscured or if their impact on other sections of the

process is not understood.325, 326 Other hazards may emerge due to the

selection of particular work practices or the structuring of organisational

activities.242

Negative influences from the external environment on management

strategies and methodology include cases where adversarial relationships

have developed between the local regulatory authority and industry, which

may restrain the willingness to document workplace hazards and

potentially inhibit the consultation process. The level of unionism and the

ability to call on external support may also influence the power balance

between management and the workers, which may also impact upon

management attitudes and readiness to deal with safety and health related

issues in the workplace. Other hazards related to the external environment

include the impact of high levels of competition which may result in the

sacrifice of safe working methods in order to remain competitive within the

marketplace.3

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Hazards related to changes to management strategies and methodology

may originate from failure to communicate revisions to work methods and

procedures, or failure to consider those affected or impacted by

changes.324 Also included here are hazards linked to too much flux and

instability within the workforce, for example when downsizing of a

business is occurring.91, 185

Table 7: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated from Management

Strategies and Methodology:

� Lack of Leadership/ Direction � Too Many Rules

� Lack of Commitment � No Rules

� Lack of Competence � Bad Rules

� Lack of Consultation � Wilful Violations

� Poor Supervision � Software Inadequacies

� Failing to Understand the Process � Failing to Test the System

� Poor Work Organisation � Information Suppression

Table 8: Examples of Potential Hazards Generated from Changes to Management Strategies and Methodology Used:

� Lack of Experience � Lack of Clarity

� Misinformation � Too Much Flux, Instability

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2.4.1 Safe Systems Strategies

A safe systems approach focuses on understanding the process, and

views the level of injuries experienced or lack there of, as a product of the

system capability. Features of this strategy include: 327

� defining the requirements for the safe operation up front;

� ensuring that inputs into the process come together in a manner that

is controlled and without danger to those involved – safe procedures

are in place; ensuring that critical information is communicated in the

appropriate time frame;

� searching for the root causes of incidents when these arise to

eliminate problems from recurring;

� regular monitoring and evaluation of performance against set criteria;

and

� review of the process to ensure it is working properly.

Establishing safety criteria for the selection of personnel, suppliers, raw

materials, design and equipment are of a more preventive nature, whilst

incident investigations are after the fact. Again, it is unlikely that all the

requirements for safe working conditions will have been identified from the

onset and allowances have to be made for unexpected equipment failures,

the complexity of human behaviour and the natural limitations of humans

as information processors. Both preventive and reactive strategies need to

be in place to manage safety and health effectively, and one of the merits

of a systems approach are the cues and prompts that it provides to

facilitate both of these responses.

A safe system approach usually requires the provision of regular feedback

and open communication to further a deeper understanding of the work

process and the impact of key variables.5 However, there are continuing

problems with the use of measures for safety failures such as illness and

injury statistics for assessing safety performance as they may be linked

with organisational politics and the need for managers to save face.

103

Under-reporting presents a major threat to safety program improvements

because it is difficult to understand a situation when the facts have been

distorted or worse, are absent.298 A culture of trust, respect and

transparency must be in place before a systems approach will work

effectively.105, 328 One of the redeeming features of a systems approach is

that when a problem has been identified, examination of the system can

redirect unwelcomed attention away from managers or workers, reducing

the opportunity for blame and encouraging solutions that benefit the

organisation as a whole.

2.4.2 The Strengths and Limitations of Safe Systems Strategies in Practice

Safe system strategies build safety in at the concept stage and are most

effective when delivered within a suitable culture. However, a systematic

approach does sometimes involve a high level of bureaucracy, and as a

result OHS MS have been particularly criticised for becoming ‘‘paper

tigers”, which has often resulted in their benefits being restricted to large

scale manufacturers with routine, continuous operations.149 Problems with

OHS MS may also occur when the proposed corrective action continually

results in piecemeal changes to the procedures rather than searching for

higher order solutions that address either the physical or conceptual core

issues. Constant changes to procedures results in end users losing

confidence in the system. Furthermore, it is important not to over specify

the system. It is important to appreciate the difference between

applications where human judgement and experience add value and

where consistency and replication are necessary. These criticisms

represent an opportunity to restore OHS MS to their intended purpose – to

provide one of the most preventive means of delivering OHS benefits to

the workplace, wherever it might be. Implicit in this intention are the

fundamental concepts of planning, understanding the process, making

adjustments where necessary, and continual evaluation of outcomes.195

The literature has argued for the pursuit of a systematic approach rather

than the application of OHS MS. 59, 91, 329 Yet, they are one and the same

104

and this argument may highlight some ambiguity surrounding suggested

OHS MS structures as offered by AS/NZS 4804 and Safety MAP that may

not have been customised for a particular organisation, as opposed to the

policies, plans, procedures and work instructions that comprise the actual

OHS MS themselves.2, 77 OHS MS structures simply provide guidelines on

essential criteria for the safety program content, whilst the systematic

approach found within the OHS MS allows information to be collected and

communicated so that critical processes are controlled to ensure safe

operations.

The management of a highly contingent workforce is becoming typical for

the modern employer. This brings with it many additional risks that are well

suited to the application of a safe systems approach, such as the use of

permits to work and verification activities.330

The use of OHS MS and the systems strategies applied therein have been

rebuked for being too heavily orchestrated by management.91 Petersen

interprets this heavy handed approach as management’s response to the

rejection of workplace rules, and cynically views the proliferation of

“pseudo participation/communication programs” as a futile attempt to

pacify workers.319 This highlights the difficulties that naturally arise from

the employer-employee control gradient, the counter productivity of token

gestures and the need for workers to see the reasoning behind restrictions

where they have been enforced. Without meaningful consultation in place

and genuine worker participation the use of OHS MS and a systems

approach cannot be effective. This point has been well documented within

the literature and remains a fair criticism. Without feedback from end

users, the improvement process is stifled. The ability to manage the

process without hidden agendas coming into play remains a formidable

challenge in many organisations. The need for trust and transparency is

again highlighted .328

Finally, the conventional application of risk management plays a very

important role in a systematic approach to occupational health and safety,

but it is not the complete picture. Not only should hazards and risks be

105

identified on a broader, organisational context, but they must be handled

in an appropriate manner. Solutions must be planned for and outcomes

measured. Evaluation of solutions must take place and the information

captured to improve operations. Changes need to be communicated to

those impacted by the change. Triggers need to be in place so people

know when to conduct a risk assessment, how to conduct one effectively,

who to involve and who to inform of the outcome. Risk assessments need

to be performed by people with the necessary technical competencies who

have contextual knowledge of the workplace as well as having skills in

performing the risk assessment itself. It is important to know when the

scope of the risk assessment is within the capabilities of those internal to

an organisation, and when specialist assistance is required. OHS MS can

help orchestrate all these activities so they are logically co-ordinated and

sequenced to provide information within the timelines necessary.

106

Table 9: Examples of Safe Systems Strategies

Safe Systems Strategies

Planning Phase � Goals for Safe Operation Agreed and Accepted

� Safety Criteria for Inputs Defined- Suppliers; Design: Skill Acquisition

� Due Diligence Plan

� Critical Information Identified

� Time and Resources Allocated for Solutions

Implementation Phase � System Interfaces Defined -Service Agreements include OHS Criteria

� Safe Working Procedures

� Meaningful OHS Consultation

� Competent Supervision

� OHS MS Framework and Procedure Revisions and Legislative Updates

� Incident Management/ Investigation

� Preventive Action

Measurement Phase

� Injury/Illness Reporting

� Scales of Measurement Adjusted to Collect Sufficient Quantity of Data

� Near Miss Reporting

� Controlled Self Assessments

� Validation Audits ( Checking System Construction)

� Verification Audits ( Checking Compliance)

Review Phase

� Time Allocated and Used to Review the System Against Long and Short Term Goals

� Management Review

� Due Diligence Review

107

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE OHS MS MODEL FRAMEWORK

One of the major criticisms regarding the use of OHS MS has been the

problem of “over specification” and the recognition that “one size does not

fit all”.331 In order to develop a more customised approach to overcome

these problems, it is useful to examine the fundamental construction of

workplace activities.

Most activities can be broken down into segments comprising of:

� Specialised/complex elements;

� Routine elements; and

� Unplanned, unwelcome or unexpected events – see Figure 6.

Figure 6: Breakdown of Workplace Activities

These specialised activities can be further broken down into high skill

components, simple routine components and unplanned components as

shown in Figure 7.

Workplace Activities

Specialised Activities Unplanned Events

Routine Activities

108

Figure 7: Breakdown of Specialised Activities

High skill/complex and unplanned components often involve some level of

competency training and may draw upon situational judgement based on

years of experience. The application of these high level skills will be

dependent upon the unique blend of circumstances presenting at the time,

and there may be a multitude of techniques available for dealing with the

given situation. In these instances, guidance on the selection of the most

appropriate way forward may be difficult to capture in a procedure, and

this type of restriction is unlikely to benefit the process.

Once routine sub-elements of the more complicated overall process have

been identified, these can be further improved through the use of

monitoring and feedback mechanisms. This period of fine tuning will be

referred to in this thesis as the “progressive” stage as this promotes a

better understanding of the process and allows that portion of the activity

to be mastered.

It is only after the process has been mastered that it is possible to enter

into what will be termed the “strategic planning” phase. When operating in

the strategic planning phase there is the opportunity to consider the use of

best practice, alternative options, and new directions.

Specialised Activities

Unplanned Components

Simple, Routine Components

High Skill, Complex Components

109

Figure 8: Cycle of Improvement

Goleman suggests that the ability to see the wider picture as in the

strategic planning phase, represents one of the highest orders of

thinking.332

Hence, the building blocks of an OHS MS will fall into the following

categories:

� Complex components where flexibility and high skill levels are

retained, for example training;

� Routine components that benefit from consistency, for example

record keeping activities;

� Contingency plans for unplanned, unwelcome or unexpected events,

such as emergency preparedness;

� Progressive elements where monitoring for the purpose of

improvement is desirable, such as self checking and internal

auditing; and

� Strategic elements that consider the wider scenario, and are geared

towards efficiency, control and growth, including evaluation exercises

such as management and operational reviews.

Specialised Activities

Fine tune the process

Apply strategic thinking once the process has been mastered

Identify simple routine subcomponents

Identify and acknowledge where complex components exist. These may require a high level of skills such as competency training, judgement and experience to manage effectively.

110

This analysis strongly supports and extends the use of the Deming “Plan-

Do-Check-Act” cycle for the OHS MS model framework, and also provides

a means of sorting the constituent elements into a logical time sequence.41

The strategic elements correspond to the “planning” phase and these

would include all the review functions. The combination of both routine

and complex activities represents the “doing” stage; with the exception

that this implementation stage has been amended to recognise the

differences needed in managing routine and complex activities. Many of

these implementation stage activities have been discussed previously

under the various strategies available to prevent and control workplace

hazards. The “checking” section is covered by the progressive elements

and it is here that data is collected to gain a better understanding of the

processes involved. The “action” phase equates to the contingency

responses such as emergency planning, incident management and

rehabilitation that deal with situations where prevention and control

measures have failed. Although these contingency elements are reactive

by nature, they are still very necessary and offer learning opportunities for

the organisation.

Hence, a comprehensive OHS MS framework would need to incorporate

all of these phases, as well as suggesting cues for the optimal sequencing

of events.

3.2 OHS Model Framework Development

Gallagher suggested that there was a high level of agreement about the

following individual components of an OHS MS:333

� Organisation, responsibility, accountability -

� Senior management commitment and active participation;

� Line management/Supervisor involvement;

� Specialist personnel;

111

� Management accountability;

� Performance measurement;

� Management systems (starting with the OHS Policy).

� Consultative arrangements;

� OHS Committee;

� Worker/management participation in workplace risk issues;

� Issue resolution procedures, and also

Specific programs including:

� Systems for risk management, including workplace critical risks;

� OHS information and promotion;

� Health and safety rules and procedures;

� Assessment of training needs and a training program;

� Workplace assessments and inspections;

� Systems for first aid and medical surveillance;

� Emergency response;

� Procedures for purchasing, contract review, contractors and so on;

� Incident reporting and investigation;

� Systems for monitoring and review; and

� Record keeping systems for risk management and incident

investigation.

However, an examination of the popular OHS MS structures currently

available suggest that there is considerable variation on the emphasis and

arrangement of the elements within these models depending on the

location of the operation, regulatory requirements and influencing

paradigms. Whilst this may seem to be a subtle difference only, it appears

to be a stronger influence in the acceptance of the system and ease of

implementation.

112

When reviewing OHS MS structures currently available, Victoria’s

SafetyMAP program introduced in the early 1990’s emerges as one of the

most dominant models. It includes a means of rewarding employers who

had a good safety record through the workers’ compensation system and

who had applied a proactive approach to managing workplace health and

safety.130

Other systems followed, such as:

� TriSafe management systems audit (Queensland);79

� Safety Achiever Business Scheme (South Australia);74

� WorkSafe Plan (Western Australia);76

� Safety-Wise ComCare (Commonwealth).230

Each system has strengths and weakness and targets a particular industry

profile. SafetyMAP is well suited to a large, stable manufacturing

organisation, whilst ComCare covers psychological hazards in more

depth, which is appropriate in a public service organisation.77, 230

Queensland’s Tri-Safe has tiered audits and seeks to verify compliance by

cross-checking evidence from the employees on the shop-floor with

information from upper management.79 South Australia’s Safety Achiever

Bonus Scheme is modelled on AS/NZS 4801 with modifications to include

workers’ compensation.74 It also provides a free, simple audit tool based

on Excel with colour coding that may be printed onto a few pages and

placed on a notice board.75 The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and

Tasmanian regulatory bodies cater well to small firms with the provision of

an assortment of downloadable tools.72, 73 Whilst all emphasise the need

for consultation, there is little in the promotion of training in problem-

solving skills.

All the OHS MS structures offered by the major jurisdictions within

Australia provide a legislative interface, which is useful for a baseline

assessment and helpful in understanding what regulatory obligations must

113

be met. However, the difficulty arises when businesses operate over

numerous jurisdictions and have multiple regulations to follow.

There are also a plethora of commercial systems available for purchase

off the shelf, or for customising through the use of consultants. Do-it-

yourself kits are available from some jurisdictions for small businesses and

there is also an assortment of downloadable OHS MS from the internet for

a relatively small fee. However, the concept that a system can be obtained

and deemed to be adequate without sufficient consideration of the

individual organisations’ needs and hazard profile is fraught with danger.

Despite the multitude of OHS MS available there is still a reticence to

formally mandate the use of such structures as in the internal control

models in Norway and Sweden.334 Criticisms of this approach have been

based on the difficulty and expense for small businesses; the potential for

token compliance and excessive bureaucracy; the complications of a

fragmented labour market; and the need to take into account remote or

mobile workplaces. All these increase the challenge to identify the building

blocks of an OHS MS framework that will be widely acceptable and offer

efficiency and streamlining of the occupational health and safety

management process.

It is asserted here that rather than focusing on a particular OHS MS

structure that is currently available and using that as a basis for an

assessment tool, it would be far more comprehensive to develop a

framework derived from a combination of the safe place, safe person and

safe systems strategies found within the literature.

The benefits offered by this approach are:

� there is no assumption made about the validity of one particular

management system structure;

� it ensures that the entire hazard landscape has been considered;

� it allows tailoring to suit individual organisation needs;

114

� it provides a framework for future analysis and thereby prompts

reflection and problem solving;

� it provides acknowledgement of complex tasks that are not suited to

the restrictiveness of documentation and guidance on how to identify

critical sub routines that may benefit from consistency and

streamlining; and

� it checks whether the full spectrum of components have been

invoked – those that deal with complex and routine activities,

unplanned events as well as provision for progressive and strategic

exercises.

On this basis, the following building block components are presented in

10, having been derived from the earlier sections of the literature review

pertaining to safe place, safe person and safe systems strategies. This

framework has been divided into three core sections to allow separate

consideration of each of the safe place, safe person and safe systems

aspects to ensure that the entire context of workplace hazards have been

examined. This also allows reflection on the different perspectives offered

by operations, the individual worker and management. The elements have

been colour coded to illustrate where the elements are located on the

Deming “Plan-Do-Check-Act” cycle, and this also offers an indication of

the most appropriate timing for the application of the activities suggested

therein. As can be seen, the proposed framework covers all stages of the

continual improvement cycle. The proposed framework illustrates how the

improvement cycle is iterative in nature as the information collected from

the review stages may be fed back into the conceptual policy and planning

activities at the top of the framework. Equal weighting has been given to

the safe place, safe person and safe systems components respectively to

ensure there remains a balanced approach to the different perspectives.

Finally, a definition of each building block element has been listed in

Appendix 1.

115

Table 10: Proposed OHS MS Model Framework.

Safe Place Safe Person Safe Systems

Baseline Risk Assessment Equal Opportunity/ Anti-Harassment OHS Policy

Ergonomic Assessments Training Needs Analysis Goal setting

Access/Egress Inductions-Contractors/ Visitors Accountability

Plant/Equipment Skill Acquisition - (criteria screening)

Due Diligence Review/ Gap Analysis

Storage/Handling/Disposal Work Organisation-Fatigue/ Stress Awareness

Resource Allocation/ Administration

Amenities/Environment Accommodating Diversity Procurement with OHS Criteria

Electrical Job Descriptions –Task Structure

Supply with OHS Consideration

Noise Training Competent Supervision

Hazardous Substances Behaviour Modification (PPI’s Observation Programs) Safe Working Procedures

Biohazards Health Promotion Communication

Radiation Networking, Mentoring, Further Education Consultation

Installation/Demolition Conflict Resolution Legislative Updates

Preventive Maintenance/Repairs

Employee Assistance Programs Procedural Updates

Modifications – Peer Review/ Commissioning First Aid/Reporting Record Keeping/Archives

Security – Site/Personal Rehabilitation Customer Service –Recall/ Hotlines

Emergency Preparedness Health Surveillance Incident Management

Housekeeping Performance Appraisals Self Assessment Tool

Plant Inspections/Monitoring Feedback Programs Audits

Risk Review Review of Personnel Turnover System Review

Key

Strategic Complex Contingency

Progressive Routine

116

3.3 Analysis of National and International OHS MS

Structures

To trial the suitability of the proposed framework given in Table 10 as the

basis of an OHS MS assessment tool, eleven national and international

OHS MS structures were selected for a desktop analysis. The criteria

invoked for selection of OHS MS structures was that they were easily

accessible, comprehensive and widely accepted. The following OHS MS

models were reviewed:

� AS/NZS 4801/4804 (Australia/New Zealand);2, 195

� SafetyMAP (Victoria);77

� Safety-Wise (Commonwealth of Australia);230

� WorkSafe (Western Australia);76

� Safety Achiever Business Scheme (SABS) (South Australia);74

� International Labour Organisation (ILO);335

� Seveso II (European Union);96

� American National Standards Institute, American Industrial Hygiene

Association(ANSI/ AIHA) Z10-2005;336 and

� Voluntary Protection Program (United States);85 and

� Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS)

18000.37, 337

In the analysis that follows:

� Tables 11-13 were used to identify whether the elements suggested

in the proposed OHS MS framework given in Table 9 were present in

the OHS MS structures analysed;

117

� Charts1-3 rank the number of each of the safe place, safe person

and safe systems elements respectively that may be found within the

OHS MS structures analysed. This was to give an indication of the

popularity of the individual components.

� Table 14 demonstrates the balance of safe place, safe person and

safe systems elements within each of the OHS MS structures

analysed through the use of pie charts. This is to provide a visual

representation of the focus of the particular OHS MS structure.

� Charts 4-6 build on this analysis, providing the total number of safe

place, safe person and safe system elements found in each of the

systems.

� Chart 7 gives the total number of suggested OHS MS elements

mentioned within the individual OHS MS structures analysed to

evaluate their level of comprehensiveness; and finally

� Table 15 provides a brief listing of distinguishing features for each of

the eleven OHS MS structures, highlighting their key strengths and

limitations.

118

Tabl

e 11

: Com

paris

on o

f Sel

ecte

d O

HS

MS

with

Saf

e Pl

ace

Crit

eria

Safe

Pla

ce C

riter

ia

Baseline Risk Assessment Gap analysis

Ergonomic Assessment

Access/Egress

Plant/Equipment

Storage/Handling/Disposal

Amenities/Environment

Electrical

Noise

Hazardous substances

Biohazards

Radiation

Preventive Maintenance/ Repairs

Modifications - Peer Review/ Commissioning

Installation/Demolition

Security – Site/Personal

Emergency Preparedness/ Response

Housekeeping

Plant Inspections/ Monitoring

Risk Review/Evaluation

4801

/480

4 (A

US

/NZ)

�

�

��

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afet

y M

ap (V

IC)

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LD)

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kSaf

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A)

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U)

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SI/ A

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SAS

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00 (U

K)

� �

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119

Tabl

e 12

: Com

paris

on o

f Sel

ecte

d O

HS

MS

with

Saf

e Pe

rson

Crit

eria

Safe

Per

son

Crit

eria

Equal Opportunity/ Anti-harassment Policies

Training Needs Analysis

Inductions-Contractors/ Visitors

Skills Acquisition –Criteria/ Screening

Work Organisation –Fatigue/Stress Awareness

Accommodating Diversity

Job Descriptions –Task Structure

Training

Behaviour Modification (PPI’s Observation)

Health Promotion

Networking, Mentoring, Further Education

Conflict Resolution

Employee Assistance Programs

First Aid/ Reporting

Rehabilitation

Health Surveillance

Performance Appraisals

Feedback Programs

Review of Personnel Turn Over

4801

/480

4 (A

US/

NZ)

�

� �

��

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ety

Map

(VIC

) �

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afe

(QLD

) �

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afet

y-W

ise

(Com

) �

�

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kSaf

e (W

A)

� �

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ABS

(SA

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O

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eso

II (E

U)

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AIH

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00 (U

K)

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120

Tabl

e 13

: Com

paris

on o

f Sel

ecte

d O

HS

MS

with

Saf

e Sy

stem

s C

riter

ia

Safe

Sys

tem

C

riter

ia

OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability



Procurement with OHS Criteria


Safe Working Procedures

Competent Supervision

Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates

Record Keeping/Archives

Customer Service –Recall/ Hotlines

Incident Management

Self Assessment Tool

Audits

System Review

4801

/480

4(A

US

/NZ)

�

� �

��

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ety

Map

(VIC

) �

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afe

(QLD

) �

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ety-

Wis

e (C

om)

� �

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kSaf

e (W

A)

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(SA

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eso

II (E

U)

� �

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SI/ A

IHA

(US

) �

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PP

(US

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HSA

S 1

8000

(UK)

�

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121

Cha

rt 1

: Com

paris

on o

f the

Num

ber o

f Saf

e Pl

ace

Elem

ents

Add

ress

ed A

cros

s th

e 11

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

Ana

lyse

d

02

46

810

Acce

ss/ E

gres

s

Bioh

azar

ds

Radi

atio

n

Secu

rity –

Site

/ Per

sona

l

Amen

ities

/Env

ironm

ent

Elec

trica

l

Noise

Mod

ifica

tions

Inst

allat

ions

/ Dem

oliti

ons

Prev

entiv

e ma

inte

nanc

e/ R

epair

s

Stor

age/

Han

dlin

g/ D

ispos

al

Haza

rdou

s sub

stan

ces

Ergo

nomi

c Ass

essm

ent

Plan

t/Equ

ipme

nt

Hous

ekee

ping

Plan

t Ins

pect

ions

/ Mon

itorin

g

Risk

Rev

iew

/Eva

luat

ion

Base

line

Risk

Ass

essm

ent g

ap an

alysis

Emer

genc

y Pre

pare

dnes

s/ Re

spon

se

122

Cha

rt 2

: C

ompa

rison

of S

afe

Pers

on E

lem

ents

Add

ress

ed A

cros

s th

e 11

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

Ana

lyse

d

01

23

45

67

89

1011

12

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g, F

urth

er E

duca

tion

Rev

iew

of

Pers

onne

l Tur

n O

ver R

ates

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Reh

abili

tatio

n

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

–Fat

igue

/Str

ess

Awar

enes

s

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’s

Obs

erva

tion)

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-har

assm

ent P

olic

ies

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Job

Des

crip

tions

–Ta

sk S

truc

ture

Skill

s Ac

quis

ition

–C

riter

ia/ S

cree

ning

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g

Acco

mm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Indu

ctio

ns-C

ontr

acto

rs/ V

isito

rs

Trai

ning

Nee

ds A

naly

sis

Trai

ning

123

Cha

rt 3

: Com

paris

on o

f Saf

e Sy

stem

s El

emen

ts A

ddre

ssed

Acr

oss

the

11 O

HS

MS

Stru

ctur

es A

naly

sed

02

46

810

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Sup

ply

with

OH

S C

onsi

dera

tion

Sel

f Ass

essm

ent T

ool

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Pro

cedu

ral U

pdat

es

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ Arc

hive

s

Pro

cure

men

t with

OH

S C

rite

ria

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

sis

Aud

its

Sys

tem

Rev

iew

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Goa

l Set

ting

OH

S P

olic

y

124

Tabl

e 14

: OH

S M

S at

a G

lanc

e: P

ropo

rtio

n of

Saf

e Pl

ace,

Saf

e Pe

rson

and

Saf

e Sy

stem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

cks

AN

SI/A

IHA

Z10

A

S/N

ZS 4

801/

4804

O

HSA

S 18

000

Safe

tyM

AP

Safe

ty-W

ise

Tri-S

afe

SAB

S IL

O

W

orks

afe

VPP

Seve

so II

K

ey

Sa

fe P

lace

Sa

fe P

erso

n

Sa

fe S

yste

ms

125

Cha

rt 4

: C

ompa

ring

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

with

the

num

ber o

f Sug

gest

ed S

afe

Plac

e B

uild

ing

Blo

cks

02

46

810

1214

1618

ILO

SABS

Wor

kSaf

e

Seve

so II

AS/N

ZI 4

801/

4804

VPP

Safe

tyM

AP

Safe

ty-W

ise

Tri-S

afe

ANSI

/ AIH

A

OHSA

S 18

000

serie

s

Num

ber o

f Sug

geste

d Sa

fe P

lace

Bui

ldin

g Bl

ocks

126

Cha

rt 5

: C

ompa

ring

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

with

the

num

ber o

f Sug

gest

ed S

afe

Pers

on B

uild

ing

Blo

cks

02

46

810

1214

1618

Seve

so II

VPP

Tri-S

afe

Wor

kSaf

e

AS/N

ZI 4

801/

4804

OHSA

S 18

000

serie

s

SABS

Safe

tyM

APILO

Safe

ty-W

ise

ANSI

/ AIH

A

127

Cha

rt 6

: C

ompa

ring

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

with

the

num

ber o

f Sug

gest

ed S

afe

Syst

ems

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

02

46

810

1214

1618

Safe

ty-W

ise

Seve

so II

VPP

Wor

kSaf

e

OHSA

S 18

000

serie

s

Tri-S

afe

ILO

Safe

tyM

AP

SABS

AS/N

ZI 4

801/

4804

ANSI

/ AIH

A

Num

ber o

f Sug

gest

ed S

afe

Syst

em B

uild

ing

Bloc

ks

128

Cha

rt 7

: C

ompr

ehen

sive

ness

of O

HS

MS

Stru

ctur

es –

Com

parin

g th

e To

tal N

umbe

r of S

ugge

sted

Ele

men

ts

05

1015

2025

3035

4045

5055

Seve

so II

VPP

Wor

kSaf

e

ILO

SABS

AS/N

ZI 4

801/

4804

Safe

ty-W

ise

Tri-S

afe

Safe

tyM

AP

OHSA

S 18

000

serie

s

ANSI

/ AIH

A

129

Tabl

e 15

: Dis

tingu

ishi

ng F

eatu

res

of S

elec

ted

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ures

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ure

Stre

ngth

s Li

mita

tions

4801

(AU

S/N

Z)

Comp

rehe

nsive

plan

ning g

uide

Identi

ficati

on of

reso

urce

need

s pro

mine

nt Sa

fe pr

ocur

emen

t and

supp

ly em

phas

ised

Includ

es H

ealth

Sur

veilla

nce

Reco

rds/

Docu

menta

tion s

ectio

n ren

der it

suita

ble fo

r integ

ratio

n into

a Qu

ality

Syste

m

Reha

bilita

tion n

ot me

ntion

ed in

the s

tanda

rd bu

t doe

s app

ear in

the

guide

lines

Ve

ry lim

ited g

uidan

ce on

poten

tial h

azar

ds

Huma

n fac

tors a

re co

nside

red b

ut no

psyc

holog

ical fa

ctors

No se

lf ass

essm

ent to

ol av

ailab

le

Safe

ty M

ap (V

IC)

Safe

proc

urem

ent &

supp

ly inc

luded

Sa

fe ma

inten

ance

/ rep

airs e

mpha

sised

Th

ree s

tages

of im

pleme

ntatio

n – us

e of a

reali

stic,

stage

d app

roac

h

Less

emph

asis

on ps

ycho

logica

l facto

rs Te

mptat

ion to

rema

in at

the in

itial a

sses

smen

t pha

se

Tri-S

afe

(QLD

) Th

ree l

evels

of da

ta co

llecti

on -

emplo

yer,

line m

anag

er an

d emp

loyee

. Sc

ores

mus

t be c

onfirm

ed by

quali

tative

asse

ssme

nt. E

lemen

ts ar

e we

ighted

. Co

mpre

hens

ive id

entifi

catio

n of w

orkp

lace h

azar

ds –

includ

es w

orkp

lace

violen

ce, b

iolog

ical a

nd ra

diatio

n haz

ards

Ha

ndles

proc

urem

ent w

ell

Cons

iders

the us

e of th

e per

forma

nce a

ppra

isal

Very

prac

tical

– gea

red f

or a

syste

matic

man

agem

ent o

f OHS

haza

rds

rathe

r tha

n the

use o

f con

trolle

d doc

umen

ts

Few

psyc

holog

ical h

azar

ds id

entifi

ed

Reha

bilita

tion n

ot inc

luded

W

ould

be tim

e con

sumi

ng to

apply

– ma

ny qu

estio

ns in

volve

d As

ks w

hethe

r the

re is

supe

rvisio

n of c

ontra

ctors/

visit

ors/

other

s, bu

t doe

s no

t spe

cifica

lly re

quire

indu

ction

s

Safe

ty-W

ise

(Com

) Le

ader

ship

emph

asise

d Ps

ycho

logica

l haz

ards

iden

tified

Er

gono

mic h

azar

ds id

entifi

ed

Plen

tiful g

uidan

ce on

partic

ular h

azar

ds

Cons

ultati

on &

partic

ipatio

n emp

hasis

ed

No in

terna

l aud

it or m

anag

emen

t rev

iew in

clude

d Re

sour

ce le

vels

not id

entifi

ed

No sa

fe de

sign/

supp

ly ele

ments

Wor

kSaf

e (W

A)

Thre

e rec

ognis

ed st

ages

of im

pleme

ntatio

n Em

phas

ises p

rovis

ion of

reso

urce

s and

time,

traini

ng an

d com

mitm

ent

Comp

rehe

nsive

contr

actor

man

agem

ent

No re

habil

itatio

n elem

ent

Little

guida

nce o

n ind

ividu

al ha

zard

s No

safe

proc

urem

ent (

other

than

contr

actor

s)/ su

pply

requ

ireme

nts

130

OH

S M

S St

ruct

ure

Stre

ngth

s Li

mita

tions

SAB

S (S

A)

Clea

r, co

ncise

pres

entat

ion of

infor

matio

n Th

ree l

evels

of im

pleme

ntatio

n Ac

hieve

ment

may b

e eas

ily p

rese

nted f

or w

ider c

ommu

nicati

on

Little

guida

nce o

n wor

kplac

e haz

ards

Po

tentia

l to lo

se in

forma

tion i

n the

pres

entat

ion of

the g

uidan

ce m

ateria

l

ILO

W

orke

r par

ticipa

tion e

mpha

sised

Ma

nage

ment

of ch

ange

seen

as cr

itical

Comp

rehe

nsive

contr

actor

man

agem

ent

Safe

desig

n, sa

fe su

pply

exclu

ded

Little

on ps

ycho

logica

l facto

rs

Seve

so II

Ma

nage

ment

of ch

ange

seen

as cr

itical

Em

erge

ncy p

repa

redn

ess e

mpha

sised

Su

its m

ajor h

azar

dous

, man

ufactu

ring o

pera

tions

Not s

uitab

le for

small

busin

esse

s

AN

SI/ A

IHA

Z10

-200

5 Br

ief, s

traigh

tforw

ard d

ocum

ent

Emph

asise

s safe

desig

n and

revie

w of

chan

ges

Sepa

rates

objec

tives

out o

f the p

olicy

state

ment

- poli

cy m

ore o

f a

pledg

e of c

ommi

tmen

t and

expr

essio

n of c

orpo

rate

value

s Ex

celle

nt gu

idanc

e on t

he ty

pes o

f obje

ctive

evide

nce t

hat w

ould

demo

nstra

te co

mplia

nce a

nd th

e use

of pe

rform

ance

indic

ators.

Em

erge

ncy p

repa

redn

ess c

onsid

ers t

he ne

eds o

f thos

e who

are d

isable

d Co

nfron

ts the

prob

lem of

“num

bers

mana

geme

nt”

Confr

onts

the pr

oblem

of us

ing re

ward

sche

mes a

nd ho

w thi

s may

en

cour

age u

nder

-repo

rting

High

lights

the i

mpor

tance

of ed

ucati

on an

d men

tions

men

toring

. De

als w

ith at

titude

s and

poten

tial b

arrie

rs to

OHS

prog

ram

im

pleme

ntatio

n

Little

detai

led in

forma

tion o

n the

type

s of h

azar

ds th

at ma

y be

enco

unter

ed

VPP

(US)

Ve

ry sim

ple an

d stra

ightfo

rwar

d Th

ree l

evels

of ac

hieve

ment

Ta

rgets

4 cri

tical

area

s – m

anag

emen

t, lea

dersh

ip an

d emp

loyee

inv

olvem

ent; w

orks

ite an

alysis

; haz

ard p

reve

ntion

and c

ontro

l; and

sa

fety a

nd he

alth t

raini

ng;

No em

phas

is on

repo

rting o

r doc

umen

tation

Ve

ry litt

le on

healt

h or p

sych

ologic

al ha

zard

s

OH

SAS

1800

0 (U

K)

Brief

and s

traigh

tforw

ard

Logic

al, si

mple

form

atting

yet c

ompr

ehen

sive

Form

at of

guide

lines

repe

titive

Ps

ycho

logica

l haz

ards

not id

entifi

ed

No m

entio

n of fi

rst ai

d

131

3.4 Emergent trends in OHS MS structures

The analysis from Tables 11-13 reveals a growing willingness to address

the more subtle issues that if left ignored have the potential for widespread

negative repercussions – such as safe procurement and more recently,

safe supply. This quantum shift from the obvious to the underlying causes

indicates a growth in strategic manoeuvering, and an increased

awareness of linkages and interfaces. It is in these interfaces where the

boundaries of control are less defined and may require negotiation

between two or more parties, that inherent vulnerability surfaces.

Acknowledgement of these interfaces extends the number of possible

control options available and indicates an appreciation of the wider

contextual fabric that confronts the modern employer.

It is interesting to note that whilst it has become more widely accepted that

purchasing activities will require OHS consideration, there has been a

greater reluctance to take on design issues, except where the

ramifications are internal as with modifications to existing equipment or in

the case of introducing new equipment. It appears that the strategy has

been to ensure that the customers demand OHS compatibility, driving the

process from the end user, rather than to initiate safe supply from the

onset.

Conspicuous by its virtual absence was the mention of personal protective

equipment in many of the OHS MS structure documents. This articulates

moves to respond with increasingly higher order controls and a more

strategic outlook.

The latest ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005 standard from the US was distinctive in its

emphasis on the consideration of human factors, not just from an

ergonomic perspective, but also with an appreciation of the biophysical

limitations humans have in the processing of information. The illustrative

example given was to ensure that the frequency used by warning lights

was one that the human eye was most receptive to. Recommendations

132

are also made to document the review process – a useful exercise should

the need to demonstrate due diligence arise.

An awareness of the importance of work organisation and the breakdown

of tasks for analysis was a feature of the AS/NZS 4801/4804, Safety-Wise

(Commonwealth) and Queensland’s Tri-Safe. Safety-Wise was particularly

appreciative of psychological hazards and the need to accommodate

diversity in the workplace. Safety-Wise acknowledged assertively the

problem of an individual having lack of control over their own workloads,

and the stress this may cause. This was a refreshing admission that is

worthy of notice and replication. Tri-Safe was one of the only structures to

mention the possibility of workplace violence, an unfortunate but realistic

reflection of the increasing spectrum of workplace hazards.

A number of OHS MS structures promoted a staged approach to

implementation such as the South Australian Safety Achiever Business

Scheme (SABS) and Victoria’s Safety MAP. This tiered approach is useful,

but not without drawbacks – the most obvious being the temptation to stop

at the first phase, as “minimal compliance”. Evidence of this was seen with

the Esso Longford disaster where only the first stage of implementation of

Safety MAP was required for self-insurance purposes, which did not

include the requirement for internal audits. When these minimum

requirements paradoxically become the acceptable standard, the potential

for exposure increases. The challenge for OHS MS implementation is to

alleviate the overwhelming nature of the task ahead by breaking it down

into palatable portions, without encouraging a minimalist approach.

Tri-Safe was also unique in its attempt to triangulate data – using

information from management, line managers and employees. This

emphasised the need for genuine as opposed to token compliance.

Western Australia’s WorkSafe highlighted an appreciation of production

issues and the conflict between good intentions and the demands of

providing returns on investments. By targeting not only the need for

management commitment to be demonstrated by the provision of financial

133

resources but also those of time, the point was made that genuine

commitment reaches beyond finances.

Within the safe place criteria, it would appear that essential elements

include:

� a baseline risk assessment and plans for ongoing reviews;

� integrity of plant and equipment;

� the need to assess for manual handling and other ergonomic factors;

� the control and management of hazardous substances

� workplace inspections; and

� emergency preparedness and response.

Of note was the inclusion of the requirement to consider the disabled in an

emergency situation by the ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005 standard. This reflects

an acceptance of diversity within the workplace, and the need to take this

into account in both normal and abnormal situations.

The decision on whether to provide specific guidance regarding potential

hazards or to generalise was a major distinguishing feature amongst the

various OHS MS structures. The advantage of making certain structures

applicable to a wider audience would need to be offset against the

pragmatic stance adopted by a number of jurisdiction based structures.

This lack of detail may be perceived as frustrating for a number of smaller

businesses that would prefer to solve their issues internally. For some, the

cost of outside expertise would be more judiciously spent on rectifying

existing problems.

Amongst the safe person criteria, training – the various sorts and the need

to ensure that the information was presented in a manner that could be

understood by all those requiring the information, was the most popular

theme. The new ANSI/AIHA standard emphasised the need to also

educate- reinforcing the adoption of a more strategic approach. This

134

included engineers being educated in safe design; the necessary parties

being educated in investigation and hazards identification skills; as well as

the need to consider OHS impacts in purchasing arrangements.

Networking and further education were only mentioned in one of the OHS

MS structures reviewed, and there may be some time lag before this

suggested item gains widespread acceptance as the benefits are more

long term.

The inclusion of psychological hazards is perhaps a more difficult task,

again possibly due to the nebulous nature of the boundaries of employer

influence and the difficulty identifying them. No doubt an interface that has

very real effects in the workplace, the attempt to overcome this undeniable

barrier takes the role of the employer to a more personal level. It is argued

that the benefits of having a safe workplace may be lost if people do not

actually want to work there.

As far as safe system elements were concerned, the need for direction

and leadership were prominent, as well as the need for consultation,

communication and incident investigations. Also heavily featured were the

common themes of the importance of having a policy, setting goals,

performing audits and conducting regular system reviews. Some OHS MS

structures were concerned with the need for document control, whilst in

others this was not considered as vital. The decision by some

organisations to downplay the document control side was viewed as an

attempt to break away from the “paper tiger” image, promoting instead the

systematic approach without dictating the delivery method. Whilst this may

be advantageous in the short term, it is likely that the need for inclusion of

elements that ensure the use of the most current information will emerge

by necessity.

One of the most pleasing features of the ANSI/AIHA standard was the

more balanced approach to risk assessment with the emphasis of the

need to prioritise workplace issues sensibly. The new standard offers

considerable guidance on setting of objectives. This is very pragmatic and

demonstrates that it is necessary not only to have an overriding goal, but

135

to break it up into achievable subsections. This also serves a second

purpose – to allow for a number of small, early victories that may supply

the encouragement necessary to propel the process forward, so that

eventually it becomes self sustaining. This need for continual, useful

feedback is vital to the success of any new program introduced.

A novel feature of the ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005 standard is the direct

approach it has taken to many commonly experienced barriers to OHS

implementation. It openly confronts the problems of manipulating reports

of injuries by either reclassification, or under-reporting per se, and sternly

cautions against the use of incentive schemes to improve safety

performance. This endeavours to remove attempts to demonstrate “token

compliance” and is warmly welcomed. It also warns against conducting

safety training outside of paid working hours and even cautions against

the potential for creating resentment should staff be left under-resourced

whilst others have been taken out of their normal duties to receive training.

In reference to Table 14, OHS MS at a Glance: Proportion of Safe Place,

Safe Person, and Safe Systems Building Blocks, it can be seen that some

OHS MS such as Seveso II, are geared towards manufacturing

organisations that are more capital than labour intensive; whilst others are

more balanced in their construction by incorporating a mix of safe place,

safe person and safe system criteria such as Safety-Wise. Models that

were heavily systems oriented included AS/NZS 4801/4804, ILO, SABS

and Seveso II. SafetyMAP, OHSAS 18000, ANSI/ AIHA Z10 -2005,

TriSafe, WorkSafe, and VPP displayed fairly similar proportions of safe

place and safe system elements, with safe person elements taking a

lesser role. This is not surprising due to the ongoing safe place/safe

person schism that had characterised the debates in this area for some

time. The fact that more elements are beginning to emerge in the safe

person area does suggest that future trends may include a more even

distribution of the three pivotal areas. OHS MS structures such as Safety-

Wise may therefore be more suited to organisations that have a high

labour component, or large office environment.

136

Charts 4, 5 and 6 considered in turn the number of suggested safe place,

safe person and safe systems building block components contained within

the various OHS MS models reviewed. From this analysis there appeared

to be the most agreement in the area of safe systems and the least in the

safe person arena. There was also substantial agreement over safe place

elements, however the decision by some models to refer to hazards

generically rather than specifically accounted for the greater than expected

spread of results. Whilst it would be unreasonable to suggest that every

hazard needs to be spelt out for employers, it appears to be more useful if

some critical hazards and particularly dangerous interfaces are brought

into focus.

In terms of comprehensiveness and in reference to Chart 7, the

ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005 standard contained 48 of the 57 suggested building

blocks for an OHS MS, and was by far the most extensive in terms of

coverage. This was followed by the OHSAS 18000 series and SafetyMAP

which were ranked equally at second place, then followed by Tri-Safe,

then AS/NZS 4801/4804 and Safety-Wise. All of the above mentioned

OHS MS structures contained at least 40 of the 57 suggested building

block elements. Again, the decision to refer to generic hazards rather than

specifying particular ones had a significant impact on the outcome.

In summary, it is evident that recommendations and guidelines for OHS

MS structures are heading towards a much more strategic focus. This

progress from the “here and now” to lessons being learnt from the past to

provide a safer future impart a temporal factor that makes the OHS MS

structure a useful tool for the planning of any business activities. Also

evident is the growing courage to tackle the more complicated

psychological issues within the workplace, and an acknowledgement that

workplaces are less defined than they may have been previously. This

departure from concentrating purely on the existing physical environment

represents a maturing of the OHS MS process.

It can be seen from the preceding discussion that the application of this

safe place, safe person and safe system framework may provide a useful

137

analytical tool that may be extended to a variety of workplaces as it

encompasses a very broad range of prevention and control strategies.

Assessing the relevance of these strategies to individual organisations will

also assist them to identify their unique hazard profile, a process that

would benefit from periodic review.

138

4. MEASURING & EVALUATING SAFETY PERFORMANCE

Once a decision has been made to embark upon an OHS improvement

program, it is important to take measures to assess how successfully this

process has been applied. It is also crucial to identify areas of strengths

and weaknesses to enhance the organisational learning process.

Most measures will present a particular aspect of the OHS program and

the interpretation of the results will vary according to the perspective from

which they have been assessed. The perspectives of management,

operations and the individual worker are likely to reflect different issues

and areas of concern, mirroring the different motivational factors that direct

their actions and decision making processes. The validity of one

perspective over another is highly subjective and depends on whether the

objective of the measurement was to:

� establish baseline conditions;

� generate improvements in a certain area of operations;

� to assist management in the decision making process;

� to gather alternative opinions; or

� to assess the perceived effectiveness of changes.

It is unlikely that measures taken from one perspective would be entirely

accurate, just as the benefits of any corrective actions implemented would

be limited if they did not consider the full context of the situation and those

affected by the changes. As an example, an injury reported from the

perspective of the injured worker will almost certainly be different from the

information reported by the injured worker’s supervisor. Explanations for

root causes may be entirely different, and different once again if the

incident was reported by a member of the organisation’s executive.297 In

this instance, which data is more reliable? If the data is biased from the

139

onset, this will impact the nature and effectiveness of the solutions

generated. Hence there is a clear need to take multiple measures and

attempt to capture different perspectives.

To assist this process, the following literature review was conducted to

provide a concise summary of a number of commonly encountered

methods to measure or capture safety performance. Injuries, illnesses and

unusual occurrences such as near misses or near hits are all undesirable

events and so there have been recent attempts to find more positive

indicators. It would appear that like most metrics, the key is to find

something that is meaningful, robust, representative and not susceptible to

manipulation. Many measures achieve this in some but not in all cases.

Measurement, especially against planned targets or objectives, has the

advantage of focusing management’s attention.

Organisations may become unreceptive and apathetic if there is an

overload of data presented or if the measures are unlikely to lead to visible

changes in the workplace. Therefore, it is important to maintain interest by

having a range of metrics available that may target specific areas on a

strategic or rotating basis. Understanding the strengths and limitations of

the various indicators is therefore crucial if they are to be applied in the

most appropriate manner. One fundamental concept remains - without

some baseline measurement it would be difficult to assess improvement or

otherwise.

140

Table 16: The Perspective of Various Measurement Indicators

Perspective Short Term Long Term

Management � Lost time injuries/Workers compensation data

� Medical treatment injuries/First aid reports

� Due diligence reviews/ gap analysis

� Auditing

� Maturity grid measurements

Operations � Control charts/Trend charts

� Positive performance indicators

� Safe/Unsafe acts observations

� Controlled self assessment

� Risk assessments

Individual � Near hit reporting

� Perception Surveys

� Staff turnover rates

Table 16 illustrates a range of OHS performance indicators, the

perspective from which they are usually drawn and the time span they are

usually invoked over. A critique of some of the most popular indicators

follows.

4.1 From the Perspective of Management

4.1.1 Lost Time Injuries and Workers Compensation Data

Lost time injuries are a major measure used by industry and insurance

organisations to assess safety performance. As such, they are measures

of safety failure and are not a true indicator of all safety-related activities.

Some of the problems associated with lost-time injury frequency rates

(LTFR’s) and workers’ compensation data include:147

� incentives to under-report to reduce premiums;

� under-representation of occupational illnesses and diseases;

� under-representation of self-employed workers, contractors, labour-

hire workers and others; and

� the responses tend to be reactive by nature.

141

Such measures are called trailing indicators, and should be used with

caution. A business may become so engrossed in the management of

injury classifications, that it focuses on the definition rather than the root

cause.136 The typical example here is where injured workers are brought in

to be “at work” before they are well simply to avoid the injury being

categorised as “lost time”.338 Placing too much emphasis on injury

statistics may also have a negative effect by sending reporting

underground or masking serious injuries, especially if a reduction in the

number of injuries is linked to a bonus or other financial rewards.136

Clearly, an organisation cannot expect injury rates to reflect progress

made on managing chemical safety or dealing with psycho-social issues.

Injury rates will most often reflect changes made to the physical workplace

and possibly changes made in behaviours and attitude. Hence the scope

of this indicator and its meaning must be conveyed to management so that

changes in injury rates are not taken out of context and plateau effects are

not misinterpreted to suggest that current actions are not being helpful.

Whilst the incentive exists for the manipulation of indicators associated

with direct financial benefits, the success of such ploys is less likely when

alternate cross-checks are in place. In some cases it may be necessary to

quantify in monetary terms both the direct and indirect costs of injuries so

as to “work with the same currency” as other business units.

LTFR’s may be useful to larger organisations and provide a means of

benchmarking across various sites, industries or even internationally, yet

these figures may not be meaningful to smaller businesses with very low

incidents of injury or illness. The difficulty with reporting lost time

frequency rates expressed in injuries per million person-hours is that

unless the person using the figure is familiar with benchmarking exercises,

it does not communicate the significance of the number of actual injuries

experienced within the local work environment.

142

4.1.2 Medical Treatment and First Aid Injuries

While medical treatment injuries (MTI’s) and first aid injuries are still

negative measures, the advantages of reporting these on a regular basis

are that they are straightforward, easy to conceptualise and usually

provide sufficient data to analyse. First aid injuries and the administration

of non-prescription analgesic or anti-inflammatory medication can also be

semi cross-checked against stock in first aid cabinets, provided that there

is a suitable policy of recording all usage so non-occupational use can be

distinguished from occupational uses.

4.1.3 Due Diligence Plan Reviews and Gap Analysis

Some organisations use a due diligence plan or undertake a gap analysis

to drive the OHS improvement program forward. These usually result in a

list of projects that once implemented will improve OHS regulatory

compliance. Persons responsible for the individual tasks should be clearly

allocated and time frames identified for the completion of projects.336

Projects are usually prioritised according the level of associated risk, and

the existence of such a plan demonstrates a willingness to abide by local

regulations, whilst acknowledging that often only limited funds are

available. Review of these plans is crucial to demonstrate due diligence,

and provided that realistic deadlines have been agreed upon, monitoring

the clearance rate of projects provides a useful means of gauging the

reality and sincerity of management commitment.67, 339

4.1.4 Auditing

An audit should not be confused with a workplace inspection, hazard

spotting exercise or gap analysis. The ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005 standard

defines an audit as “a systematic process for obtaining information and

data and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which defined

criteria are fulfilled”.336 When applied specifically to OHS MS, there are

two distinct types of audits:

143

Validation audit: This determines whether the system being audited is

actually capable of delivering the desired OHS benefits. Often this may be

assessed against defined criteria such as an accepted OHS MS structure,

for example a standard.

Compliance or verification audit: The intention of these audits is to assess

compliance with defined criteria such as the organisation’s own

procedures and policies.340 Such audits may be conducted internally or

once the OHS MS been implemented for some time, by an external third

party.

It is essential to understand the purpose of the audit from the onset – is

the system itself being checked or is it its application? Logically, a

validation audit must precede a verification audit, although in practice they

are sometimes combined.

The frequency of an audit may vary from anywhere between six months

and two to three years, depending upon the stage of implementation of the

OHS MS.340 Once the OHS MS has been constructed and implemented

effectively, validation audits should be used to determine its ongoing

suitability. During the initial implementation phase, these validation audits

may occur more regularly to ascertain whether the system is adding value.

The results of compliance audits may suggest areas that are simply not

working, for example in cases where the system requirements have been

imposed without consultation, feedback or sound justification. Internal

auditing and management reviews form essential components of the self-

regulation process.153

Professional judgement, objectivity, competence and experience are all

necessary precursors for a reliable audit.

In theory, an audit appears to be a sensible test for the effectiveness of an

OHS MS, based on the premise that by focusing on improving the

process, a desirable outcome will naturally follow. Surprisingly, this has

not been substantiated by studies - implying that there are major issues

with the effective application of OHS MS in practice.1, 341 Difficulties

144

associated with attempts to correlate improved OHS performance as

measured by a reduction in injury rates, with audit results include the

following:

� the audit tool may not reflect the hazard profile of the particular

organisation; 59, 329, 342

� the auditor may not have sufficient experience with the process or

appreciation of the nature of the organisation to be able to determine

whether all the hazards have been effectively captured by the OHS

MS in place;59, 147, 342

� there is the potential for corporate politics to interfere with the

outcome;114

� the number of requirements may be overwhelming, causing some

organisations to stop at the internal audit process, or abandon the

process entirely;17

� parties being audited may reject the findings and refuse to follow-up

on recommended actions if the value of the audit is not appreciated

or accepted from the onset;340 and

� some schemes engender a false sense of confidence leading to

complacency.343

Compliance or verification audits are most effective when a triangulated

approach has been invoked – combining evidence assembled from

interviews, together with general observations and supporting

documentation. Despite the numerous difficulties with the audit

application, the benefits of introducing objective and independent

observers who are aware of best practice should not be overlooked.147 As

captured insightfully by Nash, the success of an auditor hinges on the

“ability to see beyond fresh paint and listen to what people aren’t telling

you”.114

145

4.1.5 Maturity Grid Concept

Applied mainly in the context of assessing organisational safety culture,

this concept is traditionally attributed to the work of Westrum, was heavily

endorsed by Reason and Hudson and then later extended by Parker et al

in 2006. Westrum originally proposed three typologies that promoted the

positive qualities associated with high reliability organisations as identified

by Weick in 1987: pathological, bureaucratic and generative. The term

generative was used to describe an organisational environment that was

open to new information and ideas and accepted responsibility. On the

other end of the spectrum, pathological organisations abdicated

responsibility, disguised failures, and rejected new information and ideas.

Reason later retained the two extremes – pathological and bureaucratic

and subdivided the middle level of bureaucratic into three – reactive,

calculative and proactive. The term “reactive” described those

organisations that, as the label implies, respond to accidents but do little in

the way of prevention. Calculative organisations were described as

having a systematic approach, but with considerable bureaucracy –

essentially good intentions however the aims were not necessarily

achieved beyond superficial problem solving. Proactive organisations

displayed strong planning activities and attempted to address root causes.

The generative classification was extended to highlight positive qualities

such as trust, perseverance, and an understanding of potential hazards

beyond the physical environment. 344

These models offer some fresh perspectives on desirable attributes within

organisations to enhance OHS performance, including the need to care for

colleagues and the importance of follow-up on audit recommendations. 345

A major criticism of the maturity model is that the pathological – reactive –

calculative – proactive – generative spectrum offers only one approach to

management of OHS and provides a categorisation to the whole

management system that may not apply to all the individual aspects or

elements. The maturity terminology does not really address outcomes

and so is more of a management tool to address management issues.

146

Further, individual components of OHS systems in organisations do not

always need complex systems at the upper end of the spectrum.

A multitude of variations on this conceptual framework have been

presented, with every deviation highlighting features considered

substantially connected to the sought after yet elusive definition of “safety

culture”. Work by Eckenfelder, Fleming and Hansen reinforces a growing

acceptance that there are definite stages to the path of organisational

maturity, although agreement on the particular pathway is mixed.346-349 It is

noteworthy that many of the descriptors used to describe early phases are

often negative, some to the point of disparaging, presumably to incite

progression towards more desirable objectives. These typologies are also

often very subjective, sometimes lacking in concrete descriptors of what is

actually required to promote progression to the next stage.

Hudson has reported the recent success of his “Hearts and Minds”

program aimed at improving safety culture in the petrochemical industry.

This comprised of a number of toolkits and starter packs. Tools available

included: “HSE understanding your culture”; “Seeing yourself as others

see you”; “Making change last”; ‘Risk assessment matrix: Bringing it to

life”; “Achieving situation awareness; The rule of 3”; “Managing rule

breaking”; “Improving supervision”; “Working safely”; and “Driving for

excellence”. The importance of management commitment was considered

to be critical to the successful launch of the project.350

4.2 From an Operations Perspective

4.2.1 Risk Assessments

A previous discussion in Section 2.2.1 Safe Place Strategies provides an

overview on risk assessment methodology.

The combined use of both generic and dynamic risk assessments is

becoming increasingly popular and has been used with some success in

both the fire fighting and the emergency services sectors. These methods

147

are particularly useful for high risk situations where there is little time

available and the potential for high stress levels.

Dynamic risk assessments apply to situations where it is possible to

perform a generic risk assessment for most reasonably foreseeable

scenarios, but where it is impossible to identify all the unique hazards that

present at the actual time due to the particular set of circumstances

encountered. In these cases, the risks must be managed by drawing on

experience and common sense as the situation unfolds.351

Where dynamic risk assessments are used, it may be appropriate to

record on the underlying general risk assessment:

� any specific legal requirements that must be met or codes of practice

that are applicable;

� the level of training or competence required;

� circumstances where additional evaluation is needed should

unforeseen problems arise;

� circumstances where specialist assistance may be required;

� clear guidelines for circumstances where work should cease and the

individuals remove themselves from the situation where this is

possible.

Dynamic risk assessments should be conducted within the scope of

existing generic risk assessments. Training in dynamic risk assessments

essentially promotes the practice of stopping and thinking through the

optimal way to deal with the hazardous situation before rushing in. Such

training can be workshopped with typical scenarios as practice prior to

exposure on the field. Debriefings from actual experiences in the field and

any lessons learnt should then be used for updating and improving the

training packages.352

Experiences from the UK have already shown that situations where the

use of dynamic risk assessments are commonplace can still be dangerous

if the organisation reinforces unacceptable risk taking behaviour through

148

awards, recognition, prestige or promotion. It is clear that dynamic risk

assessments have a better chance of maintaining safe working conditions

when: 353

� they are underpinned by thorough and vigorous generic risk

assessments;

� there is ample provision for continuous learning;

� the values of the organisation reinforce the safety of the individual,

and

� work ethics are clear so that limits are defined.

Where dynamic risk assessments are being used it may be difficult to

measure safety performance directly, so other indirect measures may be

necessary. Examples of these indirect measures may include the number

of calls to back up services or information hotlines as a means of gauging

how frequently the system is being used.

4.2.2 Control Charts and Trend Charts

Control and trend charts are measures that were introduced in the total

quality management (TQM) era of the late eighties and early nineties. By

plotting safety records in the same manner as quality non-conformances,

the aim was to identify trends and distinguish between common cause

variation and special cause variation in order to facilitate process

improvements. Common cause variation referred to those points that

were within the control bands, and special cause variation was denoted by

points that occurred outside the control limits, which are set at three

standard deviations on either side of the mean. Carder and Ragan argued

that the injuries and illnesses experienced were simply a manifestation of

the capability of the current system, and that in the past such events were

incorrectly treated as “special cause” variations.341 Interestingly, removal

of special causes of variation does not actually improve the process, but

149

simply brings the results back to the natural level of variation as a function

of the processes currently in place.326

Some incidents or injuries may manifest as the result of external

influences that are beyond the control of the organisation. This highlights

a perennial problem – the extent to which the causes of incidents should

be investigated. It would seem sensible to suggest that all must be done

that is within the sphere of influence of the organisation.

Simply following the trends and observing whether there are patterns from

control charts or any other plot of incidents provides significant benefits,

particularly in the situation where a plateau is occurring.85 This signals an

alert to provide a systematic change to current processes if further

benefits are to be realised, although it is often interpreted as the point to

introduce behavioural based safety techniques. However, any change

implemented is unlikely to have enduring effects unless the root causes of

the problems have been addressed, whether this involves behavioural

change or otherwise.

A key point to note here is the need to change the measure of

performance from a coarser to a finer indicator as further improvements

are sought. For example, as injury rates fall, focus may shift from LTI’s

and MTI’s to concentrate on first aid injuries, which may provide more data

to work with to extract opportunities for improvements. Ongoing

awareness of the coarseness of the measure will promote the continual

improvement pathway.

Although the popularity of the control chart method has waned

considerably, possibly due to the need for establishing the control limits

and continual assessment of the standard deviations, the importance of

making enduring changes to the processes that govern final outcomes has

clear merit. The TQM era must be recognised for emphasising the

importance of proactive versus reactive measures and for promoting the

concept that the responsibility for negative outcomes rests largely with the

process owners and managers.

150

4.2.3 Positive Performance Indicators (PPI’s)

PPI’s may be viewed as a derivative of the TQM era - promoting the

examination of processes that impinge on safety outcomes, whilst

removing the difficulties and resistance to the use of statistical control

methods.

PPI’s may be applied to any point that is upstream of the final outcome.

The aim is to improve the elements that combine to produce the end

result. The Australian Federal OHS Authority Comcare provides a clear

definition with the following: “Outcome indicators show if an organisation is

achieving its targets while PPI’s measure the actions taken to achieve

targets”.354

The Audit Commission, UK offers the following advice for the general

selection of performance indicators:355

� clarity of purpose - an appreciation of how the information will be

used and by whom;

� focus - on areas that are priorities for the improvement process;

� alignment - there should be convergence with higher objectives;

� balanced objectives - between short-term and long term targets;

� regular refinement - indicators should become more challenging as

time progresses and more information about the processes is learnt;

and

� robustness - the need to be able to withstand scrutiny and validation.

The UK Audit Commission even promotes the use of PPI’s to exert

pressure where necessary, for example if the length of time to complete

investigations was considered to be excessive. Including PPI’s that

spotlight management activity as well as employee behaviours may

reinforce the message that everyone is responsible for safety, not just a

151

select few.356 PPI’s should ideally be formulated under a framework of

consultation to encourage ownership. 354, 355, 357

There are numerous warnings within the literature to ensure a sensible

approach with PPI’s, such as not using so many that it becomes

overwhelming or too time consuming; not using unnecessary PPI’s that

sidetrack attention from important issues; and not selecting PPI’s where

the information received would not be acted upon. 354, 358

4.2.4 Safe/Unsafe Acts Observations

Safe act observations may be viewed as PPI’s that focus on critical safe

behaviours. The emphasis on safe rather than unsafe acts reflects a

growing awareness of the need to provide positive feedback to reinforce

desirable behaviour, and a detachment from earlier campaigns that may

have been construed as blaming the worker. Much of this work was

pioneered by Komaki et al, and later supported by Krause et al and

Sulzer-Azaroff.145, 359

There is clear merit in encouraging individuals to be more in-tune with their

workplace environment and in remaining alert to potentially dangerous

situations. It may be more useful to seek out those persons who are adept

at reading their environment to champion such behavioural programs and

also to promote awareness of the dangers of becoming detached and

insulated from one’s physical work environment.

The main limitations with the use of these programs are that the

information may be time consuming to collect and only offer benefits whilst

the attention is being focused on the particular behaviours under scrutiny.

For enduring benefits, careful consideration needs to be given to the types

of positive reinforcements used, and whether the rewards are delivered on

a fixed or variable basis (see the discussion on BBS in Section 2.3.1 Safe

Person Strategies). Some of the main advantages with these unsafe/safe

acts observation programs are quick results for comparatively little capital

expenditure; however the effects are likely to be short-lived unless the

152

changes in behaviour have been accepted and are aligned with internal

values.360

4.2.5 Controlled Self–Assessment

As suggested by HB 4360:2004 Risk Management Guidelines Companion

to AS/NZS 4360:2004, auditing alone is insufficient to effectively monitor

and review risks to health and safety. The intent of controlled self-

assessments are to ensure that current treatment strategies are effective

and that new threats have not emerged.192

The advantage of using controlled self assessments on a regular basis is

to encourage the habit of periodic checking. This is preferable to waiting

for an audit, as there is less opportunity for improvement strategies to go

off track. Furthermore, these reviews often provide a framework for

comments, which may offer richer and perhaps more subtle information

than any quantitative or semi quantitative results.

One of the greatest benefits of using controlled self-assessments is that

line management are given an opportunity to address their own problems

before an outside observer is called in. Analogous to “client centred

therapy”, this works on the basis that those who own the problem are in

the best position to solve it, and so the possibility of a full and frank

disclosure is more likely when conducting investigations.361 Spot checking

of a small random sample of results by a co-worker can improve the

nature of the results by overcoming the greatest potential disadvantage –

the lack of objectivity.

4.3 From the Perspective of the Individual Worker

4.3.1 Staff Turnover Rates

According to Argyris as developed in his incongruency theory, individuals

experiencing frustration and conflict due to organisational demands may

respond by leaving or becoming unresponsive, disinterested and

apathetic.362

153

A questionnaire study by Shannon et al that surveyed 770 companies and

received responses from 417, found that “companies with older workers,

workers with longer seniority, and with low turn over rates tend to have

lower LTFR”.363

A Finnish study reported a correlation between the downsizing of an

organisation and the health of remaining employees subsequent to the

downsizing. Negative health effects after downsizing were found to be

more pronounced for workers over the age of 50; in larger work places; for

those with poorer health before downsizing; and for those on higher

incomes.364

4.3.2 Near Miss/Hit Reporting

Jones et al define a near miss or hit as a “hazardous situation, event or

unsafe act where the sequence of events could have caused an accident if

it had not been interrupted: A learning experience for internal use by the

company”.90

Whether the terms “near misses”, “near hits”, “unusual occurrences” or

“unusual incidents” are used is likely to reflect the track record of past

events of concern within local work environment. For example, near hit

implies a potential contact injury, whereas an unusual occurrence may be

an unexpected pressure release from a chemical plant. The difficulty with

using the term “unusual” is that it suggests a low frequency event, and in

some cases the undesirable event is not unusual, so some events may

escape reporting on this basis. Whatever terminology is used, the concept

is to provide additional opportunities to rectify the potential for negative

impacts on safety and health. These indicators are particularly useful

where there is the potential for high consequence, low probability events,

and may overcome psychological barriers towards documenting incidents

within the workplace.136 A limitation of this indicator is that there is little

scope for cross-referencing if the event didn’t actually cause harm and it

may sometimes even be associated with over-reporting of events.

154

Where a very high number of events are reported it may be necessary to

screen and prioritise reports to ensure the most effective use of

investigative resources.90 For organisations that have only recently

embarked on a process of improving organisational safety, the large

numbers of reports may become overwhelming and jeopardise the quality

of investigations for more significant events. Where there is the potential

for negative ramifications in drawing attention to events, the possibility of

anonymous reporting should be considered.107

4.3.3 Perception Surveys

Perception surveys have developed in a response to the numerous

difficulties associated with correlating performance with injury rates. As

articulated by Petersen, “perception surveys assess what hourly

employees think about what works and what does not work in a safety

system”.365 Areas typically investigated by these surveys includes

management credibility, visible leadership; employee involvement;

flexibility of work conditions; recognition; enforcement of safety rules; the

competence of line management; housekeeping; investigations and even

the success of substance abuse programs. 307

Grote and Kunzler conducted an elaborate perception survey to assess

safety culture in the petrochemical industry across six sites. Questions

covered three main topics - operational safety; safety and design

strategies; and personal job needs which included quality of training and

job design. Operational safety was subdivided in three sections - enacted

safety, formal safety and technical safety. The survey was designed to

compliment formal audit techniques with the objective of providing a

greater insight into the effectiveness of management methods and safety

culture. No correlation was attempted between results and injury rates. 366

Perception surveys also have merit in their symbolic nature - by

demonstrating that employee feedback is valued. The findings are less

definitive and may not be extrapolated to a wider population, yet there is

significant merit in the understanding and insight obtained from the

155

examination of a particular area in such detail. Lastly, if perception

surveys are used, it is important to provide feedback to employees about

their responses and what action management proposes to address their

concerns.

4.4 Summary

As indicated in Table 17, there are a variety of measurement techniques

available to improve safety performance, each with their various strengths

and limitations. Emergent themes from the analysis includes the need to

break down larger goals into short term objectives; the need for multiple

measures; and the need to change the yardstick as performance improves

to avoid stagnation.

Outcome indicators such as the number of injuries still firmly have their

place as they send critical information and there is little value in denying

their importance. However, a reduction in injuries is unlikely to eventuate

without the regular tracking of carefully aligned supporting activities that

contribute to safe work practices.

The need to preserve employer/employee relationships and maintain

morale is another important theme. Parameters that indicate desirable

activities and show pathways for success are particularly useful. Bearing

in mind the potential for data to be manipulated, an understanding of how

this may occur may assist in the selection of indicators and ensure that

suitable cross-checks are in place. Finally, a clear understanding of who

will be using the information and for what purpose is crucial to the

selection process. Ultimately, it is the target audience that dictates the

type of indicator necessary so it is essential that the aims and objectives of

using the particular indicator are clearly understood by all parties from the

onset.

156

Tabl

e 17

: Str

engt

hs a

nd L

imita

tions

of V

ario

us M

easu

rem

ent I

ndic

ator

s

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

LTI’s

Li

nks

to W

orke

rs’ C

ompe

nsat

ion

prem

ium

s m

ay p

rovi

de a

fin

anci

al in

cent

ive

to e

mba

rk o

n O

HS

pro

gram

s

Hig

h ra

tes

indi

cate

ser

ious

pro

blem

s –

nece

ssar

y in

form

atio

n on

out

com

es

May

be

used

for b

ench

mar

king

pur

pose

s ov

er b

usin

ess

units

an

d m

ultip

le s

ites

Subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion

May

enc

oura

ge u

nder

-repo

rting

Site

com

paris

ons

may

cau

se “s

iblin

g riv

alry

”

Eas

y to

bec

ome

emot

iona

lly d

etac

hed

from

figu

res

MTI

’s/ F

irst A

id In

jurie

s N

umbe

rs a

re m

eani

ngfu

l

Tren

ds a

nd p

atte

rns

may

be

anal

ysed

Prov

ides

info

rmat

ion

for i

nves

tigat

ion

and

prob

lem

sol

ving

Rea

listic

– n

eces

sary

info

rmat

ion

Out

com

e in

dica

tors

allo

w p

rogr

ess

to b

e ev

alua

ted

May

be

subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion/

und

er-r

epor

ting

if lin

ked

to

rew

ard

sche

mes

Neg

ativ

e, h

igh

num

bers

may

low

er m

oral

e

Due

Dili

genc

e Pl

an R

evie

ws/

Gap

Ana

lysi

s Pr

ovid

es c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n

Dem

onst

rate

s du

e di

ligen

ce a

nd g

ood

corp

orat

e ci

tizen

ship

Tim

e lin

es fo

r act

ions

may

be

cont

inua

lly e

xten

ded

Res

pons

ibilit

y fo

r act

ion

item

s m

ust b

e cl

ear

Aud

its

Hig

hlig

hts

stre

ngth

s an

d w

eakn

esse

s of

the

syst

em

Attr

acts

man

agem

ent’s

atte

ntio

n

Enc

oura

ges

syst

em u

sers

to le

arn

requ

irem

ents

and

bec

ome

awar

e of

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

Prep

arat

ion

for a

udits

pro

vide

s an

opp

ortu

nity

to ti

dy u

p lo

ose

ends

and

brin

g do

cum

enta

tion

up to

dat

e

Obj

ectiv

ity w

hen

inde

pend

ent a

udito

rs u

sed

Exce

llent

for d

eter

min

ing

syst

em fa

ults

, whe

ther

any

cha

nges

to

the

syst

em h

ave

been

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt a

nd w

heth

er a

udit

crite

ria b

eing

use

d is

stil

l app

ropr

iate

Vigo

rous

, doc

umen

ted

Follo

w th

roug

h de

mon

stra

tes

due

dilig

ence

Aud

it to

ol m

ust a

ccur

atel

y re

flect

the

haza

rd p

rofil

e to

avo

id

givi

ng a

fals

e se

nse

of s

ecur

ity

Audi

tors

may

lack

loca

l pro

cess

kno

wle

dge

nece

ssar

y to

de

tect

flaw

s

Rec

omm

enda

tions

may

not

be

acce

pted

and

act

ione

d

May

be

used

for p

oliti

cal p

urpo

ses

Exp

ensi

ve a

nd ti

me

cons

umin

g

Fear

of s

elf-i

ncrim

inat

ion

if re

com

men

datio

ns a

re n

ot a

ctio

ned

Infre

quen

t use

– p

oten

tial f

or s

yste

ms

to g

o of

f tra

ck if

ther

e ar

e la

rge

time

lags

bet

wee

n au

dits

157

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Mat

urity

Grid

/ Mod

els

Hel

pful

to

draw

atte

ntio

n to

org

anis

atio

nal

safe

ty c

ultu

re a

nd

safe

ty v

alue

s

May

pro

mot

e ch

ange

s in

atti

tude

s to

war

ds p

robl

em s

olvi

ng

May

enc

oura

ge s

trate

gic

thin

king

On

an o

rgan

isat

iona

l lev

el, d

escr

ipto

rs m

ay b

e us

ed to

ref

lect

vi

sion

s an

d st

epw

ise

impr

ovem

ents

May

be

usef

ul in

alig

ning

goa

ls a

nd w

orki

ng to

war

ds a

co

mm

on p

urpo

se

Des

crip

tors

m

ay

be

nega

tive

and

cyni

cal

–

pote

ntia

lly

disc

oura

ging

and

may

“stic

k”

Vagu

enes

s -

desc

ripto

rs n

eed

to b

e cu

stom

ised

for

indi

vidu

al

appl

icat

ions

so

the

actu

al p

athw

ay to

impr

ovem

ent i

s ev

iden

t

Subj

ectiv

ity o

f mea

sure

men

t – d

iffic

ult f

or c

ross

com

paris

ons

The

scop

e of

app

licat

ion

of th

e de

scrip

tor s

houl

d be

def

ined

to

prev

ent u

nfai

r gen

eral

isat

ions

bei

ng m

ade.

Ris

k A

sses

smen

ts

Prov

ides

Ope

ratio

ns w

ith c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n

Ass

ists

in k

now

ledg

e co

llect

ion

and

help

s cr

eate

an

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

wha

t nee

ds to

be

addr

esse

d

Can

be

appl

ied

univ

ersa

lly

Wor

ks w

ell w

hen

ther

e is

ple

nty

of in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

natu

re o

f the

spe

cific

haz

ard

bein

g as

sess

ed

Wor

ks w

ell f

or p

redi

ctab

le h

azar

ds

Benc

h m

arke

d ag

ains

t rea

sona

ble

prac

ticab

ility

The

full

proc

ess

can

be le

ngth

y, ti

me

cons

umin

g an

d re

quire

s pl

entif

ul re

sour

ces

Nee

ds to

be

regu

larly

upd

ated

Mus

t be

perfo

rmed

by

thos

e w

ith th

e ne

cess

ary

bala

nce

of

skills

and

in a

n at

mos

pher

e of

con

sulta

tion

- a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t co

nduc

ted

by o

ne p

erso

n th

at im

pact

s on

the

heal

th a

nd

wel

fare

of o

ther

s is

not

a v

alid

ass

essm

ent u

nles

s th

ose

affe

cted

hav

e be

en c

onsu

lted

Nee

d to

kno

w w

hen

to g

et s

peci

alis

t adv

ice

Can

be

affe

cted

by

diffe

renc

es in

risk

per

cept

ion

and

the

leve

l of

situ

atio

nal a

war

enes

s

Con

trol

Cha

rts

Focu

ses

atte

ntio

n

Pro

vide

s in

form

atio

n ab

out s

yste

m c

apab

ility

Tren

ds m

ay b

e us

ed p

redi

ctiv

ely

to in

itiat

e ch

ange

s

Plo

tting

is m

ore

com

plic

ated

Use

rs m

ay b

ecom

e lo

st in

the

num

bers

if th

e st

rate

gic

purp

ose

is d

ownp

laye

d

Posi

tive

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rs

(PPI

’s)

Pro

vide

s in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he p

roce

sses

that

are

use

d to

ac

hiev

e ta

rget

s

May

be

used

stra

tegi

cally

to ta

rget

are

as th

at a

re in

nee

d of

im

prov

emen

t

Offe

rs th

e op

portu

nity

to h

ave

smal

l vic

torie

s –

may

boo

st

mor

ale

May

be

subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion

Too

man

y P

PIs

may

bec

ome

too

oner

ous

Impa

ct m

ay w

ear o

ff ov

er ti

me,

PP

Is n

eed

to b

e ro

tate

d

Onl

y us

eful

if th

e re

sults

lead

to a

ctio

n

158

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Uns

afe/

Saf

e A

ct O

bser

vatio

ns

Focu

ses

atte

ntio

n on

crit

ical

saf

e be

havi

ours

Enco

urag

es a

war

enes

s of

con

sequ

ence

s an

d th

e ta

king

of

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r one

’s o

wn

actio

ns

Fost

ers

an a

ttitu

de o

f car

e fo

r col

leag

ues

May

teac

h w

orke

rs h

ow to

“rea

d” th

eir e

nviro

nmen

t

May

be

seen

as

“bla

min

g th

e w

orke

r” o

r an

abdi

catio

n of

em

ploy

er re

spon

sibi

lity

if us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

May

bre

ak d

own

trust

if c

o-w

orke

rs re

port

on e

ach

othe

r and

an

onym

ity is

not

resp

ecte

d

Cou

ld b

e ex

ploi

ted

to d

iver

t fun

ding

from

pro

ject

s to

impr

ove

the

phys

ical

env

ironm

ent a

nd in

frast

ruct

ure

Con

trol

led

Self

Ass

essm

ents

W

hen

perfo

rmed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is e

nsur

es th

at

docu

men

tatio

n is

upd

ated

con

sist

ently

Hig

her f

requ

ency

of c

heck

s –

less

like

lihoo

d of

sys

tem

goi

ng

off t

rack

Goo

d fo

r mon

itorin

g co

mpl

ianc

e –

poor

com

plia

nce

may

in

dica

te w

eakn

esse

s in

sys

tem

con

stru

ctio

n

Per

form

ed in

-hou

se, m

ore

ince

ntiv

e fo

r ful

l and

fran

k di

sclo

sure

Ope

ns c

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls w

ith u

pper

man

agem

ent

Lack

of o

bjec

tivity

if in

depe

nden

t spo

t che

cks

not c

ondu

cted

Req

uire

s fo

llow

thro

ugh

Val

ue d

epen

ds o

n qu

ality

and

relia

bilit

y of

par

amet

ers

used

Turn

Ove

r Rat

es

May

indi

cate

psy

cho-

soci

al o

r wor

k-or

gani

satio

n ha

zard

s

May

pro

vide

a s

ourc

e of

fina

ncia

l inc

entiv

e fo

r pro

gram

im

prov

emen

ts

Con

foun

ding

fact

ors

may

ove

rsta

te o

r mis

repr

esen

t inf

orm

atio

n

Perc

eptio

n Su

rvey

s S

potli

ghts

are

as o

f con

cern

Info

rmal

sur

veys

are

eas

y to

con

stru

ct

Pro

vide

s a

rich

sour

ce o

f inf

orm

atio

n no

t cap

ture

d by

oth

er

met

hods

abo

ut t

he p

artic

ular

site

/org

anis

atio

n su

rvey

ed

Dem

onst

rate

s em

ploy

ees

feed

back

is v

alue

d

Indi

vidu

al re

sults

gen

eral

ly d

o le

nd n

ot t

hem

selv

es to

wid

er

extra

pola

tion

Gen

eral

ly “s

elf r

epor

ts” m

ay b

e bi

ased

tow

ards

pro

vidi

ng

desi

rabl

e an

swer

s un

less

ano

nym

ity is

pro

tect

ed

May

gen

erat

e cy

nici

sm if

sur

veys

do

not r

esul

t in

actio

n

Nea

r Mis

ses/

Hits

Pr

ovid

es d

ata

for p

reve

ntiv

e ac

tion

and

oppo

rtuni

ties

for

lear

ning

Indi

cate

s go

od in

tent

ions

and

the

desi

re fo

r im

prov

ed

perfo

rman

ce

Dec

isio

ns to

repo

rt m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

polit

ics

and

safe

ty c

ultu

re

Rel

ucta

nce

to re

port

may

lead

to in

cons

iste

ncie

s if

com

paris

ons

are

used

May

“ove

rload

” the

sys

tem

159

5. PREVIOUS STUDIES AND GAP ANALYSIS

One of the most notable features in this area of research is the lack of

empirical studies available to confirm the benefits of implementing a

systematic approach to safety. Attempts to provide this empirical evidence

have been fraught with difficulties, suggesting that perhaps the mechanics

involved in the application of systematic OHS management and barriers to

the implementation of OHS MS are not well enough understood, or that

the available tools are not yet sufficiently refined. Despite the frustration

that previous attempts to correlate systematic improvements with a

corresponding reduction in injuries and illnesses may have experienced,

there are many valuable lessons to be learnt to steer the direction of

forthcoming research.

Table 18: Analysis of Previous Studies Pertaining to OHS Management

describes in some detail the key studies that have been conducted in the

past that are particularly relevant to the successful application of OHS MS.

There have been a number of studies related to safety culture, but whilst

connected, they are beyond the scope of this particular area of research

which is focusing on a systematic approach to safety and health. The

studies are presented in chronological order to illustrate the emerging

picture of OHS management and to highlight how governing paradigms

have influenced the nature and design of research conducted. The

following studies were examined:

� Cohen, Smith and Cohen (1975) 367

� Shannon et al (1996) 363

� Culvenor (1997) 117

� Vredenburgh (1998) 368

� Redinger (1998) 13

� Gallagher (2000) 10

� Saksvik, Torvatn and Nytro (2003)92

� Trethewy (2003) 369

160

� Barbeau et al (2004) 370

� LaMontagne et al (2004),329

� Kim (2004),14

� Simpson (2006),371 and

� Loebakka (2008).372

161

Tabl

e 18

: Ana

lysi

s of

Pre

viou

s St

udie

s Pe

rtai

ning

to O

HS

Man

agem

ent

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

1975

C

ohen

, Sm

ith

and

Coh

en

U.S

D

epar

tmen

t of

Hea

lth

Edu

catio

n an

d W

elfa

re,

Cen

tre fo

r D

isea

se

Con

trol,

NIO

SH

Safe

ty P

rogr

am

Prac

tices

in

Hig

h Ve

rsus

Lo

w A

ccid

ent

Rat

e C

ompa

nies

–

an In

terim

R

epor

t

Cro

ss-S

ectio

nal

Pai

red

Chi

-sq

uare

d an

alys

is

42 p

airs

of h

igh

and

low

acc

iden

t co

mpa

nies

ac

ross

six

di

ffere

nt ty

pes

of

indu

strie

s

Pairs

mat

ched

for

indu

stria

l op

erat

ions

Hig

h ac

cide

nt

rate

or

gani

satio

ns

havi

ng a

t lea

st

doub

le th

e ra

te o

f th

e m

atch

ed lo

w

rate

org

anis

atio

n

Mai

l out

qu

estio

nnai

re-

pred

omin

antly

Ye

s/no

ans

wer

s

(96

pairs

or

igin

ally

form

ed

from

192

or

gani

satio

ns)

Aim

to d

eter

min

e w

heth

er th

ere

are

disc

erna

ble

diffe

renc

es in

saf

ety

prac

tices

bet

wee

n hi

gh a

nd

low

acc

iden

t rat

e co

mpa

nies

.

Are

as e

xplo

red

incl

uded

: �

man

agem

ent c

omm

itmen

t to

safe

ty;

� m

otiv

atio

nal a

ppro

ache

s;

� jo

b sa

fety

trai

ning

; �

natu

re o

f haz

ard

cont

rol p

ract

ices

; �

natu

re o

f inv

estig

atio

n an

d re

porti

ng; a

nd

� de

mog

raph

ics

of w

orkf

orce

Find

ings

ass

ocia

ted

with

com

pani

es w

ith lo

w

acci

dent

rate

s in

clud

ed:

� sa

fety

giv

en p

rom

inen

ce a

nd g

reat

er

com

mitm

ent t

o sa

fety

effo

rts

� aw

aren

ess

of p

ract

ices

out

side

the

orga

nisa

tion

to im

prov

e sa

fety

co

nsci

ousn

ess;

� va

riety

of i

ncen

tive

tech

niqu

es u

tiliz

ed;

� m

ore

oppo

rtuni

ties

for g

ener

al a

nd

spec

ialis

ed s

afet

y tra

inin

g;

� hu

man

app

roac

h to

rule

vio

latio

ns;

� re

gula

r inf

orm

al w

orkp

lace

insp

ectio

ns;

� ba

lanc

e be

twee

n en

gine

erin

g an

d no

n-en

gine

erin

g ha

zard

man

agem

ent;

and

� pr

esen

ce o

f a s

tabl

e w

orkf

orce

- ol

der,

mar

ried

with

long

er ti

me

in th

e po

sitio

n.

Atte

mpt

ed to

redu

ce th

e nu

mbe

r of c

onfo

unde

rs

by m

atch

ing

orga

nisa

tions

with

in th

e sa

me

type

of

ope

ratio

nal a

ctiv

ities

.

Rig

orou

s ex

perim

enta

l des

ign

to d

eter

min

e if

prac

tices

are

diff

eren

t in

high

/low

acc

iden

t or

gani

satio

ns u

sing

app

ropr

iate

non

-par

amet

ric

stat

istic

al a

naly

sis

for d

iffer

ence

s in

mea

ns.

Inju

ry ra

tes

incl

uded

reco

rdab

le c

ases

of

acci

dent

al in

jurie

s re

quiri

ng m

ore

than

firs

t aid

.

Oth

er fa

ctor

s as

soci

ated

with

low

inju

ry

com

pani

es in

clud

ed c

lean

, roo

my

faci

litie

s, w

ith

adeq

uate

ven

tilat

ion,

noi

se c

ontro

l and

ligh

ting.

Th

e ex

iste

nce

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s pe

r se

was

no

t fou

nd to

be

a di

scer

ning

feat

ure.

Lim

itatio

ns to

the

stud

y to

the

stud

y w

ere

the

inab

ility

to e

xtra

pola

te re

sults

to a

wid

er

popu

latio

n du

e to

cro

ss-s

ectio

nal d

esig

n an

d la

ck

of te

mpo

ral f

acto

r. N

o ca

usat

ion

may

be

infe

rred.

Res

ults

are

from

one

sou

rce

– se

lf re

ports

. No

cros

s ch

ecks

with

doc

umen

tatio

n or

on

site

ob

serv

atio

ns to

tria

ngul

ate

data

.

Atte

mpt

s at

cor

rela

ting

com

pens

atio

n da

ta w

ere

inco

nclu

sive

.

162

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

1996

Sh

anno

n et

al

McM

aste

r U

nive

rsity

, O

ntar

io

Can

ada

Wor

kpla

ce

Org

anis

atio

nal

Cor

rela

tes

of

Lost

-Tim

e A

ccid

ents

in

Man

ufac

turin

g

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal

Surv

ey

Pilo

t stu

dy -

60

wor

kpla

ces

Res

pons

e fro

m

435

out o

f 718

el

igib

le

wor

kpla

ces

(56%

)

Obj

ectiv

e w

as to

cre

ate

a pr

ofile

of c

hara

cter

istic

s as

soci

ated

with

exc

elle

nt, g

ood

and

poor

OH

S pe

rform

ers.

Find

ings

: Low

er L

TFR

’s a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

� co

ncre

te d

emon

stra

tion

of m

anag

emen

t co

mm

itmen

t;

� w

orke

r inv

olve

men

t in

deci

sion

mak

ing;

� w

illin

gnes

s of

saf

ety

com

mitt

ees

to c

ondu

ct

inte

rnal

pro

blem

sol

ving

;

� a

mor

e ex

perie

nced

wor

kfor

ce.

� in

clus

ion

of h

ealth

and

saf

ety

crite

ria in

job

desc

riptio

ns;

� in

clus

ion

of h

ealth

and

saf

ety

in a

nnua

l ap

prai

sals

; and

� at

tend

ance

of s

enio

r man

ager

s at

hea

lth

and

safe

ty c

omm

ittee

mee

tings

.

Qua

litat

ive

stud

y - i

mpo

rtant

em

erge

nt th

emes

w

ere

that

toke

n co

mpl

ianc

e is

insu

ffici

ent,

and

that

effo

rts m

ust d

emon

stra

te g

ood

faith

.

Ran

dom

sam

plin

g us

ed w

ithin

stra

tifie

d gr

oups

. G

roup

s st

ratif

ied

by h

igh

low

and

med

ium

LTF

R’s

an

d th

e nu

mbe

r of e

mpl

oyee

s –

over

50;

50-

99;

and

over

100

.

Sam

ples

dra

wn

from

six

gro

ups

– m

etal

arti

cles

; pl

astic

arti

cles

; gra

in p

rodu

cts;

text

ile

man

ufac

ture

rs; p

rinte

rs a

nd a

utom

obile

m

anuf

actu

rers

.

Fair

resp

onse

rate

– s

till p

oten

tial f

or re

spon

der

bias

. Ext

ensi

ve s

urve

y –

leng

th re

sulte

d in

som

e m

issi

ng d

ata,

lim

ited

abilit

y fo

r mul

tivar

iabl

e an

alys

is.

Ther

e is

no

tem

pora

l com

pone

nt –

resu

lts m

ay

not b

e ex

trapo

late

d to

a w

ider

pop

ulat

ion,

ca

usal

ity c

anno

t be

infe

rred

. Sna

psho

t onl

y.

Lim

itatio

ns o

f usi

ng L

TFR

’s –

pot

entia

l for

und

er-

repo

rting

, may

dilu

te fi

ndin

gs.

1997

C

ulve

nor

Uni

vers

ity o

f B

alla

rat

Bre

akin

g th

e Sa

fety

Bar

rier

Cas

e St

udy

The

aim

was

to d

emon

stra

te th

e be

nefit

s of

cr

eativ

e th

inki

ng –

app

lyin

g de

Bon

o’s

six

thin

king

ha

ts m

etho

d, o

n sa

fety

des

ign/

saf

e pl

ace

stra

tegi

es.

Fict

itiou

s ca

ses

deve

lope

d an

d su

bjec

ts a

sked

to

gene

rate

sol

utio

ns.

Sug

gest

ed th

at c

reat

ive

thin

king

enh

ance

s ge

nera

tion

of s

afe

plac

e so

lutio

ns.

Prom

oted

“Saf

e P

lace

” stra

tegi

es o

ver “

Saf

e P

erso

n”.

Met

hods

use

d to

dem

onst

rate

con

stru

ct v

alid

ity

and

met

hod

to v

alid

ate

tool

s us

ed u

ncle

ar

Atte

mpt

s to

gen

eral

ise

and

extra

pola

te fi

ndin

gs

unfo

unde

d

Sub

ject

ivity

of a

utho

r app

aren

t - c

lear

ly a

n op

pone

nt o

f “sa

fe p

erso

n” s

trate

gies

(tak

en to

im

ply

beha

viou

ral b

ased

saf

ety)

; for

exa

mpl

e lit

erat

ure

revi

ew in

clud

es s

ectio

n on

“Saf

e B

ehav

iour

Pro

mot

ions

: The

Myt

h of

the

Car

eles

s W

orke

r”.

163

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

1998

Vr

eden

burg

h

Cal

iforn

ia

Scho

ol o

f Pr

ofes

sion

al

Psy

chol

ogy

Safe

tyM

anag

emen

t: W

hich

O

rgan

isat

iona

l Fa

ctor

s Pr

edic

t H

ospi

tal

Empl

oyee

Inju

ry

Rat

es

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal

Line

ar m

ultip

le

regr

essi

on o

f fa

ctor

ana

lysi

s

Orig

inal

ly 7

5 su

rvey

s m

aile

d –

3 re

turn

ed

194

phon

e ca

lls –

12

5 su

rvey

s m

aile

d, 7

4 re

turn

ed, 6

2 m

et

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

.

Aim

was

to c

orre

late

six

var

iabl

es ty

pica

lly

asso

ciat

ed w

ith im

prov

ed s

afet

y cu

lture

(as

defin

ed

as th

e w

ay th

e no

rms,

bel

iefs

and

atti

tude

s m

inim

ize

expo

sure

of e

mpl

oyee

s to

con

ditio

ns

cons

ider

ed d

ange

rous

) with

inju

ry ra

tes.

368

Var

iabl

es in

clud

ed:

� Pa

rtici

patio

n

� M

anag

emen

t Com

mitm

ent

� Tr

aini

ng

� H

iring

/Sel

ectio

n

� C

omm

unic

atio

n an

d Fe

edba

ck

� R

ewar

ds

Cor

rela

tion

foun

d be

twee

n in

jury

rate

s an

d on

ly o

ne

varia

ble

– hi

ring

of p

erso

nnel

.

Out

put i

nclu

ded

the

esta

blis

hmen

t of a

bon

e fid

e re

quire

men

t for

pas

t saf

ety

reco

rd/ p

ract

ice

info

rmat

ion

to b

e us

ed fo

r hiri

ng o

f em

ploy

ees

(so

as to

avo

id d

iscr

imin

atio

n cl

aim

s).

Res

pons

e ra

te a

nd p

ower

of s

tudy

low

.

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal d

esig

n ca

nnot

be

used

to in

fer

caus

al re

latio

nshi

p as

ther

e is

no

tem

pora

l fac

tor,

resu

lts a

re a

sna

psho

t onl

y.

Res

ults

can

not b

e ge

nera

lised

to w

ider

po

pula

tion

as a

resu

lt of

stu

dy d

esig

n.

Obv

ious

diff

icul

ty in

obt

aini

ng re

spon

dent

s.

164

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

1998

R

edin

ger

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

ichi

gan

OH

S M

S C

onfo

rmity

A

sses

smen

t: D

evel

opm

ent

and

Eval

uatio

n of

a U

nive

rsal

A

sses

smen

t In

stru

men

t

Cas

e St

udy

3 Pi

lot

Stu

dies

–

field

test

s

Afte

r rev

iew

ing

13 p

ossi

ble

mod

els

for u

se a

s in

put

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

uni

vers

al a

sses

smen

t in

stru

men

t; 4

wer

e se

lect

ed –

OS

HA

Vol

unta

ry

Prot

ectio

n Pr

ogra

m (V

PP);

Briti

sh S

tand

ards

In

stitu

te (B

SI)

OH

SM

S, B

S 8

800:

1996

; Am

eric

an

Indu

stria

l Hyg

iene

Ass

ocia

tion;

and

ISO

14

001:

1996

.

Uni

vers

al A

sses

smen

t Too

l dev

elop

ed a

nd tr

ialle

d on

3 s

ites

usin

g ca

se s

tudy

met

hodo

logy

dev

elop

ed

by Y

in a

nd th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s E

nviro

nmen

tal

Prot

ectio

n Ag

ency

’s Q

ualit

y M

anua

l for

E

nviro

nmen

tal P

rogr

ams

(US

EP

A).

Uni

t of a

naly

sis

was

the

orga

nisa

tions

OH

S M

S

Org

anis

atio

ns w

ere

de-id

entif

ied,

and

wer

e se

lect

ed fr

om a

dver

tisem

ents

in a

jour

nal

One

wee

k sp

ent a

t eac

h si

te

6 re

sear

ch q

uest

ions

(wor

king

hyp

othe

ses)

pe

rtain

ing

to O

HS

MS

wer

e de

fined

to g

uide

re

sear

ch –

cove

ring

defin

ition

of v

aria

bles

at a

co

ncep

tual

leve

l; op

erat

iona

l lev

el; h

ow th

ey a

re

mea

sure

d an

d ho

w s

core

s ar

e in

terp

rete

d.

Inte

rnal

val

idity

for O

HS

MS

Ass

essm

ent

Inst

rum

ent v

ia D

elph

i Met

hod

– pa

nel o

f six

teen

ex

perts

use

d to

eva

luat

e th

e qu

estio

ns p

ropo

sed.

Eac

h ex

pert

give

n th

e qu

estio

nnai

re a

nd a

sked

fo

r fee

dbac

k an

d ra

ting

to d

o w

ith c

larit

y of

ex

pres

sion

; rel

evan

ce to

inpu

t cla

uses

; and

rank

or

der o

f im

porta

nce

of th

e pr

inci

ples

. Opt

ions

for

not r

anki

ng o

rder

or s

ugge

stio

n of

add

ition

al

prin

cipl

es p

erm

itted

.

Exp

erts

nom

inat

ed s

ectio

ns o

f the

que

stio

nnai

re

that

wer

e m

ost r

elev

ant t

o ar

ea o

f exp

ertis

e.

Rig

orou

s de

velo

pmen

t of t

ool.

Pan

el o

f exp

erts

de

rived

from

aca

dem

ia, i

ndus

try, g

over

nmen

t an

d st

anda

rd s

ettin

g bo

dies

.

Con

stru

ct v

alid

ity s

uppo

rted

by p

ilot s

tudi

es a

nd

the

tria

ngul

atio

n of

fiel

d da

ta- i

nter

view

s;

obse

rvat

ions

and

doc

umen

tatio

n/re

cord

s.

Ext

erna

l val

idity

est

ablis

hed

by a

naly

tical

ge

nera

lizat

ion

base

d on

fiel

d ex

perie

nces

.

Thre

e ar

ticle

s ha

ve b

een

publ

ishe

d.

No

stat

istic

al in

fere

nce

poss

ible

from

cas

e st

udy

met

hodo

logy

.

Lim

itatio

n –

pote

ntia

l bia

s fro

m s

elec

ted

mod

els

used

as

inpu

t for

ass

essm

ent i

nstru

men

t.

Mod

el h

as b

een

used

to in

fluen

ce n

ew A

NS

I/ A

HIA

Z10

:200

5 st

anda

rd.

165

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2000

G

alla

gher

Dea

kin

Uni

vers

ity,

Mel

bour

ne

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

and

Sa

fety

Sys

tem

s:

Syst

em T

ypes

an

dEf

fect

iven

ess

Cas

e St

udy

20 p

artic

ipan

ts

Mai

l out

Que

stio

nnai

re

used

for s

urve

y

The

stud

y ex

amin

ed o

rgan

isat

ions

by

asse

ssin

g ag

ains

t aud

it cr

iteria

that

had

bee

n ad

apte

d fro

m

Saf

etyM

AP

with

a v

iew

to d

eter

min

e ho

w

orga

nisa

tions

man

age

OH

S.

4 ty

polo

gies

whe

re d

evel

oped

.

� In

nova

tive/

Saf

e P

erso

n- S

ophi

stic

ated

Be

havi

oura

l

� In

nova

tive/

Saf

e Pl

ace-

Ada

ptiv

e H

azar

ds

Man

ager

� Tr

aditi

onal

/Saf

e P

lace

- U

nsaf

e A

ct

Min

imis

ers;

and

� Tr

aditi

onal

/Saf

e P

lace

– T

radi

tiona

l En

gine

erin

g an

d D

esig

n

The

adap

tive

haza

rds

man

ager

(elim

inat

ing

haza

rds

at th

e so

urce

, app

lyin

g ris

k m

anag

emen

t st

rate

gies

and

exh

ibiti

ng a

hig

h le

vel o

f em

ploy

ee

invo

lvem

ent)

was

pro

mot

ed a

s th

e w

ay fo

rwar

d.

Safe

per

son

stra

tegi

es p

erce

ived

as

a le

gacy

that

re

fuse

s to

die

.

Mai

n fin

ding

was

that

one

type

OH

S M

S d

oes

not f

it al

l

Onl

y tw

o ca

ses

foun

d to

hav

e hi

ghly

dev

elop

ed

OH

S M

S, 6

dev

elop

ed O

HS

MS

and

12

unde

rdev

elop

ed O

HS

MS

Stre

ngth

s –

conc

eptu

al, i

n-de

pth

anal

ysis

, po

tent

ial t

o fin

d ex

plan

atio

ns fo

r com

plex

pr

oces

ses

and

exte

nd/m

odify

cur

rent

par

adig

ms.

Cas

e st

udy

resu

lts c

anno

t be

extra

pola

ted

to a

w

ider

pop

ulat

ion,

sta

tistic

al in

fere

nce

not

poss

ible

Pot

entia

l bia

s of

the

rese

arch

er d

ue to

re

latio

nshi

p w

ith c

ase

stud

y pa

rtici

pant

s

Con

stru

ct v

alid

ity re

lied

on fe

edba

ck fr

om

parti

cipa

nts

of c

ase

repo

rts a

nd s

ome

trian

gula

tion

of d

ata.

Exte

rnal

“val

idity

of s

tudy

” not

mea

sure

d by

re

pres

enta

tiven

ess

but b

y th

e qu

ality

of e

mer

gent

th

eory

” and

“cog

ency

of t

heor

etic

al re

ason

ing

“ 10

Unr

elia

bilit

y of

inju

ry d

ata

and

inco

nclu

sive

ness

of

aud

it da

ta ra

tiona

le fo

r the

cas

e st

udy

sele

ctio

n.

Maj

or d

iffic

ulty

with

stu

dy –

no b

efor

e/af

ter

anal

ysis

. Pro

gres

sive

impa

ct o

f OH

S M

S n

ot

disc

erna

ble.

Basi

s of

sev

eral

Nat

iona

l Occ

upat

iona

l Hea

lth

and

Safe

ty C

omm

issi

on (N

OH

SC) R

epor

ts

(spo

nsor

s).

Aud

it to

ol u

sed

for a

sses

smen

t wou

ld n

ot h

ave

rate

d “s

afe

pers

on” s

trate

gies

as

high

ly (s

ee

Tabl

e 16

); To

ol p

oten

tially

bia

sed

tow

ards

the

findi

ngs

from

the

onse

t.

166

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2003

Sa

ksvi

k ,

Torv

atn

and

Nyt

ro

Dep

artm

ent o

f P

sych

olog

y

Nor

weg

ian

Uni

vers

ity o

f Sc

ienc

e an

d Te

chno

logy

Syst

emat

ic

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

and

Sa

fety

Wor

k in

N

orw

ay: a

D

ecad

e of

Im

plem

enta

tion

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal

inte

rvie

w

Com

pute

r aid

ed

tele

phon

e su

rvey

Ran

dom

ized

sa

mpl

e

2092

par

ticip

ants

Aim

s:

(i) t

o an

alys

e th

e ex

tent

of i

mpl

emen

tatio

n of

in

tern

al c

ontro

l (IC

) req

uire

men

ts in

Nor

way

sin

ce

regu

latio

ns m

anda

ting

OH

S M

S c

ame

into

effe

ct in

19

92;

(ii) i

nves

tigat

e w

heth

er e

nter

pris

es c

laim

ing

to h

ave

impl

emen

ted

IC re

quire

men

ts a

ctua

lly

� ha

d re

gist

ered

IC s

tatu

s;

� cr

eate

d or

mod

ified

OH

S im

prov

emen

t pl

ans;

� de

velo

ped

mea

sure

s by

whi

ch O

HS

im

prov

emen

t can

be

mea

sure

d,

� pr

ovid

ed e

mpl

oyee

s w

ith th

e ne

cess

ary

skills

to b

ecom

e in

volv

ed in

dec

isio

n m

akin

g, a

nd

� th

at b

oth

man

agem

ent a

nd w

orke

rs

disp

laye

d in

tere

st in

par

ticip

atio

n pr

oces

s.

Find

ings

:

� Im

plem

enta

tion

rate

had

incr

ease

d fro

m 8

%

in 1

993;

to 4

7% in

199

9; In

199

9 39

% s

aid

they

wer

e in

the

proc

ess

of im

plem

enta

tion.

� 61

% c

laim

ed to

hav

e im

prov

ed th

eir O

HS

ou

tcom

es a

s m

easu

red

by in

jurie

s an

d si

ckne

ss a

bsen

teei

sm.

� Im

prov

ed re

porti

ng re

sulte

d in

an

appa

rent

in

crea

se in

inju

ry ra

tes

Prom

oted

the

conc

ept o

f org

anis

atio

nal l

earn

ing

and

how

this

is a

ssis

ted

by a

sys

tem

atic

app

roac

h.

Por

traye

d IC

as

very

top-

dow

n m

anag

emen

t.

Eve

n w

ith la

rge

sam

ple

size

, res

pons

e ra

te 4

5%.

Priv

ate

sect

or c

ompr

ised

66%

of t

he s

ampl

e.

46%

had

less

than

11;

39%

had

bet

wee

n 11

and

10

0; 1

5% h

ad m

ore

than

100

mem

bers

. Q

uota

sam

plin

g us

ed: a

imin

g to

pro

vide

a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e ba

sed

on s

peci

fic c

riter

ia.

Prob

lem

s en

coun

tere

d in

clud

ed:

(i) in

abili

ty to

con

tact

em

ploy

er

(ii) r

efus

al to

par

ticip

ate.

Lo

ng s

urve

y –

61 q

uest

ions

Se

lf-re

porti

ng -

poss

ible

sub

ject

ivity

of

resp

onde

nts

and

desi

re to

pro

vide

a fa

vour

able

re

spon

se. A

lso

ther

e m

ay h

ave

been

a d

esire

to

just

ify e

xpen

ditu

re o

f tim

e an

d fu

nds.

S

ugge

sted

long

itudi

nal s

tudi

es to

dis

cern

w

heth

er h

igh

leve

l of i

mpl

emen

tatio

n ac

tual

ly

trans

late

d in

to m

eani

ngfu

l act

iviti

es o

n th

e or

gani

satio

nal l

evel

.

167

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2003

Tr

ethe

wy

Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ew S

outh

W

ales

Influ

ence

s on

Su

bcon

trac

tor

OH

S M

anag

emen

t O

utco

mes

in

Con

stru

ctio

n

Inte

rven

tion

Styl

e

10 C

onst

ruct

ion

site

s

befo

re a

nd a

fter

anal

ysis

ove

r six

m

onth

s

(per

iodi

c m

onito

ring

fortn

ight

ly)

and

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal

(sur

vey)

Aim

was

to s

tudy

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

a se

ries

of m

anag

emen

t int

erve

ntio

ns a

nd;

� C

hang

es in

atti

tude

and

per

cept

ion

of ri

sk

and

beha

viou

r of c

ontra

ctor

s

� Tr

aditi

onal

out

com

e LT

I ind

icat

ors

Inte

rven

tions

incl

uded

:

� Fo

rmul

atio

n of

trad

e sp

ecifi

c ha

zard

pro

files

� D

evel

opm

ent o

f pro

-form

as -

Sub

cont

ract

or

S (S

ubby

) Pac

k

� A

dapt

atio

n of

TR

(Con

stru

ctio

n S

afet

y)

Inde

x pr

evio

usly

dev

elop

ed in

Fin

land

, now

ca

lled

“Saf

ety

Met

er” u

sed

for b

ehav

iour

al

base

d sa

fety

“pos

itive

per

form

ance

in

dica

tors

”

Impr

ovem

ent o

f Saf

ety

Met

er S

core

s fo

r 70%

of

site

s co

nsid

ered

evi

denc

e of

Saf

ety

Met

er

Effe

ctiv

enes

s.

Pre

viou

sly

valid

ated

per

cept

ion

(Cul

ture

) sur

vey

used

to c

onfir

m e

ffect

iven

ess

of in

terv

entio

ns.

Cor

rela

tion

betw

een

Saf

ety

Met

er re

sults

and

Lo

st T

ime

Inju

ries

atte

mpt

ed, b

ut fi

ndin

gs

conf

licte

d M

etho

dolo

gy fo

r int

erna

l, co

nstru

ct a

nd e

xter

nal

valid

atio

n of

resu

lts u

ncle

ar.

Atte

mpt

at t

riang

ulat

ion

thro

ugh

use

of s

urve

y as

sum

ed a

lthou

gh c

ase

stud

y ap

proa

ch n

ot

iden

tifie

d fro

m o

nset

. O

utpu

ts in

clud

ed th

e de

velo

pmen

t of u

sefu

l su

bcon

tract

or m

ater

ial a

nd h

azar

d pr

ofile

s us

ed

adop

ted

by W

orkC

over

NS

W

Dem

onst

rate

d th

e di

fficu

lty o

f app

lyin

g st

atis

tical

te

chni

ques

to th

is ty

pe o

f res

earc

h

2004

B

arbe

auet

al

Cen

tre fo

r C

omm

unity

–B

ased

R

esea

rch,

D

ana

Farb

er

Can

cer

Inst

itute

, B

osto

n

Ass

essm

ent o

f O

ccup

atio

nal

Hea

lth a

nd

Safe

ty P

rogr

ams

in S

mal

l B

usin

esse

s

Cas

e st

udy

Ran

dom

ised

sa

mpl

e us

ed

25 s

mal

l w

orks

ites

– m

ean

num

ber o

f 96

w

orke

rs p

er s

ite

Sur

vey

Aim

to a

sses

s m

anag

emen

t com

mitm

ent a

nd

empl

oyee

invo

lvem

ent;

wor

kpla

ce a

naly

sis;

haz

ard

prev

entio

n an

d co

ntro

l; an

d ed

ucat

ion

and

train

ing

in lo

w w

age,

cul

tura

lly d

iver

se, s

mal

l wor

kpla

ces.

Sur

vey

alig

ned

with

crit

eria

for V

olun

tary

Pro

tect

ion

Prog

ram

Emer

gent

them

es: s

ize

is n

ot a

bar

rier t

o co

mpr

ehen

sive

saf

ety

prog

ram

s, b

ut m

ay n

eed

mor

e ou

tsid

e as

sist

ance

; rea

lity

of p

rodu

ctio

n pr

essu

re a

nd la

ngua

ge b

arrie

rs.

Dat

a ba

ses

used

to id

entif

y sm

all m

anuf

actu

rers

. O

f 224

wor

ksite

s fo

und,

133

met

elig

ibili

ty c

riter

ia

and

26 c

onse

nted

.

Stre

ngth

- co

mbi

natio

n of

ope

n en

ded

ques

tions

us

ed to

cap

ture

info

rmal

met

hods

of O

HS

m

anag

emen

t, an

d cl

osed

que

stio

ns fo

r as

sess

men

t of f

orm

al, s

yste

mat

ic a

ppro

ache

s.

Lim

itatio

ns o

f sel

f-rep

ortin

g an

d th

e us

e th

e w

eigh

ted

surv

ey re

sults

- su

bjec

tivity

. R

ecom

men

ded

the

use

of tr

iang

ulat

ed d

ata

for

futu

re re

sear

ch in

this

are

a.

168

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2004

La

Mon

tagn

e et

al

Ass

essi

ng a

nd

Inte

rven

ing

on

OH

S

Prog

ram

mes

: Ef

fect

iven

ess

Eval

uatio

n of

the

Wel

lwor

ks-2

In

terv

entio

n in

15

M

anuf

actu

ring

Wor

ksite

s

Ran

dom

ised

In

terv

entio

n St

yle

15 s

ites

Con

trols

=8

Inte

rven

tions

=7

Hyp

othe

sis

(1) W

orke

rs m

ore

likel

y to

mak

e he

alth

y lif

esty

le b

ehav

iour

cha

nges

if O

H ri

sks

wer

e ad

dres

sed

at th

e sa

me

time.

Hyp

othe

sis(

2) In

tegr

ated

inte

rven

tion

site

s w

ould

sh

ow g

reat

er im

prov

emen

t at a

n or

gani

satio

nal

leve

l as

mea

sure

d by

cha

nge

in s

core

ove

r 16

mon

ths

asse

ssed

by

the

Wel

lwor

ks-2

mea

sure

men

t in

stru

men

t.

Prim

ary

outc

ome

was

cha

nges

in s

mok

ing

and

eatin

g be

havi

ours

Inte

grat

ed in

terv

entio

n te

chni

que

invo

lved

a tr

i-lev

el

soci

al e

colo

gica

l fra

mew

ork:

� w

orke

r (he

alth

pro

mot

ion)

;

� or

gani

satio

n (W

ellw

orks

-2 A

sses

smen

t of

syst

emat

ic m

anag

emen

t); a

nd

� ph

ysic

al e

nviro

nmen

t – ta

rget

ing

of

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

.

Ass

essm

ent t

ool g

roup

ed in

to 4

cat

egor

ies

as p

er

Vol

unta

ry P

rote

ctio

n P

rogr

am. S

core

s fo

r 4 a

reas

w

eigh

ted

(man

agem

ent c

omm

itmen

t and

em

ploy

ee

parti

cipa

tion

36/1

00; w

orkp

lace

ana

lysi

s 28

/100

; ha

zard

pre

vent

ion

and

cont

rol 2

4/10

0; a

nd tr

aini

ng

and

educ

atio

n 12

/100

).

Afte

r 16

mon

ths

with

app

lied

inte

rven

tion,

onl

y on

e of

the

four

cat

egor

ies

– m

anag

emen

t com

mitm

ent

and

empl

oyee

par

ticip

atio

n im

prov

ed a

t a

stat

istic

ally

sig

nific

ant l

evel

.

Ran

dom

ised

sam

ple

used

to a

void

bia

s –

need

ed

the

assi

stan

ce o

f bio

stat

istic

ian.

89 c

ompa

nies

con

tact

ed, 4

1 el

igib

le; 1

7 ag

reed

to

par

ticip

ate,

2 d

ropp

ed o

ut.

Hig

hlig

hts

diffi

culty

in

obt

aini

ng p

artic

ipan

ts.

Very

tim

e co

nsum

ing

– pe

rson

al c

onta

cts;

ed

ucat

ion

sess

ions

; tec

hnic

al a

ssis

tanc

e to

m

anag

ers;

writ

ten

mat

eria

l for

dis

tribu

tion

and

pres

enta

tion

to O

HS

com

mitt

ees.

Res

ults

not

as

favo

urab

le a

s ex

pect

ed g

iven

the

effo

rt ap

plie

d.

Sm

all s

ampl

e si

ze

Wei

ghtin

g of

ass

essm

ent i

nstru

men

t – s

ubje

ctiv

e

Sugg

este

d th

at in

divi

dual

haz

ard

prof

iles

of

orga

nisa

tions

may

be

a co

nfou

ndin

g fa

ctor

.

Trie

d to

mea

sure

sys

tem

atic

app

roac

h to

OH

S

rath

er th

an a

ny p

artic

ular

OH

S M

S st

ruct

ure.

Rai

sed

awar

enes

s of

tri-l

evel

app

roac

h –

wor

ker,

orga

nisa

tion

and

phys

ical

env

ironm

ent.

No

atte

mpt

was

mad

e to

cor

rela

te a

sses

smen

t sc

ore

with

inju

ries/

illnes

s al

thou

gh s

ugge

sted

for

futu

re re

sear

ch.

Sugg

ests

that

ther

e is

a c

onsi

dera

ble

time

lag

betw

een

the

appl

icat

ion

of in

tegr

ated

in

terv

entio

ns a

nd th

e m

anife

stat

ion

of fa

vour

able

re

sults

. Mor

e th

an 1

6 m

onth

s m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to s

ee m

ore

visi

ble

chan

ge. T

his

time

fact

or

pres

ents

a c

onsi

dera

ble

cons

train

t for

the

typi

cal

time

fram

e av

aila

ble

for a

doc

tora

l pro

ject

.

169

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2004

K

im

Cen

tre o

f Pu

blic

Hea

lth

Res

earc

h Q

ueen

slan

d U

nive

rsity

of

Tech

nolo

gy

The

Rol

e of

Le

gisl

atio

n in

D

rivin

g G

ood

OH

S M

S: A

C

ompa

rison

of

Pres

crip

tive

and

Perf

orm

ance

B

ased

Le

gisl

atio

n

Cas

e St

udy

Mer

cury

stu

dy –

Epid

emio

logi

cal

data

exa

min

ed

Bio

logi

cal

mon

itorin

g fro

m 8

w

orkp

lace

s in

K

orea

In Q

ueen

slan

d 45

exp

osed

w

orke

rs –

Sur

vey,

In

terv

iew

and

B

iolo

gica

l M

onito

ring

N=4

5 ex

pose

d

lead

stu

dy –

(i) m

ail o

ut

surv

ey; 3

6 do

ctor

s re

spon

ded

(54%

) (ii

) Wor

k pr

actic

e in

terv

iew

s

OH

S M

S

com

paris

on v

ia

self-

asse

ssm

ent

ques

tionn

aire

(1

98 m

aile

d ou

t in

Aus

tralia

, 40

retu

rned

(22%

). Fi

ve s

urve

yed

in

Kor

ea)

Aim

s w

ere

to s

tudy

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

:

� th

e m

anag

emen

t of m

ercu

ry e

xpos

ure

in th

e flu

ores

cent

lam

p m

anuf

actu

ring

indu

stry

in

Kor

ea a

nd a

n or

al h

ealth

ser

vice

, and

lead

ex

posu

re i

n A

ustra

lia b

y su

rvey

ing

doct

ors

desi

gnat

ed fo

r lea

d su

rvei

llanc

e;

� le

gisl

ativ

e ar

rang

emen

ts fo

r hea

lth

surv

eilla

nce

in b

oth

plac

es;

� ch

arac

teris

tics

of O

HS

MS

in u

se in

Kor

ea

and

Aust

ralia

; and

� pr

escr

iptiv

e ve

rsus

per

form

ance

-bas

ed

legi

slat

ion

in p

rote

ctin

g O

HS

of h

eavy

met

al

expo

sed

wor

kers

.

Find

ings

:

� 33

% o

f Aus

tralia

n or

gani

satio

ns s

urve

yed

had

a fu

lly im

plem

ente

d O

HS

MS

� R

ate

of im

plem

enta

tion

of O

HS

MS

in

smal

ler b

usin

esse

s (le

ss th

an 3

0 em

ploy

ees)

40%

of t

hat o

f lar

ger

orga

nisa

tions

. Sm

all b

usin

esse

s m

ay la

ck

nece

ssar

y re

sour

ces

for O

HS

MS

� Pr

escr

iptiv

e st

yle

seen

as

reac

tive

– re

liant

on

bio

logi

cal m

onito

ring

to s

igna

l nee

d fo

r ch

ange

s; p

erfo

rman

ce b

ased

vie

wed

as

mor

e pr

oact

ive.

Wea

knes

s of

per

form

ance

-ba

sed

legi

slat

ion

cons

ider

ed to

be

emph

asis

pl

aced

on

the

use

of ri

sk a

sses

smen

ts b

y th

ose

unqu

alifi

ed to

est

ablis

h th

e ex

tent

of

risk

to e

xpos

ed p

erso

ns.

� C

oncl

uded

that

ele

men

ts o

f bot

h st

yles

ne

cess

ary.

OH

S M

S s

elf a

sses

smen

t que

stio

nnai

re

deve

lope

d by

five

OH

S e

xper

ts a

nd e

valu

ated

by

a pa

nel o

f 9 m

embe

rs fr

om th

e S

afet

y In

stitu

te o

f A

ustra

lia.

OH

S M

S q

uest

ionn

aire

bas

ed o

n IL

O m

odel

.

Bas

is o

f int

erna

l val

idity

for O

HS

MS

qu

estio

nnai

re w

as th

e N

omin

al G

roup

Te

chni

que

(a v

aria

tion

on th

e D

elph

i Met

hod

whe

re a

pan

el is

use

d in

stea

d of

indi

vidu

al m

ail-

outs

).

Sta

tistic

al a

naly

sis

of d

ata

perfo

rmed

on

OH

S

MS

que

stio

nnai

re u

sing

SP

SS

(ver

sion

10.

1.0)

fo

r Win

dow

s. C

hi-S

quar

ed A

naly

sis

for

asso

ciat

ion

betw

een

grou

ps, F

isch

er’s

Exa

ct

Test

use

d fo

r sam

ple

size

s le

ss th

an 5

.

Smal

l sam

ple

size

for K

orea

mad

e co

mpa

rison

’s

diffi

cult.

Sur

vey

resu

lts c

anno

t be

extra

pola

ted

to w

ider

po

pula

tions

, no

tem

pora

l com

pone

nt.

Low

resp

onse

rate

and

sel

f-rep

orte

d da

ta -

subj

ectiv

ity o

f res

ults

Tria

ngul

atio

n of

dat

a ap

plie

d fo

r mer

cury

stu

dy

in Q

ueen

slan

d– b

iolo

gica

l mon

itorin

g (q

uant

itativ

e), i

nter

view

and

que

stio

nnai

re.

170

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2006

Si

mps

on

Uni

vers

ity o

f N

ew S

outh

W

ales

An

inve

stig

atio

n in

to th

e us

e of

po

sitiv

e pe

rfor

man

ce

indi

cato

rs to

m

easu

re O

HS

perf

orm

ance

Mul

tiple

met

hods

in

clud

ing:

(i) th

e us

e of

a

beha

viou

r bas

ed

mea

sure

men

t to

ol fo

r qu

antit

ativ

e as

sess

men

t;

(ii) f

ocus

gro

up

inte

rvie

ws;

(iii)

self

asse

ssm

ent

wor

kshe

ets.

One

larg

e m

ulti-

site

org

anis

atio

n

Aim

s w

ere

to:

� To

dev

elop

a s

et o

f pap

er b

ased

sel

f as

sess

men

t too

ls in

corp

orat

ing

quan

titat

ive

OH

S PP

I’s to

mea

sure

the

loca

l im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e O

HS

stra

tegi

c pl

an,

and

pilo

t thi

s in

Pos

tal M

anag

ers.

� To

val

idat

e an

d ex

tend

find

ings

of t

he p

ilot

stud

y.

� Th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

web

-bas

ed s

oftw

are

appl

icat

ion

to fa

cilit

ate

OH

S P

PI d

ata

colle

ctio

n an

d re

porti

ng.

Find

ings

:

� Th

e st

udy

foun

d th

at th

e O

HS

PPI

sel

f as

sess

men

t too

l cou

ld b

e us

ed s

ucce

ssfu

lly

by lo

cal P

osta

l Man

ager

s an

d th

at th

is w

as

perc

eive

d to

impr

ove

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

OH

S s

trate

gic

plan

: “W

hat g

ets

mea

sure

d ge

ts d

one.

”

� N

o st

atis

tical

ly v

alid

cor

rela

tion

coul

d be

m

ade

betw

een

the

use

of P

PI’s

and

im

prov

ed O

HS

per

form

ance

und

er th

e gi

ven

pilo

t arr

ange

men

t.

Ther

e is

con

side

rabl

e di

fficu

lty in

link

ing

OH

S

PPI’s

with

out

com

e m

easu

res

to e

valu

ate

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

OH

S m

anag

emen

t stra

tegi

es.

It w

as c

onsi

dere

d to

be

of li

mite

d va

lue

to

atte

mpt

to u

se a

qua

ntita

tive

appr

oach

.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

for f

utur

e w

ork

incl

uded

in

vest

igat

ions

into

the

poss

ible

ass

ocia

tion

betw

een

PP

I’s a

nd O

HS

mea

sure

s of

exp

osur

es

such

as

beha

viou

r bas

ed m

easu

res

and

for m

ore

qual

itativ

e in

dica

tors

to b

e ad

opte

d.

171

Dat

e

Aut

hor

Ti

tle

Des

ign

and

Sa

mpl

e Si

zeO

bjec

tives

and

Fin

ding

s St

reng

ths,

Lim

itatio

ns a

nd

Less

ons

Lear

nt

2008

Lo

ebak

ka

Mar

shal

l G

olds

mith

Sc

hool

of

Man

agem

ent

Allia

nt

Inte

rnat

iona

l U

nive

rsity

, San

D

iego

.

Fact

ors

defin

ing

the

rela

tions

hips

be

twee

n sa

fety

m

anag

emen

t st

rate

gies

and

sa

fety

pe

rfor

man

ce

Cro

ss-s

ectio

nal

surv

ey

N=1

56

Con

veni

ence

sa

mpl

e

Qua

ntita

tive

anal

ysis

usi

ng

linea

r reg

ress

ion

Aim

s:

To in

vest

igat

e th

e fa

ctor

s th

at re

late

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of h

igh

perfo

rman

ce s

afet

y m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s (S

MS

) by

exte

ndin

g th

e w

ork

of A

nsof

f’s a

nd M

cDon

nell’

s S

trate

gic

Succ

ess

Hyp

othe

sis

and

Lorto

n’s

appl

icat

ion

of th

is to

en

viro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s.

The

follo

win

g re

latio

nshi

ps w

ere

expl

ored

bet

wee

n sa

fety

per

form

ance

and

(i) t

he S

MS

aggr

essi

vene

ss g

ap;

(ii) S

MS

resp

onsi

vene

ss g

ap;

(iii)

Safe

ty p

ostu

re;

(iv) S

afet

y sc

hool

orie

ntat

ion

(Man

agem

ent/

Beha

viou

ral/

Eng

inee

ring

or H

ealth

);

and

bet

wee

n S

MS

pos

ture

and

(v) S

MS

agg

ress

iven

ess;

and

(vi)

SM

S re

spon

sive

ness

.

Find

ings

:

Saf

ety

perfo

rman

ce im

prov

ed a

s or

gani

satio

ns

alig

ned

SM

S a

ggre

ssiv

enes

s an

d re

spon

sive

ness

to

the

leve

l of S

MS

turb

ulen

ce.

Sup

porte

d th

e im

porta

nce

of m

anag

emen

t co

mm

itmen

t, co

mpe

tenc

e an

d ca

paci

ty in

the

form

atio

n of

an

orga

nisa

tion’

s S

MS

.

Sup

porte

d th

e re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n hi

gher

leve

ls o

f sa

fety

per

form

ance

and

(i) a

mor

e pr

oact

ive

SM

S

post

ure

and

(ii) m

anag

emen

t and

beh

avio

ural

sc

hool

orie

ntat

ions

as

hypo

thes

ised

.

Lim

itatio

ns:

Con

veni

ence

sam

ple

take

n at

the

Nat

iona

l Saf

ety

Cou

ncil

95th

Ann

ual S

afet

y C

ongr

ess

and

Exp

ositi

on in

Chi

cago

atte

nded

by

7000

in

divi

dual

s ov

er o

ne w

eek

in O

ctob

er 2

007.

Res

pond

ents

wer

e w

ithin

pro

xim

ity to

Chi

cago

an

d fro

m th

e m

anuf

actu

ring

sect

or, a

pot

entia

l co

nfou

ndin

g va

riabl

e.

Pot

entia

l for

mul

tiple

resp

onse

s fro

m o

ne

orga

nisa

tion.

Pote

ntia

l for

sta

te le

vel r

egul

atio

ns re

co

mpe

nsat

ion

and

insu

ranc

e re

quire

men

ts in

the

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172

5.1 Summary of Studies and the Way Forward

The work of Cohen, Smith and Cohen in 1975 was a landmark study in

this area of research because it was the first time rigorous statistical

analysis had been applied to explore the relationship between safety

practices and high and low accident rates. The design of the study was a

cross-sectional survey so it was impossible to make a casual connection

between the actual practices and the accident rates, but investigation into

the prevalence of certain practices in high and low accident rate

organisations, through a paired chi-squared parametric analysis of the

means, was certainly able to suggest the possibility of finding a causal

connection with a longitudinal study in the future. Areas of promise and

importance to OHS practitioners as markers of better OHS performance

included: 367

� good housekeeping;

� high quality of facilities and amenities;

� the provision of opportunities for training;

� an appreciation of both engineering and non-engineering approaches

to hazard control;

� a more compassionate response to rule violations; and

� a stable workforce.

Interestingly, the rigour of this study design has not been replicated

elsewhere. This forewarns of the enormous effort involved in carefully

matching the pairs of high and low accident rate organisations so that

confounders related to varying hazard profiles across industries may be

eliminated.

Shannon et al continued along the same lines as Cohen et al by once

again attempting to assemble a list of desirable characteristics associated

with good OHS performance as measured by low LTFR’s. The difference

173

in this study’s construction was that randomised sampling was used within

groups stratified according to their size and LTFR rate. Whilst this design

was selected to enable the findings to be generalised to a wide range of

employers – small, medium and large, as well as good, medium and poor

LTFR raters, the potential bias from self reporting and medium response

rates was a limiting factor in the interpretation of the results. Furthermore

there was no allowance for differing hazard profiles for the various

industries involved. Of note, the authors report that “given its limitations we

do not emphasise our regression analysis”.363 Emergent themes included

reinforcing the importance of low turn-over rates and an experienced

workforce; the need to empower employees; inclusion of OHS factors in

job descriptions and annual reviews; and the need for visible

demonstrations of management commitment such as attending safety

committee meetings.

Culvenor’s research was of particular interest because it articulated the

diametrically opposed views on how OHS should be managed –

juxtaposing the emphasis on treating hazards at the source (coining the

term “safe place” approach) against the emphasis on changing worker

behaviour (coined as the “safe person” approach).117 Culvenor’s attitude

was one of overwhelming opposition to behavioural techniques, yet his

actual research focused on the use of creative thinking to enhance safe

place solutions. This strong opposition to the continued use of safe person

strategies suggested that there was an opportunity to search within the

behavioural based philosophy, and provide an explanation for its

continued endorsement, particularly in the US.

Vredenburgh’s work was heavily influenced by Cohen et al again

searching for an association between management practices and low

injury rates. It is evident that application of this cross-sectional study

design with its inherent weaknesses of self-reporting and absence of a

temporal factor was also seriously constrained by the ability to obtain

willing participants as the low response factors affected the perceived

value of the findings. No statistically significant correlation was found

between management practices typically considered to be linked with

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lower injury rates such as training and management commitment, although

a correlation was made with hiring practices.368

Redinger’s research was another landmark study in the area of OHS MS.

Set against the contextual backdrop of the TQM era, this was the first

doctoral project that lead to the development of an OHS MS model

structure. The difficulty with this new area of research was that there were

no other studies for comparison purposes. Determination of internal

validity – to ensure that the measurement tool did in fact measure what it

intended to measure, could only be obtained through extensive peer

review.373, 374 This was achieved using the Delphi Method – by sending the

proposed measurement tool to a panel of independent experts for

comment. The panel members were selected from a variety of sources:

academia, industry, government and standard setting bodies to provide

balanced perspectives. Designed as a case study, the instrument was

then piloted on three sites. The construct validity of the pilot tests was

demonstrated by triangulation of the field study results – comparing the

results of observations, interviews and documentary evidence.375 The

rigour of Redinger’s work renders itself as an exemplary model for further

research in this area, and the value of the study’s contribution to the

existing body of knowledge is marked by the influence it has had on the

development of the ANSI-AIHA-Z10: 2005 standard of the US.

In Australia, the work of Gallagher was instrumental to promoting changes

in the direction of state legislation towards the adoption of a risk

management approach. Gallagher’s work set out to determine the

effectiveness of OHS MS. Her finding that “one size does not fit all” was

pivotal in the decision not to mandate the implementation of OHS MS

unlike the internal control path of Norway and Sweden. Gallagher defined

four different management style typologies and promoted the “adaptive

hazards manager” as the way forward. This supported studies in Norway

that found that internal control had not been widely embraced by small

businesses.149 The “adaptive hazard manager” was certainly a sensible

approach for dealing with small to medium sized organisations, relying on

industry to determine their own hazards and to ensure that they had

175

sufficient controls in place. Guideline standards were available for larger

organisations to model their own OHS MS, if they so desired.271 The

weakness in this concept was that it relied on industries knowing what

hazards they were looking for in the first instance. However, if there was

insufficient guidance in this area, this would still present problems for

organisations, especially the smaller organisations the legislation was

intending to help. This presented an opportunity for continuing research.

Following Gallagher’s study, research from Norway by Sakvik, Torvatn

and Nytro became available showing that there was approximately a 50%

implementation rate of internal control one decade after the regulations

came into effect. Despite portraying OHS MS as a very “top down” style of

management, it was still conceded that improvements measured by a

reduction of injuries and sickness absenteeism had been achieved, and

notably, there was unlikely to be any changes made to amend the style of

the regulations.92 However, this information was the result of a cross-

sectional survey, and there was still no empirical evidence to prove that

systematic approaches to safety were associated with improved OHS

performance.

Trethewy was unable to demonstrate a statistically significant correlation

between the use of upstream measures such as positive performance

indicators and a reduction in lost time injuries.369 However, the fact that

this was unachievable strongly suggests the need to develop alternative

measures for performance improvements to provide encouragement to

organisations along the way. It was likely that the chosen time frame – six

months, was insufficient to see such results. Organisations still need to be

motivated to continue with intervention techniques, whatever form they

take. This presented another research opportunity to explore the

connection between specific control measures and appropriate

measurement tools.

The work of Barbeau et al was useful in challenging the notion that a

systems approach was not suitable for small businesses. Through the use

of a well designed case study, a number of themes emerged including the

176

need to consider the reality of production pressures; and the problems of

implementing safety programs when language barriers are present.370

In an attempt to provide empirical evidence to demonstrate the benefits of

a systems approach, LaMontangne used a randomised controlled trial with

the aim of detecting improvements on an audit-style measurement

instrument after the application a number of systematic management

interventions. After a period of sixteen months, the only improvement

measured by the assessment tool was for the element of “management

commitment and employee participation”. Despite the frustrations of this

research effort, a number of very valuable lessons were learnt. The hazard

profile of the various organisations was thought to be a major confounder,

so a randomised controlled trial was not the best design in this instance.329

Although sixteen months was a significant period of time to have waited to

reassess the worksites, it was possible that the time lag for benefits to

appear may have been even longer. Whist an improvement was only

apparent in one element, this may have been a precursor to the start in

other areas, as without improvements in the level of management

commitment and employee participation, benefits are unlikely to manifest

anywhere else. Finally, validation through the use of triangulation was

strongly recommended for future research.

Research by Kim considered OHS MS as pivotal to the application of

performance based legislation, and so provided some analysis on the

uptake of OHS MS through a survey using an audit style assessment tool

based on the ILO guidelines.14 Although the research was not specifically

about OHS MS, the findings suggest that there are still a number of issues

with their application which are not well understood.

Simpson investigated the use of positive performance indicators to assist

the implementation of the OHS strategic plan in a large national postal

corporation. Again the statistical analysis was found to be of little value,

but recommendations did suggest the use of more qualitative indicators,

and to link them with actual workplace exposures. 371

177

Finally, Loebbaka took a management school approach and performed a

linear regression on survey results from 156 respondents of the 7000

individuals who attended a Safety Conference over a week in Chicago in

2007. The survey was based on a self assessment tool that concentrated

the strategic success hypothesis developed originally by Ansoff and

extended by Lorton (2006). This research continued along the lines of the

maturity grid concept and the results unsurprisingly supported the

importance of management commitment, competence and capacity in the

formation of an organisation’s safety management system (SMS). The

research also suggested that higher levels of safety performance were

associated with a more proactive SMS posture and management and

behavioural school orientations. Whilst this work did reinforce much of the

work already undertaken in the US, it did not set out to specifically

examine the structure of the SMS used, but more the strategic

preferences and the connection with safety performance as defined in

terms of illness and injury data, as well as worker’s compensation

statistics and insurance premiums. Whether these measures are true

indicators of the full context of an organisation’s OHS performance are

subject to debate, and so the premise on which the research was founded

is arguable. Furthermore, the desirable components of a SMS were

heavily influenced by the work of Hansen (2006) who had suggested only

seven basic elements for an effective SMS including: policy, leadership

and accountability; organisational infrastructure; strategic planning; SHEQ

management; customers, contractors and suppliers; performance

monitoring; and continuous improvement.372 This study could be surmised

as a very broad based, management school approach, without exploring

the actual risks presenting to the various organisations or how this might

influence safety performance outcomes. Whilst this is one of the few

studies quantitative studies available, the limitations of the cross-sectional

design, the particular convenience sample used and self reported data

make it difficult to extrapolate the findings to a wider context or range of

industries outside of the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, linking a

decrease in injury rates with a behavioural school philosophy rather than

an engineering school ethos is somewhat contradictory as this may simply

178

have implied that hazards in the physical workplace had already been

addressed. There would be no way of deducing this information from the

survey conducted.

Therefore a gap in the research clearly exists to explore the potential

barriers to systematic OHS Management. Previous research suggests the

following:

� there is a need to understand more fully the hazard profile of an

organisation and how this may be determined;

� there is a need to understand how the nature of the organisation may

influence the selection of control strategies;

� there is an opportunity to extract benefits from a wide variety of

management practices identified through various studies as having a

possible association with improved OHS performance;

� there is a need to understand better ways of measuring improved

OHS performance instead of relying on LTFR’s or injury rates, and

how these may be linked with particular defence strategies; and

� that time lags may play a significant role in detecting the benefits of

an OHS MS.

These types of opportunities lend themselves to a qualitative case study

design method where there is the opportunity to explore factors in much

greater depth. It is postulated that until these factors are more fully

understood, the benefits of a systems approach may not be easily

discernable nor may they be disseminated to a wider audience.

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5.2 Towards the Safe Organisation

The vision held for the safe organisation of the future would be for an

organisation that: operates with an understanding of the full spectrum of

potential hazards and checks to see whether they are present locally;

recognises that there are multiple strategies available for prevention and

control of risks and makes use of them as necessary; does not become

sidetracked with bureaucracy; and is open to the possibility of change.

A systematic approach to OHS enables the co-ordination of the various

safe place, safe person and safe system strategies available so that they

are delivered strategically to provide the greatest opportunity for

improvement. OHS MS can provide prompts and triggers to remind

systems users to take care – a most important feature when the

distractions of everyday business activities may interfere with the

application of safe work practices.

A systematic approach to OHS is most useful when there are a multitude

of hazards presenting. Therefore, it is futile to try and correlate the

presence of an OHS MS with reduced injury rates, because one of the

main reasons to use an OHS MS is to make the management of large

scale OHS problems easier. The merit of applying an OHS MS can

therefore only be measured by a change in OHS performance over a

period of time that is sufficient to allow the strategies invoked to develop

and flourish.

Each organisation is likely to have different needs, and it is expected that

there will be variations between different industry sectors, between private

and government organisations as well as to do with local context factors. It

is therefore suggested that any tool developed will need to be customised

for the individual organisation and that this same tool may not necessarily

be successfully applied elsewhere. However, the development of a

generic template that could be locally customised would be of

considerable benefit. There would also be potential for such a tool to be

180

used for benchmarking exercises within large organisations or across

industry.

Figure 9: The Safe Organisation - Blending Strategies & Co-

ordinating Defences through the use of a Model OHS MS Framework

People Hazards

Hardware & Operating Environment Hazards

Management Strategies & Methodology Hazards

OHS MS

External

Environment

SafePlaceStrategies

SafeSystems Strategies

SafePersonStrategies

SafeOrganisation

External

Environment

181

When hazards are examined systematically to include:

� the people to whom duty of care is owed; � the management strategies and methodologies invoked; and � the hardware and operating environment;

and the interfaces that exist between these areas and the external

environment, a picture for hazard prevention and control strategies

emerges that permeates through all the business units of a typical

organisation.

Hence the vision of the safe organisation of the future is an organisation

that uses its knowledge and translates this into meaningful action. These

actions would reflect safety being held as a core value, taking the duty of

care to more than the fulfilment of a legal obligation. When this occurs, this

demonstrates active caring for the safety, health and well-being of oneself

and fellow workers. It is envisaged that through the application of a

systematic approach to OHS and the development of an assessment tool

based on the safe place, safe person, safe system framework, not only will

individual organisations be able to benefit, but also the community as a

whole.

182

Figure 10: Model for Integrated Systematic OHS Management

Leadership

Team

Engineering &

Maintenance

Purchasing

Line

Management Operations

Human

Resources

OHS MS

OHS

Functions

Sales and

Marketing Occupational

Health Services

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Part 2: Research Project

Aims and Research

Questions

184

6. RESEARCH PROJECT AIMS, RESEARCH

QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES

6.1 Area of Research

Performance based legislation, which outlines general duties and

encourages consultation between employers and employees, does not

prescribe the actual systems necessary for employers to achieve

compliance, although competency training, hazard identification, risk

assessment and control, incident investigation, and workers’

compensation and rehabilitation are all recognised as common OHS

activities in most organisations. Compliance activities concerning OHS

legislation have therefore developed unsystematically.

Whilst the use of a systematic approach to OHS has much to offer, there

are still many barriers to its implementation that need to be examined. The

challenge, therefore, is to remove the perception of difficulty and simplify

OHS MS structures so that more organisations will use them. By reframing

the key elements of OHS MS structures as a series of prevention and

control mechanisms, the value added by their application may become

more obvious. A more simplified framework that recognises socio-

psychological hazards as well as hazards directly related to poor

management, over specification of procedures, failure to communicate

and inform, and decisions to remain ignorant by not investigating incidents

or potential hazards, is likely to make a substantial contribution to the

existing body of knowledge.

Although the literature has acknowledged the potential existence of a

three way, integrated approach to OHS management by considering in

turn:

� the physical environment and infrastructure;

� the people towards whom a duty of care is owed; and

� the management strategies and methodology invoked;

185

there have not been any previous attempts to bring this conceptual

framework together, specifically using OHS MS to mobilise these three

lines of defence. It is in this application of safe place, safe person and safe

systems strategies to address hazards within organisations on all three

fronts, and the reframing of the typical elements of OHS MS models as

prevention and control strategies, that the contribution of this research to

the existing body of knowledge is new.151, 201, 376

The research conducted by Kim suggests that the uptake of systematic

approaches to safety is still fairly limited, corroborating the work of

Gallagher.10, 14 This major issue must be addressed as a matter of priority

before any larger scale, quantitative research may be undertaken in the

future.

For successful implementation, the foundations of a model for systematic

OHS management must be examined in detail, together with an

awareness of the difficulties that may be encountered along the way.

Previous studies recommend that the direction of future research should

take a more in depth, exploratory approach to understanding the

contextual backdrop that confronts contemporary employers endeavouring

to fulfil their OHS duty of care. It is envisaged that this strategy may be

particularly useful for illuminating the specific issues related to smaller and

medium sized enterprises that traditionally have had fewer resources at

their disposal to assist them in honouring their due diligence obligations.

6.2 Project Aims

The main objective of this research is to develop and apply a new OHS

management tool to assist organisations in identifying and fulfilling their

OHS responsibilities, by providing a means of evaluating an organisation’s

unique hazard profile and offering feedback on the success of their current

OHS improvement programs.

It is intended that this new conceptual framework based on “safe place,

safe person, safe systems” model developed within this thesis will form the

basis of the new OHS management assessment tool. This assessment

186

instrument will be used to perform a risk ranking exercise, evaluating the

potential OHS hazards presenting to the organisation without any

interventions in place, and then also with prevention and control strategies

in place, to reduce the level of residual risk.

This evaluation, with and without interventions in place, will therefore give

the organisation an indication of how effective their OHS program has

been, and help highlight areas of strengths as well as areas of weakness

that could benefit from a greater focus of attention and resources.

A report will be compiled providing a brief synopsis of the organisation’s

current position against each of the OHS MS elements identified by the

“safe place, safe person, safe systems” framework. This threefold

approach aims to capture the different perspectives on the success of

current OHS activities as seen by operations, the individual worker; and

management.

It is a secondary objective of this study to determine how the application of

these OHS prevention and control strategies and the systematic approach

to OHS management is influenced by the nature, size and operating

context of the particular organisation.

Finally, this research aims to identify an effective means of utilising the

information obtained from the OHS management assessment tool in order

to propel the OHS improvement program forward in a manner that is

targeted, sustainable and delivers visible OHS benefits.

187

6.3 Research Questions

The overarching research question for this study is to explore whether

systematic OHS management is linked to improved OHS performance.

However, this is qualified by the underlying hypothesis that a systematic

approach to safety, denoted by the existence of various elements of an

OHS MS structure, will not be reflected by improved safety and health

performance unless:

(i) the hazard profile of the organisation has been accurately determined

and adequately addressed by the current prevention and control

strategies in place;

(ii) the application of sufficient systematic prevention and controls has

been in place for a significant period of time, and

(iii) suitable indicators have been developed to provide feedback as to

the effectiveness of individual prevention and control strategies

selected.

Before such a hypothesis may be tested using a quantitative, intervention

style study, it is clear from the previous research in this area that more

understanding is needed to explore: what constitutes a systematic

approach to safety; how this is relevant to a wider variety of organisations

not just large manufacturers; what are the confounding variables; and how

a comprehensive system may be developed that addresses the entire

hazard landscape, not just issues surrounding the physical work

environment.

Therefore, to guide and focus the research so that a more complete

picture of the problem emerges to allow the extension or modification of

existing theory and governing paradigms, the following questions will be

specifically used to direct the research efforts:

1) How do contemporary employers go about fulfilling their OHS

obligations?

188

2) How can a systematic approach to OHS be identified?

3) What are the barriers to the uptake of a systematic approach to

safety?

4) What questions may be used to promote a systematic examination of

the entire context of workplace hazards?

5) What indicators are available on an operational level that may

suggest the existence of particular workplace hazards?

6) What strategies are typically invoked to prevent and control particular

workplace hazards on the following three levels: the physical

environment and infrastructure; the individual; and at a managerial

level?

7) What are the most suitable measurement indicators to gauge the

effectiveness of the particular prevention and control strategies

invoked?

8) Which prevention and control strategies are considered essential on

a broad level, and which strategies are industry specific?

9) How does the nature of the organisation influence the type of

prevention and control strategies selected; and

10) What is the order of implementation of these prevention and control

strategies that leads to the development of a clear pathway to OHS

improvements?

These questions are particularly suited to the use of a qualitative case

study design strategy as the basis for this research. This will facilitate the

examination of these questions in more depth, whilst also providing the

opportunity for rich analysis and vivid illustrations of how a “safe place,

safe person, safe systems” framework may be applied to assist OHS

activities in the workplace.377, 378

189

Part 3: Methodology

190

7. METHODOLOGY

7.1 Research Methods

7.1.1 Rationale for the Study

A multiple case study design has been selected for this research,

according to the practices of Yin.379 Yin notes that a case study design is

the appropriate technique to explore “how” research questions in

contemporary settings. This ability to observe without the need to control

variables distinguishes the case study strategy from experimental designs,

where control over behavioural events is assumed. The case study

strategy does not preclude the use of quantitative elements, although in

these circumstances, qualitative techniques are more appropriate because

the issues facing individual organisations were being examined, rather

than an attempt to make statistically valid generalisations. Yin offers the

following guidelines that indicate the preferential use of a case study

design:378

The use of a multiple case study design is considered to be the method of

choice for this particular application as the use of multiple cases

strengthens the credibility and robustness of the findings, and allows the

use of replication logic to assist with explanations and illustrations of the

phenomenon described.380 Hence, the multiple case study strategy

provides a fitting setting against which the practical application of the “safe

place, safe person, safe systems” OHS management framework can be

tested for suitability and appropriateness.

“The case study inquiry:

� copes with technically distinctive situations in which there will be many

more variables of interest than data points, and as a result

� relies on multiple sources of evidence, with data needing to converge in

a triangulation fashion, and as another result

� benefits from the prior development of theoretical prepositions to guide

data collection and analysis.”

191

7.1.2 Sampling Strategy

Case study participants were invited into the study through the use of

advertisements. These were placed on the UNSW School of Safety

Science website as well as in an Australasian OHS Journal. A minimum of

three and a maximum of ten organisations were considered for inclusion in

the study. Details of the advertisement may be found in Appendix 2.

A purposeful random sampling strategy as described by Patton was aimed

for.381 The sample was random in that the responses to the advertisement

were open to all organisations interested in OHS, and actual responses

could not have been predicted or influenced by the researcher. Given the

purposeful nature of the sampling strategy, and the likelihood that only

highly motivated organisations would apply, it is necessary to exercise

caution with any generalisations made, as any extrapolations are likely to

be context specific. The case study participants were classified according

to the following operational characteristics, purpose built for the study:

Table 19: Operational Characteristics

Profile Operational Characteristics

Routine Work processes are either simplistic or they may be complex but “mastered” and performed automatically with skill and precision. There is little scope for unplanned events. The process outputs are known and unlikely to change. Outcomes are predictable.

Specialised Complex activities are undertaken, there is a high level of individual skill involved for which substantial training (either academic or on the job) has been received and the focus of business activities is narrow. There is the distinct possibility of unforeseen events occurring, for which on the job experience is necessary. A variety of related but different process outputs are possible. Individual outcomes are unique.

Progressive Attempts are being made to gain an understanding of the processes with a view to improve. There is widespread application of monitoring and the use of feedback. Both upstream and downstream indicators are in use. Outcomes are predictable but improvement is expected.

Strategic Planners Substantial understanding of internal processes has already taken place, sub-processes are considered to be “mastered” and the organisation is therefore in a position to look at newer methods and in a financial position to consider the use of best practice. Outcomes may change.

192

The classifications shown in Table 19 were used to explore any possible

links between the profiles and preferences for the types of prevention and

control strategies applied.

During the recruitment stage, a study brochure was developed to provide

those organisations that expressed interest in the study with more details

about:

� the aims of the study;

� the amount of researcher involvement;

� how the research may impact upon their operation;

� typical times frames involved;

� their required involvement in the study; and

� expected outcomes.

The organisations were de-identified to preserve their anonymity. As it was

anticipated that most participants were motivated towards involvement

based on a genuine desire to improve their OHS performance, this aspect

was intended to encourage participation and address any concerns related

to the possible exposure of their OHS issues to regulatory authorities.

7.2 Establishing Validity

7.2.1 Construct Validity

The construct validity, which refers to correctness of the operational

measures used to assess the concepts under examination, was

established on three levels:

(i) The derivation of the “safe place, safe person, safe systems” OHS

MS model framework from an extensive review of the literature.

(ii) Peer review through the course of the development stage during

conferences, both nationally and internationally (see the list of

193

publications, following the table of contents). Lincoln and Guba

describe in some length the value of peer debriefing as a means of

establishing credibility. The benefits of this process are the

opportunities to challenge current working hypotheses, and where

these cannot be defended, the possibility of reconsidering the current

position.382

(iii) Triangulation of data during the field work. Triangulation methods

seek to find convergence of multiple sources of information including

observations; questionnaire and interview responses; and objective

documentary evidence.380 The aim of triangulation is to provide

multiple perspectives, and in doing so overcome the potential for bias

in each individual method. A collage is then formed to give depth and

breadth to the understanding of complex issues.375 Patton insightfully

notes that another important role for the triangulation process is not

only to find convergence, but to direct the research process further

where anomalies are found to exist.383 To check the veracity of the

conclusions drawn via the triangulation process, the review of draft

case reports by several key informants also forms an essential part of

the validation process.380

7.2.2 Internal Validity

As it was proposed to use an OHS management assessment tool to

perform a risk ranking exercise for each of the case study participants, the

internal validity of this tool was established through the application of the

nominal group technique, as described by Delbecq et al.14, 384 The peer

review process was timed to take place after the first stage of the pilot

study involving the use of the assessment tool. This was to provide the

expert panel with additional information during the peer review process.

An alternative option to provide internal validity would be through the use

of the Delphi Method. The Delphi Method involves the use of an expert

panel, with each member receiving the document for review. The review is

performed independently and returned. This is to avoid the potential for

domination or influence from other members. Multiple rounds of the

194

review then take place until convergence is reached. The issue of

convergence forms the critical point where the application of the Delphi

Method is challenged. Without skillful determination of the end point, there

is the possibility of creating a very long, drawn out process.385-387 The

nominal group technique was selected over the Delphi Method for a

number of reasons:

� the extensive nature of the literature review which formed the primary

source of input into the process. It is postulated that this wider source

of input information may counteract any potential for bias in the

construction of the questionnaire or the potential for replication of

errors that may occur if a narrow range of input material were used

instead.13

� the potential for the Delphi Method to become overly extended if

difficulty is encountered reaching a consensus, or if the return of the

reviewed material is delayed; and

� the synergistic effect when working together in a “workshop” setting

as suggested by the nominal group technique was thought not only

to streamline the process, but had the potential to enrich the final

product.

The nominal group technique is not without limitations, namely the

potential for domination of certain members, and the possibility of

groupthink.388 In order to counteract this potential bias, the guidelines

offered by Delbeqc, Van de Ven and Gustafson for conflict resolution and

the constructive use of diverging opinions was observed; and the final

voting stage was conducted in a manner that preserved the privacy and

anonymity of the participants.389 Particular details concerning the

application of the nominal group technique are given in Appendix 4.

Other means of peer review such as the use of focus groups were

considered. However, this was not deemed to be suitable for this research

as the potential bias resulting from the use of a convenience sample and

the less structured format would not support the level of objectivity

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required.390 The use of focus groups may, however, be useful in future

research in preliminary screening exercises to trial survey questionnaires

or to further explore the perceived barriers to the uptake of a systematic

approach to OHS within particular industry sectors.391

It is also noted for qualitative observations, interviews and descriptions

provided, that the actual researcher operates as the research instrument,

in which case the trustworthiness of the study hinges on the credibility of

the researcher. The following factors were considered essential for the

successful application of the research process: maintaining objectivity and

neutrality; ensuring transparency of the findings and the data collection

process; and displaying competence and professionalism during execution

of the field work.382, 383, 392

It is emphasised that the objective of internal validation in qualitative

research is to provide credibility and trustworthiness, in a manner

analogous to ensuring that the equipment selected for quantitative

research is appropriate and has been calibrated before use.393

7.2.3 External Validity

In a multiple case study design, external validity is provided to some

extent by the replication logic applied to the cross-synthesis of case

studies.380 There is also the technique of finding negative cases to

demonstrate exceptions to the rule where patterns and trends have been

identified. However, Patton cites Lincoln and Guba’s assertion that:383

The concepts of transferability and fittingness are suggested in preference

to the term “external validity”, these being related to the degree of

similarity occurring between the two contexts.382 Yin explains that the

purpose of this external validity is not for statistical inference or to

establish causation, but to ensure the coherence of theoretical reasoning

for the development of emergent themes and paradigm shifts. In this

“It is virtually impossible to imagine any human behaviour that is not heavily

mediated by the context in which it occurs.”

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sense, the validation process for qualitative research does not try to

achieve the same goals as quantitative research.378 Provided this is clearly

understood from the onset, the rigor of the study is maintained.

7.2.4 Reliability

The reliability of the study, referring to the consistency of findings and the

ability to reproduce the results if the study were to be repeated, was

greatly assisted through the use of the OHS management assessment

tool. This provided a highly structured format for the questionnaires and

the collection of data. A simple case study protocol was also developed

after an initial pilot study, to ensure consistency of approach between

different participants. The details of the case study protocol are outlined in

Appendix 5.

All documents and ancillary information used during the assessment

process were filed in separate folders for each of the case study

participants. This information shall be kept secure and confidential, and

destroyed after a predetermined time once the study has been completed

in accordance with the ethics approval for the project. Any information

used may only be used with the explicit approval of those providing such

information, and only from those who have the authority to make such

decisions.

7.3 Development of Pilot Study Research Instruments

Specifically this involved the preparation of:

� definition criteria for each element within the safe place, safe person,

safe systems framework (Appendix 1) based on the findings from the

literature review;

� the hazard profile questionnaire used to assess the unique OHS

problems facing the organisation considered without any

interventions in place to reduce the risk (Appendix 6);

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� the questionnaire used to assess the effectiveness of current

prevention and control strategies in place against the proposed safe

place, safe person, safe systems framework, that is with interventions

in place (Appendix 7); It should be noted that Appendices 6 and 7

were developed from the material reviewed in the literature survey

interpreted in the light of the researcher’s own prior industry

experience.

� guidance material for use during stage two of the study on the

selection of performance indicators to gauge whether their planned

improvement activities have in fact been effective (Appendix 8);

� guidelines for stage two of the study on how to approach the exercise

involving the targeted selection of three building block elements for

improvement (Appendix 9);

� a pro-forma to be used for the monthly self-assessment; and

� an evaluation survey.

7.4 Ethics Approval

Ethics approval was granted for this study by the Human Ethics Advisory

Panel “H” from the University of New South Wales on June 14, 2007;

Reference 08/2007/22.

7.5 Significance of the Pilot Study

The pilot study was considered to have been a crucial stage of the

research project and a prime indicator of the likely success or otherwise of

the study. It also provided essential information regarding:

� time frames necessary to conduct individual stages;

� co-operation levels;

� differences in perspectives between management, operations and

the individual workers;

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� whether the questions used where easily understood or open to

misinterpretation;

� the level of intrusiveness caused by observation activities and

whether or not this would impact on the findings;

� possible areas of difficulty in the collection of data; and

� the likely reception and repercussions of the study findings.

A secondary objective of the pilot study was to trial the use of a more

positive, discreet reporting style. The use of emotive language was

avoided wherever possible and the preliminary report written in a style that

preserved the confidentiality of the informants and the actual organisation

being examined. Whilst this did imply that the findings had to be

generalised, rather than have specific problem areas documented in great

detail, the benefits of this style were considered to outweigh any losses. It

was anticipated that the participants already had a good understanding of

areas that were likely to be of OHS concern and therefore did not need

this expanded. Organisations did, however, need to know what their

priorities should be in terms of providing resources and where to obtain

guidance on improvement activities.

A highly visual representation of data in the report findings was used to

cater for the need to receive information quickly and in a high impact

format. Colour coding was used to indicate areas of strengths and

weaknesses. This was to counteract problems commonly encountered

with audit reports, such the difficulty in quickly extracting pertinent

information.

It was also important that the pilot study participants felt that they were in

control of all the events taking place, and that the research was not the

cause of inconvenience or disruption to normal operational activities.

Elements selected for improvement in stage two of the study were to

involve areas of their choosing without influence from the researcher.

Their selection was to be based upon the information presented in the

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Preliminary Report in combination with their own personal knowledge and

experience within the organisation.

Finally, one of the most important outcomes of the pilot study was to

provide opportunities to refine the safe place, safe person, safe system

framework by improving the quality of the questionnaires used and finding

means to streamline the actual assessment process.

7.6 Methodology for the Pilot Study

The site selected for the pilot study occupied less than ten hectares and

was surrounded by both residential and industrial areas. There were 130

employees present, with seven senior managers and approximately

eleven sales and customer service representatives. The manufacturing

plant operated over 12 hour shifts, 24 hours a day, seven days per week.

Many of the informants were very experienced, all with over five years

experience with the organisation. The operations manager and shift

manager each had over 30 years of experience.

The field work for the pilot study comprised of the following activities:

� The pilot study organisation was interviewed about the existence of

particular hazards and indicators that may alert them to their

presence. This information was documented on the questionnaire

sheet. A walk through inspection of the organisation was conducted

and observations recorded to confirm this information and to check

whether other hazards were also present. Information was cross

checked at various levels of the organisation to ensure that the

different perspectives of management, operations and the individual

workers had been taken into consideration.

� After the hazards profiling exercise, the organisation was interviewed

about the control strategies that they currently had in place to

minimise the potential hazards identified. This information was

collected for inclusion in the Preliminary Report.

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� An assessment of the current control strategies was made against

the proposed model for the building blocks of OHS MS. Documentary

evidence was collected to substantiate interview responses, and

observations were cross checked against verbal information

supplied. The proportion of safe place, safe person and safe system

elements were analysed and assessed to determine whether this

reflected the full hazard profile identified.

� The number of elements that were addressed formally, informally

and not at all by the organisation were noted.

� A report was prepared with the preliminary results and presented to

key personnel in management.

� The pilot study participants were then asked to identify three areas

considered to be in the most urgent need of attention. They were

asked to select corresponding control strategies, with guidance

offered from the proposed safe place, safe person, safe systems

framework.

� Information was provided on the strengths and limitations of various

performance measurement indicators. They were asked to select

indicators that were most appropriate for the areas they had targeted

for improvement so they could determine whether or not their actions

had been beneficial.

� The pilot study organisation was then asked to regularly monitor the

progress of these three areas over a period of four months. This

formed the basis of their customised monthly self-assessment. For

each of the three areas selected, they had to ask three questions that

would result in actions leading to a reduced level of residual risk for

the problem areas identified. The questions were to be phrased in

such a way that would generate a clear “yes” or “no” answer. Where

a “no” response was entered, an explanation of the current status of

the proposed activity was to be recorded. Where possible, these

monthly self-assessments were to be cross-checked by someone

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within the organisation who was independent of the activity, or by

members of the safety committee. Results were emailed to the

researcher on a monthly basis so that progress could be tracked.

� An evaluation survey was conducted at the end of the exercise to

explore how the research activities were received, whether the

hazard questionnaire and building block model was considered

useful, what areas of the study they liked the least and what

elements the organisation considered were critical to systematic

OHS improvement.

7.7 Potential Outcomes

The most important outcome of the pilot study was that it provided the

information necessary to generate improvements to the proposed safe

place, safe person, safe systems framework. This information was able to

be conveyed to the expert panel during the nominal group technique peer

review process; and was used ultimately to determine whether or not this

framework was suitable for wider case study application.

The pilot study suggested that this technique was most suitable for small

to medium sized organisations. However, this hypothesis still required

further testing.

Once the new safe place, safe person, safe systems framework had been

refined and its application trialled on a number of case studies, it is

suggested that later outcomes of the study may include:

� the development of a generic questionnaire that may be used to

assist organisations in understanding and documenting their

individual hazard profile;

� development of guidelines on how the nature and size of the

organisation may influence the application of particular building

blocks elements;

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� development of guidelines on the order of implementation of the

various OHS MS building blocks so a “pathway” to the improvement

process is apparent;

� the development of a wide range of industry specific OHS MS

templates;

� direction for future studies to perform validation exercises on industry

specific OHS MS models; and ultimately

� extension of the existing hierarchy of control model so that guidelines

exist, not only for hazards of the physical environment and

infrastructure, but also for the treatment of risks associated with

psycho-social hazards and those associated with management

practices.

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Part 4: Results

204

8. PILOT STUDY RESULTS

8.1 Preliminary Results

The pilot study was conducted on a medium sized plastics manufacturing

facility in the Sydney metropolitan area during March to June, 2007. The

pilot organisation was keen to have a risk assessment exercise performed

on their plant as the site was under increasing financial pressure and

needed to prioritise the allocation of their limited OHS funding carefully.

The sampling strategy for the pilot study was opportunistic, as the

organisation was known to the researcher prior to the study. However, this

was not the situation with the later case studies where a purposeful,

random strategy was aimed for.

A project field kit was distributed to the pilot study participants prior to the

start, so they could acquaint themselves with the information contained in

the following appendices:

� Appendix 1: Definition of OHS MS Framework Elements;

� Appendix 6: Hazard Profiling Questionnaire - Without Interventions in

Place;

� Appendix 7: Assessment of Current Controls Against the Proposed

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems Framework;

� Appendix 8: Performance Measurement Indicator Guidelines;

� Appendix 9: Guidelines for the Targeted Selection of Three Building

Blocks for Improvement;

� Appendix 10: Example of the Pro-Forma for the Customised Self

Assessment Tool, and

� Appendix 11: Follow-Up Evaluation.

The information contained in Appendix 1 was found to be somewhat

difficult to interpret for those who were not familiar with the requirements

205

typically found in OHS MS structures such as AS/NZS 4801:2001

Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems - Specification with

Guidance for Use.2 A decision was then made to change the format of the

information to cater for personnel who were more production or outcome

oriented. The safe place, safe person, safe systems elements were then

presented in two formats: one to explain what the requirements entail and

the other to concisely communicate the risk presenting to the organisation

should these elements be overlooked. The material was also colour coded

so that they could quickly choose which section of information they

preferred to read and could scan the documents more easily.

Prior to the actual assessments, the organisation was contacted to co-

ordinate the availability of staff and other personnel during the risk ranking

exercises; to arrange a site induction; and also to ensure that the

requirements for personal protective clothing were clear. All meetings

times were confirmed prior to the date. On some occasions, meeting times

were deferred due to production problems or other urgent engagements.

The risk ranking exercise was then performed using the unrevised

questionnaires in Appendices 6 and 7. These contained a series of

prompts to examine the potential risk factors and possible prevention and

control strategies for each of the 57 elements of the proposed framework.

The three aspects – safe place, safe person and safe systems, were

assessed separately.

During the risk ranking exercise, consideration was given to whether each

element applied to the pilot site and if they were handled on a formal or an

informal basis. Formal procedures were those that were governed by

documented procedures, whilst informal methods tended to rely more on

common practices. Elements not currently addressed by the organisation

were also noted. It was found that all but one of the elements applied –

Customer Service- Recall/Hotlines, on the grounds that it was an

intermediate product and there were no direct dealings with the end users.

The results of this exercise are found in Table 20.

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Table 20: Number of Elements Handled Formally, Informally and Not

Addressed

The applicable elements were then ranked according to the risk on a scale

of one to four with 4 = High: 3 = Medium-High; 2 = Medium; 1 = Low.

Elements which were handled with expertise were allocated a risk ranking

of zero, with 0 = Well Done. This was to ensure that the evaluation also

provided positive feedback as a source of encouragement.

These rankings were then used to assess the hazard profile of the

organisation without any prevention and control strategies applied – before

interventions; and then finally with interventions in place to evaluate the

residual risk after the prevention and control strategies had been

implemented.

The total value of the scores from the risk ranking exercises were then

summed and distributed across the three main areas where hazards may

arise - safe place, safe person, safe systems, to provide a visual

representation of where the organisation was most exposed to breaches

of duty of care before and after risk treatment options were applied.

The complete Preliminary Report as presented to the pilot study

participants is given in Appendix 12. This also contains details regarding

the status of each element at the time of the assessments, together with

the “after” rating, in the section of the report titled: “Main Findings, Element

by Element.

A summary of the results are shown in the following Figures: 11-14.

No. of Formal Elements 5

No. of Informal Elements 36

No. of Elements Not Addressed 15

No. Of Elements Not Applicable 1

Total 57

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Figure 11: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Electrical

Biohazards

Radiation

Installations/ Demolitions


Access/Egress

Plant/ Equipment

Storage/ Handling /Disposal

Amenities/ Environment


Security - Site / Personal

Housekeeping

Modifications

Risk Review

Baseline Risk Assessment

Ergonomic Assessments

Noise

Hazardous Substances

Emergency Preparedeness

After Before

Risk Ranking Scores 0 1 2 3 4

Well Done Low Medium Medium-High High

Figure 12: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Accommodating DiversityBehaviour Modification

Conflict Resolution

Employee Assistance ProgramsEqual Opportunity

Feedback Programs


Health PromotionHealth Surveillance

Inductions

Job Descriptions-Task StructureNetworking, etc


RehabilitationReview of Personnel Turnover

Selection CriteriaTraining

Training Needs AnalysisWork Organisation

After Before

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Figure 13: Pilot Study Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems

Elements

0 1 2 3 4


Procedural Updates

Record Keeping/ Archives

OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Communication

Legislative Updates

Audits

System Rewiew






Consultation

Incident Management

Self-Assessment Tool

After Before



Figure 14: Pilot Study - Distribution of Risks Without Interventions

and With Interventions in Place

Without Interventions (Before) With Interventions (After)

Legend

Safe Safe Safe

Safe Place 37% Safe Place 39% Safe Person 29% Safe Person 25% Safe Systems 34% Safe Systems 36%

209

Approximately three weeks after these risk ranking exercises had been

completed, the Preliminary Report was presented to senior managers.

During the presentation, they were asked to select three elements that the

organisation wanted to target for improvement. The elements selected for

stage two of the pilot study were: work organisation, incident management

and access and egress. These elements were agreed upon by the senior

managers present. The organisation was then requested to develop three

questions related to the outputs associated with each of the three

elements targeted for improvement over a time frame of four months. The

actual questions developed for the monthly self assessment and monthly

progress over the four month period can be found in Appendix 23.

The organisation chose to continue monitoring lost time injuries, medical

treatment injuries, first aid injuries and near misses to determine whether

or not the three elements selected had been improved. These results are

also provided in Appendix 23, following the 4th month’s results.

8.2 Discussion of Key Findings from the Pilot Study

The application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework

was found to be very useful for highlighting areas of inherent risk for the

organisation and attracting attention to elements where vulnerability

existed should current prevention and control strategies fail. This was

illustrated in particular by a number of key elements. For example,

electrical testing needed to be conducted on plant and machinery in some

instances whilst the machines where running. This was a high risk activity,

so in the hazard profile it was rated as high. However, the contractors that

had been used to carry out this task had a long period of experience and

history with the facility, and had a high degree of local knowledge.

Therefore, once interventions were used to manage the situation, the

residual risk was reduced to low. By having a “before” rating of high and

an “after” rating of low, the point was conveyed that should the personnel

currently being used for this task change, so would the risk presenting to

the business. Hence, this was an area of potential vulnerability. In another

example, the facility had an emergency plan documented in accordance

210

with the local OHS regulations. Emergency assembly points had been

identified and key management personnel trained. However, the contact

list had not been updated and employees working in the plant had not had

a emergency drill for more than 18 months, so the effectiveness of the

interventions applied was minimal, resulting both the “before” and “after”

ratings being high.

The distribution of risks across the three areas did not change dramatically

before and after the interventions were applied – with the residual risk

shrinking only slightly in the safe person area. As this was a qualitative

assessment, the percentages have only been included to help read the

diagrammatic representation and care should be taken not to attach undue

significance to the actual numbers. This exercise was an important

illustration to the business as it was under a period of restricted cash flow,

so there was little opportunity to address the problems related to the

physical equipment, machinery and work environment. In an attempt to

manage the situation, the operations personnel had relied typically on

“safe person strategies” by utilising a high level of personnel competence,

experience and skill. While this was admirable, the fact remained that the

physical work environment and plant posed a significant threat to the

overarching safety and welfare of the workers, and this risk would be even

higher if key management personnel were to leave. Furthermore, the

organisation had elected to handle most of its risks informally on an “as

needs” basis. There was little documentation and few formal triggers and

cues to remind personnel when actions were necessary. Therefore, the

residual risk in the safe systems area remained significant, and the lack of

documentation could be detrimental to the organisation in the case of

litigation as there would be little objective evidence to demonstrate the

precautionary measures they were taking.

The customisation aspect of the framework was not illustrated by the pilot

study organisation as well as expected, as all but one of the elements

were found to apply. However, had another smaller site been selected for

the pilot study, it was possible that many more elements would not have

211

applied and this would have illustrated this customisation aspect more

vividly.

One of the most useful findings of the pilot study was the ability of the

analysis to draw attention to the impact of work organisation and problems

with resource allocation and administration. By separating the three areas

– safe place, safe person and safe systems, the study was able to

highlight the effect of the 12 hour shift arrangements which exacerbated

the problems with manual handling, solvent exposure and noise. Although

the shift pattern was very much desired by the factory operators due to the

extended break periods, there was greater potential for fatigue and

prolonged exposure to solvents as well as noise. Hence, whilst not directly

obvious to management due to their focus on the physical work

environment, this issue was reconsidered and a decision made to

investigate patterns in the timing of injuries to see if there was a

correlation between injury frequency and the length of time on a shift.

Attention was also drawn to the restrictive cash flow for the organisation

which resulted in significant delays in dealing with problems related to the

physical workplace. The analysis also highlighted that sufficient time to

address safety and health issues had not been factored into daily

workloads and responsibilities.

On a more optimistic note, areas that were handled well by the pilot site

were acknowledged such as inductions, consultation, and first aid/

reporting. This positive reinforcement provided some incentive to take the

other elements to the same level of achievement.

The format of the report was well received by the pilot organisation. The

actual structure of the report had developed as a result of feedback during

the pilot study exercise and perceptions of what the organisation would

find most suitable. It was evident that information needed to be delivered

quickly as time was a scarce and valuable commodity and that there was

only a small window of opportunity over which the impact and the

significance of the findings could be communicated to senior

management. The decision to reconfigure the definition criteria to provide

212

succinct information regarding the possible consequences should these

elements be ignored was also appreciated and it was found that those

reading the report tended to focus on the new format. The highly visual

representation of data was also well suited to a presentation style delivery

and the report was actually shown via an overhead projector in a

conference room. This encouraged a much more interactive style of

communication, with the questions for stage two being developed during

the meeting by amending an electronic version of the pro-forma shown in

Appendix 10.

The more generalised style of writing used in the report was a result of a

deliberate decision to preserve the identity of the pilot study organisation

and the individual identity of informants as much as possible. This was

found to encourage the distribution of the report and the findings of the

study were made readily available to the OHS committee members.

Although a draft version of the report was given to the operations manager

for review prior to issue in final copy, no changes were requested and the

report was accepted as a true representation of the situation presenting

during the period over which the assessments were made.

The pilot exercise was considered to be very successful in achieving its

aims and stage two of the pilot study with the monthly self assessments

was undertaken with a high level of enthusiasm.

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8.3 Lessons from Stage One of the Preliminary Pilot

Study

A number of valuable lessons were learnt during stage one of the pilot

study that were used to refine the procedures later applied in the case

studies. With this information, the case study protocol was developed to

ensure the use of an efficient and consistent approach across the case

study participants and to provide a means of avoiding problems

highlighted during the pilot study process.

One of the most difficult findings was the tendency of the pilot study

organisation to reschedule appointments. The frequency of deferred

arrangements was at times frustrating as these results formed part of the

critical path for the project timelines. However, this was outside the control

of the researcher and it was decided to ensure that the dates for follow up

appointments would be organised as early as possible, and confirmed at

the previous assessment as well as a few days before the scheduled one.

The importance of obtaining multiple perspectives and exploring the

differences in opinion between individuals, operations and also

management personnel was found to be crucial to not only the construct

validity, but also to the face validity of the findings. On occasions

significant variations were encountered, and these prompted the

researcher to delve deeper into the particular issues. Generally it was

noted that the opinions of management were more optimistic, the

individual workers on the plant were somewhat pessimistic, and

operations staff tended to fall somewhere in-between. In these instances it

was vital to cross-check documentary evidence and note observed

practices. It was clear from these experiences that returning to the

organisation on different days was necessary to capture a more

representative sample of the usual practices. It appeared that it took at

least two visits before the participants felt at ease and during the first visit,

operators were being very careful to follow formal procedures. As a

consequence of this, the first visit to future case study participants was

214

allocated purely for a site orientation and to familiarise staff with the

proceedings of the study. Where possible, it was suggested to inform

personnel of the impending study via prior OHS committee meetings and

preferably, that this information be documented in the minutes.

Ensuring an efficient assessment process was considered to be

fundamental to the success of the future case studies. However, the time

taken to complete the questionnaires given in Appendices 6 and 7 was

found to be excessive and the structure of the assessment had to be

radically simplified. Consequently, it was decided that the before and after

evaluations should be conducted simultaneously, and that this would avoid

the experience in the pilot study of going backwards and forwards

between the questionnaires provided in Appendices 6 and 7. Hence a new

improved format was put forward for examination by the expert panel

during the peer review process.

A further observation during the pilot study was that by supplying the

questionnaires with the prompts prior to the study to acquaint the

participants with the procedures, there was the possibility that the

informants would provide responses that they may have thought were

desirable or pleasing to the researcher, and cross-checks of information

indicated that this had occurred on a few occasions. This phenomenon

resulted in the prompt information being removed from the project field kit

and supplied separately in the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

OHS Management assessment tool. This was to be provided to the

participants at the completion of the risk ranking exercises.

A brief period of unease for the participants was often noted immediately

after areas of weakness were identified. In many cases the problems

identified were simply the result of attempts to remedy one area of

concern with unforeseen consequences. Hence, often one problem was

solved only to create another. Acknowledging their good intentions and

taking the time to explain other perspectives was found to be a useful step

in moving the process forward constructively. Where necessary, external

215

reference material was used to support findings presented. This

transformed a potential cause of conflict into a fruitful learning exercise.

The particular colour coding used in the pilot study report was retained as

it was believed that this had enhanced the acceptance of the information

and greatly assisted the communication process. However, the data

provided in Figure 14: Pilot Study – Distribution of Risks Without

Interventions and With Interventions in Place, was perceived to cause

some confusion as to the significance of the distribution effects, especially

as the changes before and after were not as great as anticipated. Whilst

these results could be well explained by the particular circumstances, it

was evident that the means of conveying the effectiveness of the

prevention and control strategies applied had to be reconsidered (see

Figure 20 for the modified graph).

Finally, the size of the organisation that the assessment exercise was

most suitable for needed to be carefully considered to ensure that the

hazard profiles were representative of the activities investigated. For

example, the hazards experienced by factory operators were found to be

quite different from the sales and customer service representatives.

Hence, the best results were most likely to result from precisely scoped

exercises that reflected a homogenous activity. So, whilst it was originally

thought that the proposed Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework was ideally suited to small to medium enterprises, it would be

possible to apply the framework to larger organisations provided that the

area assessed was limited to a particular division or function of the

organisation.

Therefore stage one of the pilot study proved to be a valuable learning

exercise, greatly enriching the development process and the quality of the

final outcomes.

216

8.4 Lessons from Stage Two of the Pilot Study:

Monthly Self Assessments and the Evaluation

Survey

The second stage of the pilot study involving a monthly questionnaire was

found to be more difficult to implement and depended on having someone

within the organisation who was highly motivated to see the process

through. Fortunately, the preliminary results of the OHS assessment on

the pilot study were considered to be very worthwhile by the organisation

and this generated enough enthusiasm to proceed to the second stage.

However, the organisation was undergoing a period of flux and

management turnover, so this second stage was delayed until the

situation settled.

Although the OHS assessment was conducted with the preliminary tool in

March and April 2007, the second stage didn’t proceed until the following

October even though the agreed follow up actions were decided in June.

Despite these delays, a clear improvement in OHS performance was

observed (see Figure 15).

A considerable time lag was observed until the benefits of the self

assessment program came into fruition, such as discussing the outcomes

of two incident investigations per month at informal operational meetings.

Whilst no statistical correlation was attempted due to the qualitative nature

of the study, a further explanation of the improved trend was the increased

focus and attention on safety and health promoted by the study and the

use of a targeted approach that was realistic.

217

Figure 15: Injury and Incident Results after Completion of Stage two

of the Pilot Study

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

LTI's Medical treatments First Aid treatments Reports

Feedback from the evaluation survey was positive, and the respondent

from the pilot study would recommend the use of the Safe Place, Safe

Person, Safe Systems framework to other organisations because:

Although their particular situation with a restricted cash flow and under-

resourcing did make it difficult to devote the time to stage two, the

organisation was able to remain focused and reasonably on track with

targets. Injury rates were found to improve, most likely due to the

increased attention being place on OHS as a result of the study. These

results also highlighted the benefits of having a highly motivated person

internal to the organisation to champion the process and follow up the

improvement program.

“ … it supplied a simple self evaluation process and simple definition criteria for

each element.”

218

8.5 Improvements Resulting from the Application of

the Nominal Group Technique

The use of the Nominal Group Technique was found to be of great benefit

to the development of the OHS assessment tool by offering an opportunity

for vigorous peer review by a group of experts of varying backgrounds.

The final panel members included representation by a manual handling

expert, a psychologist, an occupational hygienist, a dangerous goods

expert, a human factors analyst, three members with chemical engineering

experience, an occupational toxicologist and industry representatives with

experience in manufacturing and design. Three academics were involved

including the chairman of the Standards Australia committee for the

development of AS/NZS 4804/4801:2001 Occupational Health and Safety

Management Systems (Standards Australia. 2001a, 2001b). All but two of

the invited members were able to attend on the day, but all provided input

to the process.

The program was steered and facilitated by an academic who was not

involved in the actual development of the tool itself to maintain objectivity.

Although there were clearly differing views from some of the panel

members this was not unexpected as each brought their own perspective

and experience and sharing this was in itself a worthwhile exercise. Where

differing opinions remained unresolved, the members were directed to

express their views at the confidential voting stage, and to cast their votes

on the balance of information available. Once the votes were tallied and

the feedback worked into the final version of the assessment tool, the

panel members were given another opportunity to express any concern

with the final outcome by feeding information back to the researcher within

a reasonable time period. No changes were requested and most panel

members expressed satisfaction with the final outcome.

As a result of the Nominal Group Technique review process, three new

elements were added: Receipt/Despatch to cover OHS issues associated

with transportation of materials to and from the workplace; Personal

Protection Equipment to address issues related to the safe use of PPE;

219

and Contractor Management to ensure clear lines of control and

responsibility. Details of changes within elements in the framework model

were:

� Training Needs Analysis was incorporated into Training.

� Work Organisation - Fatigue and Stress Awareness was modified to

remove stress awareness, which became its own element.

� Noise included more information on vibration.

� Access/Egress included a reference to disabled access/egress.

� Risk Review was renamed Operational Risk Review.

� Self Assessment Tool was renamed Self Assessment

� Plant Inspections/Monitoring was renamed Inspections/Monitoring and

the explanatory information modified to reflect the intention that this

was not the walk around inspections associated with housekeeping

but more to do with understanding the process.

� Storage/Handling/Disposal had Storage/Handling removed so the

element referred entirely to Disposal, and a new element of

Receipt/Despatch was created.

� Ergonomic Assessment was renamed Ergonomic Evaluation and had

any references to Occupational Hygiene removed from the

explanatory material.

The new, improved version of the 60 element Safe Place, Safe Person,

Safe Systems OHS MS model framework is given in Table 21. This was

used for the multiple case studies, together with the revised Safe Place,

Safe Person, Safe Systems assessment tool, provided in full in Appendix

14.

220

Table 21: The New, Improved “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems” OHS Management Framework



Ergonomic Evaluations Accommodating Diversity Goal setting

Access/Egress Selection Criteria Accountability

Plant/Equipment Inductions-Including Visitors/Contractors


Amenities/Environment Training Resource Allocation/ Administration

Receipt/Despatch Work Organisation - Fatigue Contractor Management

Electrical Stress Awareness Procurement with OHS Criteria

Noise Job Descriptions –Task Structure

Supply with OHS consideration

Hazardous Substances/Dangerous G d

Behaviour Modification Competent Supervision

Biohazards Health Promotion Safe Working Procedures

Radiation Networking/Mentoring/ Further Education Communication

Disposal Conflict Resolution Consultation

Installation/Demolition Employee Assistance Programs Legislative Updates


Personal Protection Equipment Procedural Updates

Modifications – Peer Review/ Commissioning First Aid/Reporting Record Keeping/Archives

Emergency Preparedness Workers’ Compensation/ Rehabilitation

Customer Service –Recall/Hotlines

Security – Site /Personal Health Surveillance Incident Management

Housekeeping Performance Appraisals Self Assessment

Inspections/Monitoring Feedback Programs Audits

Operational Review Review of Personnel Turnover System Review

Key


Progressive Routine

221

8.6 Pilot Study Summary - Strengths and

Limitations

The development of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems OHS MS

model framework was found to be a very dynamic process, and a high

degree of flexibility was needed by the researcher to respond promptly

and appropriately to feedback received from the pilot study participants.

This was made possible by being aware of the need for objectivity and

neutrality and a willingness to explore the natural unfolding of events,

many of which were outside the control of the researcher.

One of the limiting factors of the study was the time taken to complete the

two stages and the effect of changes in key liaison personnel. Due to a

serious health issue, the person who was the initial contact was

unavailable for stage two, and this resulted in significant delays before the

situation had settled sufficiently to continue with stage two. This did

forewarn of the likely disruptions that could be expected if these

circumstances were replicated during the case studies. This also

suggested the need to schedule concurrent case study appointment times

to avoid delays in the completion of the overall project.

Clearly the success of the Nominal Group Technique was heavily

influenced by the range, breadth and depth of the experience of the panel

members selected. The careful selection of members to ensure coverage

of all three aspects - Safe Place, Safe Person and Safe Systems, as well

as providing a blend of academic and industrial input, was considered to

be a major strength of the development process. Furthermore, the

application of the Nominal Group Technique would not have been as

effective without the ability to feedback rich experiences from the pilot

study.

The use of a pilot study combined with the Nominal Group Technique to

trial the application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe System

framework was found to be very rewarding and enabled the research to

proceed to the next level with a high degree of confidence in the proposed

222

methods and likely timeframes of individual stages. Furthermore, it was

found that the application of this tool was not limited to small to medium

enterprises as originally thought, but could be extended to small divisions

of larger organisations.

223

9. INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDY RESULTS -

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

9.1 Case Study 1

9.1.1 Case Study 1 Results Summary

Case study 1 was conducted on a small/medium sized paints

manufacturing facility in the Sydney metropolitan region between October

and November, 2007.

The site occupied less than 1.5 hectares and was surrounded by light,

medium and heavy industry. There were a total of 40 employees present,

with four senior managers, eight technical staff and approximately 3 sales

representatives. The manufacturing plant operated over one, eight hour

day shift, five days per week. This was a family business and the

managing director and one senior manager were related. The managing

director was very proud of the organisation and the amenities were very

comfortable and pleasant. The business was in a state of growth.

The case study was conducted according to the protocol given in

Appendix 5. The complete Preliminary Report as presented to the case

study participants is given in Appendix 15, together with the element by

element details. A summary of the results follows in Table 22, and Figures:

16-20.

Table 22: Case Study 1 - Number of Elements Handled Formally,

Informally and Not Addressed.




No. of Elements Not Applicable 0

Total 60

224

Figure 16: Case Study 1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Access/Egress

Ammenities/Environment

Radiation

Biohazards

Noise

Housekeeping

Electrical

Disposal


Inspections/ Monitoring

Ergonomic Evaluations


Plant/ Equipment

Modifications


Operational Risk Review


Receipt/Despatch

Hazardous Substances/Dangerous Goods

Emergency Preparedness

With Interventions Without Interventions



Figure 17: Case Study 1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Work Organisation- Fatigue


Equal Opportunity

Conflict Resolution


Stress Awareness

Personal Protective Equipment

Behaviour Modification

Health Promotion

Networking, etc



Feedback Programs

Job Descriptions

Review of Personnel Turnover

Inductions Visitors/Contractors

Training

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Selection Criteria

Health Surveillance


225

Figure 18: Case Study1 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Systems Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Accountability

Resource Alloc/ Admin

Communication

Customer Service

Supply with OHS

Procedural Updates



OHS Policy

Goal Setting


Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew

Consultation

Incident Management

Procurement with OHS

Due Diligence/ Gap Analysis

Legislative Updates

Contractor Management

With Intervention Without Intervention


Well Done Low Medium Medium-High High Figure 19: Case Study 1 - Distribution of Risks Without Interventions



Legend



226

Figure 20: Case Study 1 - Risk Reduction after Interventions Applied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

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Legend Without Intervention With Intervention

The elements selected for stage two were: contractor management, health

surveillance and emergency preparedness. In addition to this, they also

wanted to work on workers’ compensation/rehabilitation, and hazardous

substances. These elements were agreed upon by the managing director

and the OHS administrator. The actual questions developed for the

monthly self assessment and monthly progress over the four month period

can be found in Appendix 23.

9.1.2 Discussion of the Main Findings for Case Study 1


was able to quickly illuminate the hazards that had not received due

consideration because the consequences were not immediately obvious,

such as the hazards related to long term chemical exposures. Many of the

chemicals handled had long latency periods before the onset of potentially

irreversible side-effects. In addition to this problem was the perception that

chronic exposure to lower levels of toxicants over long periods of time

227

would not adversely effect health, despite evidence in the literature to the

contrary.394

The main OHS concern for operations personnel was the threat of static

electricity and the potential for a fire or explosion of organic vapours. The

interventions applied were able to reduce the risk presenting from these

hazards from a rating of high to low. However there were many other

important issues on the site, such as emergency preparedness and

contractor control. There were no formal documents for emergency

planning although alarms had been installed and evacuation drills

organised. Furthermore, contractor control was minimal, and this was of

particular concern due to the static electricity hazards present and the

potential for vapours. Asbestos was also present on the site and this had

not been detailed in an asbestos register or made known to contractors

during inductions. It was noted that there were some misconceptions

regarding the responsibility that was owed to contractors and the systems

needed to demonstrate that all due diligence had been applied.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) was handled reasonably well given

the language barriers that existed on the site. To overcome this problem,

despite having over a thousand different chemicals to handle, the chief

chemist had organised the chemicals into six groups. Each group was

allocated a different letter which corresponded to a particular combination

of PPE. The requirements for each category were then illustrated visually

on large poster placed near the workstations where the PPE was being

used (see Appendix 26 on sharing good practice).

The arrangements for work organisation were excellent for this particular

operation as fatigue would have increased the risk factors substantially.

The normal shifts, early starts and early finishes were welcomed by the

personnel. Interestingly, there was no artificial lighting in the factory due to

the expense of intrinsically safe lighting arrangements, so work was only

conducted during daylight hours.

228

Of particular interest was the observation that the smaller nature of the

organisation allowed the managing director to maintain very close

relationships with personnel. This allowed the managing director to remain

acutely aware of the staff’s demeanor or whether they were under any

personal stress which could render them unfit for duties. In such situations

where a high degree of distraction or preoccupation with personal issues

was evident, employees were simply asked to take leave. Although the

element of stress awareness was given a high rating prior to interventions

due to the need for constant, high levels of alertness, the ranking was

reduced to low after this informal, yet effective, risk treatment option had

been applied.

A number of dangerous chemicals were handled that had potential for long

term health effects; however there were no health surveillance programs

in place. The use of this method to ensure the effectiveness of current

controls applied was not appreciated, and it appeared that too much trust

was placed in lower order controls such as PPE. A fume exhaust

arrangement was also in operation but its effectiveness was significantly

reduced during warmer weather. This was brought to the attention of

management as a matter of priority. It could be said that management

were very prompt in responding to items in need of quick rectification.

During the time of the assessment, the organisation had a very

rudimentary OHS MS in place, with little focus or prioritising of OHS

issues. An “off the shelf” OHS MS structure had been purchased, and this

was found to be inadequate as the requirements were not easily

customised to the individual site. OHS was handled typically on an

informal basis by line managers. Furthermore, as OHS duties were only a

part-time function of the administrator, and as this was not an area of

familiarity or expertise, other clerical work tended to dominate the daily

workload. Despite this, the incumbent was highly dedicated, enthusiastic

and motivated to take OHS issues forward once OHS requirements were

fully understood.

229

The most useful finding of the study was the ability of the Safe Place, Safe

Person, Safe Systems framework to demonstrate quite vividly how the size

of the organisation and the nature of the relationships between

management and staff were able to deal quite effectively with serious

static electricity hazards, enabling a significant level of risk reduction in

both the safe place and safe person areas. This was well illustrated by

examining Figures19-20. Although the hazards of the physical

environment did dominate the hazard profile of the organisation and these

were addressed reasonably well, Figures 19 and 20 highlighted that

hazards relating to the people area were also significant, and that there

was scope to make further improvements in this area. In this instance the

methods for dealing with the static electricity hazards were well

established and known. The use of outside expertise was a sensible

approach to the existing scenario. Methods for dealing with the chemical

hazards were less well known, especially given the extraordinary number

of chemicals handled by the site. As this was a highly specialised area,

identifying the appropriate help was a difficult task and guidance was

necessary. Although PPE was available, this was relied on too heavily,

with its effectiveness being limited by the degree to which it was being

used as intended and whether or not it had been selected correctly in the

first place.

Strong peer support emerged as an effective means of risk reduction not

only for the elements of stress awareness and work organisation, but also

for dealing with static electricity hazards. An example of this support

occurred when the supervisor was able to alert one of the operators very

discreetly that they had forgotten to connect the earth line on the mixing

tank – a simple lapse on a busy day that could have had dire

consequences had it been ignored.

Again, the customisation aspect of the framework was not illustrated by

this case study as all of the elements were found to apply. It was

considered that the customisation aspect was now more related to the

degree to which individual elements were applied, rather than their actual

absence or presence.

230

The format of the report was well received by the organisation, and the

use of a graph, Figure 20, was incorporated into the report. This was

found to be of great assistance in conveying the effectiveness of current

prevention and control strategies clearly and concisely with a high level of

impact. The style of this new graph was assisted by feedback from case

study 1 participants as the problem recognised during the pilot stage with

the format of Figure 14 had not been sufficiently resolved. As a result of its

success, the style and use of Figure 20 was retained for the remainder of

the case studies.

In contrast to the pilot study, this organisation was well resourced and the

smaller nature of the organisation appeared to enhance the ability to deal

effectively with some very high level risks. This was attributed to the flat

organisational structure and lack of bureaucracy, which assisted the flow

of communications and the speed at which the outcomes of decisions

could be implemented. The organisation was placed in the “progressive”

category according to the classifications provided in Table 19. Whilst the

organisation was smaller, the need for a large OHS MS was not pressing,

although a more systematic approach towards dealing with OHS issues

would have been beneficial.

It was very refreshing to observe managements’ clear and full acceptance

of OHS accountability. The smaller size of the organisation and family

business ethos were believed to have been major contributors to the

element of accountability receiving an after rating of “well done”.

Stage two of the study was welcomed as the organisation was in urgent

need of direction and appreciated the risk ranking exercises as this was

able to help establish priorities for an improvement program. The

organisation continued very diligently with the monthly self assessment

exercises over the period of months that followed. The festive season was

the cause of some disruption, however this had been anticipated (see

Appendix 23). The organisation found the targeted approach to be

worthwhile and opted to continue with the self assessment program after

the study had been completed. The organisation were given a copy of the

231

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems OHS management assessment

tool after completion of stage one of the study to assist them with ideas for

handling stage two.

As their organisation’s OHS MS infrastructure was still in its infancy and

very few injuries were experienced, the need to measure the effectiveness

of the monthly self assessment intervention was not deemed to be of

importance by the participant who was championing the program. What

was considered to be more important was the greater awareness of OHS

that had developed and the increase in OHS dialogue that had been

generated during the study timeframe. The most useful feedback received

from the evaluation survey (see Appendix 24) was:

This strongly suggested that this new Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems OHS management framework and assessment tool could be

particularly useful in situations where existing OHS systems were still in

their infancy and direction and focus was needed. In this unique instance

the lack of existing OHS systems assisted the uptake of the intervention

and helped to propel the OHS program forward whilst also providing

visible workplace improvements.

“The Management Assessment Tool is easy to follow covering three areas Safe

Place, Safe Person and Safe System … Using the Self Assessment Tool, you can

methodically improve or implement OHS systems and procedures allocating

responsibility and time frames for completion … we will continue to use the “Self

Assessment Tool” and methodically increase safety awareness and culture.”

232

9.2 Case Study 2

9.2.2 Results Summary for Case Study 2

Case study 2 was conducted on a medium sized foam recycling facility in

the Sydney metropolitan region, also between October and November,

2007.

The site occupied approximately 4.5 hectares and was surrounded by light

to medium industries, as well as a commercial zone on the eastern

boundary. There were a total of 49 employees present, with one senior

manager on site, seven technical staff and three in the despatch team.

There were also five maintenance crew members and two long term

contractors. The manufacturing plant operated over three shifts, 24 hours

per day, six days per week. Maintenance work was usually organised on

the seventh day. Funding for projects was readily available.





21-25.







Total 60

233

Figure 21: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place Elements

0 1 2 3 4






Access/Egress


Biohazards


Radiation

Disposal

Modifications



Housekeeping

Receipt/Despatch

Noise


Plant/ Equipment

Electrical

With Interventions Without Interventions Risk Ranking Scores

0 1 2 3 4


Figure 22: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Health Promotion



Workers' Comp/Rehab

Health Surveillance

Equal Opportunity

Conflict Resolution


Job Descriptions


Networking etc




Training

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness

Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Inductions


234

Figure 23: Case Study 2 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Systems Elements

0 1 2 3 4



Communication

Resources


Consultation


Self-Assessment

System Rewiew

Incident Management

OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates

Audits

Due Diligence / Gap Analysis






Figure 24: Case Study 2 - Distribution of Risks Without Interventions



Legend



235


0

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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

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The elements selected for stage two of the study were: hazardous

substances, noise and contractor management. These elements were

agreed upon by the senior manager on site. The actual questions

developed for the monthly self assessments can be found in Appendix 23.

Due to the loss of the site OHS coordinator, the monthly self assessments

were returned for only two months, one of which was spent deliberating

the questions to be asked.

9.2.2 Discussion of Main Findings for Case Study 2

One of the most notable hazards on site was the presence of isocyanates

- a known respiratory sensitiser at very low concentrations. Much attention

was devoted to ensuring that this compound was well controlled. However,

there were other obvious odours present in the factory that were not

specifically identified, nor was any attempt made to reduce the emissions.

These fumes appeared to be associated with the bundles of assorted left

over foam remnants that were being used for recycling. The presence of

these volatile organic compounds combined with the high levels of dust

236

and dry air were risk factors for fires, a number of which had already been

experienced over the last few years. Despite these incidents there were no

hazardous area classification diagrams available or other rules regarding

the specification of electrical equipment in potentially flammable

atmospheres.

Noise levels were high and constant, and the ability to engineer the noise

out from the source was limited by the technology selected for the

operation which involved a milling machine to break up the foam scraps.

Noise reduction relied predominantly on the use of hearing protectors. The

potential for isolation with the high level of hearing protection was

problematic due to the need to be on constant alert for forklifts involved in

the despatch process. Furthermore, the incessant noise and vibration,

combined with the odours, contributed to the early onset of fatigue in the

plant area.

Exposure to manual handling was high although it was observed that

movements were smooth and training in manual handling techniques had

been very successful. There was, however, a high risk of serious

lacerations from cutting bundles of scrap that were tied with metal

fasteners.

During the time of the assessment the OHS manager was highly

motivated and had devoted considerable time to health promotion, OHS

committee meetings, training and emergency preparedness. Inductions

were thorough for new visitors although disclosure of site hazards was

incomplete. This minimalist approach to the disclosure of hazards,

especially with respect to the presence of respiratory sensitisers, would

clearly fail to protect vulnerable persons entering the site. Again there was

an apparent misunderstanding about the responsibilities owed towards

contractors.

The organisation was very risk assessment focused and had a number of

highly sophisticated electronic systems in place to keep track of actions.

However, this emphasis on risk assessment appeared to divert resources

237

away from thorough problem solving during the incident investigation

process. Incident investigations were often circular with the outcomes

often simply calling for better risk assessments. This having been

recognised, there was no attempt to improve problem solving skills or

consider the use of multiple perspectives during the root cause analysis

stage. Also, the highly structured pro-formas in use tended to steer

investigations down certain predetermined paths, often without

considering the full context of the situation. This reinforced the need for a

careful balance between proactive and reactive measures. In this

instance, all the energy was being dissipated on upstream activities, and

the lack of good system review allowed this imbalance to continue

undetected.

The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems Framework clearly

illustrated how the high level of risks in the physical work place were

managed predominantly with safe person strategies rather than removing

the physical hazards from the source. This technique was relatively

successful due to the high level of experience and competence of

supervisory staff. However, this did result in employees being constantly

exposed to unpleasant working conditions, cumbersome PPE

requirements and potential long term health risks related to noise and

volatile organics. Persons with atopic predispositions would clearly have

been at risk. Alternative production methods that were inherently safer

were under consideration but still in the trial stage which appeared to be

long and protracted. Furthermore, the capital expense associated with

such changes was potentially prohibitive. This was well illustrated by

Figure 24. Figure 25 demonstrated how the safe systems area actually

had the lowest level of overall risk reduction, despite the OHS MS being

quite sophisticated and mature in relative terms.

All but one of the 60 elements was found to apply - with customer service/

recall/hotlines being the exception. Again the product was an intermediate

that was used within the larger organisation. The most obvious issues

associated with the use of the largely formal methods were the potential to

overload the system with unfinished actions, and the delays caused as a

238

result of the shear number of people involved in the decision making

processes.

The site was considered to be in the “progressive” category according to

the classifications given in Table 19 as the process was still being fine

tuned and they were not in a position to be using best practice.

The use of remote management and the large size of the organisation

appeared to result in the development of splinter groups that had a

propensity to focus on their own goals and agendas. Evidence of

disgruntled workers was apparent during the assessment period and it

was evident that attempts were being made to use the OHS system to

gain attention for other unrelated issues. This was a cause of frustration

for some of the senior and technical staff.

This case study illustrated that whilst the attachment of the site to a larger

organisation provided many positive benefits such as strong cash flow and

electronic systems, the placement of too much trust in electronic systems

and documented action plans was detracting from the basic understanding

of key issues that would have been readily identified in specialist audits.

This would have provided an opportunity to undertake visual inspections

and the use of objective outside observers may have challenged some of

the narrowly focused risk assessments.

Feedback from the evaluation survey suggested that there were some

problems in trying to superimpose the monthly self assessment process

into existing systems that were already highly developed. Only two self

assessments were returned. The first month used questions from the

organisation’s existing systems, and only in the second month were

questions refined to reflect site issues more accurately. Difficulty was

encountered trying to find questions that would compliment the current

systems without causing excessive duplication of work. As a result, no

attempts were made to measure the effectiveness of the intervention as

very little progress was made. The participants did not consider the use of

239

the intervention suitable for their organisation, but did make the following

comment, given in full in Appendix 24:

This case study was an archetypal example of how high levels of

bureaucracy and complex hierarchies within an organisation can pose a

significant hazard by delaying the organisation’s responsiveness to urgent

OHS issues, which in this example involved recurrent factory fires and

health effects associated with chronic exposure to volatile and toxic

organic compounds.

“I would however recommend this study to other companies because I found it to be comprehensive and detailed.”

240

9.3 Case Study 3

9.3.1 Results Summary for Case Study 3 Case study 3 was conducted on a small/medium sized organisation that

manufactured and assembled dangerous goods between November and

December, 2007. The business was located outside the Sydney

metropolitan region in a semi-rural setting.

The site occupied less than 15 hectares and was surrounded by semi-rural

properties on all boundaries. There were a total of 20 full-time employees

with a float of 30-40 casuals that were employed on an “as needs” basis.

There were two directors and five senior managers. The organisation

comprised of two main functions: the manufacturing and assembly

operation; and the management of festive events. To ensure that the

hazard profiles developed with the risk ranking exercises were consistent

and representative of a homogeneous activity, the manufacturing and

assembly operation was selected for the study. The organisation was a

family business and the manufacturing and assembly operation was

conducted five days per week from 7.00 am to 3.00 pm. The organisation

was classified as a “strategic planner” according to the categories given in

Table 19. The process had clearly been mastered and they were in a

position to consider best practice.

The case study was performed according to the protocol given in




26-30.

Table 24: Case Study 3 - Number of Elements Handled Formally, Informally and Not Addressed.





Total 60

241


Elements.

0 1 2 3




Noise

Radiation


Access/Egress

Electrical

Modifications




Plant/ Equipment

Biohazards

Disposal


Housekeeping

Receipt/Despatch







Elements

0 1 2 3


Health Promotion

Networking etc



Job Descriptions

Conflict Resolution


Work Organisation



Equal Opportunity


Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Inductions

Training

Stress Awareness

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Health Surveillance


242


Elements

0 1 2 3

Accountability


System Rewiew

Goal Setting


Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates


Audits

Communication


Customer Service- Recall/ Hotlines

OHS Policy


Self-Assessment



Consultation

Incident Management








Legend


Safe Place 37% Safe Place 34% Safe Person 31% Safe Person 34Safe Systems 32% Safe Systems 32%

243




substances, emergency preparedness and inductions - including

contractors and visitors. These elements were agreed upon by the OHS

manager and one of the directors. The actual questions developed for the

monthly self assessments can be found in Appendix 23.


One of the most obvious hazards on the site was the risk of an

uncontrolled explosion or fire. Despite the enormous risks, the

organisation had developed a very sophisticated level of expertise and the

practice had been handed down from one generation to another. Whilst

resources were not plentiful, the high level risks were managed very

effectively by only dealing with small groups of trusted individuals, many of

whom were well known to the family or were related. All electrical work

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

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244

was carried out meticulously and static electricity hazards were handled

exceptionally well – see Appendix 25 on sharing good practice. Electrical

storms were of particular concern. In these instances, all

assembly/manufacturing work ceased and employees returned to the main

office area, a safe distance from stockpiles of potentially explosive

materials.

Interestingly, a decision had been made not to invest in large scale fire

fighting equipment or deluge systems as these were considered to be

ineffective and to provide little guarantee of safety should an unfavourable

turn of events arise. Instead, the individual work stations were spread out

across the property and many of the assembly areas involved lone

workers. Hence, they had accepted the possibility of a fatality, but had

taken measures to ensure that should the worst case scenario eventuate,

the number of lives lost would be minimal. This extraordinary acceptance

of such a high level of risk was mediated by the fact that many of the

employees were family members, or very good friends. Therefore, the duty

of care was not just a legal obligation but more of a family commitment.

The obvious risk due to static electricity was taken very seriously and the

resources available were spent in preventive rather than reactive

measures.

Another area to note was the lack of specialist chemical expertise on the

site despite the highly toxic nature of some of the components being

handled. This became evident in an inspection of the material safety data

sheets (MSDS) prepared by the organisation which did not include useful

information for those handling the products should there be a loss of

containment. However, once the purpose of the material safety data

sheets was explained this situation was promptly rectified, and later

prepared MSDS were found to be of a much higher standard.

The lack of chemical expertise also meant that the possibility of toxic

fumes resulting from an emergency situation had been overlooked, a

factor which could easily increase the number of serious injuries or

245

fatalities anticipated. The remote nature of the site could also create

difficulties for access by ambulance and other emergency vehicles.

The type of chemical compounds being handled indicated the need for

chemical surveillance, however this had not been considered. An

alternative option was to reduce the chemical inventory and eliminate the

chemicals that were known to be particularly dangerous.

The small size of the organisation made it difficult to negotiate or enforce

OHS requirements on the large contractors used to transport their finished

goods. Due to the explosive nature of the product, there were only a

limited number of carriers available. Ensuring that the carriers followed

their safe systems of work was an arduous task, and due to the

organisation’s small size, they did not believe they had the negotiating

power to enforce such requirements.

Site inductions were very simplistic and did not convey all the hazards

present on the site. Given the complexities of the manufacturing and

assembly processes, the induction would be quite long if it were to cover

all the areas adequately. The site was very large, with different areas

having specific hazards. A more customised approach was later adopted

with three different inductions catering for contractors, escorted visitors

and unescorted visitors.

The semi-rural setting provided the first opportunity to observe a more

unusual biohazard – a caterpillar that had infested the property. This was

the cause of some workers experiencing a very severe allergic reaction.

The caterpillar had been introduced onto the site through contaminated

supply boxes. A regular regime of spraying the trees with insecticide had

been introduced which had the situation under reasonable control.

The current OHS MS in the organisation was very rudimentary. Of the 60

elements suggested only 11 had been addressed with formal systems and

36 had been addressed informally. All 60 elements were found to be

relevant to this organisation. Significant attempts had been made to

perform and document risk assessments, as required by the State OHS

246

regulations. This tended to create excessive paperwork and consume the

minimal OHS resources without providing a clear pathway to improvement.

It was evident that all the best intentions were there, but the lack of focus

and direction resulted in ad hoc improvements.

Elements that were handled well include accountability, competent

supervision, and performance appraisal. The small size of the organisation

assisted the speed of communications and the owner’s clear acceptance

of responsibility was demonstrated by visible actions.

The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was

able to illustrate how the attention and energy of available OHS resources

had been focused on those safe place hazards that had immediate

consequences, but little consideration had been given to chemical hazards

with long term health effects, as was seen in case study 1. Whilst the

ultimate outcome of these potential hazards was the same – death or

serious debilitation from either a fire/explosion or serious illness; the long

term health effects had essentially been dismissed.

Furthermore, the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was

able to illuminate the imbalance in the strategies applied, highlighting how

the energy devoted to front end risk assessments was overloading the

system with unfinished actions, leaving other areas such as incident

investigations very exposed. There was a clear need to question the use

of paperwork that did not lead to meaningful output.

In this case study, it was clear that time was a precious commodity, and

resources were stretched. Hence the mode of OHS information delivery

had to be quick and of high impact. It was observed that a number of safe

working procedures were presented in flowchart format on laminated

pages placed on the wall near the point of use.

The Preliminary Report was presented to the OHS manager and the two

directors. The visual representation of data was greatly appreciated and

the directors focused mainly on Figure 30: Risk Reduction after

Interventions Applied to digest information from the study. A draft report

247

had been accepted without change as a true and fair representation of the

situation during the time of the assessments; although they did not

necessarily agree with all the “high” after ratings, considering some to be

of less relevance to them. This was the case with the element of health

surveillance where they were not strictly in compliance with the State OHS

regulations. It was observed that compliance with State OHS regulations

was not a strong motivational factor for action for a number of the case

studies. This was noticed typically where there was the absence of

obvious, negative, short term consequences. This also reinforces the

points made by Hale and Glendon regarding the strategic use of the

reward schedule to change behaviours.304

Stage two of the study was entered into very diligently and there was a

clear level of enthusiasm and dedication by the OHS manager who was

championing the study. The monthly self assessments were conducted

rigorously with considerable effort being directed at framing the questions

appropriately. There was a relatively high clearance rate of actions that

had been agreed upon at the start. No attempts were made to measure

the effectiveness of the intervention as this did not appear to be that

important to the participants. The following comments were disclosed in a

personal communication with the main informant from case study 3 and

have been reproduced with permission. These reinforce the concept of

mindfulness as discussed by Weick and Sutcliffe:395

This paradoxical effect of no reduction of incidents after the intervention

may be explained by an increase in reporting activity, simply reflecting the

“A good sign is that incident/near miss reports are being reported when they

arise and this is without reminding people about how to go about this process.

This says to me that OH&S issues are in “most” peoples’ minds and that they

are being proactive about reporting and fixing issues. However there is no

visible reduction in the past four months on incident/near misses (no incidents)

but I now have a good paper trail that outlines some trends and areas that may

need attention in the near future … “

248

capturing of greater volumes of information, and a common phenomenon

at this early stage of the improvement process.

The evaluation survey offered some interesting insights into the dilemmas

faced by smaller businesses, such as not knowing where to start and

perceptions of OHS compliance being overwhelming with the resources at

hand. Excerpts of some of the positive feedback, which is found in full in

Appendix 24, included:

This feedback suggested that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework may be applied with success in organisations that have very

little in the way of an existing OHS MS. Furthermore, by concentrating on

just a few elements as a starting point, the overwhelming nature of the

task ahead is broken down into manageable portions. This provides the

opportunity for some visible short term improvements and early victories to

help promote the OHS program and secure upper management support.

“Most valuable parts (of the study) were:

� Identifying all the areas of weakness within the company

� Learning about the 60 elements of the system and identifying the

appropriate risks

� Analysing each individual element and breaking down each risk to

determine the ratings.”

249

9.4 Case Study 4


Case study 4 was conducted on a large national media organisation

between December 2007 and early January 2008.

The site was located in the Sydney metropolitan region. To ensure that the

hazard profiles developed with the risk ranking exercises were consistent

and representative of a homogeneous activity, a small division of the

organisation was selected that dealt with the film crew for news and

current affairs. Of particular note in this case study was that the “place”

was variable, unlike the previous case studies where the risk ranking

exercises consisted of evaluating a fixed, known area. It was necessary at

times to accompany the crew “on location” to obtain a better

understanding of the unique hazards experienced in these circumstances.

The division was classified as “progressive” according to the categories

given in Table 19, as there were aspects of the operation that were still

being mastered.





31-35.







Total 60

250

Figure 31: Case Study 4 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Place Elements.

0 1 2 3 4

Receipt/Despatch


Housekeeping

Disposal


Plant/ Equipment

Electrical

Biohazards


Modifications



Access/Egress

Noise


Radiation








Figure 32: Case Study 4 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Person Elements

0 1 2 3 4

Equal Opportunity


Workers' Comp/Rehab


Health Promotion

Networking etc

Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Job Descriptions


Training and Skills




Conflict Resolution


Health Surveillance

Inductions

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness


251


Elements

0 1 2 3 4



Procedural Updates


Audits



Legislative Updates


Self-Assessment

Incident Management

Goal Setting

System Rewiew

OHS Policy


Communication

Accountability








Legend



252


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30

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50

60

70

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The elements selected for stage two of the study were: baseline risk

assessments, inductions - including contractors and visitors, and feedback

and consultation. Some of the names of the elements were changed for

the organisation to fit into the existing culture. Inductions - including

contractors and visitors was renamed “inductions, training and

awareness”, and consultation was called “feedback and consultation” as

the word consultation had previous connotations with enterprise

bargaining. These elements were agreed upon by the national OHS

advisor and the film crew supervisor. The actual questions developed for

the monthly self assessments can be found in Appendix 23.


The most obvious potential hazard in this case study was associated with

the variable workplace setting and the use of film crew who were

essentially lone workers. The film crew comprised mainly of contractors

and again there were misconceptions regarding the level of duty owed,

especially with respect to inductions and informing them of the types of

253

hazards that may be encountered on location. The situation of a single

person crew had developed as a result of a previous enterprise bargaining

agreement for which a pay rise was exchanged. The crew member is

usually accompanied by a journalist; however they are not normally

available to assist with technical issues or to carry equipment. Filming

sometimes involved walking backwards down court foyer stairs, or

attending potential riot areas with the threat of physical violence from

locals. Without a “buddy” to accompany them and warn them of impending

danger, perceived stress levels were high. Further to this, the market was

very competitive and the film crew often had great pride of workmanship.

Extreme levels of personal risks were often accepted in order to get prize

winning footage, or to move strategically into more prestigious production

zones within the organisation. The intensity of work was high when it was

available; however, this was balanced by long periods of downtime.

Planning arrangements to avoid the use of single person crew were

agreed to in theory; however, in practice, it was a matter of whoever was

nearby to film the story. The “race” to be the first on the scene was part of

the high adrenaline culture and there was a great reluctance to turn down

work over personal safety issues.

The scheduling situation was not helped by the departmental

arrangements that were structured so that the film crews were providing a

service function to the news room journalists. This implied that they were

not working on the same team, despite the fact that one could not exist

without the other. The arrangement resulted in an inability of the news

room personnel to empathise with the work conditions experienced by the

film crew, and vice versa. Work place consultation was conducted on a

very high level, and there was no dialogue between the contractors (some

of whom were long term) and the people assigning jobs. The culture of the

organisation and importance attached to hierarchal status encouraged the

current situation to remain unchallenged.

The ergonomic situation was difficult to manage as some crews had

preferences for different types of equipment, and there was a belief that

the benefits of lighter equipment were offset by a reduction in the picture

254

quality. Whether this was in fact true or just personal preference, was a

matter of debate. Using trolleys with wheels to carry equipment was not

always convenient. What was desirable was something that could be

thrown over one’s back to allow the easy negotiation of stairways and

promote independent travel.

The organisation was highly bureaucratic and there was a great emphasis

on documentation, much of which existed on the organisation’s internal

website. Interestingly, this mode of information delivery was not suited to

the intended users, who appeared to prefer receiving most of their

information visually. Time was a precious commodity and information had

to be conveyed in a high impact format to engage them in the process. A

tiered formal risk assessment process was required by the organisation to

address the hazards associated with single person crews. These formal

risk assessments were meant to be performed prior to the assignment of

crew to each project. In practice, this was not working and the procedure

was simply ignored.

This particular division of the organisation handled very well the elements

of equal opportunity/anti-harassment; accommodating diversity; workers’

compensation and rehabilitation and competent supervision. A significant

amount of effort had been focused on providing a computer based list of

safe working procedures for commonly experienced hazards, for example

potential hearing damage from headsets, and working around radio

transmitters. This was of high quality and very comprehensive, however,

personnel had to have a high degree of familiarity with the operations to

navigate successfully around the websites.


was able to quickly highlight the problems associated with a variable

“place” and the need to consider alternative means of risk assessment.

The framework was also able to draw attention to the stress levels being

experienced by many of the individuals within the organisation. This

illustrated how the internal structuring of the divisions and work groups

made it easier to expose “unknown workers” to undesirable situations.

255

This need to develop a better appreciation of the factors that impacted on

the crew member’s daily experiences was brought to the attention of the

supervisor. Later on, an increased level of dialogue was noted, and this

was a small, yet significant, positive outcome of the study (see the

Appendix 23).

Another issue highlighted by the use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems framework was the stress resulting from the allocation of

responsibility that was not commensurate with authority. The lack of

resources and empowerment of those assigned to promote safety and

health suggested unresolved problems at a higher level. This was a clear

source of frustration for those that had to manage these OHS issues on a

daily basis. The use of heavy documentation appeared to create a false

sense of confidence in the ability of the current OHS MS to successfully

deal with workplace hazards. It was stressed that these systems were only

helpful if they actually translated into real actions that demonstrated visible

improvements.

It was observed that this large organisation had developed a number of

subcultures and mechanisms to cope with the noticeably high levels of

stress. A very dry sense of office humour was a welcomed relief from more

monotonous activities. The presence of strong informal cliques was also

observed, signifying a high level of internal fragmentation.

A recurring observation was the good intentions of the parties involved,

but a simple lack of knowledge of options available to move forward

constructively. The OHS advisor was highly motivated to improve the

system and was keen to explore newer options for managing the risk

under often stressful, unpredictable and complex scenarios.

All of the 60 elements were found to apply to this organisation. Most of the

elements were handled formally, 14 were handled informally and five were

not addressed at all. The elements not addressed included: operational

review; behaviour modification; health surveillance; self assessment and

system review. A relatively high level of residual risk was noted across all

256

three areas - safe place, safe person and safe systems. There was a

strong need to streamline and customise critical information to cater for

the personality and preferences of the people it was designed to protect.

The overly bureaucratic systems encouraged staff to find means around

the obstacles or simply ignore procedures that were too cumbersome. This

had the effect of often dismantling the protection the system was intending

to provide. Without objective periodic auditing of the systems, the

organisation was unable to respond to aspects that were clearly

unworkable.

The Preliminary Report was reviewed by the OHS advisor prior to wider

distribution and accepted as a true representation of the situation

presenting at the time of the assessment process. Only a few minor

changes were requested to some of the descriptors used to blend in with

the existing culture and accepted vernacular.

Stage two of the study took some time to commence, and this was

attributed to internal restructuring arrangements that were occurring

concurrently. Planning for the use of more informative induction and

training material was taken up in the monthly self assessments. One

month was used simply to frame the questions and the subsequent two

month’s results were used to organise the collection of footage for training

and to plan for the discussion of recent incidents in informal forums. The

supervisor decided that the questions needed to be short and the aim was

to start slowly with this new intervention. By the end of the four months,

footage had been identified but not yet converted into a training package.

The need to establish a “forum” as such was reconsidered. It was later

considered to be sufficient that there was a greater willingness to discuss

problems openly as they arose.

Feedback from the evaluation survey, which appears in full in Appendix

24, was very positive, although it was obvious that conducting this study

was difficult given their level of available resources. An excerpt from the

survey follows on what they considered to be the most valuable part of the

exercise:

257

In terms of the study’s influence on changing any future customs and

practices, the following response was given:

This provided considerable insight into the factors at play and some of the

obstacles to the implementation of OHS improvement programs. The

importance of management commitment cannot be over stated and the

increased level of commitment that occurred during the course of the

study as a result of their internal changes was very encouraging. The

benefits of group participation and active involvement in the solutions were

also highlighted.

The visibility and transparency of the risk ranking exercise were also

positive factors that enhanced the acceptability of the study to the

participants. The process of interviewing crew members by an objective

and independent party was also helpful to the organisation as this

reaffirmed the participant’s good will and commitment towards addressing

ongoing OHS concerns, as illustrated by the following survey response:

� “Having to think about the results, particularly the (poor) ones you don’t

like and which pertain to regular parts of the work.

� Getting the attention of managers and supervisors to address the

issues.”

� “Yes but not necessarily on its own … changes in personnel, particularly a

new manager and a willing supervisor … made it a bit easier than before to

attempt to measure and address some long-standing issues in this area.

Management commitment to the process has been felt and more incident

reporting encouraged.

� Using the video footage of the crews themselves will help personalize and

internalize their responses to safer operation. Consequences and near

misses are highly visible and available to remind crews of the field safety

issues. It gets buy-in. They become part of the solution – creating safe work

practices. They are creating/developing more responsibility for their own

actions.”

258

Along the same lines, the comments below were made in a personal

communication with the local supervisor, and reproduced with permission:

In this case, performing the study may have even provided a pre-emptive

strike to reduce mounting tension and unease within the existing

workgroup. Once again the frustration of not having adequate time to

address OHS issues was apparent.

Finding an objective measure of the effectiveness of the study was

difficult, and the four months following the risk ranking exercise was

probably insufficient to be able to determine this. However, what was

unfolding was that the rate of organisational responsiveness to important

OHS issues was a key OHS performance indicator not previously

considered.

“Staff realized that we (including their local supervisor and his managers) were

more actively pursuing solutions to issues that have been around for a long time.”

“This has been a useful exercise but the timing has been unfortunate, with so

many … projects underway at the moment. Field crew provide subjective

feedback on the nature of single person crew (SPC) work … there has been less

criticism in the last few months with regard to inappropriate SPC work. This is

obviously heading in the right direction.”

259

9.5 Case Study 5


Case study 5 was conducted in January 2008 on a suburban pharmacy

located in a small cluster of local businesses, unattached to a shopping

complex, in the Sydney metropolitan area. The organisation was a micro

business with less than ten employees and typically only two employees

on the premises at one time. The actual shop was very small. The

business was open from 9.00 am to 6.00 pm five days per week and from

9.00 am to 2.00 pm on Saturdays. The organisation was classified as a

“specialist” according to the categories given in Table 19. Although the

business extended its retail selection to include more than just

pharmaceuticals, the provision of specialist advice was a key marketing

point. The owner was the chief chemist, and a close family relative worked

as the relief pharmacist on two of the five weekdays.


Appendix 5, with the only amendment being that the risk ranking exercises

were completed over two instead of four days, due to the smaller size of

the business. The complete Preliminary Report as presented to the case



36-40.







Total 60

260

Figure 36: Case Study 5 Initial and Final Scores- Safe Place Elements

0 1 2 3 4


Noise

Radiation



Modifications



Plant/ Equipment

Electrical

Biohazards

Disposal




Receipt/Despatch



Housekeeping

Access/Egress





0 1 2 3 4

Equal Opportunity

Training

Health Surveillance


Feedback Programs


Job Descriptions


Networking etc

Conflict Resolution

Selection Criteria


Health Promotion


Inductions


Workers' Comp/Rehab


Work Organisation

Stress Awareness


261


Elements

0 1 2 3


OHS Policy


Communication



Consultation

Goal Setting

Procedural Updates

Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew





Legislative Updates

Accountability






Legend



262


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ris

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Legend Without Intervention

WithIntervention

The elements selected for stage two of the study were: access and

egress, ergonomics, and security. These elements were agreed upon by

the business owner. The actual questions developed for the monthly self

assessments can be found in Appendix 23


This case study was different to the others previously examined due to the

very small size and vey limited funding for OHS issues available. The most

obvious hazards to the researcher were to do with the size restrictions and

limited floor space, however, to the participants, the most pertinent hazard

was the threat of an armed hold-up to obtain access to cash or other

restricted drugs kept on the premises. Interestingly, there has never been

such an incident on these premises, however, past experiences that were

clearly very traumatic to the chief chemist, and this perceived threat,

tended to dominate the overall approach to safety in the pharmacy. The

263

back door had been kept permanently padlocked to eliminate the

possibility of someone entering through the back door unnoticed.

However, this also restricted access and egress and left only one entrance

to the premises through the front door. Should this access way become

blocked, there would be no other exit as the key to the padlock was kept

on the chief chemist’s person, even when off site. This was of particular

concern because the main access was on the street front; therefore

access to the front entrance way was not always within their control. A

small bathroom attached to the side of the back room could have been

used to detain the employee(s) in the event of a robbery. Hence, attempts

to reduce the threat of an armed hold-up had created other hazards, and

may have made the consequences of the original threat even more

serious.

Ergonomics were another issue that had resulted in the employees living

with ongoing complaints, and apparently accepting the situation as

unresolvable. Due to the small size of the shop and the need to be on

constant watch for customers as well as shoplifters, the chief chemist

spent long periods standing behind a raised counter front. This manifested

in the chief chemist experiencing painful and sometimes swollen legs by

the end of the working day.

Many of the customers were observed to enter the chemist to obtain

specialist advice and counselling on various matters. The chief chemist

was well suited to this role, and was very easy to engage in conversation.

The customers were noted to have an obvious preference for dealing with

the chief chemist, as opposed to the relief staff. This had the effect of

compressing the available time for the chief chemist to complete

workloads, as many of the customers would save their concerns for the

three days when the owner was present. Unsurprisingly, the chief chemist

was observed to be experiencing high levels of stress which were not

helped by the physical ailments related to standing for long periods.

The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe System framework was able

to highlight how problems with the physical workplace were to some extent

264

compensated by vigorous application of safe person and safe systems

strategies. High levels of personal expertise enabled the owners to provide

outstanding customer service, and the application of safe systems

ensured that there were some excellent policies in place, which were

clearly enforced with staff members. The owner was extremely dedicated

in the role and devoted much of the day to providing high quality care to

the customers. Concern for personal welfare seemed to be of less

importance.

Another point of interest was the potential seriousness of performing

narrowly focused risk assessments without due consideration of the all the

persons affected by the outcome. Decisions that may be valid and

acceptable for one person may not necessarily be acceptable for others,

and this was particularly noticeable where there were great differences in

experience levels and status within the organisation. An example of this

was the decision to bolt the back door which was made by the owner but

the consequences of the decision could have impacted on some very

junior, casual staff. Whilst the possibility of a hold-up was real, so was the

threat of being trapped by a fire. This would also be very traumatic and

possibly life threatening. Hence, the need to consider multiple

perspectives during the risk assessment process emerged as a crucial

point that had clearly been overlooked in this instance.

All the 60 elements were found to be applicable to the organisation,

however only eight had been addressed formally and 37 informally. Quite

a large number of the suggested elements were not addressed at all, and

it was noted that the OHS MS in place was established on an “as needs”

basis with emphasis on those elements that were perceived to add the

most value given the restricted cash flow and time available.

Stage two of the study was quite difficult to implement and the review of

the Preliminary Report took a long time as the owner was concerned

about some of the findings. The report was accepted in due course after

the rationales behind some of the findings were explained. The “high” after

rating for access and egress was a point of contention, as the owner had

265

not previously considered the problem of only having one small exit from

the front of the store. Furthermore, the issues related to ergonomics would

take a considerable amount of capital to address at the root cause level,

and a redesign of the store was not economically feasible. After some

considerable time to explain the process of monthly self assessments,

three self assessments were returned of which one month was spent in

deciding on the actual questions. Due to the stretched resources the aim

was to keep the questions simple and concise. By the end of the

assessment period, all the targeted issues had been addressed. A fatigue

mat that had been purchased prior to the study was thought not to have

been effective, and so was moved. By the end of the study period, the

mat’s effectiveness was reconsidered, and replaced in the original spot. A

foot stool was also placed in the dispensary area to help relieve some of

the pressure from standing in the one area and promote better circulation.

The key to the padlock for the backdoor was made more accessible and

emergency drills were now being performed.

Feedback from the evaluation survey indicated that it was a great struggle

for a micro business to devote time to OHS issues, and there was an

obvious need to have access to OHS resources and advice without

placing further drains on the existing cash flow. As to whether this study

was of benefit to the organisation, the response was:

The main difficulty and frustration perceived by the researcher was having

a report that highlighted areas of vulnerability and the participant simply

not being in a financial position to implement long term solutions, and

being overstretched with daily workloads to be able to devote sufficient

time to OHS concerns. Even drawing attention to those elements that

were handled very well, such as training and skills and competent

“Yes, it was a thorough OHS assessment that small organisations do not have

easy access to or are able to afford. However, it appears more useful to larger

organizations than mine.”

266

supervision, did not detract from the apparently overwhelming task to

reach a higher level of overall OHS compliance. This strongly suggested

that a pool of resources should be made available to these very small

businesses at minimal or no cost, perhaps from a union or other

association.

267

9.6 Case Study 6


Case study 6 was conducted on a medium sized chemical processing

plant and dangerous goods storage facility in rural New South Wales, in

January 2008.

The site occupied ten hectares and was located in a rural/mining region.

There were 40 employees in total including two senior managers; four

personnel in the technical, sales and administration area; and six

operators in manufacturing. Distribution comprised of 28 employees with a

float of 15. The manufacturing plant operated over three shifts, 24 hours a

day, five days per week. Maintenance was carried out during the

weekends. In contrast to case study 3, this was a smaller division of a

multi-national organisation that already had in place a mature OHS MS.

The organisation was in the midst of a transition period where the old plant

was due to be replaced with newer technology and best practice.

However, during the time of the assessment, the old plant and equipment

was still in use. The organisation was classified as a strategic planner

according to the categories offered in Table 19.





41-45.







Total 60

268


0 1 2 3 4

Biohazards

Housekeeping


Access/Egress

Disposal






Noise

Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Radiation


Modifications



Plant/ Equipment






0 1 2 3 4

Health Promotion

Workers' Comp/Rehab



Equal Opportunity

Selection Criteria

Feedback Programs

Job Descriptions

Networking etc



Inductions

Training

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness

Conflict Resolution



Health Surveillance



269


0 1 2 3 4


Communication


Goal Setting




Self-Assessment

OHS Policy

Accountability


Legislative Updates

Incident Management

Audits


Procedural Updates

System Rewiew









Legend



270


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

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substances, ergonomics, and behaviour modification. These elements

were agreed upon during a team meeting with the operations manager

present, after an interactive presentation of the Preliminary Report. The

actual questions developed for the monthly self assessments can be found

in Appendix 23



demonstrated how the dominant risk in the physical hardware and

operating environment had been offset through the use of safe person

strategies and to a lesser extent, the implementation of a sophisticated

OHS MS (see Figure 45).

The most obvious hazards on the site were associated with the storage of

dangerous goods and the nature of the chemicals being manufactured.

Despite the extremely high risks, the level of expertise and competence

271

“Most systems fail because as businesses we fail to walk the talk and allow too

many exceptions to occur. The standard should apply to all, always and

everywhere.”

“We have often built in conflicting priorities within the business (ie profitability vs

speed) all personnel need one set of priorities that can’t be misinterpreted.”

“If you have to explain it – it is too complex. Systems need to be easy to read -

focused to the reader and provide a consistent message (ie the same question

gets the same answer - whoever you ask).”

“Most documented processes fail due to their inability to keep pace with change

in the operational world - usually linked to being overly complex.”

“All processes must be aligned with the business vision and values. Safety

cannot be seen as a functional add on – it is part of risk management which is

what doing business is about.”

displayed by the team members instilled a high level of confidence in the

physical safety of the operation. Pressure to increase production levels

was evident, and the ad hoc growth of the original plant had resulted in

equipment that was difficult to isolate safely prior to maintenance. Wear

and tear on the plant was high due to the corrosive nature of the

chemicals in use. Access for maintenance was often restricted due to the

physical layout of the plant and the widespread use of insulated pipe work.

A significant injection of capital would have been necessary to reduce the

residual risk in the physical work environment to a more acceptable level.

The organisation used a large number of heavy vehicles and was well

aware of the risks associated with this mobile plant equipment. A

sophisticated internal audit system had been developed to manage these

risks and appeared to be working very well. Other areas of note were the

employee assistance program and the excellent service provided by the

rehabilitation co-ordinator. Also exemplary was the management style of

the operations manager who fostered team building and the taking of

responsibility for one’s own actions (see Appendix 25 on sharing good

practice). The following comments also capture what embodies the ethos

by which he managed the group (see Appendix 24 for the extended

version).

272

The selection process for employing new staff was documented and

formalised, however, a process of natural selection and the types of

personalities drawn to high risk job functions did appear to predominate.

The organisation tended to attract those that were practically minded, for

example with rural/agricultural experience who were able to work within

boundaries and manage complex situations.

There was a somewhat fatalistic attitude towards emergency planning on

the site. The potential for toxic fumes from the chemicals was not widely

acknowledged or planned for. Expressions such as “run upwind” were

offered during the interview process in response to questions regarding

what to do in the case of an emergency. A very dry sense of humour was

an apparent coping mechanism for the grim possibilities that confronted

them on a regular basis.

The potential for explosion was well understood. Those interviewed had a

deep respect for the inherent dangers of the chemicals in use, and this

was expected and demanded of everyone. In this small, rural community,

all members of the team were well known to each, and so were their

families. Mutual trust was a significant factor in the smooth running of the

operation, and there was a zero tolerance attitude towards anyone whose

behaviour was perceived to jeopardise the safety of the operation.

Hot weather was a major concern for contractors being used to maintain

lawns. Very stringent PPE requirements aimed at reducing UV exposure

had the potential to transfer the risk elsewhere. The possibility of

developing heat stress was significant due to the corporate requirements

for appropriate clothing whilst on site.

The site was very security conscious due to the nature of the chemicals

being stored. A vigorous program aimed at ensuring contractor control

was well established and was observed to be working well during the

week. Rousseau and Libuser recommend enlisting only a small pool of

known contractors to reduce the risk factors by establishing closer

relationships and increasing the potential for intimate site knowledge to

273

develop.330 The sense of this strategy is self evident with the potential to

simplify the induction programs. The ability of the organisation to fulfil their

duty of care is far more difficult with higher volumes of contractors on site.

All of the 60 elements were applicable to the site and 57 had been

addressed formally and only three informally. These were: behaviour

modification; feedback programs and review of personnel turnover. Areas

identified as still being at high risk were plant/equipment, hazardous

substances/dangerous goods and personal protective equipment. The

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was able to highlight

the need for balance between the energy directed into supplying

information into the sophisticated electronic systems and the energy

directed towards actually following through and implementing actions as

described. In a number of instances cross-checks on the plant did not

support actions reported, and many of the corrective actions that required

amendments to the procedure were not documented to reflect the change.

Hence what was in place was a system that on the surface appeared to be

very thorough until visual inspections were performed. The plans for the

new plant provided a plausible excuse for the lack of follow through with

documentation from an operational perspective. Justifications for lack of

action and tolerance of high levels of residual risk could potentially result

in a high, short term option becoming long and protracted, with potentially

dire consequences.

Behavioural modification programs were in place to recognise the high

level of residual risk and the unpredictability of situations. This dynamic

risk assessment program, which essentially encouraged staff to stop and

think actions through before rushing in, required documentation in a

pocket sized note book. The booklet had been designed so that hazards

were identified, the associated risks described, the adequacy of control

measures considered and the methods for conducting job tasks reviewed.

This system had been implemented so that it was a monthly requirement

for each employee to perform one assessment per day. Unfortunately, this

exercise was perceived as monotonous, and what was established to

reduce the potential for risk habituation was being completed in a

274

minimalist fashion, purely to appease management. This supported the

literature on the importance of the reward schedule in modifying

behaviours and the types of schedules necessary to avoid desirable

behaviours being extinguished. In this scenario, the use of documentation

would have been useful to train staff in the dynamic risk assessment

technique, and a fixed reward should have been considered during the

early phase of the program. Once the technique had been mastered, the

need for documentation could have been relaxed, and a variable reward

schedule offered at unpredictable intervals.304, 352 The use of dynamic risk

assessments could have been established through competency

assessments using typical scenarios or through spot checks. The

requirement for documentation actually defeated the original purpose of

the program, which was intended to promote safe work practices and stop

impulsive behaviour. Now, instead of being more in-tune with their work

environment, the need to document these assessments was actually

causing them to “tune out” and go into automatic mode once again.

The Preliminary Report was accepted as a true representation of the

situation during the time of the assessments. Stage two took some time to

commence, and again problems were experienced trying to avoid

duplication of work and blend the monthly self assessments with existing

practices. The instructions for the first month’s assessment questions were

misinterpreted and three questions were asked in total that were already

being used for reporting purposes. The reluctance to create additional

work was understandable as the operation was being overloaded with

prompts from the electronic system to complete unfinished actions from

numerous internal audits and incident investigations. In the second month

fresh attempts were made and the elements targeted were hazardous

substances, ergonomics and behaviour modification.

Feedback from the evaluation survey was useful for providing insights into

the potential application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework. The following excerpts from the survey illustrate this (the full

responses may be found in Appendix 24).

275

“Yes it was of benefit, if only to get an external perspective. My business is very

inward looking and this often blinds us to issues. I would recommend this process

to a company as a useful benchmarking exercise or as a demonstration of duty of

care.”

Another comment which provided insight into the perception of the

purpose of OHS MS in the workplace:

This demonstrates that over emphasis on the systems side can result in a

loss of confidence in large corporate OHS systems and caste doubts on

the value of the paperwork. When these comments are viewed against the

scores from the risk ranking exercises that highlighted a lack of follow

through, such observations are not surprising. Without the provision of

adequate levels of resourcing, including the allowance of sufficient time to

discharge OHS duties, an OHS MS can provide the illusion of action.

Without follow through, even the most sophisticated systems can be

empty and absorb resources that would be better utilised in practical

applications.

In summary, this case study illustrated the need for balanced strategies,

constant vigilance and an appreciation of multiple perspectives. Also

captured was strength of safe person strategies to cope with enormously

difficult circumstances. This case study demonstrated that with mutual

trust and strong leadership, extremely high risks can be managed without

serious injuries for relatively long periods of time.

“As a general statement most of the OHS system is focused on being a defensive

document … rather than trying to continually improve safety. For me there are two

main components to safe operation: the safety you can build into the process …

and the safe behaviours we bring to the operation … the ideal system would be a

balance of both of these philosophies.”

276

9.7 Case Study 7


Case study 7 was conducted between February and March, 2008 on a

service organisation. The organisation’s main function was to provide

support, training, supplies and co-ordination of volunteers to assist in crisis

situations. The head office of the organisation was located in a

metropolitan area of New South Wales and there were a number of

associated regional offices. Each office had a supply store attached. The

scope of the study was limited to the direct staff within the organisation

and the assessment did not apply to the volunteer members. This was for

two reasons: volunteers performed very different activities from the office

staff and there was a need to assess a homogeneous area of activity; and

secondly, the large numbers of volunteers involved and their various

locations would have made the assessments very difficult. Volunteer work

was very high risk, in variable locations and of an unpredictable nature.

The organisation was classified as a “specialist” according to the

categories given in Table 19.





46-50.







Total 60

277


0 1 2 3 4

Biohazards

Disposal


Noise

Radiation


Modifications

Housekeeping


Access/Egress

Electrical


Receipt/Despatch





Plant/ Equipment







0 1 2 3 4



Workers' Comp/Rehab


Selection Criteria

Conflict Resolution

Training


Equal Opportunity

Feedback Programs


Job Descriptions

Networking etc


Work Organisation


Health Promotion

Health Surveillance

Inductions

Stress Awareness


278


Elements

0 1 2 3 4

OHS Policy




Goal Setting

Accountability


Legislative Updates


Consultation


Procedural Updates

Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew




Communication

Incident Management






Legend



279

Figure 50: Case Study 7 Risk Reduction after Interventions Applied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ris

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anki

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Case study 7 did not participate in stage two of the study, but did complete

an evaluation survey, which may be found in Appendix 24.


The organisation was very proficient in training volunteers on the use of

dynamic risk assessments. A high impact training video had been

produced and was very informative in demonstrating the application of

skills in a typical scenario. However, these skills did not appear to have

been translated for application within the support staff environment and

there was a high level of residual risk still associated with the physical

work areas including the stores.

Many of the staff members appeared to view themselves as part of the

larger pool of volunteers, rather than as providing a service for the

management of volunteers. The organisation was very mindful of the need

to provide peer support to reduce the likelihood of post traumatic stress for

the volunteer workers. This was handled exceptionally well. However,

what was evident during the assessment process was that this same level

280

of expertise was not being applied within the support organisation. High

levels of stress were observed within the organisation and it was possible

that the obvious nature of the risks associated with the volunteer work may

have made the risks related to the OHS of the support staff appear less

significant by comparison. The chronic exposure to less obvious hazards,

such as stress related to workloads and having to cope without sufficient

formal systems in place appeared to be having an insidious long term

effect on the employees. A point was made in the Preliminary Report to

remind the staff that without looking after their own welfare, they would be

unable to continue to attend to the needs of others.

Consultation was taking place on a quarterly basis. It appeared that this

was too infrequent to build up enough momentum to move forward and

obtain visible progress on a number of issues. The OHS committee was

run in a very formal manner, and the OHS coordinator requested that the

results of the Preliminary Report be presented at this meeting. This was

received very positively and allowed the information to be communicated

to a larger audience. The presentation also served to demonstrate the

intention to improve in OHS areas.


was able to show how safe person strategies were the preferred method

for managing the risks, followed to a lesser extent by safe system

strategies. The organisation was clearly very comfortable with the

application of safe person strategies as this was their area of proficiency.

Of the 60 elements, all applied to the organisation. The organisation was

only at the planning stage for a formal, documented OHS MS, and

handled 26 elements formally and 28 informally. As the organisation was

part of the public sector, a number of policies and formal methods were

related to the need to comply with government requirements and

overarching bureaucracy. Areas related to contractor control and

hazardous substances were still in need of attention.

281

The Preliminary Report was accepted as a true representation of the

situation presenting at the time of the assessment. Stage two of the study

did not manage to progress at all, although it appeared that resourcing

was an area of concern. It was observed that in the minutes of the OHS

meetings, many of the actions were allocated to the one person, who was

essentially driving the process within the organisation. Hence, support

staff for OHS related projects were already stretched.

The responses to the evaluation survey can be found in full in Appendix

24. Feedback suggested that the study was helpful in highlighting issues

related to stress awareness and stress management, and was able to

instigate changes in these areas. Other feedback included the following

excerpts:

This study provided an opportunity to demonstrate the circumstances

where the application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework would be problematic. Although there was merit in performing

the risk ranking exercises and preparing the report, it was apparent that

without adequate resourcing and support, there would be difficulty

translating the results into an active improvement plan. The value of this

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems assessment to initiate increased

OHS dialogue should not be discounted.

Although this was the only case study that did not attempt stage two, the

exercise had provided some valuable insights including:

� appropriate methods for communicating the study’s results;

� the problems associated with differences in risk perception and the

need to maintain objectivity and balanced perspectives;

“The study has been very beneficial not just the system itself, the risk assessments,

but also the presentation that was given to our OHS committee … I would

recommend this study to other organisations as it requires minimal involvement

from the organisation but provides high impact results which can be used to talk to

Senior Managers.”

282

� the value of organisations reflecting on their own internal process, as

opposed to the quality of the services provided to others; and

� the capacity for long term exposure to low/moderate risks to erode

confidence in support networks and commitment levels.

283

9.8 Case Study 8

9.8.1 Results Summary for Case Study 8 Case study 8 was conducted on a small business unit that managed three

remote sites and an extensive supply network for a utility organisation in

rural New South Wales, in March 2008. The smaller office formed part of a

larger organisation however the scope of the exercise was limited to the

activities of the smaller division.

There were 15 employees in total; this included one operations manager,

one project engineer, two administration/support staff and two team

leaders that managed the remote sites. A small workshop was attached to

each of the local offices. Although the office areas were small, the supply

networks managed were hundreds of kilometres in length and passed

through rugged and sometimes mountainous terrain. The operations

manager and team leaders were on call 24 hours/seven days per week.

The offices and workshops were operated between approximately 7.00 am

and 4.00 pm. Regular overtime was worked on the weekends. The

organisation was in the midst of a restructuring period. Two separate OHS

MS were in use: the corporate system and the old system that was in use

prior to the take over. The organisation was classified as a strategic

planner according to the categories offered in Table 19.




element details. A results summary follows: Table 29, and Figures: 51-55.







Total 60

284


0 1 2 3 4

NoiseInspections/ Monitoring

Housekeeping Receipt/Despatch

Baseline Risk AssessmentAccess/Egress

BiohazardsRadiation

Installations/ DemolitionsOperational Risk Review

Ergonomic EvaluationsAmmenities/Environment

Disposal Plant/ Equipment

Preventive Maintenance/ RepairsModifications

Security - Site / PersonalElectrical

Hazardous Substances/Dangerous GoodsEmergency Preparedness

With Interventions Without Interventions Risk Ranking Scores

0 1 2 3 4Well Done Low Medium Medium-High High


0 1 2 3 4

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Inductions


Selection Criteria

Training


Health Promotion


Feedback Programs

Work Organisation

Job Descriptions





Equal Opportunity

Stress Awareness

Networking etc

Conflict Resolution

Health Surveillance


285


Elements

0 1 2 3

OHS Policy


Communication


Accountability


Self-Assessment

Goal Setting


Legislative Updates




Procedural Updates


Audits

System Rewiew


Consultation

Incident Management







Legend



286


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

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anki

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Without Intervention With Intervention


substances (asbestos register), job descriptions and incident

management. The actual questions developed for the monthly self

assessments can be found in Appendix 23.


The smaller division was very proud of the organisation’s achievements

and its standing in the local community. Employment opportunities were

limited in this rural setting and positions within the organisation were highly

valued. However, there was clearly some resistance to accepting the

systems and frameworks that the corporate entity was trying to

superimpose on the smaller business unit. The previous organisation

already had in place an OHS MS, which had many exemplary aspects

such as the OHS policy (see Appendix 26 on sharing good practice). As

the previous OHS MS had been well researched, many of the old

practices were still in place and what was observed was a hybrid between

the old and the new systems. For the purpose of the study, however, the

risk rankings scores allocated were based on the actual practices

287

observed during the time of the assessments, regardless of the point of

origin.

A corporate restructuring was under consideration during the time of the

assessments, and a number of the local staff members appeared to be

concerned about the long term security of their positions. Hence there was

a noted level of unsettledness during the course of the case study. The

organisation was providing an essential service to the surrounding

community, however, staffing levels were minimal and individuals were

being stretched to full capacity with very little slack having been built into

the system. Without any buffer and individuals being on call, 24 hours per

day, seven days per week, the distraction and concern of the restructuring

process had the potential to interfere with the safety of the operation by

becoming a preoccupation that would detract from the staff’s “mindfulness”

of OHS issues. This reinforces the points made by Weick and Roberts

regarding the need for “loose couplings” in high reliability organisations,

especially where complicated systems are in place and problems in one

area may cause many other negative interactions elsewhere.108, 396

Although a major injury had not yet occurred, a serious near miss had

been handled at the local level without the details being shared with the

corporate body. In this example, a contractor had nearly been accidentally

shot by game shooter whilst carrying out repair work on a utility line. The

incident had been reported to the local police; however regulations had

recently changed to allow recreational shooting in the national parks.

Failure to report this information at a corporate level had resulted in a lost

learning exercise for the organisation. The organisation had also been

denied the opportunity to put in place preventive measures to avoid the

recurrence of a potential fatality. The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person,

Safe Systems framework had enabled these important issues to be

highlighted, and incident management was targeted for improvement in

phase two of the study.

Poor contractor control was becoming a recurring theme in many of the

studies and the need to verify that contractors were implementing safe

288

systems of work was an area of clear difficulty. The cost advantages

derived from the use of contractors where work loads were of a sporadic

and fluctuating nature may be perceived to be lost if permanent staff have

to spend time to verify and audit the contractor’s safety systems. In this

case study, this was particularly problematic due to the large distances

that were involved, as the physical hardware and assets managed by the

local organisation covered hundreds of kilometers. Therefore the travelling

time required to perform these exercises was considered to be excessive

and a poor use of scarce resources in the short term. However, the

consequences of not auditing these activities had significant long term

implications for the risk and reliability of the service provided.

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was able to

demonstrate how poorly executed risk assessments were being used to

rationalize decisions to ignore OHS issues. Risk assessments were being

conducted by those without the necessary expertise and knowledge of

available solutions. This occurred in a number of instances in this

particular study, but was of most concern with regards to a decision not to

have emergency plans in place for the main local office. Emergency plans

for the management of the assets were available, but did not include the

evacuation of the small office or workshop. Other decisions based on poor

risk assessments were the lack of local exhaust ventilation for welding

activities, as the current arrangements would have drawn the fumes past

the faces of those conducting the welding. In another example, the hazard

of working at heights had been addressed through the use of harnesses.

However, these were stored in a location that had become nesting area for

pigeons. The equipment had been contaminated with droppings and the

potential for respiratory problems associated with these poor hygiene

conditions had been overlooked.

The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework also

drew attention to the variable “place” component. Much of the work and

checking activities occurred at remote sites, therefore a large proportion of

the hazards were of an unpredictable, non-routine nature. This suggested

that the use of dynamic risk assessments would be more appropriate. This

289

would involve referencing the use of dynamic risk assessments in a

generic risk assessment document; stipulation of the precise

circumstances when activities should cease; and clear requirements for

the training and competency of those able to apply dynamic risk

assessments in the field.

One noticeable issue with the local operation was a desire to resist

documenting and registering all the plant and equipment. Whilst it was

certainly a cumbersome task with the current staffing levels and resources,

there also appeared to be some cultural factors operating and a rejection

of the new corporate infrastructure. Documentation was perceived as a

loss of bargaining power as this information was tied to the years of

experience these operators had with the organisation. Passing this

knowledge on was perceived as a threat to long term job security. It would

have taken an enormous amount of documentation to capture the vast

amount of experience held by these operators and years of mentoring to

replicate the competence levels displayed in the current operation.

Options for growing existing positions and developing succession plans

may have been more fruitful in securing co-operation to document work

practices and the current status of equipment, as the need to document

hardware was crucial to the provision of a safe and reliable service. A

program to obtain accurate descriptions of current job activities was

targeted for improvement in stage two of the study.

The organisation was very customer service orientated and handled this

aspect very well. However, other areas such as chemical safety and the

long term future health of employees were also in need of attention. This

was addressed in stage two of the study with a plan to update the

asbestos register. Once again, the lack of focus on OHS issues with long

term consequences was becoming a common theme throughout the

study.

All of the 60 elements were applicable to this case study. The organisation

had addressed approximately half of the elements formally and 23

elements informally. For such an essential service, this level of informality

290

could have increased the exposure of the corporate organisation in the

event of litigation. The four elements that were not addressed included:

health promotion; health surveillance, audits and system review. Once

again, these were issues that were of long term benefit.

The Preliminary Report was accepted after discussion with the local

operations manager and some minor amendments. Stage two of the study

was commenced after the results had been presented to senior

management in the corporate head office. Resources were available to

assist the local organisation and stage two of the study was launched

without any significant delays and the monthly results returned promptly.

This highlighted how the study could be very successful with an influential

internal advocate for the program and genuine commitment from upper

management to secure resources to complete the exercise.

The feedback from the evaluation survey was very positive and this case

study was able to demonstrate the conditions under which the application

of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems OHS management

framework might flourish. As illustrated by the excerpt below in response

to whether this study was of benefit to the organisation:

Feedback on some of the most valuable components of the exercise

(provided in full in Appendix 24) included:

“The study has already been of immediate benefit to us. I would imagine, now that

it has been reviewed by management that it will be of ongoing benefit for quite

some time to come … Would I recommend it, unquestionably.”

“The report risk ranking of data, including the ‘with intervention and without

intervention table’ has and will make it very easy to focus on areas of concern

which in itself makes it a very valuable tool/report.”

291

The most unique feature of this study was its ability to illustrate the

concept put forward by the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework that management practices can, in certain circumstances,

become one of the hazards in the workplace. In this particular instance,

the local operations manager was making decisions that were exposing

the larger corporation to potential litigation Decisions were also being

made to ignore corporate requirements in the belief that they were either

unnecessary or not covered by the State OHS regulation.

This case study demonstrated the necessary conditions for the successful

application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework - a

high level of energy and motivation from inside the organisation combined

with full management support. Furthermore, the existing OHS systems

were still in their infancy and there was not an excessive level of

bureaucracy associated with their current systems. This made it much

easier to implement the recommendations of the study without fear of

duplicating activities. Also, the questions selected had been carefully

thought through so that the outputs were clear and meaningful.

292

10. COMPARISON OF CROSS CASE RESULTS

In the analysis that follows, trend charts are used to compare results

across the eight case studies to explore any common threads of similarity.

Prior to reviewing these results, a summary of the characteristics of each

of the case studies is presented in Table 30 to assist the interpretation of

data.

Table 30: Summary of Case Study Characteristics

Case Study

Organisation Size

Scope Ownership Sector Industry

1 Small/ Medium

Entire Organisation

Private/ Family Business

Manufacturing Paint

2 Large Medium Division

Private/ Corporate

Manufacturing Foam Recycling

3 Small Manufacturing Private/ Family Business

Manufacturing and Assembly

Event Management/ Chemicals and Dangerous Goods

4 Large Small Division Public Service Media

5 Micro Entire Organisation

Private/ Family Business

Retail Pharmacy

6 Large Medium Division

Private/ Corporate

Manufacturing Chemical Processing and Dangerous Goods Storage

7 Medium Regional Office

Public Service Crisis Management

8 Large Small Division Public Service Utility

As can be seen from the summary characteristics table above, the case

studies spanned a variety of business types, from micro businesses to

large international organisations and covered a range of sectors including

293

manufacturing, service organisations and retail. Two public sector

organisations were included – case studies 7 and 8.

For each of the safe place, safe person and safe systems elements across

each of the eight case studies:

� Charts 8-10 explore trends in the existing level of OHS MS

infrastructure and present the number of elements assessed as being

handled formally (as denoted by having documented procedures in

place);

� Charts 11-13 present the number of occasions individual elements

have not been addressed; and

� Charts 14-16 present the number of occasions individual elements

have been assessed as high; Charts 17-19; 20-22; 23-25; and 26-28

perform the same analysis for medium-high, medium, low and well

done final ratings respectively.

Chart 29 presents a comparison of the total accumulated risk scores

separately for each of the safe place, safe person, safe systems areas for

each case study without interventions in place. Chart 30 presents the

same comparison for each case study with interventions in place.

Chart 31 provides a comparison of the total accumulated risk scores for

each individual case study, with and without interventions in place. This is

followed by Table 30 which shows the total risk reduction factors for each

case study, where the risk reduction factor is defined as the total risk score

(with interventions applied) divided by the total risk score (without

interventions applied).

Chart 32 examines the overall risk ranking scores, with and without

interventions applied, for each of the three areas - safe place, safe person

and safe systems with overall risk reduction factors provided.

Finally Chart 33 illustrates the perceived importance of individual elements

as assessed by the participants. This chart provides a summary of the

294

results from question 4 of the Follow Up Evaluations recorded in Appendix

24, that explored what five elements where considered to be the most

important for an OHS MS. As this question was interpreted to mean any

aspects of OHS MS, not the just the elements from the suggested

framework, the number of mentions of the individual items in the

responses was shown, regardless of their ranking in the survey response.

295

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8

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Net

wor

king

,etc

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

Sel

ectio

n C

rite

ria

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Vis

itors

/Con

trac

tors

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Equ

al O

ppor

tuni

ty/A

nti-H

arra

ssm

ent

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

- Fat

igue

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Wor

kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

ilita

tion

Per

form

ance

App

rais

als

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Per

sona

l Pro

tect

ive

Equ

ipm

ent

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k S

truc

ture

Trai

ning

Tota

l Add

ress

ed F

orm

ally

by

the

Org

anis

atio

ns

297

Cha

rt 1

0: T

otal

Num

ber o

f Saf

e Sy

stem

s El

emen

ts A

ddre

ssed

For

mal

ly A

cros

s th

e Ei

ght C

ase

Stud

ies

01

23

45

67

8

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Self-

Asse

ssm

ent

Audi

ts

Syst

em R

ewie

w

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap A

naly

sis

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Com

mun

icat

ion

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ Arc

hive

s

Acco

unta

bilit

y

Res

ourc

e Al

loca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Goa

l Set

ting

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Con

sulta

tion

OH

S Po

licy

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Con

side

ratio

n

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Tota

l Add

ress

ed F

orm

ally

by

the

Org

anis

atio

ns

298

Cha

rt 1

1: T

otal

Num

ber o

f Saf

e Pl

ace

Elem

ents

Not

Add

ress

ed A

cros

s th

e Ei

ght C

ase

Stud

ies

01

23

45

67

8

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Erg

onom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Am

men

ities

/Env

iron

men

t

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h

Ele

ctri

cal

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Bio

haza

rds

Dis

posa

l

Pre

vent

ive

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

airs

Em

erge

ncy

Pre

pare

dene

ss

Sec

urity

- S

ite /P

erso

nal

Hou

seke

epin

g

Insp

ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

Noi

se

Rad

iatio

n

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Mod

ifica

tions

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

Tota

l Not

Add

ress

ed b

y th

e O

rgan

isat

ions

299

Cha

rt 1

2: T

otal

Num

ber o

f Saf

e Pe

rson

Ele

men

ts N

ot A

ddre

ssed

Acr

oss

the

Eigh

t Cas

e St

udie

s

01

23

45

67

8

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Sel

ectio

n C

rite

ria

Trai

ning

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

- Fat

igue

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k S

truc

ture

Net

wor

king

,etc

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Per

sona

l Pro

tect

ive

Equ

ipm

ent

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Per

form

ance

App

rais

als

Equ

al O

ppor

tuni

ty/A

nti-H

arra

ssm

ent

Indu

ctio

ns -

Incl

udin

g V

isito

rs/C

ontr

acto

rs

Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Wor

kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

ilita

tion

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Tota

l Not

Add

ress

ed b

y th

e O

rgan

isat

ions

300

Cha

rt 1

3: T

otal

Num

ber o

f Saf

e Sy

stem

s El

emen

ts N

ot A

ddre

ssed

Acr

oss

the

Eigh

t Cas

e St

udie

s

01

23

45

67

8

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Con

trac

tor

Man

agem

ent

Pro

cure

men

t with

OH

S C

rite

ria

Sup

ply

with

OH

S C

onsi

dera

tion

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

OH

S P

olic

y

Pro

cedu

ral U

pdat

es

Goa

l Set

ting

Aud

its

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

sis

Sel

f-A

sses

smen

t

Sys

tem

Rew

iew

Tota

l Not

Add

ress

ed b

y th

e O

rgan

isat

ions

301

10.2

Com

paris

on o

f the

Dis

trib

utio

n of

Fin

al S

core

s af

ter I

nter

vent

ions

App

lied

acro

ss

the

Eigh

t Cas

e St

udie

s

Cha

rt 1

4: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Hig

h” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe P

lace

Ele

men

t

01

23

45

67

8

Am

men

ities

/Env

iron

men

t

Noi

se

Bio

haza

rds

Rad

iatio

n

Dis

posa

l

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Pre

vent

ive

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

airs

Mod

ifica

tions

Sec

urity

- S

ite/P

erso

nal

Hou

seke

epin

g

Insp

ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Erg

onom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Ele

ctri

cal

Em

erge

ncy

Pre

pare

dene

ss

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

302

01

23

45

67

8

Equ

al O

ppor

tuni

ty/A

nti-H

arra

ssm

ent

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Sel

ectio

n C

rite

ria

Trai

ning

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k S

truc

ture

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Net

wor

king

,etc

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Wor

kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

ilita

tion

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Per

form

ance

App

rais

als

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

- Fat

igue

Per

sona

l Pro

tect

ive

Equ

ipm

ent

Indu

ctio

ns -

Incl

udin

g V

isito

rs/C

ontr

acto

rs

Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

Cha

rt 1

5: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Hig

h” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe P

erso

n El

emen

t

303

Cha

rt 1

6: T

he N

umbe

r of

“H

igh”

Ris

k R

anki

ngs

Allo

cate

d, A

fter

Inte

rven

tions

App

lied,

for

Eac

h Sa

fe S

yste

ms

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

OH

S P

olic

y

Goa

l Set

ting

Pro

cure

men

t with

OH

S C

rite

ria

Sup

ply

with

OH

S C

onsi

dera

tion

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Com

mun

icat

ion

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Pro

cedu

ral U

pdat

es

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Sel

f-A

sses

smen

t

Aud

its

Sys

tem

Rew

iew

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

sis

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Con

trac

tor

Man

agem

ent

Con

sulta

tion

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

304

Cha

rt 1

7: T

he N

umbe

r of

“M

ediu

m -

Hig

h” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r In

terv

entio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Ea

ch S

afe

Plac

e

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Insp

ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

Ele

ctri

cal

Bio

haza

rds

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Rad

iatio

n

Dis

posa

l

Mod

ifica

tions

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Noi

se

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Hou

seke

epin

g

Am

men

ities

/Env

iron

men

t

Pre

vent

ive

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

airs

Em

erge

ncy

Pre

pare

dene

ss

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h

Erg

onom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

Sec

urity

- S

ite/P

erso

nal

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

305

Cha

rt 1

8: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Med

ium

- H

igh”

Ris

k R

anki

ngs

Allo

cate

d, A

fter I

nter

vent

ions

App

lied,

for E

ach

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Job

Des

crip

tions

- Ta

sk S

truc

ture

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Per

sona

l Pro

tect

ive

Equ

ipm

ent

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Per

form

ance

App

rais

als

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Trai

ning

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

- Fat

igue

Net

wor

king

,etc

Equ

al O

ppor

tuni

ty/A

nti-H

arra

ssm

ent

Indu

ctio

ns -

Incl

udin

g V

isito

rs/C

ontr

acto

rs

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Wor

kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

ilita

tion

Sel

ectio

n C

rite

ria

Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

306

Cha

rt 1

9: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Med

ium

- H

igh”

Ris

k R

anki

ngs

Allo

cate

d, A

fter I

nter

vent

ions

App

lied,

for E

ach

Safe

Syst

ems

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s

Goa

l Set

ting

Sup

ply

with

OH

S C

onsi

dera

tion

Com

mun

icat

ion

OH

S P

olic

y

Pro

cure

men

t with

OH

S C

rite

ria

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Aud

its

Con

sulta

tion

Pro

cedu

ral U

pdat

es

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Sel

f-A

sses

smen

t

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Sys

tem

Rew

iew

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

sis

Con

trac

tor

Man

agem

ent

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

307

Cha

rt 2

0: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Med

ium

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe P

lace

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Pre

vent

ive

Mai

nten

ance

/Rep

airs

Erg

onom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h

Em

erge

ncy

Pre

pare

dene

ss

Noi

se

Sec

urity

- S

ite/P

erso

nal

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Am

men

ities

/Env

iron

men

t

Dis

posa

l

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Ele

ctri

cal

Bio

haza

rds

Rad

iatio

n

Hou

seke

epin

g

Insp

ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

Mod

ifica

tions

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

308

Cha

rt 2

1: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Med

ium

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe P

erso

n

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Sel

ectio

n C

rite

ria

Wor

kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

ilita

tion

Equ

al O

ppor

tuni

ty/A

nti-H

arra

ssm

ent

Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Indu

ctio

ns -

Incl

udin

g V

isito

rs/C

ontr

acto

rs

Trai

ning

Per

sona

l Pro

tect

ive

Equ

ipm

ent

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

- Fat

igue

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Per

form

ance

App

rais

als

Net

wor

king

,etc

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Job

Des

crip

tions

- Ta

sk S

truc

ture

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

309

Cha

rt 2

2: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Med

ium

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe S

yste

ms

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Con

trac

tor

Man

agem

ent

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Com

mun

icat

ion

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

sis

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

OH

S P

olic

y

Sup

ply

with

OH

S C

onsi

dera

tion

Con

sulta

tion

Pro

cedu

ral U

pdat

es

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Sys

tem

Rew

iew

Sel

f-A

sses

smen

t

Aud

its

Pro

cure

men

t with

OH

S C

rite

ria

Goa

l Set

ting

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

310

Cha

rt 2

3: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Low

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe P

lace

Ele

men

t

01

23

45

67

8

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Erg

onom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Am

men

ities

/Env

iron

men

t

Mod

ifica

tions

Em

erge

ncy

Pre

pare

dene

ss

Sec

urity

- S

ite/P

erso

nal

Ele

ctri

cal

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Rad

iatio

n

Hou

seke

epin

g

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

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/Des

patc

h

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se

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haza

rds

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posa

l

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alla

tions

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oliti

ons

Pre

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ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

311

Cha

rt 2

4: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Low

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

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r Int

erve

ntio

ns A

pplie

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r Eac

h Sa

fe P

erso

n El

emen

t

01

23

45

67

8

Indu

ctio

ns -

Incl

udin

g V

isito

rs/C

ontr

acto

rs

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion-

Fat

igue

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

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t Aid

/Rep

ortin

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kers

' Com

p./R

ehab

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tion

Str

ess

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aren

ess

Job

Des

crip

tions

- Ta

sk S

truc

ture

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wor

king

,etc

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Rev

iew

of P

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nnel

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r

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ent

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rogr

ams

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ent

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ectio

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rite

ria

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

312

Cha

rt 2

5: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Low

” R

isk

Ran

king

s A

lloca

ted,

Afte

r Int

erve

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ns A

pplie

d, fo

r Eac

h Sa

fe S

yste

ms

Elem

ent

01

23

45

67

8

OH

S P

olic

y

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l Set

ting

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genc

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ap A

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ates

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ping

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Inci

dent

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agem

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sses

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its

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tem

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abili

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ng P

roce

dure

s

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

313

Cha

rt 2

6: T

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r of “

Wel

l Don

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ngs

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fter I

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lied,

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ach

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ce E

lem

ent

01

23

45

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onom

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valu

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nt/E

quip

men

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se

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urity

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Num

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of R

anki

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ase

Stu

dies

314

Cha

rt 2

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l Don

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anki

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ach

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p./R

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Num

ber

of R

anki

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oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

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dies

315

Cha

rt 2

8: T

he N

umbe

r of “

Wel

l Don

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anki

ngs

Allo

cate

d, A

fter I

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vent

ions

App

lied,

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ach

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tem

s

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ent

01

23

45

67

8

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l Set

ting

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genc

e R

evie

w/G

ap A

naly

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tor

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mun

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tom

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nt S

uper

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on

Num

ber

of R

anki

ngs

Acr

oss

the

Eig

ht C

ase

Stu

dies

316

10.3

Com

paris

on o

f Tot

al R

isk

Scor

es

Cha

rt 2

9: C

ompa

rison

of A

ccum

ulat

ed R

isk

Scor

es fo

r Eac

h C

ase

Stud

y fo

r Saf

e Pl

ace,

Saf

e Pe

rson

and

Saf

e

Syst

ems

Elem

ents

, With

out I

nter

vent

ions

App

lied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

12

34

56

78

Case S

tud

y

Accumulated Risk Scores

Safe

Syste

ms

Sa

fe P

ers

on

S

afe

Pla

ce

317

Cha

rt 3

0: C

ompa

rison

of A

ccum

ulat

ed R

isk

Scor

es fo

r Eac

h C

ase

Stud

y fo

r Saf

e Pl

ace,

Saf

e Pe

rson

and

Saf

e

Syst

ems

Elem

ents

, With

Inte

rven

tions

App

lied

0102030405060708090

12

34

56

78

Cas

e S

tud

y

Accumulated Risk Scores

Saf

e P

lace

Saf

e P

erso

nS

afe

Sys

tem

s

318

Cha

rt 3

1: C

ompa

rison

of T

otal

Acc

umul

ated

Ris

k Sc

ores

for E

ach

Cas

e St

udy

With

and

With

out I

nter

vent

ions

App

lied

Tabl

e 31

: Tot

al R

isk

Red

uctio

n Fa

ctor

s fo

r eac

h C

ase

Stud

y Sh

owin

g In

divi

dual

Ris

k R

educ

tion

Fact

ors

for S

afe

Plac

e, S

afe

Pers

on a

nd S

afe

Syst

ems

Com

pone

nts

Cas

e St

udy

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 To

tal R

isk

Red

uctio

n *

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.6

Safe

Pla

ce R

isk

Red

uctio

n 0.

46

0.55

0.

65

0.68

0.

65

0.72

0.

77

0.71

Safe

Per

son

Ris

k R

educ

tion

0.59

0.

45

0.76

0.

69

0.92

0.

51

0.54

0.

64

Safe

Sys

tem

s R

isk

Red

uctio

n 0.

58

0.56

0.

69

0.68

0.

50

0.58

0.

65

0.54

*Whe

re R

isk

Red

uctio

n =

Sco

re “W

ith In

terv

entio

ns” a

pplie

d / S

core

“With

out I

nter

vent

ions

” App

lied

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

12

34

56

78

Ca

se

Stu

dy

To

ta

l R

isk

Sc

ore

Without

Inte

rventions

With

In

terve

ntion

s

319

Cha

rt 3

2: T

otal

Acc

umul

ated

Ris

k Sc

ores

, With

and

With

out I

nter

vent

ions

, Acr

oss

the

Eigh

t Cas

e St

udie

s

Lege

nd

W

ithou

t Int

erve

ntio

n

With

Inte

rven

tion

Ove

rall

Ris

k R

educ

tion

Fact

ors

Safe

Pla

ce

Safe

Per

son

Sa

fe S

yste

ms

0.

65

0.63

0.

60

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Overall Risk Ranking Scores

Safe

Pla

ce

Safe

Per

son

Safe

Sys

tem

s

320

10.4

Per

cept

ions

of I

mpo

rtan

t Ele

men

ts fo

r an

OH

S M

S

Cha

rt 3

3: P

erce

ptio

ns o

f the

Mos

t Im

port

ant E

lem

ents

of a

n O

HS

MS

from

the

Follo

w-U

p Ev

alua

tion

01

23

45

6

Safe

Wo

rkin

g P

roced

ure

sP

lan

t an

d E

qu

ipm

ent

Lead

ers

hip

Re

so

urc

e A

llo

cati

on

Du

e D

ilig

en

ce

Co

nsis

ten

cy

Cla

rity

Co

nti

nu

ou

s R

evi

ew

Ali

gn

men

t o

f G

oals

an

d V

alu

es

Sim

pli

cit

yR

ep

ort

ing

De

velo

pin

g S

tra

teg

ies

H

aza

rdo

us

Su

bst

ance

sE

merg

en

cy

Pre

par

ed

nes

sM

eas

ura

ble

Go

als

Me

asu

rem

en

tC

on

sult

ati

on

Acc

ou

nta

bli

tyC

om

mu

nic

atio

nIn

cid

en

t M

anag

emen

tB

ase

lin

e R

isk

As

ses

sme

nt

Tra

inin

g

Nu

mb

er o

f M

enti

on

s i

n S

urv

ey

321

Part 5: Discussion

322

11. DISCUSSION

11.1 Discussion of Results across the Eight Case

Studies

The following discussion compares the results across the eight case

studies and explores threads of similarity that were evident with respect to

the level of formality invoked; the frequency of ratings; and finally the

distribution of risk across the three areas - safe place, safe person, safe

systems, both before and after interventions were applied.

Training was the only element that had been addressed formally by all the

case studies, as shown in Charts 8-10. The importance of this element

was also reinforced in the responses given in the Follow-Up Evaluation,

see Chart 33. This feature is of particular interest because of the size and

variety of organisations that were examined, which ranged from a very

small micro business to large multi-national organisations and covered the

retail, manufacturing and service sectors.

The formality applied to the implementation of safe place elements was

examined in Chart 8. This showed that more than half of the organisations

sampled had dealt with Emergency Preparedness;

Installations/Demolitions; Hazardous Substances; Noise; Electrical; and

Baseline Risk Assessment on a formal basis. In four of the case studies,

Hazardous Substances also received a “high” final rating (after

interventions were applied), and Emergency Preparedness; Electrical; and

Plant/Equipment scored two “high” final ratings (see Chart 14). These

were areas that were substantially covered by State OHS regulations. In

these instances, the formality with which the elements were handled did

not necessarily equate with more effective risk management.

It was frequently observed across the study that attempts were made to

comply with the documentation required by relevant OHS regulations,

however, the point of the regulations had been misinterpreted or was

poorly understood. An example of this occurred in case study 3 where the

323

information provided on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) was

minimal, but quickly rectified once the “spirit of the law” had been

explained.

In the safe person area, elements addressed formally spanned a wide

variety of functions. For more than half of the case study participants this

included Training; Job Descriptions - Task Structure; First Aid/Reporting;

Conflict Resolution; Performance Appraisals; Workers’ Compensation and

Rehabilitation; Employee Assistance Programs; Work Organisation -

Fatigue; and Equal Opportunity/Anti-Harassment. This reinforced the

necessity of being able to deal competently with a wide spectrum of

workplace scenarios and it was pleasing that access to employee

assistance programs and policies on equal opportunity and anti-

harassment were available. Interestingly, the elements of Health

Surveillance and Behaviour Modification were not addressed by half of the

case studies (see Chart 12).

In cases where a reluctance to conduct health surveillance was observed,

exploring the reasons for this may be an area for further investigation.

Whilst health surveillance is not preventive as such and should not be

relied upon solely as a means of control, it does provide a final cross-

check to determine whether or not current prevention and control

strategies have been effective and may provide reassurance for potentially

exposed workers. Whether this lack of uptake is associated with a fear of

potential litigation is worthy of deeper examination in future research.

The element of Behaviour Modification was also one where there was a

perceived reluctance to engage in overt behavioural change techniques.

The strategic use of rewards (such as praise and recognition) to influence

behaviour and break unsafe work habits was not widely appreciated by the

case study participants and in some cases, undesirable work practices

were being inadvertently rewarded. For example, in case study 6, targets

had been set to complete significant numbers of “Take 5” forms each

month to document the use of dynamic risk assessments. Some operators

explained how they had found a way around this requirement by having a

324

number of hazards that they would routinely identify to ensure that they

would meet the monthly targets. Ironically, this would promote the

operators going into “automatic mode” rather than thinking through the

unique circumstances of the events presenting and considering a variety

of solutions, which was the exact opposite of what the application of the

“Take 5” program was trying to achieve. Based on reward theory, a fixed

reward schedule should have been in place whilst the technique was

being mastered. Then, once this was in place, a variable reward schedule

could have been implemented. Hale and Glendon point to the variable

timings of payouts in poker machines to illustrate the effectiveness of

variable reward schedules in preventing habits from being extinguished.304

This example illustrates how a preoccupation with written documents to

demonstrate proof that a procedure has been followed can be very

counterproductive when this results in the intended safety strategy being

by-passed altogether.

Excessive documentation, whether in an electronic or written format, may

also project the image that the purpose of OHS MS infrastructure is for

use as defensive documents to limit senior management’s personal

liability. This perception could significantly damage workplace

relationships, and was highlighted in the response to the Follow-Up

Evaluation from case study 6 which reinforced Deming’s suggestion to

“drive out fear”.41 Achieving OHS compliance through education and

understanding of the short and long term benefits may result in more

enduring changes and useful practical improvements.

Three of the eight case studies had not addressed the element of Auditing

(see Chart 13). In some cases there was a strong resistance to creating

more paperwork, especially in situations where they were already

overwhelmed with OHS actions. This aspect of being inundated with OHS

actions was further reinforced in a number of the responses to the Follow-

Up Evaluation. This links to a number of other elements such as Resource

Allocation and Accountability, and the need for responsibility to be

commensurate with authority. Also the need for a planned and targeted

approach was highlighted. This was the rationale behind the use of the

325

monthly self assessments and focusing on only three elements for

improvement at the one time. This was found to be more successful in

organisations that were strongly motivated for improvement despite having

less well established OHS MS infrastructure, as in case studies 1, 3 and 8.

Another factor that contributed to the greater success with monthly self

assessments was the allocation of a specific person that had obvious

support and encouragement from senior management to follow through

actions from the programs of work developed.

The element of Stress Awareness was typically handled on an informal

basis and to good effect, often linked to the personal skills of particular line

managers (see Charts 9 and 12). It is suggested that there may be some

elements that are more appropriately handled in an informal manner

without excessive documentation, especially in situations where matters of

a personal nature are concerned and confidentiality is paramount to

maintain trust. The efficacy of informal systems was an area that

appeared to be underreported in the literature. Again this may provide

another area for greater exploration in future research.

Another example of an element that may be better handled informally was

that of Feedback. The value of “face to face” communications was

reinforced by the high impact of the personal presentation of the

Preliminary Report in case study 7 (see the Follow-up Evaluation in

Appendix 24). This also supports the work of Weick where the richness of

“face to face” communications is advocated to build trust.108

A due diligence program was absent in half of the case study

assessments, (see Chart 13). In some cases there was clearly more

emphasis on implementing a risk assessment approach, and this was

interpreted as an effort to comply with local OHS regulations. However,

the benefits of using a due diligence program were not well appreciated,

and in case study 5, such a document was thought to be a liability.

Perhaps the current emphasis on risk assessments needs to be tempered

against the practical benefits offered by a clear program of improvements.

The point made by Petersen to remind managers to ask three simple

326

questions: “Where am I going, how shall I get there and how will I know

when I’ve arrived?” is very basic, yet this process of understanding the

current position, having a goal to move towards, and regularly monitoring

and reviewing progress against those goals essentially underpins the

intentions behind a well managed OHS MS.265

In the safe systems area, more than half of the case studies had formally

addressed Incident Management; Supply with OHS Consideration; OHS

Policy; Consultation; Safe Working Procedures; Competent Supervision

and Goal Setting (see Chart 10).

Incident Management had been addressed formally by all but one case

study. Again, this did not necessarily correspond to a reduced final risk

ranking with this element receiving a “medium - high” final rating in four of

the case studies and a final “high” rating once. In case study 2, it was

observed that the paperwork for incident investigations was being used,

but in effect a “paper treadmill” was in place. On a number of occasions,

the paper work had been short circuited by reporting the outcome of the

investigation as simply: “the problem was not identified in the original risk

assessment”. In this example, the need for better root cause analysis was

clearly evident.

Narrowly focused risk assessments were encouraged by the prompts used

in the forms driving the incident management programs in three of the

eight case studies. It was also observed that there was a significant

amount of stress associated with the need to complete the paperwork on

time, especially for monthly reports. The value of this paperwork is

therefore questionable, especially where this does not translate into

meaningful improvements. Furthermore, the need to screen incidents in

order to prioritise the use of available resources was suggested. In the

pilot study, identifying two incidents per month for more thorough

investigation was found to be a manageable starting point.

The most OHS MS infrastructure was found to be associated with safe

place elements, followed by OHS MS infrastructure relating to the safe

327

systems area, and then finally the safe person area (see Charts 11, 12

and 13). In all cases, the elements least likely to be addressed related to

those that had long term benefits such as Health Surveillance or were

more strategic by nature such as Operational Risk Review and System

Review. This suggested that attention tends to be primarily focused on

managing day-to-day activities rather than future planning in OHS areas.

Discerning trends across the distribution of final risk ranking scores for the

eight case studies was more difficult and reinforced the concept that each

organisation had its own unique hazard profile, and hence the need for a

more customised approach to OHS management. Chart 29 illustrated this

concept well by showing the different hazard profiles across the three

areas for each of the case studies. This also supported the previous work

of Gallagher and the finding that “one size did not fit all”.10

It was originally thought that the number of applicable elements from the

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework would be able to be

customised for the individual organisations. However, after the case

studies were completed it was found that in the majority of situations all

the elements were found to apply. The aspect that was in most need of

customisation was how these elements applied to the individual

organisations and specifically, how they were most appropriately

addressed.

A review of OHS MS documentation in case study 8 demonstrated that a

straightforward OHS plan could be assembled quite effectively by

describing in a few simple paragraphs how each element applied to the

organisation, and the strategies invoked to manage the risk presented.

This could even form the basis of a streamlined OHS MS provided that

critical information was captured and links were available to direct the

reader to further information as necessary.

Ergonomic evaluations received a “medium - high” risk ranking after

interventions were applied in six of the eight case studies, see Chart 17. It

was apparent from the study that access to resources and expertise was

328

needed in this area. This aspect was particularly frustrating for case study

5, where standing for long hours in a retail environment was

uncomfortable, and there was little cash flow available to address the

issue by modifying the physical workplace. In case study 4, difficult

ergonomic issues were accepted as part of the job and strong competition

for positions tended to discourage complaints. Many of the workers in this

instance were being hired on a contract basis. The tentative nature of the

work agreement was considered to exacerbate the problem as these

workers had less permanent job security, which may have weakened their

leverage in negotiations.

The need for improved security was highlighted in Chart 17. Personal

security was a major issue for two of the eight case studies. In case study

5, the concern for personal security had dominated the hazards perceived

for the organisation and restricted cash flow limited the number of

solutions that were available. The end result was that the owner operated

with a very high level of residual risk. The importance of these issues

supports the growing volume of literature that examines the threat of

workplace violence, for example by authors such as Mayhew.190

In case study 4, a media organisation, the threat of personal security was

related to travelling and obtaining footage in potentially hostile

environments. However, whilst there was a mechanism in place to prevent

these situations from occurring, it was rarely invoked by the personnel. In

this instance, the organisation had been rewarding excessive risk taking

behaviour through opportunities to work on more prestigious assignments.

Hence there was a clear need for management within the organisations to

examine whether their actions were indirectly exposing their employees,

contractors and casual staff to high risk situations, and to consider the

ethics of these decisions. Whilst ever some of these individuals were

prepared to take on excessive risk exposure; others were also being put at

risk through peer pressure. In effect, it was a return to the days of “danger

money”, a concept which was rebuked almost three decades ago in the

Williams Report; yet is still clearly in existence today.21

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The elements of Stress Awareness and Inductions-Including

Visitors/Contractors received “high” ratings after interventions were applied

in case studies 5 and 7. In both of these situations, there was very little in

the way of existing formal OHS MS infrastructure and both were in the

early stages of the OHS improvement process. In these cases, the stress

levels appeared to be associated with a clear lack of available resources.

Safe systems elements received far fewer final “high” ratings than for safe

place and safe person elements, see Chart 16. This may suggest that

these elements may be inherently easier to address at a basic level. The

profiles of organisations that perform particularly well in this area may

provide a field of interesting research in the future.

It was observed during the course of the assessments that the elements of

Record Keeping/Archives; Legislative Updates; and Review of Personnel

Turnover most commonly incurred a “medium” final rating. This may be

explained by the perceived impact of these elements being less direct than

for some of the other elements. This supports Reason’s hypothesis that

organisational factors provide “latent pathways” for incidents.152 In

practice, management may even create some of the holes in the “Swiss

cheese” model by ignoring the insidious cumulative effect of multiple lower

grade risks.

Charts 23 - 25 found that in half of the case studies Safe Working

Procedures; Inspections/Monitoring; Preventive Maintenance/Repairs;

Conflict Resolution and Selection Criteria received “low” final ratings. The

element of Safe Working Procedures was generally handled more

effectively than Job Descriptions/Task Structure, and whilst this element

was handled formally in the majority of cases, this did not translate into

very usable documents. In case study 4, formal job descriptions were

available but did not accurately reflect daily activities, even for those who

were in pivotal roles. The element of Selection Criteria received a “low”

final rating in half of the assessments and in many cases it was observed

that process of natural selection was taking place, with either the role

attracting certain types of personnel or those personnel that were

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unsuitable choosing to leave of their own accord. This was more obvious

as the roles became more specialised.

Safe systems and safe person elements received a “well done” final rating

on 22 and 20 occasions respectively. In sharp contrast to this, safe place

elements received only five “well done” final ratings suggesting once again

the difficulty in addressing OHS issues related to the physical work

environment. Workers’ Compensation/Rehabilitation and Competent

Supervision were the two elements that most frequently scored a “well

done” rating, with each element achieving this on five occasions. This

result may also have alluded to the nature of those who chose to

participate in the study.

In general, there were comparatively few “well done” ratings allocated.

This may have been explained in part by those participating in the study

doing so in order to seek assistance in OHS areas.

The unique nature of individual hazard profiles and how these were

distributed across the three areas was emphasised by Charts 29-30. In all

but one of the case studies, the highest level of inherent hazards was

related to the physical work environment and this was also the area of

highest residual risk in the majority of cases.

The total risk reduction factors for each of the eight case studies in Chart

31 showed case study 1 to have the highest level of overall risk reduction.

This case study was also one of the most satisfied with the application of

the safe place, safe person, safe systems framework and self assessment

exercise. The proposed methodology provided by the study was thought to

be particularly successful due to a combination of factors including:

� a highly motivated managing director who engaged an enthusiastic

administrator to champion the project;

� the fact that the existing OHS MS was very immature and there was

great scope for improvement;

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� the strong technical and personal skills of the managing director that

promoted strong leadership;

� the small/medium size of the organisation that encouraged open

communication channels and fast decision making processes;

� the clear availability of resources for OHS matters; and

� the close relationships amongst the workers and a caring family

atmosphere that enabled high level risks to be handled responsibly.

Furthermore, safety was a clear organisational value and the benefits

bestowed to the organisation by this aspect supports the research of Silva

et al.397

Case studies 2, 6 and 8 had the next greatest level of overall risk

reduction. All these studies involved assessments of smaller divisions of

large corporate organisations with access to higher levels of resources

and existing OHS MS infrastructure. In relation to the aims of the study

and whether or not the use of a systematic approach to OHS was

connected with better performance, it was found to be very useful in

overall risk reduction for organisations that involved a significant

proportion of assets invested in the physical hardware and operating

environment, for example in multi-national manufacturers or utility

organisations.

Case studies 3, 4, 5 and 7 had the lowest overall risk reduction factors.

Case studies 3, 5 and 7 had very little existing OHS MS infrastructure. In

case study 4, OHS MS infrastructure was available, however there were

other significant factors contributing to the lower overall level of risk

reduction. These related to internal restructuring, the methodology

promoted within the existing OHS MS and the format in which OHS

information was being disseminated.

The overall risk reduction factors given by Chart 32 ranged from 0.60 -

0.65, illustrating that there is still a significant level of residual risk in

contemporary workplaces, and much scope for improvement. This also

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implied that there is a strong need to provide assistance to enable

employers to address common OHS issues.

In Chart 33, the method used by Vassie and Cox was utilised to assess

which elements of an OHS MS were perceived to be most important. 391

The following ten items were most frequently recorded in the responses to

the Follow-Up Evaluation survey, and are presented below in ranked order

starting from the most important:

� Training;

� Baseline Risk Assessments;

� Incident Management;

� Communication;

� Accountability;

� Consultation;

� Measurement;

� Measureable Goals;

� Emergency Preparedness; and

� Hazardous Substances.

These could be considered as the “big ten” elements and whilst

measurement was not in itself an element there were a number of

elements that involved measuring such as Audits; Inspection and

Monitoring; Self Assessment and First Aid/Reporting. When the question

was posed to the participants regarding what would be an appropriate

measurement to determine whether the actions described in the self

assessment had been successfully completed, many declined to follow

this through. This implied that measuring performance is still problematic,

and this supports the recent findings of Simpson.371

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In summary, the comparison of results across the eight case studies

reinforced the unique nature of each organisations hazard profile and

highlighted a number of typical problem areas such as:

� hazardous substances management;

� the lack of health surveillance;

� the need for more ergonomic evaluations; and

� contractor control.

Those participants involved in the study that were involved in line

management were found to be very competent in the supervision of their

workplaces and many had outsourced very proficient workers’

compensation and rehabilitation providers. In this study, addressing safe

place elements formally was not found to correspond with an improved

risk rating after interventions were applied, and in many cases these

elements were handled poorly. This may also suggest the formality may

provide a false sense of confidence and assurance, masking areas where

the practicalities of the requirements may have been ignored.

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found to be

very effective in uncovering the problems associated with token

implementation of procedures. Furthermore, by using the Safe Place, Safe

Person, Safe Systems framework to assess informal systems, this OHS

management tool was able to highlight areas of strength that may not

have emerged if more traditional auditing techniques had been applied.

11.2 Cross Case Synthesis - Emergent Themes

In the cross-case synthesis that follows a number of themes emerged,

developed from the observations made during the eight case studies. In

some instances, these were based on common themes that linked a

number of case studies, whilst in others, one case study would crystallise

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a particular point of interest. The benefits of a qualitative multiple case

study design are exemplified here as the opportunity for observation and

triangulation of data allowed areas where alignment was not found to be

explored in more depth. It was in this examination of the reasons

underpinning the observed practices, especially where these deviated

from the documented methods, that the evidence was found to test these

concepts; and negative cases, where these perceptions did not hold,

demonstrated limiting factors or constraints to the themes presented.

(i) The Inappropriate Use of Risk Assessment Methodology

Misconceptions relating to the appropriate use of risk assessments had

the effect of creating a “paper treadmill” instead of translating the

outcomes of risk management exercises into practical and visible

workplace improvements. Organisations need to be mindful of warning

indicators that may suggest that the risk management process is not

working as intended. Examples include: when checks on documentation

cannot be verified in the operational environment; when the clearance rate

of OHS actions is slow; and when there are high repeat rates for similar

incidents or injuries. This theme was illustrated particularly by case studies

2, 5 and 8.

(ii) Misconceptions Regarding OHS Responsibilities Owed to

Contractors

Induction programs must ensure that the appropriate information is being

provided where necessary to protect contractors from undisclosed

hazards. Identifying the different categories of contractors or site visitors

and tailoring inductions to cater for these differences may make the

induction program less arduous and more relevant. These themes were

particularly relevant in case studies 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8.

(iii) Lack of Focus on Long Term Health Issues

Where high level risks to the physical work environment are present, the

need to also consider long term health issues may require specialist input.

One of the major strengths of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework was the ability to put these issues into perspective and to force

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a more thorough examination of the full context of workplace hazards. This

theme was mainly prevalent in those cases arising from the manufacturing

sector, such as case studies 1, 2, 3 and 6.

(iv) The Need for Periodic Review

The need for periodic review was overlooked in many instances, and

appears to underpin the reasons why many systematic improvements

appear to fail. Again this relates to a preoccupation with day to day

activities and less focus on the long term view. Without periodic review,

much of the effort invested may be wasted, especially if the strategies

invoked have not targeted all the root causes underlying the problems

identified.

This theme was evident in many cases that were only at the early stages

of the improvement process, such as case studies 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8. In case

study 2 which had a highly evolved OHS MS in existence, a pre-

occupation with performing risk assessments had the overall effect of

congesting the OHS MS to the point where the organisation was at a

standstill, unable to progress or respond in a timely manner to important

OHS issues. This suggests that one of the main benefits of performing a

system review is to ensure that a balanced approach has been applied

and that there is a healthy blend of proactive and reactive strategies in

place. This also reinforces the previous work of Redinger.13

(v) Resistance to the Use of Behavioural Change Techniques

The extinguishing of unsafe workplace habits is difficult without the

provision of appropriate and consistent feedback. The strategic use of

reward schedules to assist these techniques was also not widely

appreciated.304 Whilst behavioural techniques should not be the first or

only strategy invoked, especially where changes are needed in the

physical workplace, they are very useful as a back-up or a contingency

method, especially in circumstances where more enduring changes are

being planned for, but have not yet been implemented. Other

circumstances where behavioural change programs may be useful are in

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the cases of lone workers and call out work to variable locations with

unpredictable hazards.

A particularly useful application of behavioural change programs is where

they are used to prevent people from rushing into a job without first

considering all the potential hazards and evaluating potential control

options. This was exemplified by case study 7 that used the “Take 5”

campaign, reinforcing the concept of taking five minutes to stop and

consider responses. In contrast to this, case study 6 had a similar program

that was less effective because constraints on “stop work” situations were

not uniformly enforced and the pre-occupation with monthly targets for

associated paperwork had thwarted the initial enthusiasm.

(vi) The Need to Allocate a Person to Facilitate OHS Projects

Whilst the concept of OHS activities being naturally integrated into every

day work processes is the ideal situation, it appears to be very difficult in

reality. Genuine application of the consultative process in a manner that

ensures transparency is likely to extend the time requirements of various

stages of a project. However, the increased quality of the final outcome

and the longer term benefits afforded should also be taken into

consideration, and these may be more clearly identified when a person

has been specifically allocated to follow up on these issues.

The difficulty in getting OHS projects initiated without a person with clear

OHS responsibilities was highlighted by case study 2, when the safety,

health, environment and quality (SHEQ) incumbent was transferred to

another division of the organisation. The initial enthusiasm provided by the

original SHEQ officer was lost and stage two of the study came to all but a

practical halt. In sharp contrast to this, in case studies 1, 3, and 8 that had

a person specifically allocated to drive OHS projects, the rate of progress

in stage two of the study was remarkably greater.

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(vii) The Tendency to Overlook the Cumulative Effect of Multiple Low

Grade Hazards The subtle yet sinister effects of multiple low grade hazards was

commonly overlooked, especially in cases where there were other more

obvious OHS risks to be considered. An example of this was in case study

7, where the main purpose of the organisation was to manage volunteers

to handle crisis situations. The risk presenting to the volunteers did appear

on first consideration to be far greater than the risk exposure of the

support staff that managed the process. However, the technique for

conducting dynamic risk assessments that the volunteers had been

trained on was not being applied by support staff in the less dramatic

scenarios of the supply stores which had many ergonomic issues to deal

with. High stress levels experienced by support staff, often linked to

instances where responsibility was not commensurate with authority, were

tolerated and accepted as part of the job. The impact of these cumulative,

low grade hazards was observed as deterioration in the experience of well

being and the potential for negative impacts on relationships outside the

workplace. Case Study 4 also reinforced these findings and again, it was a

situation where support staff were considered to be at much less risk than

those on the field. In fact, the stress levels of the support staff were

observed to be much higher than those in the field, possibly because the

potential for high stress situations when out in the field was openly

acknowledged. Interestingly, it was observed in both case studies 4 and 7

that those providing OHS assistance for others were less likely to ask for

help themselves. The importance of looking after oneself so they can then

be of better assistance to others, and the need to be on lookout for

symptoms of burnout, were points that may need further reinforcing.398

(viii) The Customisation Aspect of OHS MS is more related to how the

Elements Apply and are Suitably Addressed Rather than their Actual

Absence or Presence

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was originally

thought to provide a level of customisation to individual organisations by

eliminating elements that were not considered relevant. However, this was

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not observed in the case studies examined. From the experiences

encountered, it is suggested that this level of customisation would only be

applicable in the smallest organisations, for example, sole traders.

The customisation factor was relevant to appreciating how each element

applied to the individual organisation, and more importantly, how these

unique hazards may be handled effectively. The importance of

customising information is an important message for organisations as “off

the shelf” OHS MS may provide an illusion of action, and whilst less

expensive to purchase, may still represent a waste of resources that could

be better utilised on understanding local hazards.

(ix) The False Sense of Confidence Bestowed in Overly Bureaucratic

OHS MS infrastructure.

Case studies 2 and 6 that had the most highly developed OHS MS

infrastructure also had extremely high levels of residual risk associated

with the physical workplace. In both these cases plans for treating the risk

at the root cause by replacing obsolete equipment or processes were in

hand, but dates for implementation of the improvement projects were often

significantly delayed or indefinitely “on hold”.

The seriousness of having processes known to be dangerous operating

for extended periods has the potential to place personnel at unreasonably

high levels of risk exposure and jeopardise their future health. The ethics

of such decisions should be carefully scrutinized, especially where

unnecessary delays are being encountered or a lack of commitment to the

improvement process is observed.

(x) The Importance on Providing OHS Management Feedback

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was particularly

valuable as a source of feedback to organisations. This enabled a number

of cases to reconsider current strategies and focus their limited resources

on more critical OHS issues, as identified by the framework charts

provided that showed final risk rankings scores after interventions were

applied.

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The significance of providing feedback was best illustrated by the pilot

study where the increase in focus and attention resulted in a decrease in

the number of reported incidents (see Appendix 23 for Pilot Study Monthly

Self Assessment Results).

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was also

instrumental in providing opportunities for increased OHS dialogue. This

may serve as an opportunity to raise matters of concern before they

escalate to the point where they are impacting on interwork relationships.

This was illustrated by case studies 6, 7, and 8 where the results from the

Preliminary Report were presented and provided the basis for raising OHS

problems of concern and opening up discussions. In case study 4, the

results of the application of the framework resulted in the encouragement

of more open, informal discussions of OHS concerns, the more frequent

exchange of ideas and a better appreciation of the perspectives of others

involved. This was preferred to more formal approaches, reinforcing the

notion that formality is not always necessary or desirable. The benefits of

a more subtle approach and the advantages these may offer for

maintaining and establishing trust are concepts that may have been

previously underestimated.

(xi) Commitment to OHS Values Exemplified by Provision of

Sufficient Resources and High Rates of Organisational

Responsiveness Organisations that encountered difficulties in proceeding to stage two of

the study were often under resourced or overwhelmed with current

outstanding OHS actions. Furthermore, in case studies 1, 3 and 8, the

visible support from senior management appeared to enhance the ease

with which their OHS duties were able to be discharged. This may be

explained by these incumbents having more perceived authority which

allowed them to be more effective in imparting change.

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(xii) The Ability of Smaller Work/Organisational Groups to Handle

High Level Risks Effectively. One unexpected finding of the study was how the strategic application of

small work group size was very effective in responsibly managing high

level risks. Small groups were able to communicate more efficiently

amongst themselves and with line managers. In these situations, line

management also appeared to be more aware of any factors that may be

affecting the performance of group members and so were more able

respond accordingly. Trust and respect also seemed to play important

roles as this reduced the potential for duplication of work processes and

minimised the distraction of workplace conflict. This was particularly

noticeable in case studies 1 and 3 that were family businesses. This

application of small workgroup size as a control strategy in itself was not

identified at the start of the study or in the body of literature associated

with OHS MS. It is suggested that this may be incorporated into the

element of Communication in future studies.

Hence, there were a number of emergent themes that ranged from the

effective use of smaller size as a means of handling high risk activities, the

need to provide more focus on long term health effects and the prevalence

of common misconceptions regarding the application of risk management

techniques and duties owed to contractors.

The ability to analyse these themes was enhanced by the use of the Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework as it provided a systematic

and consistent means of examining work practices related to OHS and

verifying whether or not the current interventions were being effective in

reducing the level of residual risk presenting to exposed workers.

The availability of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework

to provide a guided, systematic approach to addressing OHS

responsibilities may also overcome a number of potential barriers

confronting small and medium enterprises that have difficulties interpreting

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local OHS regulations or are distracted by pressing financial issues that

focus their attention on short term business survival. 399

11.3 Answering the Research Questions

How do contemporary employers go about fulfilling their OHS

obligations? It was generally observed within the case studies that the requirements of

the local OHS regulations were the guiding mechanism and most had a

copy of these regulations available for reference. Interpretation of the

requirements was more difficult. In larger organisations that covered a

number of jurisdictions, conformance with relevant Australian/New

Zealand standards was targeted although many organisations in this

category had corporate standards that were used as an interface so that

the requirements were more relevant to the particular organisation.

Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Providers were often the

driving forces in the very large, more bureaucratic organisations. On the

other extreme, small to medium sized family businesses that had high

level risks were observed to employ personnel to focus on these areas,

although these personnel were not formally trained in this field.

How can a systematic approach to OHS be identified?

A systematic approach to OHS was more about understanding obligations

and duties and being organised to address gaps and shortcomings, than

about a connection with formal systems and the use of electronic media.

A systematic approach to safety can be identified by having in place a

clear program to respond to recognised OHS hazards in the workplace

and the desire for the pursuit of increased knowledge and understanding

regarding techniques and preventive strategies for protecting employees

and others in the workplace, wherever that may be.

A systematic approach may also be described as a mental discipline

promoted by management that ensures that there is a high level of

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situational awareness and dynamic responsiveness to urgent OHS issues,

and a view to consider and guard against long term health risks.

Organisations employing a systematic approach to OHS may be

characterised by the provision of adequate authority and resources to

empower those with OHS responsibilities to respond in a timely manner to

OHS concerns and be mindful of the potential for OHS impacts of new

ventures or changes to current work practices.

The availability of formal procedures was found not to guarantee a

systematic approach to safety, but merely the knowledge of compliance

factors in local OHS regulations. Formal procedures were also considered

to be connected with a desire to demonstrate a due diligence defence in

the event of OHS litigation.

Those organisations utilising a systematic approach were also found to

have improved scores for risk reduction in the safe systems areas.

What are the barriers to the uptake of a systematic approach to

safety? The greatest barriers to the uptake of a systematic approach to safety

were observed as follows:

� lack of understanding of the intent of local OHS regulations;

� insufficient allocation of resources to OHS matters, including the time

to focus on solutions;

� perceived inconsistency between OHS policies and actions rewarded

and recognised by senior management;

� lack of knowledge of available methods for dealing with significant

risks in environments that were potentially hostile or unpredictable;

� mistrust in management’s motives behind the collection of data and

the perception that this may be a threat to the long term job security

of experienced personnel;

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� the use of high volumes of contracting and casual staff;

� lack of follow through on agreed activities to address OHS concerns;

� lack of actual workplace inspections to check the effectiveness of

solutions implemented, and if they have in fact been implemented as

agreed; and

� lack of understanding by senior management of actual OHS

difficulties experienced by operational staff and an inability to

empathise with the frustration these problems may evoke.

What questions may be used to promote a systematic examination of

the entire context of workplace hazards?

The questions in the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework

that considered the requirements in terms of the potential consequences if

the 60 elements were not addressed was found to be a good starting point

for such an exercise. This reconfiguring of the questions to examine the

risk presenting to the organisation if the essence of the elements was

ignored was found to be more fruitful than structuring the questions in an

alternative format that included what an experienced OHS practitioner may

expect to find. This may make the exercise more relevant to the

organisation and avoid responses designed to please the assessor.

What indicators are available on an operational level that may

suggest the existence of particular workplace hazards? The indicators are likely to be specific for the particular industry or

organisation and the development of indicators is a task that would

generally benefit from a balanced peer review. However, there were some

indicators that may be used on a more generic level that suggest that OHS

activities are being carried out on a superficial level such as:

� OHS minutes where one person is nominated for the majority of

actions;

� review plans that are constantly amended to have later completion

dates;

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� where overwhelmingly long actions lists are found that do not show

signs of progress;

� where improvement plans to improve outdated processes with known

health risk factors are referred to constantly but there has been no

actual spending on project components;

� where spot checks of actions are discouraged;

� where there is emphasis on numerical targets for monthly reports

without checks on outcomes that would suggest actual

improvements;

� where solutions point to the use of behavioural techniques without a

desire to address the root cause of the problem, especially if this

involves changes to the physical workplace;

� where there is inconsistency between the OHS efforts made for

customers and those applied to internal staff;

� where emergency plans exist but are not practiced regularly or

reviewed;

� where appointments for OHS meetings are constantly rearranged;

� where senior management do not participate in OHS committee

meetings and delegates are sent in place;

� where OHS personnel appear distressed at the lack of progress or

resources available and signs of burn out are evident; and

� audit reports that are completed without any observations or

comments.

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What strategies are typically invoked to prevent and control

particular workplace hazards on the following three levels: the

physical environment and infrastructure; the individual; and at a

managerial level? Strategies used to address OHS issues in the physical workplace, where

this was represented by a fixed location, were typically handled using a

risk assessment approach. Networking to understand best practice was

common in specialist areas and outside expertise was often used to

minimise hazards of an electrical nature.

Where the work location was variable, contractors were often involved with

permanent staff in a more supervisory role.

On an individual level, hazards associated with the complexity of human

nature were handled most effectively by managers with highly developed

social skills. Those managers with the ability to manage the “big picture”

were particularly adept at also picking up subtle changes in morale and

attitudes. The managers that were able to direct people onto help when

necessary, use a team approach and were keen to keep staff informed

handled this area particularly well.

The use of outside health professionals to handle workers’ compensation

and rehabilitation was common and in many instances these services

were highly regarded. Health surveillance was mainly observed in larger

organisations with long standing OHS MS infrastructure.

Training was handled well in all occasions and seen as fundamental to the

establishment of a safe workplace, except on two occasions. In the first

instance, the format of the training was not well received by the target

audience (case study 4) and in the second instance, training was the

service provided to volunteers so training of support staff received much

less focus (case study 7). In both cases, in-house training for support staff

was perceived to be less vital and there was a large differential between

the hazards encountered by those in the field and those in support roles.

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At a managerial level, audit systems are typically invoked in larger

organisations with sophisticated infrastructure and are managed typically

with electronic databases that feed into corporate OHS compliance

operations.

In smaller organisations, systems may be applied on a more ad hoc basis.

As for example, there may be procedures for investigating incidents, and

there may be policies available, but much of the linking data is missing

and triggers are not in place to ensure that methods are applied uniformly.

Also commonly encountered in smaller organisations was the use of

laminated flow charts placed on walls at the point of use to remind staff of

the appropriate methods. Safety checks on suppliers were not enforced

regularly; however they were generally very aware of OHS provisions for

customers.

What are the most suitable measurement indicators to gauge the

effectiveness of the particular prevention and control strategies

invoked?

Organisational responsiveness is probably one of the most promising

indicators to gauge the effectiveness of OHS programs, as the length of

time required to get important OHS actions implemented was generally

indicative of the level of enthusiasm and support of senior managers for

OHS activities.

The level of satisfaction of personnel with responses to OHS concerns

may also be another useful gauge as this would be observed to reflect the

level of consultation that had been applied to the process.

The appropriate application of measurement indicators for OHS

performance is still a cause for concern for many organisations.

Organisations with the least effective OHS MS infrastructures were very

focused on crude measurements related to workers’ compensation and

claims data.

In corporations with extensive OHS MS infrastructure, a high level of

attention was observed to be focused on monthly numerical targets, and

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there appeared to be less concern whether these indicators are genuinely

representative of enduring improvements. In some instances, the need for

fulfilling monthly quotas of actions defeated the purpose of the actions

being measured.

Most measurements focused on outcomes that would reduce injuries but

had little impact on long term health or general well being. Whilst the

adage “what get’s measured, gets done” may be true, it may be more

pertinent to ask whether what is being done, is actually being done well.

Which prevention and control strategies are considered essential on

a broad level, and which strategies are industry specific? All of the elements were found to be applicable on a broad level, except in

intermediate processing manufacturers where the element of Customer

Service - Recall/Hotlines did not apply.

This was unexpected, however, had more very small businesses been

studied, this may not have been the case.

Of all these elements, some were much more uniformly acknowledged as

being important and based on the researcher’s observations, these

included:

� Training;

� Risk Assessment;

� Incident Management;

� Inductions- Including Visitors/ Contractors;

� Personal Protective Equipment;

� First Aid/ Reporting;

� Emergency Preparedness;

� Workers’ Compensation/ Rehabilitation;

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� Safe Working Procedures; and

� Security – Site/Personal.

How does the nature of the organisation influence the type of

prevention and control strategies selected?

The use of small size and family relationships to handle very high level

risks was generally observed. Further to this, members of family

businesses appeared to accept much higher levels of residual risk than

personnel from corporate organisations.

Organisations that were experiencing cash flow difficulties were more

likely to use safe person and safe systems strategies as a means of

compensating for non-ideal work environments, especially where the

capital involved to make the appropriate changes was considered

significant.

Organisations that had obvious high risk activities relied more heavily on

close circles of trusted contractors/suppliers that generally had long term

working relationships with the organisation. These organisations often

employed workers through word of mouth, or personal recommendations

from trusted individuals.

Highly structured and bureaucratic organisations were observed to rely

more heavily on OHS committees to direct OHS activities and were found

to have many policies available. However, the presence of a policy did not

necessarily mean that this area had been addressed, and high stress

levels and suggestions of bullying were more commonly observed where

anti-harassment policies were available.

Larger organisations examined were found to be very focused on being

able to demonstrate compliance activities, but the effectiveness of these

actions was not often pursued. In these types of organisations, high levels

of responsibility were often passed onto those that did not have the

necessary authority, and many had to rely on their personal influencing

skills.

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The micro business observed was unable to finance many of the actions

necessary to achieve OHS compliance, so reliance was predominantly on

safe person and safe system strategies.

In the utility organisation studied, the application of safe systems

strategies was considered to be vital to the provision of a safe and reliable

essential service to the surrounding community.

What is the order of implementation of these prevention and control

strategies that leads to the development of a clear pathway to OHS

improvements?

Based on the case studies examined, it would be inappropriate to

generalise that safe place strategies were more important than safe

systems strategies or safe person strategies. All of the strategies were

important and it really was more dependent on whether the organisation

had to deal with existing infrastructure or was in a planning phase, and

whether the organisation was more capital intensive or labour intensive.

For example, if the organisation was small and operated over a small,

fixed location, it could manage with less safe systems strategies than if it

was larger and was managed remotely by more senior executives.

The most important starting point for an organisation that would lead to a

clear improvement path would be the acknowledgement and honoring of

OHS values by senior management, as witnessed by the provision of

necessary resources and authority; and an alignment of goals by support

staff.

The ability to concisely explain how the requirements of the 60 elements

were addressed by the organisation would be another useful exercise that

could lead to the development of a clear improvement path. Recognising

that a problem exists is ultimately the first step towards its final

rectification. Without knowledge of long term health consequences and

situations that might lead to increased incidents of injuries and illnesses,

organisations may be able to remain uninformed.

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Having policies in place was not perceived as efficient in sending OHS

messages as small OHS slogans that were easily remembered and

embodied the attitude of management. For example, many informants to

the study knew that a policy existed, but did not know what the essence of

the policy stated.

The need to review actions and check effectiveness of decisions was not

widely embraced and possibly offered an explanation for the often

observed dissatisfaction with current practices. Obviously, systems applied

and strategies invoked need to be given a period of time to settle in before

evaluation exercises are useful. Provisions for such activities should be

made at the onset to ensure time and resources have been set aside for

the review.

11.4 Potential Applications of the “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems” Framework

The case studies were very useful in illustrating potential applications of

the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework, which ranged from

benchmarking exercises to the foundation of improvement programs.

These, and the circumstances which would be most favorable to the

successful application of Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework, are discussed below so that resources associated with any

future work may be utilised efficiently and benefit from the range of

experiences encountered during the eight case studies.

(i) Smaller Divisions with Little Existing OHS MS Infrastructure:

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found to be

most helpful in organisations that had little existing OHS MS infrastructure

in place and in smaller divisions where the hazard profile was more

genuinely representative of the activities being undertaken. Attempting to

superimpose this framework where there were already high levels of

bureaucracy in place was found to be more problematic, especially if there

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were overwhelming levels of outstanding OHS actions. In these situations

it is suggested that all outstanding OHS actions be reviewed and the

remaining workload carefully prioritised. In some circumstances where

elements interact, addressing medium-high risk areas first may place the

organisation in a better position to respond to elements of even higher

risk.

(ii) To Triangulate Data from other Specialist Audits

In a number of instances, particularly with the larger corporate

organisations, the application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems framework was used to triangulate data from other specialist

audits. This occurred in case studies 6 and 8. In these instances the Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was found not only to

reinforce previous findings, but also to provide additional data and assist

management’s understanding of the finer details of local work practices.

(iii) Checking the Relevance and Practicality of Existing OHS MS

Infrastructure

In case study 8, the application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems framework was found to help distinguish between the useful

elements of two different OHS MS that were co-existing, due to a change

in ownership. This resulted in the current senior management committing

resources to a new project that would merge the two systems together,

extracting the best elements from each.

(iv) Increasing the “Mindfulness” of OHS Activities The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was useful in

enhancing the “mindfulness” of safety activities as advocated by Weick.395

This was illustrated in case study 3 where employees no longer needed to

be reminded to complete incident reports (see 9.3.2 Discussion of Main

Findings for Case Study 3).

(v) Bringing Potential Long Term Health Issues into Focus

The use of this framework had an educative role by promoting the

handling of hazardous substances in a manner that catered for differences

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amongst individuals to workplace reagents. This is illustrated by the

following response from case study 6 in the Follow-Up Evaluation in

Appendix 24 which demonstrated how their attitude changed towards the

treatment of exposure limits for hazardous substances. This also impacted

on their approach to the type of PPE that was selected.

(vi) Benchmarking Exercises

Case study 6 considered that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework would be useful for benchmarking exercises and as a

demonstration of due diligence. This exercise may be used across

different divisions in larger organisations and may be able to cater better

for local differences by being based on the level of risk reduction as

opposed to outright scores.

(vii) For Use in OHS Committees

The Preliminary Report delivered high impact information for OHS

committee members in case study 7 (see Follow-Up Evaluation in

Appendix 24). This may also assist with the transparency of OHS

improvement programs. As the report was written with neutral language

avoiding blame, and in a manner that preserved the confidentiality of

informants, it also made it easier to circulate the assessment without

creating a defensive environment.

(viii) To assist in the Procurement of OHS Funding

A number of case study participants found that the Safe Place, Safe

Person, Safe Systems framework was useful in the procurement of

funding for OHS activities. The assessment process was found to give

their arguments extra validity as it had come from an outside, objective

source (see Follow-Up Evaluation comments for case studies 4, 7 and 8).

“… we need to reduce chemical exposure to the point that the most sensitive employee

has no adverse impact rather than ensuring we are below the maximum exposure

standards listed in the MSDS.”

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In all these cases, the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework

was a starting point for increased dialogue and communications.

(ix) Customising the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

Framework Assessment Tool for Individual Organisations

There would be an opportunity to customise the prompts used in the Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems OHS management assessment tool to

cater for the needs of individual organisations. This would increase the

speed and efficiency with which the tool may be applied, and would open

up the prospects for the use of multiple assessors.

(x) To Indicate whether there is a need for Dynamic Risk

Assessments

As risk assessment methodology underpins many local OHS regulations,

this could be applied with better effect if there was a clearer understanding

of the circumstances and context that would be more suitable for the use

of dynamic risk assessments. The examination of local practices and the

focus on safe person strategies offered by the new framework allows a

multitude of techniques to be considered, especially in situations where

there are lone workers, or when there is call out work to variable locations

with unpredictable combinations of hazards and/or hostile environments.

In summary, the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework has a

wide variety of potential applications and its use in the eight case studies

has illustrated the versatility of the model and the number of benefits it

may provide. Not only may the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework provide a catalyst for change and increased OHS dialogue, but

its use as an educational tool to increase understanding of OHS

responsibilities has the potential to generate benefits that are enduring,

practical and add value to the workplace environment.

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11.5 Limitations of the Study

Every attempt was made to ensure that the intellectual rigor of the study

was preserved, and that the validity of the study had been appropriately

addressed on all levels. However, there were a number of limitations that

were difficult to overcome either due to the resources available, the nature

of this particular field of research, or the time frame allowable.

One of the greatest limitations to the study was the difficulty in recruiting

participants. This impacted on another significant area - the sample size.

As the study involved two parts, one with the assessment using the Safe

Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework and the other, applying an

intervention over four months to target improvements in three elements,

the time frame for completion of individual case studies was expected to

span at least six months. Actual on site time by the researcher was

estimated to be equivalent to four full days and the remainder of the

communications were able to be conducted by telephone or email. Hence,

when participants were being recruited, these time frames had to be made

known and for some of the interested parties, these were too long or there

were concerns regarding how much time would be consumed by internal

resources with the study.

A total of 12 organisations originally showed interest in participating. In

one case, this was just a brief enquiry over the telephone in response to

the advertisement. In the other three cases that did not go ahead, this was

after one or two visits with representatives from the organisation. In all

cases, the reasons given for not pursuing the study were either:

� the length of time necessary; or

� declined approval by a more senior manager.

To recruit a participant usually involved at least two visits to the

organisation. One visit was usually to explain the purpose of the study to

the person that had become aware of the research being conducted. The

second visit would often involve either presenting this information again to

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more senior managers that had the authority to permit the study to go

ahead or to inform those that would be involved during the actual

assessment exercise. This recruitment stage was time consuming and did

add significantly to the time frames for completion of the study.

The sample size was small when compared with quantitative research

methods. However for a qualitative, multiple case study design, the use of

eight studies was a relatively large number given the substantial depth and

breadth of the research in each case. The sample size was obviously too

small for statistical analysis, however, this was not the purpose of the

research. Extrapolation of the findings to wider settings was not the

objective of this study, as already emphasised in the Methodology section,

see Chapter 7. Generalisations made from the particular findings of

individual case studies would depend on whether the contexts presenting

were similar. As noted in Section 7.2.3, external validity in this particular

research design was more related to the concepts of “fittingness” and

“transferability” than those of representativeness.

Although a purposeful random sampling strategy was aimed for, in some

cases the sampling strategy was based more on “convenience”. An

example of this was where a respondent had a number of sites to choose

from, as in case studies 7 and 8. In other instances “opportunistic” factors

were dominant with a number of organisations wanting an objective third

party to provide a risk assessment, for example in cases 5 and 6. There

was also some potential for bias of participants as those who decided to

show interest in the study were likely to be more highly motivated to seek

OHS improvements than those who were not interested. However, they

may also have been in more need for OHS assistance. These two factors

would be likely to counterbalance each other to some extent. Another

balancing factor was that the case studies came from such a wide variety

of organisations, spanning differences in size from very small to large

corporate organisations; and also the various sectors from retail,

manufacturing and service industries.

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Finally, the findings of the study must be viewed with the

acknowledgement that the researcher had significant industrial experience

(over fifteen years) in a wide variety of organisations in areas involving

Safety, Health and Environment as well as Quality Management. In

addition there was a technical background in chemical engineering which

was particularly useful in some of the studies involving the manufacturing

sector. Had the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework been

applied by a candidate with different industrial experience or technical

expertise, this may have impacted on the interpretation of the findings

within individual case studies. It is suggested that the findings of this study

must be interpreted with the knowledge that one researcher conducted the

entire eight case studies, and any researcher would bring to the study their

depth and range of personal and industrial experiences. For the purposes

of the study, to test the application of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems framework, having multiple researchers use the assessment tool

would have introduced another variable. This would have made the

findings more difficult to interpret and also reduced the level of consistency

of the findings, which would have impacted on the internal validity of the

study.

The fact that all the case study participants were drawn from New South

Wales was another potential limitation of the study. Extending the study to

different localities would have increased the breadth, richness and

transferability of the findings. This may be an area for future research

development.

Case study 7 was the only case that did not complete stage two of the

study. This had the potential to bias the results due to the small sample

size, however, it did serve very well as a “negative” case and exploring the

reasons behind this anomaly was very useful when looking for emergent

themes across the study as a whole.

In summary, there were a number of limitations that needed to be

appreciated when interpreting the findings of the study, and these related

to the difficulty in attracting participants which impacted on the sample

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size, the potential for the case study participants to be more motivated

towards improvements than what would be represented by larger sample

sizes with different sampling strategies; the fact that the study was

conducted by a single researcher; and finally that the research was

conducted across a single state. All these limitations do, however, present

areas for expansion and refinement in future research.

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Part 6: Recommendations and

Conclusion

359

12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

12.1 Recommendations

The depth and breadth of OHS issues that this research was able to

explore through the multiple case study design has lead to a number of

recommendations that are intended to assist the promotion of OHS values

in the workplace. These are presented below to facilitate more sustainable

OHS improvements that enable the managers of organisations to grow in

their understanding and ability to successfully manage OHS issues.

� It was evident from the research that there are a number of

misconceptions regarding the correct application of risk management

methodology. Given the importance of risk management techniques

and its emphasis in many local OHS regulations, there needs to be

more widespread education on how a risk assessment is performed

so that the outcomes are valid and the information has been

generated by those with appropriate knowledge and in an

atmosphere of consultation and transparency. Factors that suggest

the need for a more dynamic approach must be well understood so

that the methodology is not by-passed altogether. Organisations that

have achieved high levels of success in this area without creating

excessive documentation should be held up as examples for other

organisations to learn from.

� The business community needs to be more informed of alternative

means for demonstrating due diligence without relying so heavily on

written communication. More visual techniques should be promoted

and more practical means of assessing competency, other than

through written assessments, should be encouraged. The need for

continual improvement so that work methods more accurately reflect

changes and challenges as they present must be provided for at the

onset. Responses to OHS issues need to be more dynamic to more

accurately reflect the typical nature of OHS issues encountered in the

modern workplace.

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� There needs to be a wider level of understanding and education on

the responsibilities owed by organisations to contractors. The

benefits of streamlining the number of contractors utilised also needs

to be emphasised.

� The strategic use of organisational size and structure can affect the

nature of workplace relationships, and the use of closer relationships

resulting from smaller size to ameliorate high level OHS risks should

be promoted. The benefits derived from the speed of

communications; the ability to be more “in tune” with co-workers; and

the opportunity to foster and build trust should be more widely

appreciated.

� There is a lack of focus on long term health issues which may result

in continuing and increased future burdens on the public health

system. The organisations observed were clearly preoccupied with

day to day issues and to some extent were in “survival mode”. Means

of making long term health issues more relevant need to be explored.

This may take the form of finding high impact consequences that are

meaningful and easy to relate to, similar to the anti-smoking

campaigns; or by increasing awareness of “nuisance effects”, so

these are acted upon before more irreversible damage occurs.

� The insidious effect of the accumulation of multiple low grade

hazards should be highlighted. Means of obtaining a better grasp on

the relationship between the cumulative effects of some common low

grade hazards and the impact these have on future injuries, for

example of a muscular-skeletal nature or even on emotional well-

being, should be more greatly explored. Where possible, any means

of quantifying the impact in terms of cost to the community should be

pursued.

� There appeared to be great inequalities between large and small

organisations in terms of the difficulty of enforcing OHS requirements

on suppliers and contractors. Additional assistance for smaller

361

organisations is needed, so they have some level of protection from

the larger organisations using OHS as a means of manipulation for

tenders or as a way of abdicating corporate OHS responsibility.

There appears to be very high levels of risks being taken on by small

family businesses who may not have sufficient access to resources to

treat risks in a more permanent manner and rely heavily on personal

expertise and experience. Whilst this may be effective in the majority

of circumstances, it is still subject to the complexities of human

nature, and the potential for stress, fatigue and “burn out” must be

emphasised. The potential for OHS impacts on the general quality of

life must be more broadly communicated, and where this leads to a

deterioration of well being, this should be more widely perceived as

unacceptable.

� There should be more protection for workers in known high stress

environments so they have more leverage to demand higher OHS

standards without the threat of jeopardizing their careers. This is

particularly the case where these workers are in looser workplace

arrangements such as being hired on a contract basis or as casuals.

The management of organisations needs to be mindful that they are

not indirectly exposing their workers to excessive risk by taking

advantage of those with very caring natures who are more likely to

put the safety of others before themselves; or workers in places

where job opportunities are limited, for example in rural areas.

� It is recommended that all workers develop a clear image of what

they will accept and where the boundaries exist, so that the drive for

safer workplaces comes collectively from the individuals that are

potentially exposed to OHS risks. Support systems to reinforce these

high standards must be dependable, and most of all consistent,

applying to all workers regardless of education levels, social

demographics, gender or ethnicity.

� There needs to be more widespread education on how addressing all

the elements in the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

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framework can be used to understand OHS responsibilities and help

achieve due diligence without excessive paper work. Success stories

need to be promoted, especially where this has lead to improved

work environments and greater levels of contentment within the

workplace. The workforce needs good role models in a variety of

industry sectors and organisational sizes.

Hence there are many opportunities to move forward with OHS. The

challenge is for regulatory authorities and educational institutions to

increase the understanding of techniques and strategies available for

managing OHS issues, and to increase the collective OHS consciousness

so that all workers are mindful of OHS values and understand how the

responsibility for OHS relies on a concerted approach with open dialogue,

transparency and continual feedback. It is envisaged that the promotion of

the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework will propel OHS

management into a new era of greater responsiveness built upon

foundations of increased understanding of OHS responsibilities, and a

deeper knowledge of options available for dealing with a wide variety of

potential OHS impacts.

12.2 Future Directions

Directions for future research building upon the themes already explored

in this study include:

� investigating the structure of parallel “hierarchy of controls” that relate

more specifically to the three areas: safe place, safe person, safe

systems;

� exploring the connection between the need for documentation and

levels of trust between co-workers;

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� exploring more fully those elements of an OHS MS that are handled

better with informal techniques, and those that are suited to more

formal methods;

� exploring the relationship between the level of OHS dialogue and

stress claims;

� comparing the rates of organisational responsiveness in small and

large organisations;

� investigating whether there is a need to identify high risk industries

with older technology and outdated processes with known potential

for long term health risks, and whether they should be given set time

frames to change over to inherently safer processes.

� identifying and characterising the nature of the interactions between

the elements of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

framework;

� indentifying how the current Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems

assessment tool for OHS management can be adapted for use by

multiple assessors to achieve consistency in ratings; and

� applying the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework to

identify threads of similarity between organisations with higher and

lower levels of risk reduction.

It can be seen that the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework

has the capacity to open up a whole new area of research with the

potential to uncover the heart of many important OHS issues that have

impeded progress in OHS matters in the past. It is hoped that this

foundation work will be used to enhance the mindfulness of OHS in the

workplace, whether it is in a fixed or variable location, and that this will

ultimately result in not only safer places, safer people and safer systems,

but also safer communities as a whole.

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12.3. Conclusion

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was able to

illustrate a number of barriers to the effective implementation of OHS

management. These included:

� organisations that were characterised by excessive bureaucracy and

the pursuit of targets that did not capture the root cause(s) of OHS

problems;

� complex structuring within large organisations that resulted in long

time lags for responses to urgent OHS issues;

� organisations that did not equip personnel allocated to address OHS

issues with sufficient authority or resources; and

� where high volumes of contracting personnel were used in lieu of

permanent staff and this affected the full disclosure of workplace

hazards and increased the difficulty in enforcing designated

prevention and controls.

The use of the Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework and the

accompanying Preliminary Report was able to present this information in a

manner that avoided blame and offered practical guidance for a workable

OHS improvement program.

The strong emphasis on the visual representation of data provided high

impact material for managers and a balanced representation of pertinent

OHS issues. The acknowledgement of OHS situations that were handled

well and the potential frustrations that may be encountered whilst

attempting to fulfill health and safety responsibilities served as a catalyst

for increased OHS dialogue. This in itself was a very powerful outcome of

the assessment process and the study as a whole.

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was particularly

useful in illuminating OHS concerns that had long term health implications

such as the inappropriate handling and storage of hazardous substances,

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and the lack of health promotion and health surveillance. The reluctance

observed to confront these issues may have significant long term

implications for the community as a whole, and the public health system.

Unsurprisingly, ergonomic issues featured as areas of high risk exposure

in the study. However, areas of OHS concern related to personal security

also emerged as a significant issue. This supports current research that

has brought attention to the potential for workplace violence and reinforces

the need for improved strategies to deal with the increased use of lone

workers in highly mobile and transient work environments.

The prevalence of high stress work scenarios with unpredictable

combinations of OHS hazards and pressing time constraints has

suggested the more widespread use of dynamic risk assessments. The

Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework illustrated this point

well as the hazard profiles for situations of fixed and variable work places

were very different.

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was unique in its

assessment of hazards both before and after interventions had been

applied. This had the advantage of pinpointing areas of potential

vulnerability, such as the OHS implications arising from changes in

personnel with long term experience and good situational awareness. The

new framework also drew attention to OHS issues relating to work

organisation and the popular use of longer shifts. The compounding effect

this may have on exposure to hazards such as noise and volatile organic

compounds was highlighted, as was the insidious nature of chronic

exposure to hazards perceived to be of low impact.

The triangulation of the different perspectives offered by operations, the

individual worker and management assisted in the ability to check for

follow through and the perceived effectiveness of actions. This was able to

distinguish very well between those actions that were of token value and

those that were of practical significance.

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The need to scope the assessments to small areas of homogenous work

activities greatly improved the ease with which the new framework could

be applied. This extended the potential application of the Safe Place, Safe

Person, Safe Systems framework, provided this constraint was observed.

Scoping the assessments to smaller divisions of larger organisations also

served to provide a “test case” for those organisations involved, allowing

them to share lessons learnt with other business units that had similar

contexts and also to pilot improved work practices.

A systematic approach to OHS management was found to be more

connected with a desire to understand OHS responsibilities and address

gaps by searching for the root causes of OHS issues, than the presence

or absence of sophisticated documentation or electronic media. OHS MS

infrastructures that contained intentions that had not been translated into

actual outcomes and were not supported by the provision of sufficient

resources were observed to be mistrusted by workers or simply ignored. In

contrast to this, employees were observed to hold organisations and their

managers in higher regard where the accountability for OHS decisions

was openly embraced by senior management and personnel empowered

to move forward with OHS actions identified. Furthermore, OHS risks were

found to be addressed more successfully where there was a higher level

of trust in the competence of fellow workers and managers.

The Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe Systems framework was therefore

able to demystify OHS responsibilities and obligations and provided a

simplified approach to understanding areas of exposure to OHS hazards

whether they pertain to the physical work environment, the people

involved or management practices. This more holistic approach offers

opportunities to improve the relevance of OHS issues, to acknowledge the

value of people’s experience and open up channels for OHS dialogue so

that higher standards for occupational health and safety can form part of

the community’s collective consciousness.

��

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Part 7: References

368

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Part 8: Appendices

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14. APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Definition of OHS MS Framework

Elements

Safe Place Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria

Safe Place Element Definition Criteria

Baseline Risk Assessment A general broad based risk assessment has been performed at some critical point in time from which improvement or decline in overarching OHS risk presenting to the business may be measured. It is assumed that all key areas of significant risk have been considered. Areas requiring specialist expertise (internal or external) should be identified.

Ergonomic Assessments A specialist risk assessment that examines those issues related to fitting the task to the human and may be a very broad category. However, in the context of “safe place strategies” it is defined here as focusing on the layout of the workstation, manual handling and examination of repetitive tasks. Such assessments should be performed by person(s) with the appropriate qualifications and competencies to do so.

Access/Egress This considers any threats to the quick and efficient entrance or departure of personnel from the physical workplace. This includes emergency exit signage, walkways, handrails, stairways and fire doors. This is particularly important in the case of emergency situations.

Plant/Equipment This requires that the safety aspects for all existing equipment or plant have been fully considered. Where this requires specialist knowledge this must be pursued with the supplier or designer, and end users and others affected must be consulted and their opinions duly considered. The hazards of rotating machinery, pinch points, and crush injuries should be included here, as well as the safe use of vehicles (including forklifts) and working from heights. Confined or dangerous spaces should also be identified.

Storage/Handling/ Disposal

This includes the safe storage, handling and disposal of all materials used with the potential to cause harm. This information may be provided from material safety data sheets or instructions from the supplier. Specialist advice may be necessary to ensure any special precautions required with certain materials have been taken. Safe disposal should form part of a “cradle to the grave” approach for safety and is sometimes referred to as product stewardship.

Amenities/Environment This includes consideration of private, hygienic facilities for personal use such as showers, toilets and change rooms; provision of drinking water; heating; cooling; refrigerator/ microwave for mealtimes; and infant feeding where the need exists. Heat stress may also be exacerbated by humidity levels. Exposure to heat, cold and UV radiation may be particularly important considerations for outdoor workers. Lighting within the workplace and exposure to glare should also be considered here, as should climate control; indoor air quality or the possibility of working at high or low pressure (for example at high altitude or underwater).

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Electrical This considers the potential for electrical hazards including electric shock from failure to isolate; static electricity; stored electrical energy, access to high voltage equipment and sparks in flammable/explosive atmospheres. Where live testing is necessary, only appropriately trained and qualified personnel should do so.

Noise Noise levels or noise maps have been documented where the potential for harm exists, for example if a raised voice is necessary to hear a conversation. In some cases baseline audiometry testing will be necessary. Specialist advice should be sought and attempts to remove the source of the problem should be the first line of defence. Local regulatory requirements should be known. Comparison with regulatory limits should take into account the length of exposure especially if shifts longer than 8 hours are used.

Hazardous Substances All hazardous substances (toxic, irritant) and dangerous goods (those which are flammable, combustible, corrosive or explosive) should be identified and a register kept. In some cases this will be dependent on the quantities or volumes stored. Material safety data sheets should be available and accessible to all personnel and language and literacy barriers taken into consideration at the time this information is disseminated. All hazardous goods and dangerous substances should be clearly labelled. Special requirements for transportation, handling and storage should be observed.

Biohazards Biological hazards include exposure to infection, contagious diseases, bodily fluids (including blood) or other sources of protein that may cause an allergic response – for example dust mites. The source may include food; contact with animals; plants/pollens; humans; insects; mites; sewerage; fungi or bird droppings cooling water reservoirs and air conditioning systems that may contain legionella organisms.

Radiation Sources of radiation may include ionising radiation such as x-rays and radioactivity; non-ionising radiation such as ultraviolet rays which may affect the skin or eyes; near infra-red radiation affecting the eyes; LASER’s; the heating effect from microwaves and mobile phone towers; and other extremely low frequency radiation with associated magnetic field exposure such as powerlines.

Installation/Demolition This includes planning for the safe installation of new buildings or warehouses as well as the demolition of these structures. The protection of pedestrians and others in the workplace is crucial here. Also included is the safe connection or disconnection of services such as gas, electricity, and telecommunications; protection from noise, debris or other projectiles; and the possibility of falling into excavated areas.


Programmes exist for the regular maintenance of equipment that is essential for the safe running of the operation so that unplanned breakdowns are avoided. This includes the ordering of parts and spares to enable the operation to keep in service. Repair work is carried out in a timely fashion by those that are qualified and competent to do so.

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Modifications – Peer Review/Commissioning

This involves the consideration of changes to existing infrastructure and plant/equipment and the impact that this may have on existing users and others affected. Modifications may be minor or major, and should be peer reviewed by others with the appropriate skills and knowledge. Commissioning involves checking that implemented modifications achieve their aims and that all safety impacts have in fact been considered before the project is handed over to the regular users.

Security - Site/Personal Site security ensures that those persons entering the workplace are authorised to do so and have been informed of any site rules that are applicable. Personal security involves ensuring that persons working alone are able to contact help in case of an emergency (medical or otherwise) and that precautionary measures have been put in place to reduce threats of bodily harm. Provisions should also available for removing unauthorised persons or unwelcome visitors.

Emergency Preparedness Emergency preparedness involves the preparation of contingency plans to deal with situations such as fire, natural disasters, explosions, bomb threats, and hostage situations; vapour clouds, sabotage, medical emergencies and other unwelcome events. Not only should these potential situations be identified, but the required actions documented and practiced at regular intervals. Debriefing sessions should be held after the drills to identify areas in need of improvement. Emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers should be regularly checked and maintained in good working order.

Housekeeping The workplace should be kept in a clean and tidy state to avoid trips, slips and falls; ensure clear access and egress and to avoid fire hazards.


Plant and equipment should be inspected regularly to detect as early as possible any malfunctions and monitored to ensure that the process is operating as it should be within safe limits.

Risk Review A broad based risk assessment that compares the current situation against a baseline assessment to indicate whether strategies implemented for risk reduction have been effective.

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Safe Person Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria

Safe Person Element Definition Criteria

Equal Opportunity/ Anti-Harassment

Policies are in place to ensure that all employees and others are treated with respect and dignity. There is zero tolerance towards bullying and diversity is accepted in the workplace. Awareness programs have ensured that the intention of these policies have been made clear to employees and management, as well as educating management on the forms that discrimination or harassment may take - including more subtle manifestations such as holding back pay or entitlements; undue delays for provision of resources; spreading malicious gossip; social exclusion; role ambiguity; and career stagnation or uncertainty.

Training Needs Analysis The current level of skills and competencies in the workplace has been assessed to ensure all personnel have the appropriate skills to fulfil their roles safely and competently. Provisions have been made to provide employees with new skills as their positions grow and provide refresher training to their keep skills current.

Inductions-Contractors/Visitors

All visitors and contractors to the workplace are made aware of any hazards that they are likely to encounter and understand how to take the necessary precautions to avoid any adverse effects. Information regarding the times of their presence at the workplace is recorded to allow accounting for all persons should an emergency situation arise. Entry on site is subject to acceptance of site safety rules.

Skill Acquisition – (criteria screening)

A list of the necessary skills, competencies and traits has been compiled that are considered necessary to discharge the duties of the position competently and effectively. Any pre-existing conditions that may be exacerbated by the role have been identified to ensure that vulnerable persons are not at risk by taking the position.

Work Organisation- Fatigue/ Stress Awareness

The individual arrangement of job tasks that constitute the role have been considered to ensure that the work load does not induce undue fatigue or stress, and the required level of vigilance is able to be maintained over the work period. Work breaks, pauses or other rotation of duties have been introduced where fatigue or stress inducing conditions have been identified. Fatigue may be of a physical or mental nature.

Accommodating Diversity The workplace promotes an acceptance of diversity whether this relates to cultural differences such as traditions, religious beliefs, lifestyle choices, or physical or mental disabilities to eliminate the potential for causes of psychological harm. Access for disabled persons and appropriate work environments have been provided, as well as special provisions in case of an emergency situation. The special needs of young workers, pregnant or nursing mothers, and older workers are taken into consideration. Where workers are known to have a pre-existing psychological condition, employers take care not to aggravate the condition by placing such employees into situations where they are at increased vulnerability.

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Job Descriptions-Task Structure

Job descriptions and daily tasks have been documented so that the incumbent has a clear idea of the expectations of the role and whether they are able to fulfil all their obligations. Where a difference between work expectations and ability to fulfil these exist, channels should be available to enable fair and equitable negotiation on behalf of both parties. Skills and authority levels commensurate with responsibilities allocated.

Training All employees and others affected have been made aware of local procedures and protocols. Refresher training is provided at appropriate intervals to maintain skills and provide ongoing protection from workplace hazards. Competency training has been scheduled according to the training needs analysis. All persons conducting training are appropriately qualified to do so. Training records are maintained. Evidence of competencies is available.

Behaviour Modification (PPI’s Observation Program)

Workplace behaviours are documented to positively reinforce safe working practices and to discourage unsafe behaviours that may have become habitual. This may take the form of informal inspections, unsafe act observation programs or even “mystery observers”. Each person should be encouraged to recognise hazards and take suitable precautions - including the acknowledgement of situations that they are not sufficiently skilled to deal with whilst also watching out for the safety of their colleagues.

Health Promotion Healthy lifestyle choices are promoted and an awareness program exists to educate personnel on these issues. Topics may include good nutrition, exercise, work-life balance, symptoms of substance addiction, quit campaigns and home or off-site safety tips.


Channels for networking have been established to assist performance in positions, especially where there is little on site help available. On site mentoring or buddy programs have been established where more experienced personnel are available to assist new employees adjust to their role and provide ongoing support. Pursuit of higher order skills and professional development are encouraged to grow job positions and increase workplace satisfaction.

Conflict Resolution Mediation channels are available and/or supervisors have received special training to deal with differences of opinion, relationship breakdowns or personality clashes before the situation reaches the point where workplace performance has been impaired and is noticeable by other colleagues.


Persons experiencing problems of a personal nature such as the breakdown of significant relationships, grief, substance abuse, or other emotional problems may access help in a confidential environment and receive the necessary support to enable them to continue their work duties without compromising the safety or health of others in the workplace.

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First Aid/Reporting Provisions for first aid are available that meet local regulations including the numbers of suitably qualified first aiders and sufficient quantities of first aid materials. Qualifications are kept current and first aid stocks regularly replenished. A register of workplace injuries is kept that meets local OHS regulations and notification of incidents to statutory authorities is observed as required.

Rehabilitation Provisions are made to assist injured or ill employees returning back to work without exacerbating their current condition. Attempts are made to allow them to continue with meaningful employment where such opportunities exist according to the following hierarchy – same job/same workplace; modified job/same workplace; different position/same workplace; similar or modified position/different workplace; different position/ different workplace. Return to work programmes exist and a co-ordinator has been appointed either internally or externally to meet local OHS regulations. All parties are kept informed of progress and developments.

Health Surveillance Pre-employment medicals have been undertaken to provide baseline information on the employee’s current state of health from which the effectiveness of current control strategies may be evaluated. Examinations may include lung function tests, blood or urine samples for biological monitoring, chest x-rays and audiometric testing. Where known hazardous substances are present in the workplace, this surveillance may be subject to compliance with local OHS regulations.

Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals include criteria for safe work practices and observation of site safety rules, housekeeping, and the display of safe working attitude. OHS responsibilities should be commensurate with the level of responsibility and authority bestowed. Setting good examples for workplace safety should be encouraged and valued.

Feedback Programs Feedback may take the form of suggestion boxes, perception surveys (questionnaires to gauge employee attitudes, morale, and/or perceived effectiveness of safety campaigns), or reward programs. Consideration is given to the use of variable, unpredictable reward schedules so that the benefits are maintained when the reward is removed. Rewards may include praise, recognition or increased status.


Turn over rates are reviewed to uncover the root cause for any abnormally high levels, such as problems with leadership, personality conflicts, excessive workloads, unreasonable deadlines, unpleasant physical working environment and/or work conditions. Exit interviews are conducted to gather feedback for improvement where such opportunities present.

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Safe Systems Strategies: Elements and Definition Criteria

Safe Systems Element Definition Criteria

OHS Policy An OHS policy is in place that conveys management’s intention and attitude towards safety. It is one expression of management’s will which may be used to motivate all employees to behave in a certain way and uphold certain attitudes. The credibility of the policy is witnessed by the consistency of management’s actions and responses to daily situations.

Goal Setting Goals and milestones should be set with sufficient detail to determine whether OHS issues are improving, unchanged or in decline. These goals should be consistent with the organisation’s OHS policy and the goals should be reviewed at regular intervals. Care should be taken to ensure that goals are realistic and achievable; specific; measurable; and have been adequately resourced.

Accountability Accountability for OHS issues has been allocated and there is sufficient follow through and consequences in place if these are not met to ensure that these responsibilities are taken seriously. The accountability should be commensurate with the position, and the sharing of accountabilities avoided to prevent responsibility from being diffused.


A list of projects has been identified that would bring the organisation into regulatory compliance, with responsibilities allocated and time frames for completion identified. The list is reviewed on a regular basis and demonstrable progress is evident.

Resource Allocation/Administration

Sufficient resources have been allocated to OHS issues to demonstrate that commitment is real and goals are achievable. Funds are protected from “reallocation”. Time is available and sufficient to address OHS issues, and has been budgeted for in projects and tenders.


All new plant, equipment and services have been purchased with OHS criteria taken into consideration. End users have been included in the decision making process. Safety instructions are available and training on new equipment, plant or services is provided where necessary for safe operation. Technical or specialist expertise has been acquired where written instructions are insufficient or unavailable. There is clear delineation of the point where new equipment or services have been accepted and OHS issues resolved.


All products and services supplied are provided in a safe state with OHS criteria taken into consideration to ensure that the client/customer is not exposed to harm when the products or services are used according to the suppliers instructions with all due warnings being heeded.

Competent Supervision Persons that are placed in a position of authority have the talent/ technical ability, social skills and experience necessary to do so.

401


Safe Working Procedures Sufficient procedures are in place to enable duties to be conducted consistently and to document precautions necessary to perform the job safely. Consideration is given to the level of detail incorporated so that there is a balance between providing sufficient information and allowing workers to use their judgement and experience as necessary, for example where too stringent or restrictive rules may encourage violations. The procedures should be regularly reviewed to incorporate improvements as these become available, and the level of compliance assessed.

Communication Communication channels are available to facilitate the efficient flow of information to perform workplace duties in a manner that is safe and does not induce stress. This may include sufficient contact with supervisors or colleagues, the provision of communication equipment such as telephones, internet access, or radios, access to noticeboards or newsletter, meetings and other forums for exchange whether they be formal or informal.

Consultation The opinions of employees will be considered and valued with respect to changes that may affect their health, safety or well-being. Local OHS regulations regarding the formation of safety committees are being observed, and the committee chairperson has undergone appropriate training to fulfil their tasks and duties. Meetings are conducted on a regular basis with participation of a management representative with sufficient authority to take action on items identified as being in need of corrective action. The minutes of the meetings will be kept in a secure location and made available to all employees, for example by being displayed on a noticeboard in a prominent location. Attempts are made to resolve disputes in-house before outside authorities are brought in.

Legislative Updates A list of relevant OHS legislation has been complied and access to these documents has been made available so the organisation knows what legal obligations exist and has supporting information such as standards or codes of practice available for reference. A system is in place to ensure that updates are received so that the information being acted upon is always current.

Procedural Updates Procedures are kept current to incorporate lessons learnt and other improvements as these become available. A means of removing out of date information is in place so that there is confidence that only the most current procedures are in use. Any obsolete information that is kept for archival purposes is clearly identifiable as being superseded. Training on updated methods and procedures is provided where the changes are considered to be significant.

Record Keeping/Archives Records are kept in a safe and secure location, protected from deterioration and damage by water or fire. The duration for which the records are kept is in accordance with local OHS regulations and the confidentiality of health records is enforced and respected. Regular back ups of electronic data are made where their loss would have an impact upon the safety and health of employees.

402


Customer Service – Recall/Hotlines

Information is made available to end users to address any health or safety concerns encountered during the use of the organisation’s products or services. Procedures are in place to recall goods or services in a timely manner where a danger or threat may place end users at risk after purchase.

Incident Management A system is in place to capture information regarding incidents that have occurred to avoid similar incidents from recurring. Attempts are made to address underlying causes, whilst also putting in place actions to enable a quick recovery from the situation. Root causes are pursued to the point where they are within the organisations control or influence. Reporting of incidents is encouraged with a view to improve rather than to blame. Near miss/ hits are also reported and decisions to investigate based on likelihood or potential for more serious consequences. Investigations are carried out by persons with the appropriate range of knowledge and skills.

Self Assessment Tool A list of questions has been compiled to ensure that outcomes are being achieved on a regular basis and the key requirements of OHS procedures are being adhered to. The purpose is to determine the level of compliance; whether the requirements are suitable and reasonable; and to ensure that any practical problems with the daily working of procedures are uncovered whilst the situation is still recoverable. Self - assessments are conducted on a frequent basis, for example monthly, and items are independently spot checked to improve the reliability of the results.

Audits Formal reviews of measures implemented to ensure that the prime intention of the procedures is being met and that specific criterion such as compliance with a regulation, standard or organisational OHS requirement are addressed. Objective evidence is available to support the findings. Specialist audits may be necessary to determine risks in particular areas. The frequency of audits will depend on the length of time that the OHS systems have been in place, as established systems will need less frequent audits than systems that are just being introduced. The frequency may range from a yearly basis to once every 3-5 years for specialist audits. Auditors utilised are suitably qualified and experienced.

System Review A review of all the OHS systems in place to enable the organisation to fulfil its duty of care to employees and others affected by its business undertakings. Here the system as a whole is examined to ensure that it has been set up correctly and remains suitable in light of any organisational changes or business acquisitions. Conducted typically on an annual basis.

403

Appendix 2: Study Advertisement

404

App

endi

x 3:

Stu

dy B

roch

ure

(Tri-

fold

Pam

phle

t Sid

e 1)

405

(Tri-

fold

Pam

phle

t Sid

e 2)

406

Appendix 4: The Nominal Group Technique

Guidelines as per Delbeqc

The purpose of the nominal group technique (NGT) is to engage in a

creative process that facilitates decision making in situations where there

is a “lack of agreement or incomplete state of knowledge concerning either

the nature of the problem or the components which much be included in

the successful solution.” 384

The NGT takes the format of a structured meeting adhering to the

following guidelines:384

Number of participants: Seven to ten.

Materials needed: Each participant requires writing material.

Group facilitator: Flip chart or whiteboard that prints out information

recorded and a set of five blank cards for each of the participants.

Meeting start: Participants are given information after which there is a

period of silent time allowed for the generation of a private list of ideas.

Round Robin: Each idea is shared, one at a time, and recorded in a

round robin fashion until participants have no further ideas to share. Each

idea is clarified at the time of recording.

Output from meeting: List of ideas - eighteen to twenty-five.

Voting stage: Individuals vote on the five most important ideas. The

participants write down the item number on the upper left hand corner then

write an identifying phrase on the card. Then the facilitator asks the

participants to spread their cards in front of them and identify the most

important one by writing the number 5 in the lower right hand corner,

underlining the number three times. The participants must then turn that

card over and select from the cards remaining and select the one that is

least important and write a number one in the lower right hand corner and

407

underline that three times. The leader then proceeds to ask the group to

select the most important of the next three cards and to give it a ranking

of four; then to select the least important of the remaining two and rank it

as two, and finally to write three on the last remaining card. The facilitator

then collects the all cards, shuffles them and records the results on the flip

chart. A participant can read the results out.

Final outcome: Results are then mathematically pooled. The results may

be discussed if so desired and re-voting may take place if desired.

The essential function of the NGT is to provide a means of unbiased peer

review to enhance the internal validity of the study in terms of its credibility

and trustworthiness. The selection of participants is vital as they must

bring to the process depth of knowledge, and the composition should

reflect sufficient breadth and balance to cover the topic(s) in question.

Advantages over the Delphi technique include the reduced calendar time

to achieve resolution as the Delphi method is an iterative process involving

sending out questionnaires to individual participants. This may cause

significant time lags if there are delays in having the questionnaires

returned. NGT also has the advantage of providing the stimulus of other

ideas to enhance the “brainstorming“ period.

408

Appendix 5: Case Study Protocol

Organisations expressing interest in the study will be contacted and an

appointment time made to discuss with them the details of the project. A

study brochure will be sent out to interested organisations either by mail or

email as ppropriate. All expressions of interest will be responded to.

Those studies being conducted outside the Sydney metropolitan area will

need to bear the costs of travel and accommodation for the period of the

study. Such studies will be conducted over four consecutive days.

During the introductory meeting to determine whether or not the

organisation is still interested in becoming involved, a sample report from

the pilot study will be used to illustrate the process used and what they

may expect to receive. Background material in the front of the report will

be used to explain the concepts behind the study and what the project is

hoping to achieve. An indication of likely amounts of time required for

assessing the hazard profile and effectiveness of current prevention and

control strategies will be given, which will be a minimum of two hours for

each of the three areas – safe place, safe person, safe systems. A similar

period of time will be needed upon arrival so the researcher can become

familiarised with the site and understand the context of the operation. It is

preferable that these assessments are conducted on different days for

short periods to create as little disruption to the organisation as possible.

All efforts will be made to demonstrate flexibility and co-operation with the

organisations as they have been generous enough to offer their time for

the purposes of the study.

All appointment times will be confirmed prior to the day by email or

telephone. Checks to ensure personnel will be available for escorting the

researcher whilst on site will be confirmed.

Prior to commencement of the actual study a brief informal risk

assessment will be made by the researcher to evaluate ;the need for

special precautions to be taken whilst on the site, for example whether

409

there are requirements for personal protective equipment, long sleeved

cotton shirts, safety boots and safety glasses. Also the possibility of

odours, fumes or other potential respiratory irritants will be explored.

Whilst on site, the researcher shall respect any customs and be sensitive

to concerns over confidentiality. The privacy and confidentiality of the

informant shall be respected at all times. No information will be exchanged

about other participants in the study that could give away their identity or

put them at a disadvantage from having participated in this research.

Commercial information obtained from participants for explaining the

operational context will not be used in any reports or other publications

resulting from the research.

Reports will be peer reviewed by the supervisor of the project prior to

review by members of the organisation. Feedback from the review process

will be valued. Final drafts of reports will only be issued once approval

from the organisation has been obtained. The circulation of reports will be

up to the individual organisations.

Where requested, presentation of the study findings to the management of

the organisation or OHS committee will be provided as part of the study.

Any further presentations will be conducted at the organisation’s expense.

There will be no exchange of money or payments in kind for the work

undertaken within the realms of the study. No offers for additional

consulting work will be accepted during the course of the study to ensure

that there is no conflict of interest. Recommendations for assistance with

problems identified will not be made that could be considered a conflict of

interest or that would compromise the neutrality and objectivity of the

researcher.

Participants in the study will be thanked for their co-operation and time at

the end of each meeting. All exchanges of information will be promptly

acknowledged as a matter of courtesy.

410

Areas where best practice was observed will be highlighted to the

participants to provide positive feedback. Permission to share these

experiences in a manner that does not disclose their identity will be

requested. Permission for the use of any verbatim information will be

requested and purposes for which the information will be used shall be

fully disclosed.

The work undertaken in the study will remain as the intellectual property of

the researcher, supervisor and the University of New South Wales.

411

App

endi

x 6:

Haz

ard

Prof

iling

Que

stio

nnai

re -

With

out I

nter

vent

ions

in P

lace

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ce

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ldin

g B

lock

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men

tR

isk

Fact

ors

Obs

erva

tions

Ove

rall

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elin

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essm

ent

� N

o G

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alis

ed R

isk

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ssm

ent/

Audi

t Fo

rmal

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ondu

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� S

igni

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t Ris

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ot I

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ified

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o Ba

selin

e fo

r Im

prov

emen

t Est

ablis

hed

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nom

ic

Ass

essm

ent

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orks

tatio

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ue /

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in

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epet

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emen

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wis

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k In

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tifie

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for W

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ays

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� M

inim

um H

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ls n

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412

Safe

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ce

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g B

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ors

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Ove

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Plan

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nts

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ifts/

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� S

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sure

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ipm

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ays

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eavy

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nspo

rt

413

Safe

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ce

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ldin

g B

lock

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ors

Obs

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tions

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Stor

age/

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dlin

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l �

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gero

us G

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s

� P

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e G

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� G

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Uns

tabl

e w

hen

Expo

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to W

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� U

se o

f Pal

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� T

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olid

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te P

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cts

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erat

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� G

aseo

us W

aste

� P

artic

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e W

aste

414

Safe

Pla

ce

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lock

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Fact

ors

Obs

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Ove

rall

Rat

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Am

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� E

xpos

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to H

eat/

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� E

xpos

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to C

old/

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� E

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to U

V

� D

isab

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ons

on S

ite

� P

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/ Nur

sing

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hers

on

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� P

oor L

ight

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re

� L

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� P

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� R

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� O

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quip

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� H

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� S

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se

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se o

f Vib

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g Eq

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� C

ompr

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rs o

r oth

er n

oisy

mac

hine

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415

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

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men

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isk

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ors

Obs

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Ove

rall

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ing

Haz

ardo

us

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tific

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n o

f

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� C

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lam

mab

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� A

sbes

tos

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haza

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ease

s

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xpos

ure

to B

odily

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ids-

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od/ U

rine/

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erag

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� A

nim

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vian

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� M

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s

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iatio

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X-R

ays

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fra R

ed

� L

AS

ERS

� T

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s

� R

adio

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416

Safe

Pla

ce

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men

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Inst

alla

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�

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ot P

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acili

ties

bein

g Bu

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� R

emov

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f Exi

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g In

frast

ruct

ure

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e M

aint

enan

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epai

rs

� M

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l Int

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y/R

elia

bilit

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al to

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e Fu

nctio

ning

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ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

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C

omm

issi

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g

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or o

r Maj

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hang

es B

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Mad

e to

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g

� E

quip

men

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� F

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� S

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ces

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rity

- Site

/ Pe

rson

al

� L

one

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l

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/Tem

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417

Safe

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418

Safe

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abie

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kill

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/Vis

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ents

� P

ublic

Acc

ess

419

Safe

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son

Bui

ldin

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lock

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men

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ors

Obs

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O

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t Spe

ak F

luen

tly in

Nat

iona

l Lan

guag

e

� C

omm

unic

atio

n in

oth

er L

angu

ages

Nec

essa

ry

� P

rese

nce

of M

inor

ity G

roup

s

� P

rese

nce

of S

peci

al In

tere

st G

roup

s

Job

Des

crip

tions

–

Task

Str

uctu

re

� U

ndoc

umen

ted

Task

Req

uire

men

ts

� U

ncle

ar o

r Vag

ue J

ob E

xpec

tatio

ns

� H

igh

Freq

uenc

y of

Wilf

ul V

iola

tions

� E

xpec

ted

Out

com

es N

ot A

chie

ved

in G

ener

al

� E

xpec

ted

Out

com

es N

ot A

chie

ved

in S

peci

fic A

reas

420

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tR

isk

Fact

ors

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Tr

aini

ng

� In

expe

rienc

e

� C

hang

ed M

etho

ds/P

roto

cols

� N

ew J

ob T

asks

or R

equi

rem

ents

Beh

avio

ur

Mod

ifica

tion

Prog

ram

s (P

PI’s

)

� U

nsaf

e Jo

b H

abits

� L

ittle

/ No

Cap

ital A

vaila

ble

for R

epai

rs o

r Saf

ety

Impr

ovem

ents

� H

igh

Rep

eat R

ates

for S

prai

ns/S

train

s

� H

igh

Rep

eat R

ate

for S

lips/

Trip

s

� L

ong

Tim

e La

gs fo

r Com

plet

ion

of In

vest

igat

ions

or M

aint

enan

ce J

obs

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n �

Low

Mor

ale

� H

igh

Abse

ntee

ism

� F

requ

ent I

llnes

s on

Site

� H

igh

Inci

denc

e of

Wor

king

Bac

k/ A

fter H

ours

Net

wor

king

, M

ento

ring,

Fur

ther

Ed

ucat

ion

� Is

olat

ion

from

Oth

ers

in S

imila

r Ind

ustry

� U

naw

are

of L

ates

t Tre

nds/

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e

� S

igni

fican

t Le

ngth

of T

ime

Sinc

e Q

ualif

icat

ions

Obt

aine

d

� M

ajor

Cha

nges

in W

ork

Prac

tices

Sin

ce Q

ualif

icat

ions

Obt

aine

d

� C

urre

nt R

ole

no L

onge

r Cha

lleng

ing

421

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tR

isk

Fact

ors

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g C

onfli

ct R

esol

utio

n �

Per

sona

lity

Cla

shes

� In

flexi

ble

Attit

udes

� R

eluc

tanc

e to

Del

egat

e

� R

ejec

tion

of A

dvic

e or

Gui

danc

e

� M

icro

man

agem

ent

� N

o M

echa

nism

for F

eedb

ack

� N

o M

edia

tion

Faci

litie

s Av

aila

ble

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s �

Hig

h St

ress

Env

ironm

ent

� E

xper

ienc

e of

Rec

ent G

rief/

Loss

� E

vide

nce

of S

ubst

ance

Abu

se

� S

ingl

e P

aren

t Fam

ilies

� L

ack

of S

uppo

rt N

etw

ork

� F

inan

cial

Diff

icul

ties

� S

erio

us H

ealth

Con

cern

s

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g �

Loc

al R

egul

ator

y R

equi

rem

ents

for F

irst A

id P

rovi

sion

Unk

now

n

� L

ocal

Leg

al O

HS

Rep

ortin

g O

blig

atio

ns U

nkno

wn

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ogra

m

� L

ocal

Reg

ulat

ory

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n an

d R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prog

ram

mes

� In

abili

ty to

Pro

vide

Reh

abili

tatio

n w

ithin

Org

anis

atio

n

Mic

rom

anag

emen

t

� L

ack

of L

ocal

Med

ical

Exp

ertis

e

422

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tR

isk

Fact

ors

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

�

Use

of S

ubst

ance

s Id

entif

ied

by L

ocal

OH

S R

egul

atio

ns fo

r Hea

lth

Surv

eilla

nce

� P

oten

tial f

or H

earin

g Lo

ss

� E

ffect

iven

ess

of C

urre

nt C

ontro

ls fo

r Kno

wn

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Une

stab

lishe

d

� In

form

atio

n on

Lon

g Te

rm H

ealth

Effe

cts

of o

ther

Sub

stan

ces

in u

se

Une

stab

lishe

d or

Reg

ulat

ed in

Oth

er R

egio

ns

Perf

orm

ance

A

ppra

isal

s �

Lac

k of

Con

sist

ency

Bet

wee

n Ac

tions

and

Des

ired

Safe

ty V

alue

s

� P

oor M

odel

ling

of S

afe

Beha

viou

rs

� T

oken

Com

plia

nce

with

Saf

ety

Req

uire

men

ts

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s �

Poo

r Wor

kpla

ce M

oral

e

� J

ob D

issa

tisfa

ctio

n

� H

igh

Turn

over

Rat

es

� H

igh

Leve

l of D

ispu

tes

� W

ork

to R

ule/

Goi

ng S

low

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rn O

ver

� H

igh

Turn

Ove

r Rat

es

� F

requ

ent R

eque

sts

for T

rans

fers

� H

igh

Stre

ss E

nviro

nmen

t - P

oten

tial f

or B

urn

Out

� H

igh

Leve

l of L

itiga

tion

423

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g O

HS

Polic

y �

Mul

tiple

Site

s

� R

emot

e/ O

ff Si

te M

anag

emen

t

� L

arge

Org

anis

atio

n

� L

ack

of F

ocus

/ Dire

ctio

n in

OH

S

� U

ncer

tain

Pat

hway

to O

HS

Impr

ovem

ent

� O

HS

View

ed a

s an

Impe

dim

ent t

o Pr

ogre

ss

Goa

l Set

ting

� L

arge

OH

S Im

prov

emen

ts N

eede

d - P

oten

tially

Ove

rwhe

lmin

g

� S

carc

e R

esou

rces

to A

ddre

ss O

HS

Issu

es

� W

ides

prea

d C

ynic

ism

Bet

wee

n W

orke

rs a

nd M

anag

emen

t/

Exec

utiv

e St

aff

Acc

ount

abili

ty

� F

ear o

f Per

sona

l Lia

bilit

y

� P

erso

ns in

Pos

ition

s of

Aut

horit

y In

expe

rienc

ed w

ith F

iner

Det

ails

of th

e R

oles

� In

suffi

cien

t Res

ourc

es o

f Cap

ital,

Tim

e, o

r Tec

hnic

al

Com

pete

nce

� R

ejec

tion

of S

afet

y Vi

sion

/ Val

ues

� S

trong

Des

ire to

Tra

nsfe

r Res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r OH

S El

sew

here

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s

� P

athw

ay to

Leg

al C

ompl

ianc

e U

nkno

wn

� L

ack

of S

peci

alis

t Exp

ertis

e

� U

nwill

ingn

ess

to B

ecom

e In

form

ed

424

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g R

esou

rce

Allo

catio

n/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

� P

endi

ng S

ale/

Tran

sfer

of B

usin

ess

� R

egro

upin

g of

Bus

ines

s U

nits

� P

oten

tial f

or S

afet

y Fu

ndin

g to

be

Tran

sfer

red

Else

whe

re

� F

ailu

re to

App

reci

ate

Rea

listic

Tim

e/ R

esou

rce

Nee

ds

Proc

urem

ent w

ith

OH

S C

riter

ia

� O

HS

Crit

eria

Ass

ocia

ted

with

Lar

ge In

crea

se in

Pro

cure

men

t

Cos

ts

� Is

olat

ion

or L

ack

of C

omm

unic

atio

n Be

twee

n E

nd U

sers

and

thos

e th

at P

roce

ss P

urch

asin

g O

rder

s

� In

suffi

cien

t Tim

e La

g Al

low

ed to

Und

erst

and

and

Take

OH

S

Crit

eria

into

Acc

ount

for e

g. “U

rgen

t Req

uest

s”

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

�

Inab

ility

to F

ores

ee A

ll En

d U

ser A

pplic

atio

ns

� P

oten

tial f

or M

isap

prop

riate

Use

of F

inal

Pro

duct

/Ser

vice

� C

ompe

titor

s U

nder

cutti

ng b

y no

t Mee

ting

OH

S C

riter

ia

� S

uppl

y w

ithou

t Kno

wle

dge

of E

nd U

ser A

pplic

atio

n

Com

pete

nt

Supe

rvis

ion

� S

uper

viso

r Ine

xper

ienc

ed o

r Fu

nctio

ning

“O

ut o

f Are

a” o

f

Expe

rtise

� O

n th

e Jo

b Tr

aini

ng V

ersu

s Fo

rmal

Qua

lific

atio

ns

� S

uper

viso

r Und

er-R

esou

rced

� S

uper

viso

r Ove

r-Lo

aded

425

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g Sa

fe W

orki

ng

Proc

edur

es

� M

etho

ds P

asse

d O

n, N

ot D

ocum

ente

d

� R

ecen

t Exp

erie

nce

of In

jury

/ Illn

ess

Dur

ing

Proc

ess

� P

erce

ptio

ns o

f Wea

knes

s As

soci

ated

with

Kno

wn

Safe

Pra

ctic

es

� C

onfli

ct o

f Int

eres

ts-P

rodu

ctio

n Pr

essu

re to

Incr

ease

Rat

es/V

olum

e of

Thr

ough

put

� L

ack

of E

nfor

cem

ent

Com

mun

icat

ion

� Is

olat

ed W

ork

Envi

ronm

ents

� N

oisy

Env

ironm

ents

� L

ack

of IT

Fac

ilitie

s

� T

ime

for C

omm

unic

atio

n Ac

tiviti

es n

ot F

acto

red

into

Dai

ly

Wor

kloa

d

� H

ighl

y C

onfid

entia

l Mat

eria

l/ Po

tent

ial f

or S

ecur

ity B

reac

hes

� D

isin

tere

st

Con

sulta

tion

� A

utoc

ratic

/ Dic

tato

rial

Man

agem

ent S

tyle

� In

flexi

ble

Plan

s - R

eluc

tanc

e to

Acc

omm

odat

e C

hang

es

� D

ecis

ions

Mad

e R

emot

ely

and

Exp

ecte

d to

Filt

er D

own

� R

eper

cuss

ions

Exp

ecte

d (D

irect

or I

ndire

ct) f

or Q

uest

ioni

ng

Man

agem

ent D

ecis

ions

or P

olic

y

� N

o Sa

fety

Com

mitt

ee o

n Si

te

426

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g Le

gisl

ativ

e U

pdat

es

� L

ack

of F

undi

ng to

Upd

ate

Ref

eren

ce M

ater

ial

� N

o La

rge

Cor

pora

te In

frast

ruct

ure

to P

ool R

esou

rces

� S

train

ed R

elat

ions

hips

with

Loc

al O

HS

Auth

ority

� L

ack

of K

now

ledg

e of

Ava

ilabl

e R

esou

rces

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

� M

echa

nics

for U

pdat

ing

are

Per

ceiv

ed a

s Te

diou

s

� N

umer

ous

Cop

ies

in C

ircul

atio

n –

not W

eb-B

ased

.

� S

uper

sede

d In

form

atio

n no

t Rem

oved

Fro

m C

ircul

atio

n

� In

abili

ty to

Iden

tify

Late

st U

pdat

e –

No

Dat

e/R

evis

ion

Num

ber o

n

Doc

umen

ts

� R

espo

nsib

ility

for U

pdat

ing

Proc

edur

es n

ot A

lloca

ted

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ A

rchi

ves

� S

tora

ge F

acili

ties

Not

Allo

cate

d

� S

tora

ge F

acili

ties

Not

Fire

/ Wea

ther

Pro

of

� L

egal

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r Rec

ord

Keep

ing

Unk

now

n

� R

espo

nsib

ility

for R

ecor

d Ke

epin

g no

t Allo

cate

d

� R

ecen

t Mov

es/ T

rans

fers

of P

rem

ises

427

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g C

usto

mer

Ser

vice

- R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

�

His

tory

of C

usto

mer

Com

plai

nts

� E

xtre

me

Diff

icul

ty in

Log

istic

s of

Rec

allin

g Pr

oduc

t – S

mal

l Tim

e

Lags

Bet

wee

n P

urch

ase

and

Con

sum

ptio

n of

Goo

ds/S

ervi

ce

� N

o R

ecal

l Pro

cedu

re in

Pla

ce

� N

o In

form

atio

n H

otlin

e/ N

umbe

r Ava

ilabl

e

� N

o E

xper

tise

to H

andl

e Q

uerie

s

� H

igh

Thre

at to

Rep

utat

ion/

Pub

lic Im

age

if a

Rec

all O

ccur

red

� R

eper

cuss

ions

Exp

ecte

d

(Dire

ct o

r Ind

irect

) if R

ecal

l

Occ

urre

d

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

� H

igh

Rep

eat R

ate

for P

artic

ular

Inju

ry/ I

llnes

s Ty

pes

� “K

nee

Jerk

” Rea

ctio

ns to

Indi

vidu

al In

cide

nts

� R

espo

nses

to P

revi

ous

have

bee

n K

now

n to

Cre

ate

Prob

lem

s

Else

whe

re

� R

eluc

tanc

e to

Rep

ort I

ncid

ents

– L

ack

of P

erce

ived

Val

ue

� P

erso

nal R

eper

cuss

ions

Exp

ecte

d (D

irect

or I

ndire

ct) f

or

Rep

ortin

g of

Neg

ativ

e E

vent

s

� T

edio

us P

aper

wor

k R

equi

rem

ents

428

Safe

Sys

tem

B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s O

bser

vatio

nsO

vera

ll R

atin

g Se

lf A

sses

smen

t To

ol�

Key

Out

puts

of C

urre

nt C

ontro

l/Pre

vent

ion

Stra

tegi

es N

ot

Iden

tifie

d

� H

igh

Leve

l of N

on-C

ompl

ianc

e w

ith L

ocal

Pro

cedu

res/

Prot

ocol

s

� Im

prac

tical

or U

nrea

listic

Req

uire

men

ts

� N

ew P

roce

dure

s/ P

roto

cols

in P

lace

� P

oten

tial f

or P

reve

ntio

n/ C

ontro

l Stra

tegi

es to

go

“Off-

Trac

k”

With

out C

lose

Mon

itorin

g

� A

reas

of W

eakn

ess

Susp

ecte

d

Aud

its

� O

HS

MS

in “S

et-U

p” p

hase

� A

bilit

y of

Cur

rent

Sys

tem

to M

eet R

equi

rem

ents

of S

tand

ards

/

Lega

l Dut

ies

in Q

uest

ion

� A

dequ

acy

of C

urre

nt O

HS

MS

to R

efle

ct L

ocal

Cha

nges

in

Prac

tices

/ Stru

ctur

es In

Que

stio

n

� S

yste

m W

eakn

ess

Susp

ecte

d

� F

ailu

re to

Del

iver

Exp

ecte

d O

utco

mes

or S

uffic

ient

Lev

els

of

Impr

ovem

ent

� S

yste

m S

tagn

atio

n

Syst

em R

evie

w

� E

ffect

iven

ess

of C

urre

nt P

reve

ntio

n/ C

ontro

l Stra

tegi

es U

nkno

wn

or in

Que

stio

n

� U

se o

f Out

date

d Pr

even

tion/

Con

trol M

etho

ds

� In

suffi

cien

t Res

ourc

es C

urre

ntly

Allo

cate

d fo

r OH

S N

eeds

429

App

endi

x 7:

Ass

essm

ent o

f Cur

rent

Con

trol

s ag

ains

t Pro

pose

d Sa

fe P

lace

, Saf

e Pe

rson

, Sa

fe S

yste

ms

Fram

ewor

k

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g B

asel

ine

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t �

Gen

eral

ised

Ris

k As

sess

men

t Con

duct

ed

� S

igni

fican

t Ris

ks Id

entif

ied

� P

riorit

ies

for I

mpr

ovem

ent E

stab

lishe

d

Ergo

nom

ic

Ass

essm

ent

� E

nd U

ser I

nput

Sou

ght

� U

ser F

riend

ly W

orks

tatio

ns

� L

iftin

g D

evic

es in

Use

� A

naly

sis

of W

ork

Mov

emen

ts

� S

peci

alis

t Adv

ice

Soug

ht w

here

Nec

essa

ry

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

� E

mer

genc

y E

xits

Cle

ar

� F

ire D

oors

Cle

ar

� S

tairw

ays/

Wal

kway

s/R

ails

Com

plia

nt w

ith L

ocal

Reg

ulat

ions

� In

depe

nden

t Em

erge

ncy

Exi

t Lig

htin

g

430

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Pl

ant/E

quip

men

t �

Res

trict

ions

on

Use

of S

peci

alis

t or H

igh

Pres

sure

Equ

ipm

ent

� M

achi

ne G

uard

ing

� M

aint

enan

ce R

egis

ters

for C

rane

s/ H

oist

s

� R

estri

ctio

ns a

nd P

lann

ed M

aint

enan

ce fo

r Use

of L

ifts/

Ele

vato

rs/ T

rave

lato

rs

� T

rain

ing/

Com

pete

ncy

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r the

use

Sca

ffold

ing/

Sci

ssor

Lift

s/

Che

rry

Pick

ers/

Fal

l Arr

esto

rs

� R

estri

ctio

ns fo

r Acc

ess

to R

oofs

� R

estri

ctio

ns o

n th

e U

se o

f Lad

ders

� R

estri

cted

Acc

ess

and

Iden

tific

atio

n of

Con

fined

Spa

ces

� S

pray

Pai

ntin

g Bo

oths

� P

roce

dure

s fo

r Use

of G

rindi

ng W

heel

s

� V

ehic

le a

nd D

river

Che

cks

� L

oadi

ng P

latfo

rms

� T

rans

fer H

ose/

Cou

plin

g C

heck

s fo

r Mai

nten

ance

� E

arth

ing

Faci

litie

s

� C

ompe

tenc

y R

equi

rem

ents

for F

orkl

ift D

river

s

� S

peed

Lim

its E

nfor

ced

� R

estri

cted

Ped

estri

an A

cces

s

431

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g St

orag

e/H

andl

ing/

D

ispo

sal

� S

uita

ble

Dan

gero

us G

oods

Sto

rage

– S

egre

gatio

n, H

ousi

ng a

nd

Mas

s/Vo

lum

e R

estri

ctio

ns O

bser

ved

� S

harp

Dis

posa

l Fac

ilitie

s

� S

tabl

e St

acki

ng A

rran

gem

ents

� C

ompl

iant

Tra

de W

aste

Con

nect

ion

� E

PA

Com

plai

nt V

ents

/Fla

res

� D

ust C

olle

ctio

n/ R

emov

al D

evic

es

� W

aste

Rem

oval

Con

tract

s in

Pla

ce

432

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g A

men

ities

/ En

viro

nmen

t �

Clim

ate

Con

trol

�Pr

otec

tion

from

Col

d/W

ind

� S

un P

rote

ctio

n

� W

ork/

Res

t Sc

hedu

les

� D

isab

led

Acce

ss

� In

door

Air

Qua

lity

Che

cks

� D

irect

iona

l Lig

htin

g

� F

luor

esce

nt L

ight

Diff

user

Cov

ers

� E

ven/

Smoo

th W

alki

ng S

urfa

ces

� H

ygie

nic

Area

s fo

r Eat

ing/

Foo

d Pr

epar

atio

n an

d St

orag

e

� P

rofe

ssio

nal C

ater

ing

Serv

ices

� H

ygie

nic

Was

hroo

m F

acili

ties

� P

rovi

sion

s fo

r Nur

sing

Mot

hers

� P

rivac

y-M

ail/

Pers

onal

Effe

cts

� P

rovi

sion

of R

ecre

atio

n/So

cial

Are

as

433

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g El

ectr

ical

�

Isol

atio

n Pr

oced

ures

� U

se o

f Aut

horis

ed/ Q

ualif

ied

Rep

aire

rs

� Le

ad/C

able

Che

cks

� C

ircui

t Bre

aker

s

� U

se o

f Res

idua

l Cur

rent

Det

ecto

rs

� H

igh

Volta

ge P

roce

dure

s

� S

tatic

Ele

ctric

ity –

Use

of

Earth

ing

Dev

ices

or N

on-C

ondu

ctin

g M

ater

ials

� L

ight

ning

Pro

tect

ion

Noi

se

� N

oise

Map

s Es

tabl

ishe

d

� S

ound

Insu

latio

n

� U

se o

f Sou

nd A

bsor

bing

Mat

eria

ls o

n W

alls

/Flo

ors

� S

trate

gic

Layo

ut o

f Noi

sy E

quip

men

t to

Avo

id A

mpl

ifica

tion

� S

oft M

ount

ings

for V

ibra

ting

Equi

pmen

t

� R

egul

ar M

aint

enan

ce o

f Noi

se P

rodu

cing

Equ

ipm

ent

� U

se o

f Hea

ring

Prot

ectio

n

Haz

ardo

us

Subs

tanc

es

� E

nviro

nmen

tal M

onito

ring

� P

erso

nal M

onito

ring

� B

iolo

gica

l Mon

itorin

g

� H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Reg

iste

r/ In

vent

ory

� U

pdat

ed M

SDS

Ava

ilabl

e

� A

pplic

atio

n of

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Con

trols

434

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g B

ioha

zard

s �

Vac

cina

tion

Prog

ram

s

� U

nive

rsal

Pre

caut

ions

� B

arrie

r Met

hods

� P

est C

ontro

l

� D

amp

Con

trol

� Q

uara

ntin

e/ Is

olat

ion

Proc

edur

es

� T

rave

l Res

trict

ions

� A

llerg

en A

war

enes

s –C

ontin

genc

y Pl

ans

for U

nexp

ecte

d E

xpos

ures

� D

econ

tam

inat

ion

Proc

edur

es

Rad

iatio

n �

Res

trict

ed A

cces

s

� W

arni

ngs

� B

arrie

rs/ I

sola

tion

Proc

edur

es

Inst

alla

tion/

D

emol

ition

�

Spe

cific

atio

ns A

gree

d

� R

estri

cted

Acc

ess/

Ped

estri

an S

afet

y

� C

omm

issi

onin

g Pe

riod

Def

ined

� F

orm

al A

ccep

tanc

e Af

ter T

estin

g/ S

uita

bilit

y D

eter

min

ed

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

� P

lann

ed M

aint

enan

ce S

ched

ule

In P

lace

� Q

ualif

ied/

Suita

ble

Rep

aire

rs

� R

epor

ting

of M

alfu

nctio

ns

� C

ritic

al S

pare

Par

ts o

n Si

te

435

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g M

odifi

catio

ns –

Pee

r R

evie

w

Com

mis

sion

ing

� P

eer R

evie

w

� C

omm

issi

onin

g Pe

riod

� F

orm

al H

ando

ver o

f Cha

nged

Equ

ipm

ent/F

acili

ties

Secu

rity

–Site

/ Pe

rson

al

� S

ite S

ecur

ity C

heck

s

� S

ecur

e Pr

emis

es

� C

omm

unic

atio

n Eq

uipm

ent A

vaila

ble

- Mob

ile P

hone

s/Pa

gers

� D

ures

s S

witc

hes

Use

d

� R

estri

cted

Acc

ess

– In

terc

oms

and/

or U

se o

f Phy

sica

l Bar

riers

� L

one

Wor

ker P

roce

dure

s/ C

omm

unic

atio

n Pr

otoc

ols

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

� E

mer

genc

y Pl

ans

� P

lans

Reg

ular

ly U

pdat

ed

� E

mer

genc

y As

sem

bly

Area

s Id

entif

ied

� R

eady

Acc

ess

to C

ritic

al C

onta

cts/

Pho

ne N

umbe

rs

� E

mer

genc

y D

rills

� D

ebrie

fing

Sess

ions

Hou

seke

epin

g �

Reg

ular

Insp

ectio

ns

� C

heck

lists

/Pro

mpt

s A

vaila

ble

� R

epor

ting

Mec

hani

sm

436

Safe

Pla

ce

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

tPr

even

tion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Pl

ant

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g �

Key

Inpu

ts (R

aw M

ater

ials

) to

Pro

cess

Iden

tifie

d

� K

ey L

abou

r Inp

uts

Iden

tifie

d

� K

ey E

quip

men

t Set

tings

/ Ide

ntifi

ed

� O

utpu

t Mea

sure

s Id

entif

ied

Ris

k R

evie

w

� C

ompa

rison

s M

ade

Aga

inst

Bas

elin

e D

ata

� L

evel

of P

rogr

ess

Asse

ssed

�Ar

eas

for F

utur

e Im

prov

emen

ts Id

entif

ied

437

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Eq

ual O

ppor

tuni

ty/

Ant

i Har

assm

ent

� C

omm

itmen

t to

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

� A

nti-H

aras

smen

t Pol

icy

� A

nti -

Dis

crim

inat

ion

Polic

y

� Z

ero

Tole

ranc

e of

Wor

k Pl

ace

Bully

ing

� F

amily

Frie

ndly

Wor

k Ar

rang

emen

ts

Trai

ning

Nee

ds

Ana

lysi

s �

Ski

lls In

vent

ory

Exi

sts

� J

ob G

row

th/ S

ucce

ssio

n Pl

ans

in P

lace

and

Nec

essa

ry S

kills

Iden

tifie

d

� G

ap A

naly

sis

Car

ried

Out

Bet

wee

n Sk

ills

Req

uire

d an

d Sk

ills

Pres

ent

Prov

isio

ns M

ade

for t

he F

ollo

win

g:

� A

war

enes

s Tr

aini

ng fo

r Site

Spe

cific

/ Org

anis

atio

n Sp

ecifi

c Pr

oced

ures

� R

efre

sher

Tra

inin

g w

here

Upd

atin

g Sk

ills

is Im

porta

nt

� C

hild

/Stu

dent

Pro

tect

ion

Trai

ning

� S

kills

to F

acili

tate

Suc

cess

ion

Plan

s / P

rom

otio

ns

438

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g In

duct

ions

–C

ontr

acto

rs/V

isito

rs

� V

isito

r Log

� In

duct

ions

Ava

ilabl

e fo

r Vis

itors

� In

duct

ions

for C

onta

ctor

s

� S

ite S

afet

y R

ules

Ava

ilabl

e

� S

taff

Iden

tific

atio

n

� C

ontra

ctor

Iden

tific

atio

n

� V

isito

r Ide

ntifi

catio

n

� R

efer

ence

/ Rec

ord

Che

cks

� C

lear

Dire

ctio

ns/ S

igna

ge fo

r Vis

itors

and

Con

tract

ors

Skill

Acq

uisi

tion

(Crit

eria

Scr

eeni

ng)

� P

re-e

mpl

oym

ent S

elec

tion

Crit

eria

Set

� D

iscl

osur

e R

equi

red

of P

re-E

xist

ing

Con

ditio

ns th

at m

ay b

e E

xace

rbat

ed b

y th

e

Rol

e

� C

ompe

tenc

y Te

stin

g

� A

ptitu

de/ P

sych

olog

y Te

stin

g

� R

efer

ence

Che

ckin

g

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

–Fa

tigue

/Str

ess

Aw

aren

ess

� C

aref

ul S

hift

Pat

tern

Sel

ectio

n

� In

trodu

ctio

n of

Wor

k/ R

est P

ause

s

� J

ob R

otat

ion/

Enr

ichm

ent

� B

right

Lig

htin

g/ G

ood

Air C

ircul

atio

n D

urin

g N

ight

Shi

ft

� M

eal B

reak

s at

Reg

ular

Tim

es

� A

utho

rity

Com

men

sura

te w

ith R

espo

nsib

ility

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

for E

mpl

oyee

s to

Neg

otia

te th

eir W

orkl

oad

439

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g A

ccom

mod

atin

g D

iver

sity

�

Lite

racy

Tes

ting

(Dire

ct o

r Ind

irect

)

� T

rans

latio

ns A

vaila

ble

of C

ritic

al In

form

atio

n

� In

terp

rete

r Fac

ilitie

s

� U

se o

f Vis

ual T

rain

ing

Mat

eria

l

� O

pen/

Acc

eptin

g W

orkp

lace

Atti

tude

� R

espe

ct o

f Cus

tom

s/ T

radi

tions

Job

Des

crip

tions

–

Task

Str

uctu

re

� K

ey T

asks

Doc

umen

ted

� R

ealis

tic G

oals

/ Exp

ecta

tions

Doc

umen

ted

� R

egul

ar F

eedb

ack

on E

xpec

tatio

ns O

btai

ned

from

Enc

umbe

nts

� A

naly

se R

ole/

Tas

ks b

y Br

eaki

ng it

Dow

n in

to D

iscr

ete

Step

s to

Ens

ure

that

it

Inco

rpor

ates

OH

S C

riter

ia

Trai

ning

�

On

the

Job

Trai

ning

Offe

red

� T

rain

ing

In N

ew P

roce

dure

s

� T

rain

ing

in C

hang

es to

Pro

cedu

res

� Q

ualif

ied

Trai

ning

Per

sona

l

� A

sses

smen

t of L

earn

ing

Out

com

es

� E

valu

atio

n of

Tra

inin

g U

nder

take

n

� T

rain

ing

Doc

umen

ted/

Rec

orde

d

440

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g B

ehav

iour

M

odifi

catio

n Pr

ogra

ms

(PPI

’s)

� S

afe

Wor

kpla

ce B

ehav

iour

s Id

entif

ied

� O

bser

vatio

n Pr

ogra

ms

in P

lace

� F

eedb

ack

of R

esul

ts A

vaila

ble

� P

ositi

ve R

einf

orce

men

t of D

esira

ble

Wor

k Pr

actic

es

� C

heck

s to

Ens

ure

that

Uns

afe

Beha

viou

rs a

re n

ot b

eing

Inad

verte

ntly

Rei

nfor

ced

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n �

Hea

lthy

Life

styl

e/ C

hoic

es In

form

atio

n A

vaila

ble

� L

ife/ W

ork

Bala

nce

Prom

oted

� O

ff-Si

te/ S

afet

y at

Hom

e Pr

omot

ed

� G

uida

nce

to A

cces

sing

Spe

cial

ist H

ealth

Ser

vice

s O

ffere

d

� R

ecre

atio

n Fa

cilit

ies

Ava

ilabl

e

Net

wor

king

, M

ento

ring,

Fur

ther

Ed

ucat

ion

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to N

etw

ork

Prom

oted

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to A

ttend

Con

fere

nces

Ava

ilabl

e

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to U

pdat

e Q

ualif

icat

ions

Pro

mot

ed

� M

ento

rs A

lloca

ted/

Ava

ilabl

e

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to E

xpre

ss C

once

rn A

vaila

ble

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

Ava

ilabl

e to

Rec

onci

le D

iffer

ence

s

� In

depe

nden

t Che

ckin

g of

Wor

k Pr

actic

es

� G

rieva

nce

Proc

edur

es

� A

ppro

pria

te B

lend

of P

erso

nalit

y Ty

pes/

Man

ager

ial S

tyle

s

441

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e Pr

ogra

ms

� P

rovi

sion

of P

rofe

ssio

nal a

nd C

onfid

entia

l Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e

� C

ouns

ellin

g S

kills

in-H

ouse

or A

cces

s to

Off-

Site

Cou

nsel

ling

� D

irect

ion

to S

peci

alis

t Pro

gram

s W

here

Nec

essa

ry

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g �

Com

plia

nt F

irst A

id F

acili

ties

� C

orre

ct N

umbe

r of A

ppro

pria

tely

Qua

lifie

d Fi

rst A

ider

s on

Site

� R

esto

ckin

g of

Firs

t Aid

Mat

eria

ls C

onsu

med

� S

uffic

ient

ly D

etai

led

and

Com

plia

nt R

ecor

ds A

vaila

ble

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ogra

m

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

ider

Allo

cate

d

� R

etur

n To

Wor

k C

o-or

dina

tor A

lloca

ted

and

Appr

opria

tely

Tra

ined

� R

etur

n to

Wor

k Po

licy/

Pro

gram

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Bas

elin

e a

nd O

ngoi

ng S

urve

illan

ce fo

r the

Fol

low

ing

as A

ppro

pria

te:

� P

erso

nal M

onito

ring

� B

iolo

gica

l Mon

itorin

g

� E

nviro

nmen

tal M

onito

ring

� A

udio

met

ric T

estin

g

� M

edic

al C

heck

s/ S

cree

ning

� D

ocum

enta

tion

and

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

of H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

Rec

ords

� A

naly

sis

of H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

Res

ults

and

Act

ion

Leve

ls S

et

442

Safe

Per

son

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

Ele

men

t P

reve

nti

on

an

d C

on

tro

l Str

ateg

ies

Obs

erva

tions

O

vera

ll R

atin

g Pe

rfor

man

ce

App

rais

als

� S

afe

Wor

king

Crit

eria

Incl

uded

as

Part

of J

ob D

escr

iptio

n

� O

bjec

tive

Evi

denc

e of

Saf

e W

ork

Attit

udes

� O

bjec

tive

Evi

denc

e of

Saf

e W

ork

Prac

tices

� R

espo

nsib

ility

/Acc

ount

abili

ty D

esig

nate

d as

App

ropr

iate

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s �

Sug

gest

ion

Boxe

s

� E

valu

atio

n M

ater

ial

� P

erce

ptio

n Su

rvey

s

� N

otic

e Bo

ards

� N

ews

Lette

rs/ E

-Let

ters

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rn O

ver

� E

xit I

nter

view

s C

ondu

cted

� R

easo

ns fo

r Tur

n-O

ver I

dent

ified

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to R

educ

e Tu

rn-O

ver C

onsi

dere

d

443

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

OH

S Po

licy

� O

HS

Polic

y or

OH

S Va

lues

and

Vis

ion

Stat

emen

t

� E

vide

nce

of O

HS

Polic

y in

Pra

ctic

e A

vaila

ble

� C

omm

unic

atio

n of

OH

S Po

licy

to In

tere

sted

Par

ties

� R

evie

w o

f OH

S Po

licy

to R

efle

ct C

urre

nt Is

sues

� C

onsi

sten

cy B

etw

een

Man

agem

ent A

ctio

ns a

nd P

olic

y St

atem

ent

Goa

l Set

ting

� B

reak

dow

n of

Lar

ger G

oals

into

Man

agea

ble

Prop

ortio

ns

� U

se o

f “SM

ART”

Crit

eria

–Sp

ecifi

c, M

easu

rabl

e, A

chie

vabl

e, R

ealis

tic

and

Tim

ely

� R

egul

ar R

evie

w o

f Pro

gres

s Ag

ains

t Set

Tar

gets

� C

omm

unic

atio

n of

Res

ults

Acc

ount

abili

ty

� A

ccou

ntab

ility

Allo

cate

d to

thos

e w

ith th

e C

ompe

tenc

e, A

utho

rity

and

Res

ourc

es to

Man

age

Rol

es E

ffect

ivel

y

� S

elec

tion

of A

ccou

ntab

le P

erso

nnel

Will

ing

and

Con

fiden

t to

Tak

e on

Res

pons

ibili

ty

� T

eam

Spi

rit –

Eve

ryon

e is

Res

pons

ible

for S

afet

y in

Som

e W

ay

� C

o-O

pera

tion

Betw

een

Busi

ness

Uni

ts, O

HS

Res

pons

ibili

ty N

ot Is

olat

ed,

but I

nteg

rate

d

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/

Gap

Ana

lysi

s �

Due

Dili

genc

e Pl

an C

ompl

eted

� P

roje

cts

Res

ourc

ed a

nd R

esou

rces

Sec

ure

� T

ime

Line

s Ag

reed

Upo

n

� P

rogr

ess

Reg

ular

ly R

evie

wed

444

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

A

dmin

istr

atio

n �

Man

agem

ent C

omm

itmen

t to

OH

S Pr

ojec

ts a

nd O

ngoi

ng O

HS

Nee

ds

� P

rote

ctio

n of

Fun

ds A

lloca

ted

to O

HS

Cau

ses

� P

rovi

sion

of

Suffi

cien

t Tim

e to

Ful

fil O

HS

Req

uire

men

ts

� P

rovi

sion

of N

eces

sary

Exp

ertis

e (In

-hou

se o

r Ext

erna

l)

� R

egul

ar R

evie

w o

f OH

S E

xpen

ditu

re

� R

esou

rces

Allo

cate

d to

Cov

er C

ritic

al A

bsen

ces

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

�

Gen

eral

OH

S C

riter

ia In

corp

orat

ed in

to P

urch

ases

� S

peci

fic O

HS

Crit

eria

Con

side

red

Prio

r to

Sele

ctio

n of

Pur

chas

ed

Goo

ds/ S

ervi

ces

Afte

r End

Use

r Con

sulta

tion

� C

onsi

dera

tion

of O

HS

Crit

eria

Incl

uded

in C

apita

l Exp

endi

ture

App

rova

ls

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

�

Goo

ds /S

ervi

ces

Supp

lied

with

OH

S C

riter

ia T

aken

into

Con

side

ratio

n

� In

stru

ctio

ns S

uppl

ied

for S

afe

Use

Whe

re A

pplic

able

� M

SDS

Shee

ts S

uppl

ied

for H

azar

dous

Mat

eria

ls

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

� S

uper

viso

rs w

ith A

ppro

pria

te E

xper

ienc

e an

d C

ompe

tenc

e Al

loca

ted

� S

uper

viso

rs A

lloca

ted

Rea

listic

Num

bers

to S

uper

vise

– A

ble

to G

ive

Adeq

uate

Atte

ntio

n

� A

uthe

ntic

Lea

ders

hip

by E

xam

ple/

Con

sist

ency

Safe

Wor

king

Pr

oced

ures

�

Doc

umen

ted

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

with

Suf

ficie

nt D

etai

l to

Perfo

rm

the

Task

Saf

ely

� T

rain

ing

on S

afe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

� M

etho

d fo

r Ale

rting

of C

hang

es to

Pro

cedu

res

� E

duca

tion/

Aw

aren

ess

of H

iera

rchy

of C

ontro

ls

445

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

Com

mun

icat

ion

� U

se o

f New

slet

ters

, E-L

ette

rs, N

otic

eboa

rds,

Pos

ters

� A

cces

s to

IT E

quip

men

t/ Te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns

� A

war

enes

s/ M

otiv

atio

n C

ampa

igns

� S

ecur

ity M

easu

res

for A

cces

s to

Con

fiden

tial M

ater

ial

� U

p to

Dat

e Ph

one

and/

or E

mai

l Dire

ctor

ies

� M

eetin

gs o

ne o

n on

e w

ith te

ams

Con

sulta

tion

� S

ite S

afet

y C

omm

ittee

� V

alui

ng o

f Em

ploy

ee O

pini

ons

� F

orum

Est

ablis

hed

to M

ake

Pen

ding

Cha

nges

Kno

wn

Befo

re

Impl

emen

tatio

n

� P

erio

d of

Tim

e Se

t to

Con

side

r Com

men

t or F

eedb

ack

on P

ropo

sed

Cha

nges

� T

rans

pare

nt D

ecis

ion

Mak

ing

Proc

ess

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

�

Acc

ess

to U

pdat

e Al

erts

� S

ubsc

riptio

n to

Upd

atin

g Se

rvic

e

� M

echa

nism

to D

istri

bute

Upd

ates

� R

emov

al o

f Sup

erse

ded

Info

rmat

ion

� Im

pact

of C

hang

es A

sses

sed

and

Nec

essa

ry A

ctio

ns Im

plem

ente

d

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

� M

echa

nism

to T

rigge

r Upd

atin

g fro

m P

roce

dure

Aut

hors

� M

echa

nism

to D

istri

bute

Upd

ates

� R

emov

al o

f Sup

erse

ded

Info

rmat

ion

� T

rain

ing

on P

roce

dura

l Cha

nges

Impl

emen

ted/

Rec

orde

d

446

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ A

rchi

ves

� S

ecur

e, F

irepr

oof,

Wea

ther

proo

f Sto

rage

Fac

ilitie

s

� T

ime

Perio

ds fo

r Kee

ping

Doc

umen

ts Id

entif

ied

and

Rec

orde

d

� C

onfid

entia

lity

Proc

edur

es in

Pla

ce

� R

egul

ar B

ack

Up/

Arc

hivi

ng

� R

ecor

ds M

aint

aine

d

� C

ompl

ianc

e w

ith Id

entif

ied

Tim

e Pe

riods

for A

rchi

ving

Rec

ords

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce-

Rec

all/H

otlin

es

� R

ecal

l Pro

cedu

re in

Pla

ce

� H

otlin

e/ C

usto

mer

Ser

vice

Num

ber E

stab

lishe

d

� A

ppro

pria

te T

echn

ical

Exp

ertis

e A

vaila

ble

to H

andl

e Q

uerie

s

� Q

uara

ntin

e Fa

cilit

ies

Ava

ilabl

e if

Appr

opria

te

� O

ffici

al C

omm

unic

atio

ns C

hann

els

Esta

blis

hed

� D

ebrie

fing

Mec

hani

sm E

stab

lishe

d

447

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

� In

jury

/ Illn

ess

Rec

ordi

ng

� L

egis

lativ

e C

ompl

ianc

e

� N

ear M

iss/

Hit

/ Unu

sual

Inci

dent

Rec

ordi

ng

� In

cide

nt S

cree

ning

� Q

uick

Rec

over

y - S

top

Gap

Mea

sure

s

� R

oot C

ause

Ana

lysi

s

� C

orre

ctiv

e Ac

tion

Agai

nst R

oot C

ause

(s)

� E

valu

atio

n of

Effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Mea

sure

s

� D

e - i

dent

ified

Rep

ortin

g

� D

atab

ase

for R

ecor

ds

� T

rend

Ana

lysi

s

� C

ritic

al In

cide

nt P

lan

Self

Ass

essm

ent T

ool

� S

elf A

sses

smen

t Que

stio

nnai

re C

ompi

led

� A

reas

Req

uirin

g Sp

ecia

l Atte

ntio

n Ta

rget

ed

� R

egul

ar In

terv

al S

et fo

r Use

� In

depe

nden

t Spo

t Che

ckin

g of

Res

ults

� F

eedb

ack

and

Eva

luat

ion

of R

esul

ts

448

Safe

Sys

tem

s B

uild

ing

Blo

ck E

lem

ent

Pre

ven

tio

n a

nd

Co

ntr

ol S

trat

egie

sO

bser

vatio

ns

Ove

rall

Rat

ing

Aud

its

� C

ompe

tent

Aud

itors

Sel

ecte

d Q

ualif

ied

and

Exp

erie

nced

� A

uditi

ng G

uide

lines

/ Que

stio

nnai

re/ S

tand

ards

Iden

tifie

d

� P

urpo

se o

f Aud

it C

lear

– S

yste

m V

alid

atio

n or

Ver

ifica

tion

� O

bjec

tive

Evi

denc

e R

ecor

ded

� R

epor

ts C

ircul

ated

with

in R

easo

nabl

e Ti

mef

ram

e

� R

ecom

men

datio

ns E

valu

ated

and

Dec

isio

ns to

Acc

ept o

r Rej

ect

Sugg

estio

ns R

ecor

ded

� P

rogr

ess

Agai

nst A

gree

d Ac

tions

Mon

itore

d

Syst

em R

evie

w

� C

olla

tion

of B

road

Ran

ge o

f OH

S M

easu

res

incl

udin

g M

onito

ring

Info

rmat

ion;

Res

ults

of

Med

ical

Sur

veill

ance

; Per

cept

ion

Surv

eys;

Inju

ry

and

Illne

ss S

tatis

tics;

Sel

f Ass

essm

ents

; and

Aud

its R

epor

ts

� A

naly

sis

of D

ata/

Res

ults

� S

uita

bilit

y of

Cur

rent

Sys

tem

Eva

luat

ed

� R

ecom

men

datio

ns F

orm

ulat

ed &

Doc

umen

ted

� A

ctio

ns/ P

athw

ays/

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e C

onsi

dere

d

� Im

prov

emen

ts/ N

ew D

irect

ions

Impl

emen

ted

449

App

endi

x 8:

Per

form

ance

Mea

sure

men

t Ind

icat

or G

uide

lines

M

easu

rem

ent

Stre

ngth

s Li

mita

tions

Li

nks

with

Sug

gest

ed B

uild

ing

Blo

cks

LTI’s

Li

nks

to W

orke

rs’ C

ompe

nsat

ion

prem

ium

s m

ay p

rovi

de a

fina

ncia

l in

cent

ive

to e

mba

rk o

n O

HS

pro

gram

s

Hig

h ra

tes

indi

cate

ser

ious

pro

blem

s –

nece

ssar

y in

form

atio

n on

out

com

es

May

be

used

for b

ench

mar

king

pu

rpos

es o

ver b

usin

ess

units

and

m

ultip

le s

ites

Subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion

May

enc

oura

ge u

nder

-repo

rting

Site

com

paris

ons

may

cau

se “s

iblin

g riv

alry

”

Eas

y to

bec

ome

emot

iona

lly d

etac

hed

from

figu

res

Bas

elin

e ris

k as

sess

men

t E

rgon

omic

ass

essm

ents

A

cces

s/E

gres

s P

lant

/Equ

ipm

ent

Sto

rage

Han

dlin

g D

ispo

sal

Elec

trica

l N

oise

H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Bioh

azar

ds

Rad

iatio

n

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Pre

vent

ive

Mai

nten

ance

/ Rep

airs

M

odifi

catio

ns/ P

eer R

evie

w

Hou

seke

epin

g Pl

ant i

nspe

ctio

ns/ M

onito

ring

Secu

rity

Site

/Per

sona

l Em

erge

ncy

Prep

ared

ness

R

isk

Rev

iew

Tr

aini

ng N

eeds

Ana

lysi

s In

duct

ions

-Con

tract

ors/

Vis

itors

W

ork

Org

anis

atio

n- fa

tigue

and

stre

ss

Ski

ll A

cqui

sitio

n -C

riter

ia S

cree

ning

Jo

b D

escr

iptio

ns –

Task

Stru

ctur

e Tr

aini

ng

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g R

ehab

ilita

tion

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Res

ourc

e Al

loca

tion/

Adm

inis

tratio

n C

ompe

tent

Sup

ervi

sion

S

afe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

450

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

MTI

’s/ F

irst A

id In

jurie

s N

umbe

rs a

re m

eani

ngfu

l

Tren

ds a

nd p

atte

rns

may

be

anal

ysed

Prov

ides

info

rmat

ion

for i

nves

tigat

ion

and

prob

lem

sol

ving

Rea

listic

– n

eces

sary

info

rmat

ion

Out

com

e in

dica

tors

allo

w p

rogr

ess

to

be e

valu

ated

May

be

subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion/

und

er-

repo

rting

if li

nked

to re

war

d sc

hem

es

Neg

ativ

e, h

igh

num

bers

may

low

er m

oral

e

As

for L

TI’s

Nea

r Mis

ses/

Hits

Pr

ovid

es d

ata

for p

reve

ntiv

e ac

tion

and

oppo

rtuni

ties

for l

earn

ing

Indi

cate

s go

od in

tent

ions

and

the

desi

re fo

r im

prov

ed p

erfo

rman

ce

Dec

isio

ns to

repo

rt m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

polit

ics

and

safe

ty c

ultu

re

Rel

ucta

nce

to re

port

may

lead

to

inco

nsis

tenc

ies

if co

mpa

rison

s ar

e us

ed

May

“ove

rload

” the

sys

tem

As fo

r LTI

’s a

s w

ell a

s:

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’S

/ O

bser

vatio

n P

rogr

amm

es)

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ A

rchi

ves

Due

Dili

genc

e Pl

an/

G

ap A

naly

sis

Prov

ides

crit

ical

info

rmat

ion

Dem

onst

rate

s du

e di

ligen

ce a

nd g

ood

corp

orat

e ci

tizen

ship

Tim

e lin

es fo

r act

ions

may

be

cont

inua

lly

exte

nded

Res

pons

ibilit

y fo

r act

ion

item

s m

ust b

e cl

ear

OH

S P

olic

y

Goa

l Set

ting

Acco

unta

bilit

y

Due

Dili

genc

e/G

ap A

naly

sis

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ Arc

hive

s

Audi

ts

Sel

f Ass

essm

ent T

ool

Sys

tem

Rev

iew

451

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Uns

afe/

Saf

e A

ct

Obs

erva

tions

Fo

cuse

s at

tent

ion

on c

ritic

al s

afe

beha

viou

rs

Enco

urag

es a

war

enes

s an

d re

spon

sibi

lity

of o

wn

actio

ns

Fost

ers

an a

ttitu

de o

f car

e fo

r co

lleag

ues

May

teac

h w

orke

rs h

ow to

“rea

d” th

eir

envi

ronm

ent

May

be

seen

as

“bla

min

g th

e w

orke

r” o

r an

abd

icat

ion

of e

mpl

oyer

resp

onsi

bilit

y if

used

inap

prop

riate

ly

May

bre

ak d

own

trust

if c

o-w

orke

rs re

port

on e

ach

othe

r and

ano

nym

ity is

not

re

spec

ted

Cou

ld b

e ex

ploi

ted

to d

iver

t fun

ding

from

pr

ojec

ts to

impr

ove

the

phys

ical

en

viro

nmen

t and

infra

stru

ctur

e

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ents

Erg

onom

ic A

sses

smen

ts

Plan

t/ E

quip

men

t

Sto

rage

Han

dlin

g D

ispo

sal

Am

eniti

es/ E

nviro

nmen

t

Hou

seke

epin

g

Job

Des

crip

tions

/ Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Beha

viou

ral M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’s

O

bser

vatio

n P

rogr

ams)

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g, F

urth

er e

duca

tion

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Con

trol

Cha

rts

Focu

ses

atte

ntio

n

Pro

vide

s in

form

atio

n ab

out s

yste

m

capa

bilit

y

Tren

ds m

ay b

e us

ed to

initi

ate

chan

ges

Plo

tting

is m

ore

com

plic

ated

May

bec

ome

lost

in th

e nu

mbe

rs if

the

stra

tegi

c pu

rpos

e is

dow

npla

yed

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Plan

t Ins

pect

ions

/ Mon

itorin

g

Am

eniti

es/E

nviro

nmen

t

Posi

tive

Perf

orm

ance

In

dica

tors

(PPI

’s)

Pro

vide

s in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he

proc

esse

s th

at a

re u

sed

to a

chie

ve

targ

ets

“Tin

ope

ners

“ m

ay b

e us

ed

stra

tegi

cally

to ta

rget

are

as th

at a

re in

ne

ed o

f im

prov

emen

t

Offe

rs th

e op

portu

nity

to h

ave

smal

l vi

ctor

ies

– m

ay b

oost

mor

ale

May

be

subj

ect t

o m

anip

ulat

ion

Too

man

y b

ecom

e on

erou

s

Impa

ct m

ay w

ear o

ff ov

er ti

me,

may

nee

d to

be

rota

ted

Onl

y us

eful

if th

e re

sults

lead

to a

ctio

n

Job

desc

riptio

ns/ T

ask

Stru

ctur

e

Beha

viou

ral M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’s

/O

bser

vatio

n P

rogr

ams)

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Perfo

rman

ce A

ppra

isal

s

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Sel

f Ass

essm

ent T

ool

Audi

t

452

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Perc

eptio

n Su

rvey

s S

potli

ghts

are

as o

f con

cern

Info

rmal

sur

veys

are

eas

y to

con

stru

ct

Ric

h so

urce

of i

nfor

mat

ion

not c

aptu

red

by o

ther

met

hods

abo

ut t

he p

artic

ular

si

te/o

rgan

isat

ion

surv

eyed

May

be

usef

ul fo

r met

a - a

naly

sis

of

com

mon

them

es

Dem

onst

rate

s em

ploy

ees

feed

back

is

valu

ed

Indi

vidu

al re

sults

gen

eral

ly d

o le

nd n

ot

them

selv

es to

wid

er e

xtra

pola

tion

Gen

eral

ly “s

elf r

epor

ts” m

ay b

e bi

ased

to

war

ds p

rovi

ding

des

irabl

e an

swer

s un

less

ano

nym

ity is

pro

tect

ed

May

gen

erat

e cy

nici

sm if

sur

veys

do

not

resu

lt in

act

ion

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-har

assm

ent

Trai

ning

Nee

ds A

naly

sis

Job

desc

riptio

ns/ T

ask

Stru

ctur

e

Trai

ning

Ski

ll A

cqui

sitio

n (c

riter

ia s

cree

ning

)

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g, F

urth

er E

duca

tion

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g

Reh

abili

tatio

n

Perfo

rman

ce A

ppra

isal

s

Rev

iew

of A

bsen

teei

sm/ T

urn

Ove

r

OH

S P

olic

y

Goa

l Set

ting

Acco

unta

bilit

y

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

tratio

n

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Audi

ts

Sys

tem

Rev

iew

453

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Aud

its

Hig

hlig

hts

stre

ngth

s an

d w

eakn

esse

s of

the

syst

em

Attr

acts

man

agem

ent’s

atte

ntio

n

Enco

urag

es s

yste

m u

sers

to le

arn

requ

irem

ents

and

bec

ome

awar

e of

re

spon

sibi

litie

s

Prep

arat

ion

for a

udits

pro

vide

s an

op

portu

nity

to ti

dy u

p lo

ose

ends

and

br

ing

docu

men

tatio

n up

to d

ate

Obj

ectiv

ity w

hen

inde

pend

ent a

udito

rs

used

Exce

llent

for d

eter

min

ing

syst

em fa

ults

or

whe

ther

sys

tem

inco

rpor

ates

sys

tem

ch

ange

s if

audi

ted

agai

nst t

he

appr

opria

te c

riter

ia

Vigo

rous

Doc

umen

ted

Follo

w th

roug

h de

mon

stra

tes

due

dilig

ence

Aud

it to

ol m

ust a

ccur

atel

y re

flect

the

haza

rd p

rofil

e to

avo

id g

ivin

g a

fals

e se

nse

of s

ecur

ity

Aud

itors

may

lack

of l

ocal

pro

cess

kn

owle

dge

nece

ssar

y to

det

ect f

law

s

Rec

omm

enda

tions

may

not

be

acce

pted

an

d ac

tione

d

May

be

used

for p

oliti

cal p

urpo

ses

Exp

ensi

ve a

nd ti

me

cons

umin

g

Fear

of s

elf-i

ncrim

inat

ion

if re

com

men

datio

ns a

re n

ot a

ctio

ned

Infre

quen

t – p

oten

tial f

or s

yste

ms

to o

ff tra

ck i

f the

re a

re la

rge

time

lags

bet

wee

n au

dits

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Erg

onom

ic A

sses

smen

t

Pla

nt/E

quip

men

t

Sto

rage

Han

dlin

g D

ispo

sal

Elec

trica

l

Noi

se

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Bioh

azar

ds

Rad

iatio

n

Inst

alla

tion/

Dem

oliti

on

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce R

epai

rs

Mod

ifica

tions

- Pee

r Rev

iew

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Hou

seke

epin

g

Plan

t Ins

pect

ions

/ Mon

itorin

g

Secu

rity

Site

/Per

sona

l

Ris

k R

evie

w

OH

S P

olic

y

Goa

l Set

ting

Acco

unta

bilit

y

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

ws/

Gap

Ana

lysi

s

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s

Sel

f Ass

essm

ent T

ools

Audi

ts

Sys

tem

Rev

iew

454

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Con

trol

led

Self

Ass

essm

ents

W

hen

perfo

rmed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is

ensu

res

that

doc

umen

tatio

n is

upd

ated

co

nsis

tent

ly

Form

s go

od h

abits

Hig

her f

requ

ency

of c

heck

s –

less

lik

elih

ood

of s

yste

m g

oing

off

track

Goo

d fo

r mon

itorin

g co

mpl

ianc

e –

poor

co

mpl

ianc

e m

ay in

dica

te w

eakn

esse

s in

sys

tem

con

stru

ctio

n

Per

form

ed in

-hou

se, m

ore

ince

ntiv

e fo

r fu

ll an

d fra

nk d

iscl

osur

e

Inst

ils p

roce

ss o

wne

rshi

p an

d cl

ears

up

lines

of r

espo

nsib

ility

Ope

ns c

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls w

ith

uppe

r man

agem

ent

Lack

of o

bjec

tivity

if in

depe

nden

t spo

t ch

ecks

not

con

duct

ed

Req

uire

s fo

llow

thro

ugh

Val

ue d

epen

ds o

n qu

ality

and

relia

bilit

y of

pa

ram

eter

s us

ed

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

Erg

onom

ic A

sses

smen

t El

ectri

cal

Noi

se

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s Bi

ohaz

ards

R

adia

tion

In

stal

latio

ns/D

emol

ition

s P

reve

ntiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/ R

epai

rs

Mod

ifica

tions

/ Pee

r Rev

iew

S

tora

ge H

andl

ing

Dis

posa

l H

ouse

keep

ing

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Plan

t ins

pect

ions

/ Mon

itorin

g R

isk

Rev

iew

Eq

ual O

ppor

tuni

ty/ A

nti H

aras

smen

t Tr

aini

ng N

eeds

Ana

lysi

s In

duct

ions

– C

ontra

ctor

s/ V

isito

rs

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’s

Obs

erva

tion

Prog

ram

s)

OH

S P

olic

y

Goa

l Set

ting

Acco

unta

bilit

y D

ue D

ilige

nce

Rev

iew

s/G

ap A

naly

sis

Perfo

rman

ce A

ppra

isal

S

elf A

sses

smen

t Too

ls

Audi

ts

Sys

tem

Rev

iew

455

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Turn

Ove

r Rat

es

Sub

tle

May

indi

cate

psy

cho-

soci

al o

r wor

k-or

gani

satio

n ha

zard

s

May

pro

vide

a s

ourc

e of

fina

ncia

l in

cent

ive

for p

rogr

am im

prov

emen

ts

Con

foun

ding

fact

ors

may

ove

rsta

te o

r m

isre

pres

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

Am

eniti

es/ E

nviro

nmen

t

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-Har

assm

ent

Ski

ll A

cqui

sitio

n –

Crit

eria

scr

eeni

ng

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

OH

S P

olic

y

Acco

unta

bilit

y

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

tratio

n

Com

mun

icat

ion

Con

sulta

tion

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

Rec

all/H

otlin

es

456

Mea

sure

men

t St

reng

ths

Lim

itatio

ns

Link

s w

ith S

ugge

sted

Bui

ldin

g B

lock

s

Mat

urity

Grid

/ Mod

els

Hel

pful

to d

raw

atte

ntio

n to

or

gani

satio

nal s

afet

y cu

lture

and

saf

ety

valu

es

May

pr

omot

e ch

ange

s in

at

titud

es

tow

ards

pro

blem

sol

ving

May

enc

oura

ge s

trate

gic

thin

king

On

an o

rgan

isat

iona

l lev

el,

desc

ripto

rs

may

be

us

ed

to

refle

ct

visi

ons

and

step

wis

e im

prov

emen

ts

May

be

usef

ul i

n al

igni

ng g

oals

and

w

orki

ng to

war

ds a

com

mon

pur

pose

Des

crip

tors

may

be

nega

tive

and

cyni

cal

– po

tent

ially

dis

cour

agin

g an

d m

ay “s

tick”

Vag

uene

ss

- de

scrip

tors

ne

ed

to

be

cust

omis

ed f

or i

ndiv

idua

l ap

plic

atio

ns s

o th

e ac

tual

pa

thw

ay

to

impr

ovem

ent

is

evid

ent

Subj

ectiv

ity o

f m

easu

rem

ent

– di

fficu

lt fo

r cr

oss

com

paris

ons

The

scop

e of

app

licat

ion

of th

e de

scrip

tor

shou

ld

be

defin

ed

to

prev

ent

unfa

ir ge

nera

lisat

ions

bei

ng m

ade.

Am

eniti

es/ E

nviro

nmen

t Em

erge

ncy

Prep

ared

ness

Eq

ual O

ppor

tuni

ty/ A

nti-H

aras

smen

t H

ealth

Pro

mot

ion

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e P

rogr

ams

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s O

HS

Pol

icy

Acco

unta

bilit

y R

esou

rce

Allo

catio

n/ A

dmin

istra

tion

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

S

uppl

y w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

C

omm

unic

atio

n C

onsu

ltatio

n C

usto

mer

Ser

vice

Rec

all/

Hot

lines

In

cide

nt M

anag

emen

t S

elf A

sses

smen

t Too

l Au

dits

S

yste

m R

evie

ws

457

Appendix 9: Guidelines for the Targeted Selection

of Three Building Blocks for Improvement

Using the Hazard Profiling Questionnaire in Appendix 5, tick selected

prompts as applicable. In the Observations column include any evidence

that may suggest that the particular building block element presents a

hazard to the organisation. These entries may be based on interviewing

personnel, viewing documentation or witnessing practices. Where possible

the evidence should be as objective as possible, with supporting

documentation or verification provided. “Hearsay” should be excluded.

Finally a rating for the risk presented by the particular OHS Building Block

Element (without the controls in place) should be allocated.

Using the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Current Controls against

Building Block Model in Appendix 6, tick the prompts as appropriate in the

column for prevention and control strategies. Where suggested strategies

are not applicable, these should be struck out. Where other controls or

prevention techniques have been used to minimise the risk, these should

be recorded in the observations column. Again, this should be based on

interviewing personnel, viewing documentation or witnessing practices.

Where possible the evidence should be as objective as possible, with

supporting documentation or verification provided. An action rating of high,

medium high, medium, low, non-applicable or area of excellence for the

effectiveness of prevention and control strategies should be allocated

based upon the presence of individual risk factors identified in Appendix 5.

Guidelines for the allocation of rating should be based upon the principles

given in the CCH email article: New approaches to OHS risk assessments:

Expanding traditional models for better managing OHS risks by Chris

Winder and Anne-Marie Makin (10/10/2006).

After the two questionnaires have been completed, the results for the

overall ratings have the allocated, the results should be reviewed for

comment by the organisation and their response recorded. Areas of

458

disagreement should be resolved before the results are made available

more broadly.

Based on the results, the organisation should be requested to pick three

areas that could benefit from improvement of the current prevention and

control strategies. The organisation then needs to decide what additional

prevention and control measures they wish to employ. Based on the

guidelines offered in Appendix 7 on Performance Measurement Indicator

Guidelines, the organisation will also need to decide how they will

measure whether their additional prevention/control measures have been

effective. The selected building block elements and corresponding

performance measurement indicators will be recorded.

Finally, the organisation will be asked to create a controlled self

assessment that will be used once a month, for four months, based on

expected outcomes or outputs from the three areas of improved

prevention and control strategies. The assessment will require that three

statements are made about each of these areas. These statements should

be phrased so that the desirable outcome is answered by yes; the

undesirable outcome is answered by no. Where a no response has been

entered, a comment should be entered to explain why.

At the end of the four month period, the Follow - Up Evaluation

(Appendix 10) should be completed by the organisation to assess whether

the techniques used in the study where considered beneficial and to

provide feedback and suggestions for improvements in future studies.

459

App

endi

x 10

: Exa

mpl

e of

the

Pro-

Form

a fo

r the

Cus

tom

ised

Sel

f -A

sses

smen

t Too

l

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 JB

E

xam

ple

Sta

tem

ent:

Minu

tes o

f the

last

SHE

Comm

ittee

meeti

ng h

ave

been

circu

lated

and d

isplay

ed in

a pr

omine

nt loc

ation

.

�Yes

� No

Instru

ction

s: W

here

no ha

s bee

n sele

cted p

lease

inclu

de an

expla

natio

n

2 MJ

E

xam

ple

Sta

tem

ent:

All i

njurie

s ha

ve b

een

reco

rded

and

inve

stiga

ted fo

r the

mon

th

�Yes

� No

3 AN

E

xam

ple

Sta

tem

ent:

Hous

ekee

ping i

nspe

ction

s hav

e tak

en pl

ace a

nd

prob

lems h

ave b

een r

ecor

ded a

nd re

ctifie

d.

�Yes

� No

4

MB

Exa

mpl

e S

tate

men

t:

All n

ew e

mploy

ees

have

rece

ived

induc

tion

traini

ng

withi

n a m

onth

of sta

rt-up

.

�Yes

� No

Appendix 11:Follow-Up Evaluation

Question 1: What was the most valuable component of the exercise?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 2: What component of the exercise did you like the least?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 3: Was this study of benefit to your organisation? Would you recommend this

type of study to another organisation and why or why not?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 4: What do you think are the 5 most important elements of an OHS Management

System? Please give your answer rankings from 1 to 5 with 1 being the most important.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 5: Will this study change any local customs or practices in the future?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for your valuable time and effort in participating in this study

461

Appendix 12: Pilot Case Study Report

462

Summary

A framework of 57 OHS related elements was developed to assess the

safe person, safe place and safe systems components of organisational

OHS systems. The framework was used at your company to assess its

OHS management system.

A pilot study trialling the application of this framework was conducted at

your company (a flexible film manufacturer) between March and April

2007. This study found:

� of the 57 elements in the framework, 56 were applicable to your site;

� of these 56 elements applicable, your company had addressed 5 with

formal systems and another 36 elements informally. The informal

approach implies less documentation, is working well in most cases,

but may present difficulties should any litigation, claims or disputes

arise or should there be a change of key personnel.

� the hazard profile of your company suggests that your most

significant risks are with the hardware and operating environment

area, followed by management strategies and methodology. These

suggest the need for more specialised risk assessments and the

allocation of greater capital investment. Provision of sufficient time to

address these issues is crucial.

� the preferred prevention and controls strategies in your company

involve safe person methods. These rely heavily on personal

expertise, skills and judgement. These can be vulnerable to changes

in key personnel.

Your company has very successfully addressed the elements of

Inductions for visitors and contractors; Employee Assistance Programs;

First Aid/Reporting; and Consultation. Elements that are still in need of

attention include: Emergency Preparedness; Noise and Hazardous

Substances. Your current prevention and control methods have made a

significant impact on your overall risk ranking, so you are strongly

encouraged to continue your improvement efforts.

Background

Traditionally there are four methods for dealing with organisational risks:

� eliminate the risk,

� retain and manage the risk,

� transfer the risk, which may involve outsourcing, contracting or the

like, or

� minimising the financial impact through insurance or compensation.

Risks that have been eliminated are relatively easy to handle, providing

that elimination has really occurred. Risks that are transferred are also

operationally easy, provided that suitable safeguards check the nature,

suitability and viability of the transfer option. Difficulties are most

commonly encountered when there has been a decision to retain and

manage the risk in-house. Typically this has been managed through the

application of the traditional hierarchy of controls, involving:

� elimination

� substitution

� isolation

� engineering controls

� administrative controls, and finally

� personal protective equipment.

While this model has become formalised by most OHS authorities, it does

not deal effectively with the entire range of hazards and risks that currently

confront employers. After years of focusing on establishing a safe place

(which is certainly not without merit), other psychosocial and

organisational hazards are emerging as formidable issues to be

contended with. The current risk assessment and control model is

problematic for such risks. Expanded tools are becoming necessary to

accommodate the changing landscape of workplace hazards and risks.

The strategies in Table 1 are suggested to provide a greater range of risk

control options.

464

Table 1: Guidance on Risk Reduction Strategies

Descriptor Description Examples

Safe place strategies

At the facility and hardware level

Designing out with peer review and end user input, substitution, engineering controls — isolation and barriers, ergonomic interventions, signage, inspections and monitoring.

Safe person strategies

At the individual level

Equal opportunity/anti-harassment policies, employee selection criteria, training needs analysis, education and training, behaviour modification, employee assistance programs, health promotion, health surveillance, PPE, rehabilitation, perception surveys and feedback programs, performance appraisal.

Safe systems strategies

At the managerial and operational level

Clear lines of responsibility, due diligence reviews, resource allocation, defining OHS requirements up front, consultation and communication, competent supervision, methods to ensure access to latest information regarding both legislation and local procedures, measurements and monitoring in place, self assessment, internal audit and system reviews.

Although it is generally considered that hazards of the physical working

environment should be addressed first, this may not be appropriate for

organisations where the workplace is not fixed (for example when

employees work off-site) or for cases where high levels of skill are

necessary (for example where advice is offered such as engineering

design work) and the duty of care extends mostly to “others” affected by

the business undertakings rather than direct employees. In these cases,

having the appropriate skills is crucial. If not conducted competently, the

potential for harm generated by employee activities may be greater than

the possibility of harm arising from within their physical working

environment.

Similarly, on an organisational level it is better to identify OHS criteria for

any planned acquisitions or undertakings, new developments or workplace

modifications rather than to deal with the consequences of any

subsequent harm caused. The use of consultative mechanisms should be

acknowledged as a primary preventive strategy for ameliorating

managerial hazards. Genuine management commitment to OHS values

465

and sincere equal opportunity and anti-harassment policies may be just as

effective on a psychosocial and managerial level as “designing out”

hazards of the physical environment.

As a general guideline, risk control strategies dealing with the conceptual,

design, or planning conceptual stages should always be considered as a

higher order control activities. The order of preference within each of these

three areas depends on whether they are planning, implementation,

measurement or review activities, as for the classic management (or

Deming) “Plan Do Check Improve” cycle. Planning activities represent

higher order strategies than implementation activities, and these in turn

rate higher than measurement or monitoring activities. Contingency

measures that address hazards when risk control plans have failed are

also necessary, even if the need to invoke these actions is undesirable.

It can be seen that many of the possible risk control options form part of

the building blocks of occupational health and safety management

systems (OHS MS), such as operational controls, emergency response or

injury management.

The strategic application of OHS MS building blocks may form a

comprehensive OHS risk defense system, the ultimate objective of the risk

management process. The safe organisation of the future will therefore

assume a more holistic, integrated approach to safety and health,

ensuring the effective coverage of physical, psychosocial and managerial

hazards.

This integrated approach may unfold by default, simply by considering a

wider context of potential hazards. This, combined with other

developments, such as making risk assessments accessible and visible

documents, training on problem solving skills and educating employers on

the use of long term strategies such as safe design and supply, will

resurrect the practical application of the risk management process and

ensure its ongoing value to OHS management in modern organisations.

466

Summary Results

Framework charts

Framework Chart 1: Final Control and Prevention Strategies in Place

Safe Place Safe Person Safe Systems Baseline Risk Assessment Equal Opportunity/ Anti-

Harassment OHS Policy


Access/ Egress Inductions-Contractors/ Visitors Accountability

Plant/ Equipment Selection Criteria Due Diligence Review/ Gap Analysis

Storage/ Handling/ Disposal Work Organisation-Fatigue/ Stress Awareness


Amenities/ Environment Accommodating Diversity Procurement with OHS Criteria




Hazardous Substances Behaviour Modification (PPI’s Observation Programs)




Installations/ Demolition Conflict Resolution Legislative Updates



Modifications – Peer Review/ Commissioning First Aid/ Reporting Record Keeping/ Archives

Security – Site /Personal Rehabilitation Customer Service –Recall/Hotlines



Plant Inspections/ monitoring Feedback Programs Audits


Priority Key for Effectiveness of Prevention and Control Strategies

High Risk Medium Risk Not Applicable

Medium-High Risk Low Risk Well done

467

Framework Chart 2: Initial Hazard Profile (No Interventions/Strategies)












Hazardous Substances Behaviour Modification (PPI’s Observation P )













Priority Key for Hazard Profile Without Controls in Place



468

Framework Chart 3: Initial Profile (Interventions/Strategies in Place)









Electrical Job Descriptions –Task Structure Supply with OHS consideration


Hazardous Substances Behaviour Modification (PPI’s and Observation Safe Working Procedures












Key for Formal (Documented) and Informal (ad hoc) Control Strategies

Formal Not Applicable

Informal Not Present at all l done

469

Analysis of Initial and Final Scores

Figures 1-3 show results of assessment of Safe People, Safe Place and

Safe Systems, scores, both before and after control strategies and

interventions hade been implemented. Where the differential between

before and after is large, the controls have made a significant impact.

Figure 1: Initial and Final Scores- Safe Place

0 1 2 3 4

Electrical

Biohazards

Radiation



Access/Egress

Plant/ Equipment

Storage/ Handling /Disposal




Housekeeping

Modifications - Peer Review/ Commissioning

Risk Review


Ergonomic Assessments

Noise


Emergency Preparedeness

BeforeAfter

.

Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0

High Risk Medium-High Risk Medium Risk Low Risk Well done

470

Figure 2: Initial and Final Scores- Safe Person

0 1 2 3 4

Health Promotion

Networking,etc

Equal Opportunity


Conflict Resolution



Training Needs Analysis

Selection Criteria

Work Organisation

Accomodating Diversity




Rehabilitation

Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Inductions

Training

After Before

Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


471

Figure 3: Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems

0 1 2 3 4


Procedural Updates


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Communication

Legislative Updates

Audits

System Rewiew






Consultation

Incident Management

Self-Assessment Tool

BeforeAfter

Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


472

Analysis of Hazard Profile Ratings Figure 4 illustrates the hazard profile of the organisation before prevention

and control strategies are applied by taking the original hazard profile

assessment, allocating a weighting of 4 = high; 3 = medium high; 2 =

medium; 1 = low; 0 = well done; and distributing the total score across the

three main areas where hazards may arise. In this case, it may be seen

that the physical hardware and operating environment contain the majority

of hazards, closely followed by the lack of systems applied by

management.

Figure 4: Hazard Profile Rating - No Interventions and Strategies

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person strategies have been used in

preference to risk assessment and systems management to reduce the

overall risk rating of the operation.

Figure 5: Hazard Profile Rating – No Interventions and Strategies

People

Place Systems

Systems Place

People

473

Pilo

t Stu

dy M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d B

asel

ine

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t A

gene

ral b

road

bas

ed r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

has

been

per

form

ed a

t so

me

criti

cal p

oint

in t

ime

from

whi

ch im

prov

emen

t or

dec

line

in

over

all O

HS

risk

pres

entin

g to

the

org

anis

atio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

It

is a

ssum

ed t

hat

all k

ey a

reas

of

sign

ifica

nt r

isk

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d. A

reas

requ

iring

spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

(inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill be

reac

tive

only

.

� D

ocum

enta

tion

is n

eede

d in

this

are

a. R

esul

ts n

eed

to b

e co

mm

unic

ated

to th

ose

with

the

auth

ority

and

mea

ns to

mak

e th

e ne

cess

ary

chan

ges.

Ergo

nom

ic A

sses

smen

ts

A sp

ecia

lised

ris

k as

sess

men

t th

at is

con

cern

ed w

ith f

ittin

g th

e ta

sk t

o th

e hu

man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es

incl

udin

g m

anua

l han

dlin

g, w

ork

orga

nisa

tion,

task

or j

ob d

esig

n, h

uman

err

or a

nd p

robl

ems

with

info

rmat

ion

proc

essi

ng a

s w

ell a

s in

dust

rial

hygi

ene.

How

ever

, in

the

con

text

of

“saf

e pl

ace

stra

tegi

es”

the

scop

e is

lim

ited

here

to

focu

sing

on

the

layo

ut o

f th

e w

orks

tatio

n, m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ex

amin

atio

n of

rep

etiti

ve t

asks

. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) w

ith t

he

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill su

stai

n a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

retu

rn to

the

sam

e ty

pe o

f em

ploy

men

t.

� M

anua

l han

dlin

g as

sess

men

ts n

eede

d in

thi

s ar

ea. R

esul

ts n

eed

to b

e co

mm

unic

ated

to

thos

e w

ith t

he a

utho

rity

and

mea

ns to

mak

e th

e ne

cess

ary

chan

ges.

474

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d A

cces

s/ E

gres

s Th

is c

onsi

ders

the

qui

ck a

nd e

ffici

ent

entra

nce

or d

epar

ture

of

pers

onne

l to

and

fro

m t

he p

hysi

cal

wor

kpla

ce.

This

inc

lude

s em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s, fi

re d

oors

and

alte

rnat

e ex

its. T

his

is p

artic

ular

ly im

porta

nt in

the

case

of

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art

from

thei

r wor

kpla

ce.

� A

hig

her l

evel

of v

igila

nce

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Plan

t/ Eq

uipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m. W

here

this

requ

ires

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

pur

sued

with

the

supp

lier o

r des

igne

r, an

d en

d us

ers

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed m

ust b

e co

nsul

ted

and

thei

r opi

nion

s du

ly c

onsi

dere

d.

The

haza

rds

of r

otat

ing

mac

hine

ry,

pinc

h po

ints

, an

d cr

ush

inju

ries

shou

ld b

e in

clud

ed h

ere,

as

wel

l as

the

safe

use

of

vehi

cles

(in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

hei

ghts

. Con

fined

or d

ange

rous

spa

ces

shou

ld a

lso

be id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

.

� C

apita

l inj

ectio

n an

d so

me

engi

neer

ing

solu

tions

req

uire

d. O

nce

the

nece

ssar

y in

form

atio

n is

col

lect

ed it

nee

ds t

o be

co

mm

unic

ated

and

act

ed u

pon.

Stor

age/

Han

dlin

g /

Dis

posa

l Al

l mat

eria

ls s

houl

d be

sto

red,

han

dled

and

dis

pose

d in

a m

anne

r th

at d

oes

not

caus

e ha

rm –

whe

ther

thi

s is

of

an im

med

iate

na

ture

or i

n th

e lo

ng te

rm a

s a

resu

lt of

occ

upat

iona

lly in

duce

d illn

ess.

Mat

eria

l saf

ety

data

she

ets

or in

stru

ctio

ns fr

om th

e su

pplie

r w

ill p

rovi

de k

ey in

puts

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

saf

e ou

tcom

es a

nd a

dditi

onal

spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary.

Res

pons

ibili

ty f

or

safe

dis

posa

l sho

uld

form

par

t of a

“cra

dle

to th

e gr

ave”

app

roac

h an

d is

som

etim

es re

ferr

ed to

as

prod

uct s

tew

ards

hip.

The

criti

cal r

isk

is th

at in

appr

opria

te h

andl

ing/

stor

age/

disp

osal

cau

ses

a fir

e/ex

plos

ion/

inju

ry o

r occ

upat

iona

lly in

duce

d illn

ess.

� D

irect

ions

on

MSD

S’s

need

to b

e co

mm

unic

ated

, adh

ered

to a

nd re

adily

ava

ilabl

e at

the

poin

t of u

se.

475

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d A

men

ities

/ Env

ironm

ent

Perta

inin

g to

a c

omfo

rtabl

e w

ork

envi

ronm

ent t

his

incl

udes

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c fa

cilit

ies

such

as

toile

ts a

nd c

hang

e ro

oms;

pro

visi

on o

f dr

inki

ng w

ater

; he

atin

g; c

oolin

g; r

efrig

erat

or/

mic

row

ave

for

mea

ltim

es;

and

infa

nt f

eedi

ng f

acilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re t

he n

eed

exis

ts.

Hea

t st

ress

may

als

o be

exa

cerb

ated

by

hum

idity

lev

els.

Exp

osur

e to

hea

t an

d co

ld m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

im

porta

nt

cons

ider

atio

ns fo

r ou

tdoo

r w

orke

rs. (

See

radi

atio

n fo

r U

V ex

posu

re).

The

spec

ial n

eeds

for d

iver

s or

air

cabi

n cr

ew s

houl

d al

so b

e co

nsid

ered

whe

re a

pplic

able

. Lig

htin

g w

ithin

the

wor

kpla

ce a

nd e

xpos

ure

to g

lare

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed h

ere,

as

shou

ld c

limat

e co

ntro

l and

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

. S

mok

ing

is b

anne

d fro

m th

e w

orkp

lace

, and

ther

e ar

e de

sign

ated

, out

door

are

as w

ith g

ood

natu

ral

vent

ilatio

n an

d aw

ay fr

om fi

re h

azar

ds, f

or th

ose

who

hav

e a

habi

t.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

� H

ot w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

in s

umm

er a

re li

kely

to in

duce

fatig

ue; C

old

win

ter

cond

ition

s ar

e lik

ely

to in

crea

se th

e ris

k of

sp

rain

/str

ain

inju

ries.

O

utdo

or s

mok

ers

need

to

cons

ider

the

fla

mm

abili

ty i

ssue

s as

soci

ated

with

sol

vent

s an

d dr

ains

. B

ette

r lig

htin

g m

ay a

lso

redu

ce fa

tigue

dur

ing

late

r shi

fts a

nd a

llow

gre

ater

atte

ntio

n to

fine

det

ails

.

Elec

tric

al

All e

lect

rical

equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er

elec

trica

l haz

ards

incl

ude

elec

tric

shoc

k; s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity; s

tore

d el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t an

d th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

park

s in

fla

mm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve t

estin

g is

nec

essa

ry,

only

app

ropr

iate

ly t

rain

ed a

nd

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks i

n a

flam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

� H

igh

inhe

rent

risk

but

wel

l con

trol

led

by h

igh

leve

l of e

xper

tise.

Bet

ter d

ocum

enta

tion

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Noi

seN

oise

leve

ls o

r noi

se m

aps

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d w

here

the

pote

ntia

l for

har

m e

xist

s, fo

r exa

mpl

e if

a ra

ised

voi

ce is

nec

essa

ry to

he

ar a

con

vers

atio

n. In

som

e ca

ses

base

line

audi

omet

ry te

stin

g w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary.

Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd a

ttem

pts

to re

mov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce. L

ocal

regu

lato

ry re

quire

men

ts s

houl

d be

kno

wn.

Com

paris

on

with

regu

lato

ry li

mits

sho

uld

take

into

acc

ount

the

leng

th o

f exp

osur

e es

peci

ally

if s

hifts

long

er th

an 8

hou

rs a

re u

sed.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ear

dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or i

ndus

trial

ly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss.

� N

oise

leve

ls a

re h

igh

and

this

may

indu

ce s

tres

s an

d fa

tigue

. Doc

umen

tatio

n is

urg

ently

nee

ded

in th

is a

rea

to a

scer

tain

ex

act n

oise

leve

ls a

nd th

e le

vel o

f atte

nuat

ion

requ

ired

by s

elec

ted

cont

rol m

easu

res.

476

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s A

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es (

toxi

c, i

rrita

nt)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied

and

a re

gist

er k

ept.

In s

ome

case

s th

is w

ill be

dep

ende

nt o

n th

e qu

antit

ies

or v

olum

es s

tore

d. M

ater

ial s

afet

y da

ta s

heet

s sh

ould

be

avai

labl

e an

d ac

cess

ible

to

all p

erso

nnel

and

lang

uage

and

lit

erac

y ba

rrie

rs t

aken

int

o co

nsid

erat

ion

at t

he t

ime

this

inf

orm

atio

n is

dis

sem

inat

ed.

All

haza

rdou

s go

ods

and

dang

erou

s su

bsta

nces

sho

uld

be c

lear

ly la

belle

d an

d th

e po

tent

ial h

azar

ds m

ade

know

n to

all

thos

e w

ho m

ay b

e ex

pose

d. T

rain

ing

for

the

prec

autio

ns n

eces

sary

dur

ing

hand

ling

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

.

� S

olve

nt o

dour

s ar

e ap

pare

nt o

n si

te. U

rgen

t atte

ntio

n is

nee

ded

to re

duce

all

sour

ces

of e

mis

sion

s. W

here

this

opt

ion

is

not a

vaila

ble,

eng

inee

ring

cont

rols

will

be

nece

ssar

y an

d sh

ould

be

impl

emen

ted

as a

mat

ter o

f prio

rity.

Bio

haza

rds

Bio

logi

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

n, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (i

nclu

ding

blo

od) o

r oth

er s

ourc

es o

f pro

tein

that

m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

res

pons

e –

for

exam

ple

mou

ld o

r du

st m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

infe

ctio

us p

eopl

e; c

onta

min

ated

food

; co

ntac

t with

ani

mal

s; p

lant

s/po

llens

; ins

ects

; mite

s; s

ewer

age;

fung

i or

bird

dro

ppin

gs c

oolin

g w

ater

res

ervo

irs a

nd a

ir co

nditi

onin

g sy

stem

s th

at m

ay c

onta

in le

gion

ella

org

anis

ms.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic r

eact

ion

or d

evel

op

long

term

flu/

asth

ma-

like

sym

ptom

s.

� G

reat

er a

war

enes

s of

pot

entia

l bio

haza

rds

and

prev

entio

n st

rate

gies

, inc

ludi

ng r

isks

for

trav

elle

rs, w

ould

impr

ove

this

re

sult.

Rad

iatio

n So

urce

s of

rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd r

adio

activ

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

ultra

viol

et r

ays

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

ski

n or

eye

s; n

ear

infra

-red

radi

atio

n af

fect

ing

the

eyes

(w

eldi

ng,

furn

aces

, m

olte

n m

etal

s);

LAS

ER

’s;

the

heat

ing

effe

ct f

rom

mic

row

aves

and

mob

ile p

hone

tow

ers;

and

oth

er e

xtre

mel

y lo

w f

requ

ency

rad

iatio

n w

ith a

ssoc

iate

d m

agne

tic

field

exp

osur

e s

uch

as p

ower

lines

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

canc

er.

� H

igh

inhe

rent

risk

but

str

inge

nt c

ontr

ols

in p

lace

.

477

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Inst

alla

tions

/ Dem

oliti

on

Plan

ning

for

the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r w

areh

ouse

s as

wel

l as

the

dem

oliti

on o

f th

ese

stru

ctur

es t

o en

sure

the

pr

otec

tion

of p

edes

trian

s an

d ot

hers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. Als

o in

clud

ed is

the

safe

con

nect

ion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

el

ectri

city

, an

d te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns;

prot

ectio

n fro

m n

oise

, de

bris

or

othe

r pr

ojec

tiles

; an

d th

e po

ssib

ility

of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

ar

eas.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or

as a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s.

� T

his

area

is in

activ

e cu

rren

tly b

ut c

orpo

rate

pro

cedu

res

are

avai

labl

e fo

r ris

k as

sess

men

t sh

ould

thi

s be

com

e ac

tive.

Th

e qu

ality

of t

he ri

sk a

sses

smen

ts u

nder

take

n w

ill h

ave

the

grea

test

impa

ct o

n fu

ture

resu

lts.

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/

Rep

airs

R

egul

ar m

aint

enan

ce o

f eq

uipm

ent

esse

ntia

l fo

r sa

fe o

pera

tion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out

com

prom

isin

g sa

fety

. R

epai

r w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t in

a t

imel

y fa

shio

n by

tho

se t

hat

are

qual

ified

and

co

mpe

tent

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

� A

n in

ject

ion

of c

apita

l is

need

ed h

ere

to c

arry

crit

ical

spa

res

and

incr

ease

mai

nten

ance

labo

ur a

vaila

bilit

y.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/Com

mis

sion

ing

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer

revi

ewed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve in

fact

bee

n co

nsid

ered

bef

ore

the

proj

ect i

s ha

nded

ove

r to

the

regu

lar u

sers

.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

mod

ifica

tions

res

ult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

ful

l im

pact

of

the

chan

ges

was

not

tho

ught

thr

ough

prio

r to

im

plem

enta

tion.

� T

he ri

sk a

sses

smen

t mus

t foc

us o

n th

e lo

cal c

onte

xt. D

ocum

enta

tion

is la

ckin

g in

this

are

a. A

dat

abas

e of

dra

win

gs a

nd

issu

es c

onsi

dere

d w

ould

gre

atly

ass

ist

in t

he s

olvi

ng o

f an

y te

chni

cal d

iffic

ultie

s th

at m

ay b

e ex

perie

nced

with

mod

ified

eq

uipm

ent a

t som

e fu

ture

dat

e.

478

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

con

tact

hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r ot

herw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

pla

ce t

o re

duce

th

reat

s of

bod

ily h

arm

. Pro

visi

ons

exis

t for

rem

ovin

g un

auth

oris

ed p

erso

ns o

r unw

elco

me

visi

tors

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

� S

ecur

ity is

wea

k du

ring

the

time

that

the

fron

t gat

e is

left

open

. Con

trol

s re

ly h

eavi

ly o

n lo

cal k

now

ledg

e an

d th

e ab

ility

of

wor

kers

to id

entif

y un

know

n pe

rson

s. S

igna

ge is

ava

ilabl

e bu

t doe

s no

t pro

tect

from

unw

elco

me

visi

tors

.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal

with

situ

atio

ns s

uch

as f

ire,

natu

ral

disa

ster

s, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our

clou

ds, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her

unw

elco

me

even

ts. N

ot o

nly

shou

ld th

ese

pote

ntia

l situ

atio

ns

be id

entif

ied,

but

the

requ

ired

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter t

he d

rills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t suc

h as

fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs a

re r

egul

arly

che

cked

and

mai

ntai

ned

in

good

wor

king

ord

er.

The

risk

is t

hat

in t

he e

vent

of

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

peop

le w

ill b

e un

able

to

evac

uate

saf

ely

whi

ch m

ay l

ead

to i

ncre

ased

ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

� E

mer

genc

y dr

ills

invo

lvin

g al

l sta

ff ar

e ur

gent

ly n

eede

d in

this

are

a. U

pdat

ing

of e

mer

genc

y co

ntac

t inf

orm

atio

n is

als

o re

quire

d as

a m

atte

r of p

riorit

y.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up im

med

iate

ly.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

is re

sult

in th

is a

rea

coul

d be

gre

atly

enh

ance

d by

a h

ighe

r lev

el o

f foc

us.

479

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Plan

t Ins

pect

ions

/ M

onito

ring

Pl

ant a

nd e

quip

men

t sho

uld

be in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to d

etec

t at t

he e

arlie

st o

ppor

tuni

ty a

ny m

alfu

nctio

ns a

nd m

onito

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

oces

s is

ope

ratin

g w

ithin

saf

e lim

its.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s.

� T

he in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t und

er s

tron

g co

ntro

l due

to th

e im

pact

this

wou

ld h

ave

on p

rodu

ctio

n qu

ality

.

Ris

k R

evie

w

A b

road

bas

ed r

isk

asse

ssm

ent t

hat c

ompa

res

the

curr

ent s

ituat

ion

agai

nst a

bas

elin

e as

sess

men

t to

indi

cate

whe

ther

stra

tegi

es

impl

emen

ted

for r

isk

redu

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

effe

ctiv

e or

oth

erw

ise.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

res

ourc

es m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d.

� O

nce

a ba

selin

e ha

s be

en e

stab

lishe

d, t

his

elem

ent

will

nee

d to

rec

eive

hig

h pr

iorit

y to

ens

ure

reso

urce

s ha

ve b

een

used

wis

ely.

480

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith r

espe

ct a

nd d

igni

ty. T

here

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in t

he w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

tha

t th

e in

tent

ion

of t

hese

pol

icie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t, as

wel

l as

edu

catin

g m

anag

emen

t on

the

for

ms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pr

ovis

ion

of re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer s

tagn

atio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m. T

his

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r pe

rform

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

� A

war

enes

s tr

aini

ng o

n re

quire

men

ts a

nd m

anag

emen

t ex

pect

atio

ns i

s ne

cess

ary.

Doc

umen

tatio

n in

thi

s ar

ea a

nd

visu

al e

vide

nce

to re

info

rce

and

supp

ort t

hese

exp

ecta

tions

wou

ld g

reat

ly im

prov

e th

e re

sult

in th

is a

rea.

Trai

ning

Nee

ds A

naly

sis

The

curre

nt le

vel o

f ski

lls a

nd c

ompe

tenc

ies

in th

e w

orkp

lace

has

bee

n as

sess

ed to

ens

ure

all p

erso

nnel

hav

e th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

to fu

lfil t

heir

role

s sa

fely

and

com

pete

ntly

. Pro

visi

ons

have

bee

n m

ade

to p

rovi

de e

mpl

oyee

s w

ith n

ew s

kills

as

thei

r pos

ition

s gr

ow

and

prov

ide

refre

sher

trai

ning

to th

eir k

eep

skills

cur

rent

.

The

risk

is th

at m

anag

emen

t will

not

kno

w w

hat s

kills

are

nec

essa

ry fo

r em

ploy

ees

to p

erfo

rm th

eir r

oles

saf

ely

and

com

pete

ntly

or

whe

ther

thei

r ski

lls a

re s

till c

urre

nt.

� D

ocum

enta

tion

is n

eede

d in

this

are

a fo

r man

agem

ent/

sale

s/ a

dmin

istr

atio

n st

aff.

Indu

ctio

ns-

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w to

ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. In

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

times

of t

heir

pres

ence

at t

he w

orkp

lace

is

reco

rded

to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r al

l per

sons

sho

uld

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

aris

e. E

ntry

on

site

is s

ubje

ct t

o ac

cept

ance

of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

� P

roce

dure

s fo

r con

trac

tors

and

vis

itors

are

wor

king

wel

l.

481

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of th

e po

sitio

n co

mpe

tent

ly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y ha

s be

en d

ocum

ente

d an

d fo

rms

part

of th

e se

lect

ion

crite

ria. A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

the

role

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied

to e

nsur

e th

at v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s ar

e no

t at r

isk

by ta

king

the

posi

tion.

The

risk

is th

at v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

pos

ition

whi

ch th

ey w

ould

be

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� D

ocum

enta

tion

is n

eede

d in

this

are

a to

ass

ist t

he re

crui

tmen

t pro

cess

and

med

ical

eva

luat

ions

.

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion-

Fat

igue

/ St

ress

Aw

aren

ess

The

indi

vidu

al a

rran

gem

ent o

f job

task

s th

at c

onst

itute

the

role

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d to

ens

ure

that

the

wor

k lo

ad d

oes

not i

nduc

e un

due

fatig

ue o

r stre

ss, a

nd th

e re

quire

d le

vel o

f vig

ilanc

e is

abl

e to

be

mai

ntai

ned

over

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pau

ses

or

othe

r rot

atio

n of

dut

ies

have

bee

n in

trodu

ced

whe

re fa

tigue

or s

tress

indu

cing

con

ditio

ns h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d. F

atig

ue m

ay b

e of

a

phys

ical

or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� 1

2 ho

ur s

hifts

indi

rect

ly e

xace

rbat

e is

sues

rel

ated

to

man

ual h

andl

ing,

noi

se a

nd h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ces.

Ana

lysi

s is

re

quire

d to

det

erm

ine

the

seve

rity

of t

his

impa

ct, a

nd t

o en

sure

thr

esho

ld li

mits

cor

rect

ed f

or 1

2 ho

ur s

hifts

hav

e be

en

used

.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r di

sabl

ed p

erso

ns h

as b

een

prov

ided

, and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r th

eir

safe

eva

cuat

ion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nu

rsin

g m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

car

e no

t to

pl

ace

such

em

ploy

ees

into

si

tuat

ions

w

here

th

ey

are

at

incr

ease

d vu

lner

abilit

y.

Tran

slat

ions

or

ot

her

mea

ns

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� A

lthou

gh t

he i

nher

ent

risk

is h

igh,

the

lite

racy

is

requ

ired

for

safe

wor

king

pra

ctic

es a

nd s

o th

e po

tent

ial

issu

e of

la

ngua

ge b

arrie

rs h

as b

een

limite

d at

the

recr

uitm

ent s

tage

.

482

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Job

desc

riptio

ns a

nd d

aily

task

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

so th

at th

e in

cum

bent

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er t

hey

are

able

to

fulfi

l all

thei

r ob

ligat

ions

. Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

fulfi

l the

se e

xist

, ch

anne

ls s

houl

d be

ava

ilabl

e to

ena

ble

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on b

ehal

f of

bot

h pa

rties

. S

kills

and

aut

horit

y le

vels

are

co

mm

ensu

rate

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

peop

le w

ill no

t ha

ve t

he d

irect

ion,

ski

lls o

r au

thor

ity n

eces

sary

to

cond

uct

thei

r ro

le c

ompe

tent

ly,

effe

ctiv

ely

and

safe

ly.

� J

ob d

escr

iptio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

but e

vide

nce

of a

vaila

ble

chan

nels

to n

egot

iate

the

requ

irem

ents

or

asse

ss h

ow r

ealis

tic

they

are

in v

iew

of c

urre

nt re

sour

cing

leve

ls w

as u

nava

ilabl

e at

the

time

of th

e as

sess

men

t.

Trai

ning

Al

l em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed h

ave

been

mad

e aw

are

of lo

cal p

roce

dure

s an

d pr

otoc

ols.

Ref

resh

er t

rain

ing

is p

rovi

ded

at

appr

opria

te i

nter

vals

to

mai

ntai

n sk

ills a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng p

rote

ctio

n fro

m w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

. C

ompe

tenc

y tra

inin

g ha

s be

en

sche

dule

d ac

cord

ing

to t

he tr

aini

ng n

eeds

ana

lysi

s. A

ll pe

rson

s co

nduc

ting

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so. T

rain

ing

reco

rds

are

mai

ntai

ned.

Evi

denc

e of

com

pete

ncie

s is

ava

ilabl

e.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�Tr

aini

ng is

per

form

ed w

ell;

how

ever

doc

umen

tatio

n in

this

are

a w

ould

gre

atly

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n (P

PI’s

Obs

erva

tion

Prog

ram

)

Safe

wor

king

pra

ctic

es a

re p

ositi

vely

rei

nfor

ced

and

unsa

fe b

ehav

iour

s di

scou

rage

d. T

his

may

tak

e th

e fo

rm o

f in

form

al

insp

ectio

ns, u

nsaf

e ac

t or

obse

rvat

ion

prog

ram

s. O

bser

vatio

ns m

ay b

e ov

ert o

r di

scre

et. E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to r

ecog

nise

ha

zard

s an

d ta

ke s

uita

ble

prec

autio

ns -

incl

udin

g th

e ac

know

ledg

emen

t of s

ituat

ions

that

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith

whi

lst a

lso

wat

chin

g ou

t for

the

safe

ty o

f the

ir co

lleag

ues.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�Ta

rget

ed c

ampa

igns

to

brea

k un

safe

wor

king

hab

its a

nd p

ositi

vely

rei

nfor

ce d

esira

ble

wor

k pr

actic

es w

ould

be

of

assi

stan

ce h

ere.

483

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es. T

opic

s m

ay in

clud

e go

od n

utrit

ion,

exe

rcis

e, w

ork-

life

bala

nce,

sym

ptom

s of

sub

stan

ce a

dditi

on, q

uit c

ampa

igns

and

hom

e or

off-

site

saf

ety

tips.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill su

ffer p

oor h

ealth

or a

low

ered

sta

te o

f wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

may

pre

disp

ose

them

to in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

� In

form

atio

n to

pro

mot

e he

alth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

nd im

prov

e ge

nera

l wel

l-bei

ng w

ould

ass

ist l

iftin

g w

orkp

lace

mor

ale

and

rein

forc

e m

anag

emen

t com

mitm

ent t

o sa

fety

and

hea

lth.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g ,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist

perfo

rman

ce i

n po

sitio

ns,

espe

cial

ly w

here

the

re i

s lit

tle o

n si

te h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r ro

le a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng s

uppo

rt. P

ursu

it of

hig

her

orde

r sk

ills a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� In

vest

igat

ing

mea

ns o

f br

eaki

ng in

to e

xist

ing

netw

orks

and

fin

ding

out

wha

t co

urse

s av

aila

ble

for

curr

ently

ava

ilabl

e fo

r fur

ther

edu

catio

n op

port

uniti

es w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or

pers

onal

ity c

lash

es b

efor

e th

e si

tuat

ion

reac

hes

the

poin

t whe

re w

orkp

lace

per

form

ance

has

bee

n im

paire

d an

d/or

is

not

icea

ble

by o

ther

col

leag

ues.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

e in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t is

wel

l con

trol

led

by h

avin

g an

ope

n at

mos

pher

e an

d ap

proa

chab

le li

ne m

anag

emen

t.

484

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

othe

r em

otio

nal p

robl

ems

may

acc

ess

help

in a

con

fiden

tial e

nviro

nmen

t an

d re

ceiv

e th

e ne

cess

ary

supp

ort

to e

nabl

e th

em t

o co

ntin

ue th

eir w

ork

dutie

s w

ithou

t com

prom

isin

g th

e sa

fety

or h

ealth

of o

ther

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

� T

his

is c

ondu

cted

with

con

fiden

tialit

y an

d sp

ecia

list

inpu

t. Th

is e

lem

ent

dem

onst

rate

s th

at o

pera

tiona

l man

ager

s ar

e ac

tivel

y in

volv

ed w

ith s

taff

and

able

to p

rovi

de g

uida

nce

and

dire

ctio

n fo

r ass

ista

nce

whe

n ne

eded

.

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent

quan

titie

s of

firs

t ai

d m

ater

ials

. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cu

rren

t an

d fir

st a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly r

eple

nish

ed.

A r

egis

ter

of w

orkp

lace

in

jurie

s is

kep

t tha

t mee

ts lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

adve

rse

effe

cts

and

traum

a as

soci

ated

with

inju

ries

will

be

grea

ter

and

take

long

er t

ime

to h

eal,

and

OH

S

regu

latio

ns w

ill b

e br

each

ed.

� R

ecor

ds a

re d

ilige

ntly

kep

t, an

d fir

st a

id fa

cilit

ies

are

read

ily a

vaila

ble.

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

ass

ist i

njur

ed o

r ill

empl

oyee

s re

turn

ing

back

to w

ork

with

out e

xace

rbat

ing

thei

r cur

rent

con

ditio

n. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

allo

w th

em to

con

tinue

with

mea

ning

ful e

mpl

oym

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job

/ sa

me

wor

kpla

ce;

diffe

rent

pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; si

mila

r or

mod

ified

pos

ition

/ di

ffere

nt w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce. R

etur

n to

wor

k pr

ogra

mm

es e

xist

and

a c

o-or

dina

tor h

as b

een

appo

inte

d ei

ther

inte

rnal

ly o

r ext

erna

lly to

mee

t loc

al O

HS

regu

latio

ns. A

ll pa

rties

are

kep

t inf

orm

ed o

f pro

gres

s an

d de

velo

pmen

ts.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill b

e in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psyc

holo

gica

l effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

� R

equi

rem

ents

for

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

wer

e st

rictly

obs

erve

d at

the

time

of th

e as

sess

men

t. N

OTE

: The

res

ult f

or th

is

area

may

be

subj

ect t

o ch

ange

in th

e ne

ar fu

ture

due

to lo

ss o

f exp

erie

nced

per

sonn

el a

nd re

sour

cing

issu

es.

485

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t m

edic

als

have

bee

n un

derta

ken

to p

rovi

de b

asel

ine

info

rmat

ion

on t

he e

mpl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of

heal

th f

rom

w

hich

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol s

trate

gies

may

be

eval

uate

d. E

xam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or u

rine

sam

ples

for

bio

logi

cal m

onito

ring,

che

st x

-ray

s an

d au

diom

etric

tes

ting.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

w

orkp

lace

, thi

s su

rvei

llanc

e m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

com

plia

nce

with

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l mea

sure

s w

ill b

e no

t be

know

n, th

at e

mpl

oyee

s he

alth

will

be

enda

nger

ed, a

ba

selin

e fo

r cla

ims

purp

oses

will

not

exi

st a

nd th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

� H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is

carr

ied

out

for

phth

alat

es a

nd a

udio

met

ry.

How

ever

, th

is i

nfor

mat

ion

is n

ot b

eing

use

d pr

oact

ivel

y to

impr

ove

oper

atio

nal p

ract

ices

.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for s

afe

wor

k pr

actic

es a

nd o

bser

vatio

n of

site

saf

ety

rule

s, h

ouse

keep

ing,

and

the

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

res

pons

ibili

ties

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

lev

el o

f re

spon

sibi

lity

and

auth

ority

bes

tow

ed.

Set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

act

ions

m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

�

Perf

orm

ance

rev

iew

s ar

e ca

rrie

d ou

t bu

t O

HS

issu

es a

re n

ot e

mbe

dded

int

o th

e as

sess

men

t, no

r ar

e th

eir

cons

eque

nces

for

und

esira

ble

OH

S at

titud

es o

r pr

actic

es.

Che

cks

and

feed

back

to

ensu

re t

hat

resp

onsi

bilit

y is

co

mm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y w

ere

not a

vaila

ble

at th

e tim

e of

the

asse

ssm

ent.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s Fe

edba

ck m

ay ta

ke th

e fo

rm o

f sug

gest

ion

boxe

s, p

erce

ptio

n su

rvey

s (q

uest

ionn

aire

s to

gau

ge e

mpl

oyee

atti

tude

s, m

oral

e, a

nd/o

r pe

rcei

ved

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

saf

ety

cam

paig

ns),

or r

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms.

Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en t

o th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

re

war

d sc

hedu

les

so t

hat

the

bene

fits

are

mai

ntai

ned

whe

n th

e re

war

d is

rem

oved

. R

ewar

ds m

ay in

clud

e pr

aise

, re

cogn

ition

or

incr

ease

d st

atus

.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

impr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r m

oral

e or

ot

her w

orkp

lace

issu

es c

ontin

ue u

nres

olve

d.

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

for

feed

back

are

nee

ded

to p

rovi

de m

anag

emen

t w

ith m

ore

info

rmat

ion

abou

t th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of

curr

ent O

HS

cont

rols

and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

robl

ems

are

quic

kly

brou

ght t

o m

anag

emen

t’s a

ttent

ion.

486

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Turn

ove

r ra

tes

are

revi

ewed

to

unco

ver

the

root

cau

se f

or a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls,

such

as

prob

lem

s w

ith l

eade

rshi

p,

pers

onal

ity

conf

licts

, ex

cess

ive

wor

kloa

ds,

unre

ason

able

dea

dlin

es,

unpl

easa

nt p

hysi

cal

wor

king

en

viro

nmen

t an

d/or

w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

The

risk

is t

hat

valu

able

exp

erie

nce

is lo

st w

hich

may

indi

rect

ly im

pact

on

the

abilit

y of

the

org

anis

atio

n to

con

duct

its

activ

ities

sa

fely

, and

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

cor

rect

pro

blem

s or

oth

er u

nder

lyin

g is

sues

is lo

st.

� A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

is n

ot a

cted

upo

n, s

o th

e op

port

uniti

es fo

r im

prov

emen

ts a

re lo

st.

487

Safe

Sys

tem

Str

ateg

ies

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acc

ount

abilit

y fo

r OH

S is

sues

has

bee

n al

loca

ted

and

ther

e is

suf

ficie

nt fo

llow

thro

ugh

and

cons

eque

nces

in p

lace

if th

ese

are

not m

et to

ens

ure

that

thes

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s ar

e ta

ken

serio

usly

. The

acc

ount

abilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e au

thor

ity

of th

e po

sitio

n, a

nd s

harin

g of

acc

ount

abili

ties

avoi

ded

to p

reve

nt re

spon

sibi

lity

from

bei

ng d

iffus

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

� A

ssig

nmen

t of a

sin

gle

pers

on to

take

ow

ners

hip

for s

peci

fic O

HS

actio

ns w

ould

dem

onst

rate

that

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

impr

ovem

ent

depe

nds

on e

very

one

play

ing

thei

r pa

rt.

Shar

ed r

espo

nsib

ility

for

spe

cific

act

ions

sho

uld

be

disc

oura

ged

and

whe

re d

iffic

ultie

s ar

e fo

rese

en r

espo

nsib

ility

sho

uld

be r

eallo

cate

d, c

omm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y, a

t th

e ea

rlies

t ava

ilabl

e op

port

unity

.

Aud

its

Form

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at s

peci

fic

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a re

gula

tion,

sta

ndar

d or

org

anis

atio

nal O

HS

requ

irem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is

ava

ilabl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

Spe

cial

ist a

udits

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

det

erm

ine

risks

in p

artic

ular

are

as.

The

frequ

ency

of

audi

ts w

ill d

epen

d on

the

len

gth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce,

as e

stab

lishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

fre

quen

t au

dits

than

sys

tem

s th

at a

re ju

st b

eing

intro

duce

d. T

he fr

eque

ncy

may

ran

ge fr

om a

yea

rly b

asis

to o

nce

ever

y 3-

5 ye

ars

for s

peci

alis

t aud

its. A

udito

rs u

tilis

ed a

re s

uita

bly

qual

ified

and

exp

erie

nced

.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

req

uire

men

ts fo

r go

od O

HS

will

not

be

met

, and

the

actio

ns n

eces

sary

to a

chie

ve th

e de

sire

d O

HS

out

com

es a

re u

nkno

wn.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c au

dits

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

time

of a

sses

smen

t. H

igh

prio

rity

but d

own

rate

d un

til m

ore

pres

sing

ite

ms

addr

esse

d.

488

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Com

mun

icat

ion

C

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

to fa

cilit

ate

the

effic

ient

flow

of i

nfor

mat

ion

to p

erfo

rm w

orkp

lace

dut

ies

in a

man

ner t

hat

is s

afe

and

does

not

ind

uce

stre

ss.

This

may

inc

lude

suf

ficie

nt c

onta

ct w

ith s

uper

viso

rs o

r co

lleag

ues,

the

pro

visi

on o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n eq

uipm

ent s

uch

as te

leph

ones

, int

erne

t acc

ess,

or

radi

os, a

cces

s to

not

iceb

oard

s or

new

slet

ter,

mee

tings

and

ot

her f

orum

s fo

r exc

hang

e w

heth

er th

ey b

e fo

rmal

or i

nfor

mal

.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s lo

st o

r una

vaila

ble.

� In

crea

sed

mea

ns o

f tw

o-w

ay c

omm

unic

atio

n on

OH

S m

atte

rs to

all

empl

oyee

s w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

tale

nt/ t

echn

ical

abi

lity,

soc

ial s

kills

and

exp

erie

nce

nece

ssar

y to

do

so.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inj

ury

or i

llnes

s be

caus

e th

e pe

ople

sup

ervi

sing

the

m d

id h

ave

the

skills

ne

cess

ary

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

� T

here

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f exp

erie

nce

amon

gst l

ine

man

ager

s, h

owev

er th

is re

sult

coul

d ch

ange

if th

ere

wer

e lo

sses

of

key

staf

f mem

bers

.

Con

sulta

tion

Empl

oyee

s’ o

pini

ons

are

cons

ider

ed a

nd v

alue

d w

ith re

spec

t to

chan

ges

that

may

affe

ct th

eir h

ealth

, saf

ety

or w

ell-b

eing

. Loc

al

OH

S re

gula

tions

on

the

form

atio

n sa

fety

com

mitt

ees

are

obse

rved

, and

the

com

mitt

ee c

hairp

erso

n ha

s un

derg

one

appr

opria

te

train

ing

to f

ulfil

the

ir ta

sks

and

dutie

s. M

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a re

gula

r ba

sis

with

par

ticip

atio

n of

a m

anag

emen

t re

pres

enta

tive

with

suf

ficie

nt a

utho

rity

to ta

ke a

ctio

n on

item

s id

entif

ied

as b

eing

in n

eed

of c

orre

ctiv

e ac

tion.

The

min

utes

of t

he

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e av

aila

ble

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly to

ok p

lace

, wer

e no

t upd

ated

abo

ut e

xist

ing

OH

S is

sues

, or

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed a

bout

OH

S in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

thei

r em

ploy

men

t.

� S

pot c

heck

s of

doc

umen

tatio

n ill

ustr

ated

that

this

are

a is

wor

king

wel

l.

489

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter p

urch

ase.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

safe

ty a

nd h

ealth

of

a cu

stom

er,

clie

nt o

r co

nsum

er is

thr

eate

ned

beca

use

they

wer

e un

able

to

acce

ss

criti

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

N/A

Pr

oduc

t is

a no

n ha

zard

ous

inte

rmed

iate

.

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list o

f pro

ject

s ha

s be

en id

entif

ied

that

wou

ld b

ring

the

orga

nisa

tion

into

regu

lato

ry c

ompl

ianc

e, w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a re

sult

of

brea

ches

.

� A

rec

ent

due

dilig

ence

pla

n is

urg

ently

req

uire

d to

ful

fil t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s du

ty o

f ca

re. A

gap

ana

lysi

s th

at h

as

unde

rgon

e re

gula

r re

view

with

dem

onst

rabl

e im

prov

emen

ts w

ill a

lso

assi

st i

n de

mon

stra

ting

good

will

and

goo

d co

rpor

ate

citiz

ensh

ip s

houl

d a

pena

lty o

r bre

ach

occu

r.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

dete

rmin

e w

heth

er O

HS

issu

es a

re im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; m

easu

rabl

e; a

nd h

ave

been

ade

quat

ely

reso

urce

d.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r too

ove

rwhe

lmin

g to

add

ress

sys

tem

atic

ally

and

that

lack

of f

eedb

ack

on re

cent

effo

rts

may

lead

to a

path

y.

� G

oals

wer

e no

t av

aila

ble

at t

he t

ime

of t

he a

udit.

Spe

cific

, Mea

sura

ble,

Ach

ieva

ble,

Rea

listic

and

Tim

ely

(SM

AR

T)

goal

s w

ould

ena

ble

to i

mpr

ovem

ent

task

to

be b

roke

n do

wn

into

a m

anag

eabl

e po

rtio

ns a

nd p

rovi

de s

ome

enco

urag

emen

t whe

n ta

rget

s ar

e m

et.

490

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A sy

stem

is in

pla

ce to

cap

ture

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g in

cide

nts

that

hav

e oc

curr

ed to

avo

id s

imila

r inc

iden

ts fr

om re

curri

ng in

the

futu

re. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t als

o pu

tting

in p

lace

act

ions

to e

nabl

e a

quic

k re

cove

ry fr

om th

e si

tuat

ion.

R

oot

caus

es a

re p

ursu

ed t

o th

e po

int

whe

re t

hey

are

with

in t

he o

rgan

isat

ions

con

trol o

r in

fluen

ce.

Rep

ortin

g of

in

cide

nts

is e

ncou

rage

d w

ith a

vie

w t

o im

prov

e ra

ther

tha

n to

bla

me.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to

inve

stig

ate

base

d on

like

lihoo

d or

pot

entia

l for

mor

e se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s. In

vest

igat

ions

are

car

ried

out b

y pe

rson

s w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

rang

e of

kno

wle

dge

and

skills

.

The

risk

is t

hat

info

rmat

ion

that

cou

ld p

reve

nt i

ncid

ents

fro

m r

ecur

ring

is l

ost

and

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at

the

wor

kpla

ce

cont

inue

to c

ontra

ct il

lnes

ses

or b

e in

jure

d.

� T

his

is u

sed

mor

e as

a d

atab

ase

for

repo

rtin

g ra

ther

tha

n as

a p

robl

em s

olvi

ng t

ool.

Sele

ctiv

e ap

plic

atio

n of

roo

t ca

use

anal

ysis

, cor

rect

ive

actio

n an

d ev

alua

tion

may

yie

ld s

igni

fican

t im

prov

emen

ts in

this

are

a.

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

lis

t of

rel

evan

t O

HS

leg

isla

tion

has

been

com

plie

d an

d ac

cess

to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

bee

n m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

or

gani

satio

n kn

ows

wha

t leg

al o

blig

atio

ns e

xist

and

has

sup

porti

ng in

form

atio

n su

ch a

s st

anda

rds

or c

odes

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r re

fere

nce.

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to

ensu

re t

hat

upda

tes

are

rece

ived

so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rrent

.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or

inco

mpl

ete

info

rmat

ion

is u

sed

for

actio

ning

OH

S is

sues

, so

inap

prop

riate

act

ions

or

ill-in

form

ed d

ecis

ions

are

mad

e.

� A

mor

e sy

stem

atic

app

roac

h th

at in

corp

orat

es a

trig

ger t

o al

ert m

anag

emen

t of l

egis

lativ

e ch

ange

s is

requ

ired.

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S p

olic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

The

cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

no d

irect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S,

or w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

� C

orpo

rate

exp

ecta

tions

are

not

pub

licis

ed o

r do

cum

ente

d an

d vi

sual

evi

denc

e of

man

agem

ent

expe

ctat

ions

is n

ot

read

ily a

vaila

ble.

491

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble.

A m

eans

of

rem

ovin

g ou

t of d

ate

info

rmat

ion

is in

pla

ce s

o th

at th

ere

is c

onfid

ence

that

onl

y th

e m

ost c

urre

nt p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

use

. Any

ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

� A

mor

e sy

stem

atic

and

dep

enda

ble

mea

ns o

f en

surin

g th

at c

hang

es a

re p

asse

d on

and

sup

erse

ded

info

rmat

ion

rem

oved

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll ne

w p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent a

nd s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n pu

rcha

sed

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. E

nd u

sers

hav

e be

en

incl

uded

in th

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g pr

oces

s. S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r se

rvic

es is

pr

ovid

ed w

here

nec

essa

ry fo

r saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

in

suffi

cien

t or

unav

aila

ble.

Th

ere

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of th

e po

int w

here

new

equ

ipm

ent o

r se

rvic

es h

ave

been

acc

epte

d an

d O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S p

robl

ems

and

that

it b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to re

ctify

the

OH

S is

sues

retro

spec

tivel

y.

� A

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h th

at ta

kes

into

acc

ount

the

loca

l con

text

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re k

ept

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed f

rom

det

erio

ratio

n an

d da

mag

e by

wat

er o

r fir

e. T

he d

urat

ion

for

whi

ch th

e re

cord

s ar

e ke

pt is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd th

e co

nfid

entia

lity

of h

ealth

reco

rds

is e

nfor

ced

and

resp

ecte

d. R

egul

ar b

ack

ups

of e

lect

roni

c da

ta a

re m

ade

whe

re th

eir l

oss

wou

ld h

ave

an im

pact

upo

n th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f em

ploy

ees.

The

risk

is t

hat

criti

cal r

ecor

ds o

f em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

eve

nt o

f lit

igat

ion

or f

or p

urpo

ses

rela

ted

to im

prov

ing

or re

solv

ing

OH

S is

sues

.

� A

ctio

n to

impr

ove

reco

rd c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

s w

ould

impr

ove

the

resu

lts in

this

are

a.

492

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suf

ficie

nt r

esou

rces

hav

e be

en a

lloca

ted

to O

HS

issu

es t

o de

mon

stra

te t

hat

com

mitm

ent

is r

eal

and

goal

s ar

e ac

hiev

able

. Fu

nds

are

prot

ecte

d fro

m “

real

loca

tion”

. Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

� A

lloca

tion

of c

apita

l for

OH

S pr

ojec

ts is

urg

ently

req

uire

d in

the

oper

atio

ns a

nd m

aint

enan

ce a

reas

. Pre

serv

atio

n of

fu

nds

for O

HS

proj

ects

onc

e al

loca

ted

mus

t be

assu

red.

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t pr

oced

ures

are

in p

lace

to

enab

le d

utie

s to

be

cond

ucte

d co

nsis

tent

ly a

nd t

o do

cum

ent

prec

autio

ns n

eces

sary

to

perfo

rm th

e jo

b sa

fely

. Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent

info

rmat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs t

o us

e th

eir

judg

emen

t an

d ex

perie

nce

as n

eces

sary

, fo

r ex

ampl

e w

here

too

st

ringe

nt

or

rest

rictiv

e ru

les

may

en

cour

age

viol

atio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es

shou

ld

be

regu

larly

re

view

ed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

� P

roce

dure

s ar

e av

aila

ble

at th

e po

int o

f app

licat

ion.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

exte

ndin

g th

e do

cum

enta

tion

to a

reas

out

side

of p

rodu

ctio

n an

d aw

aren

ess,

trai

ning

and

app

licat

ion

of th

e hi

erar

chy

of c

ontr

ols.

Self

Ass

essm

ent T

ools

A

list

of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S p

roce

dure

s ar

e be

ing

adhe

red

to. T

he p

urpo

se is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

are

su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le.

Sel

f -

asse

ssm

ents

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

frequ

ent

basi

s, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, an

d ite

ms

are

inde

pend

ently

spo

t che

cked

to im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of th

e re

sults

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c se

lf-as

sess

men

t to

ols

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

This

res

ult

wou

ld b

e gr

eatly

im

prov

ed b

y co

nsid

erat

ion

of a

ctio

ns th

at h

ave

the

grea

test

impa

ct o

n sa

fe w

orki

ng a

nd w

ould

be

usef

ul to

ens

ure

that

pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trat

egie

s ap

plie

d re

mai

n on

trac

k.

493

Safe

Sys

tem

Ele

men

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s an

d se

rvic

es s

uppl

ied

are

prov

ided

in a

saf

e st

ate

with

OH

S cr

iteria

tak

en in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at t

he

clie

nt/c

usto

mer

is n

ot e

xpos

ed to

har

m w

hen

the

prod

ucts

or

serv

ices

are

use

d ac

cord

ing

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

.

The

risk

is th

at p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

exp

osin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n to

lit

igat

ion

for b

reac

hes

of O

HS

dut

ies.

� H

andl

ing

of th

e ro

lls m

ay n

eed

furt

her c

onsi

dera

tion

here

.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

Her

e th

e sy

stem

as

a w

hole

is e

xam

ined

to

ensu

re t

hat

it ha

s be

en s

et u

p co

rrec

tly a

nd r

emai

ns

suita

ble

in li

ght o

f any

org

anis

atio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS

.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c sy

stem

rev

iew

s w

ere

mad

e av

aila

ble

at th

e tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

Hig

h pr

iorit

y bu

t dow

n ra

ted

until

mor

e pr

essi

ng it

ems

addr

esse

d.

Appendix 13: Project Field Kit

495

Executive Summary

The purpose of this study is to explore whether a systematic OHS management is linked to improved OHS performance. To guide and focus the research efforts the following questions have been developed:

11) What are the barriers to the uptake of a systematic approach to safety?

12) What questions may be used to promote a systematic examination of the entire context of workplace hazards?

13) What indicators are available on an operational level that may suggest the existence of particular workplace hazards?

14) What strategies are typically invoked to control particular workplace hazards on the following three levels: the physical environment and infrastructure; the individual; and at a managerial level?

15) What are the most suitable measurement indicators to gauge the effectiveness of particular control strategies invoked?

16) Which control strategies are considered essential on a universal level, and which strategies are industry specific; and

17) How does the nature of the organisation influence the type of control strategies selected; and is there a typical order of implementation that may assist in the development of a pathway to OHS improvements?

There are no right or wrong answers to this study. The aim is to gain a better understanding of what is involved in implementing a successful occupational health and safety management system (OHS MS), and ultimately to simplify the process so that the benefits of systematic management may be more widely available.

In order to do this, the elements of an OHS MS have been separated into three distinct areas – safe place, safe person and safe systems. Not all businesses will need to invoke all these elements; the idea is to select the elements that are appropriate and relevant for the individual organisation. It is hoped that by viewing an OHS MS as simply a collection of prevention and control strategies, the function of each element may be more evident and so add more value. The prevention and control strategies have been sorted according to their location on the Deming “plan/ do/ check/ act” cycle to give an indication as to the most appropriate timing of each element. The building blocks of an OHS MS are illustrated on the following page.

It is hoped that this study will of benefit to your organisation. The results of the study will de-identified to preserve the confidentiality of the organisation.

496




Access/ Egress Selection Criteria Accountability

Plant/ Equipment Inductions-Including Visitors/Contractors



Receipt/Despatch Work Organisation - Fatigue Contractor Management


Noise Job Descriptions –Task Structure


Hazardous Substances/Dangerous G d

Behaviour Modification Competent Supervision

Biohazards Health Promotion Safe Working Procedures

Radiation Networking/Mentoring/ Further Education

Communication

Disposal Conflict Resolution Consultation

Installations/ Demolition Employee Assistance Programs Legislative Updates


Personal Protection Equipment Procedural Updates






Inspections/ Monitoring Feedback Programs Audits


Key


Progressive Routine

497

External EnvironmentPeople

Hardware & Operating

Environment

Management Strategies and Methodology

Hazards in the WorkplaceHazards in the Workplace

Control Strategies for Complex Control Strategies for Complex HazardsHazards

External EnvironmentSafe

Person

SafePlace

SafeSystems

OHS MS

498

A.M. Makin and C. Winder March 2007

Strengths of Safe Place Strategies� Underpinned by the risk management

process

� Involves the application of the hierarchy of controls up to the point where alterations are made to the existing environment

� Most effective when hazards are predictable

� Includes provision for abnormal conditions

� Flexible and adaptable


Limitations of Safe Place Strategies

� The risk management process is lengthy and intense

� Need to know when to get outside expertise

� Varying perceptions of what constitutes an “acceptable risk” and problems of complacency or lack of situational awareness

� May involve high level of capital expenditure

� Safety funds may be reallocated elsewhere

499


Safe Person Strategies� Selection/ Screening of competent and

suitable employees

� Awareness training and inductions

� Competency training and further education

� Includes behaviour modification

� Health promotion/ employee assistance programs

� Recovery and monitoring of the person after an injury or illness experience – either physical or psychological


Strengths and Limitations of Safe Person Strategies� Very useful when the workplace is not “fixed”,

example for call-out work

� High level skills suit hazards of an irregular and complex nature, for example non-routine and specialist work

� Often strategies are time consuming

� Vulnerability lies in the complexity of human nature – breakdown of focused attention, effects of stress, fatigue and compliance

500


Safe System Strategies� Leadership – policies, provision of

resources both time and capital

� Safe procedures are in place

� Consultation, updates

� Competent supervision

� Root causes of incidents are investigated

� Regular review and monitoring of the system against set criteria


Strengths and Limitations of Safe System Strategies� Logical, allows for safety to be built in at the

concept stage.

� Solutions are more cost effective when preventive rather than retrospective

� Requires consultation, trust and transparency

� Corrective actions that constantly change the procedures may create too much flux in the system.

� Care not to “over specify” the system

501

“Plain English” Definition of Building Block Elements

Safe Place Strategies

Safe Place Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Baseline Risk Assessment A general broad based risk assessment has been performed at some

critical point in time from which improvement or decline in overall OHS risk presenting to the organisation may be measured. This assessment must be recorded. It is assumed that all key areas of significant risk have been considered. Areas requiring specialist expertise (internal or external) should be identified.

The risk is that the organisation does not know what OHS issues need to be addressed or how urgent they are so resources can not be allocated effectively according to priorities, and the response will be reactive only.

Ergonomic Evaluations A specialised risk assessment that is concerned with fitting the task to the human and may cover a very broad range of issues including manual handling, overuse injury, work organisation, human error and problems with information processing. However, in the context of “safe place strategies” the scope is limited here to focusing on the layout of the workstation, manual handling, task design and examination of repetitive tasks. Such assessments should be performed by person(s) with the appropriate qualifications and competencies to do so.

The risk is that an employee will sustain a strain/sprain injury or cumulative trauma. Whilst the injury may not be fatal, it may be very debilitating and result in significant periods of lost time, and the injured workers may not be able to return to the same type of employment.

Access/ Egress This considers the quick and efficient entrance or departure of personnel to and from the physical workplace, including those with special needs such as disabled employees. Emergency exit signage, walkways, handrails, stairways and fire doors should be in accordance with local building regulations, and escape routes clear. This is particularly important in the case of emergency situations.

The risk is that someone may be unable to escape in an emergency situation or may be injured whilst trying to access or depart from their workplace.

Plant/ Equipment This requires that all existing equipment or plant operates without causing harm. Where this requires specialist knowledge this must be pursued with the supplier or designer, and end users and others affected must be consulted and their opinions duly considered. The hazards of rotating machinery, pinch points, and crush injuries should be included here, as well as the safe use of vehicles (including forklifts) and working from heights. Confined or dangerous spaces should also be identified. Refer to individual elements for noise and/or electrical for the potential of plant/equipment to cause noise, vibration and electrical hazards.

The risk is that someone could be crushed, cut, impaled, hit or entrapped by the machinery

502

Safe Place Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Amenities/ Environment Amenities such as private, hygienic toilets and change rooms;

provision of drinking water and a refrigerator/ microwave for mealtimes; infant feeding facilities and showers where the need exists. The working environment for indoor workers should be comfortable and meet relevant standards and codes for indoor air quality, ventilation and lighting. The potential for heat stress should be considered, which may be exacerbated by humidity levels. Exposure to heat and cold may be particularly important considerations for outdoor workers (see radiation for UV exposure). The special needs for divers or air cabin crew should also be considered where applicable.

The risk is that an uncomfortable work environment will affect their judgement or well-being which may place them at greater risk of other injuries or illnesses or impair their performance and put others at risk.

Receipt/ Despatch Receipt of supplies and raw materials is conducted so that any impacts on health and safety have been considered prior to ordering/purchase; Safe despatch ensures that loading of finished goods does not result in harm, including any earthing requirements where applicable and the product is transported safely. Plans for dealing with emergency situations in transit have been developed, necessary information and contacts are available and training has been conducted for affected parties.

The risk is that employees or others may be harmed during receipt of materials being delivered, or handling, receipt, despatch and transport of supplies and finished goods.

Electrical All electrical equipment should be handled appropriately by those who are suitably qualified and kept in good working order. Other electrical hazards include electric shock; static electricity; stored electrical energy, the increased dangers of high voltage equipment and the potential for sparks in flammable/explosive atmospheres. Where live testing is necessary, only appropriately trained and qualified personnel should do so in compliance with relevant legislation and codes.

The risk is that someone may be injured or fatally electrocuted or cause a fire/explosion by creating sparks in a flammable or explosive atmosphere.

Noise Noise levels or noise maps have been documented where the potential for harm exists, for example if a raised voice is necessary to hear a conversation. In some cases baseline audiometry testing will be necessary. Specialist advice should be sought and attempts to remove the source of the problem should be the first line of defence. Local regulatory requirements should be known. Comparison with regulatory limits should take into account the length of exposure especially if shifts longer than 8 hours are used. Sources of vibration that impact on workers should be identified, including power tools, seats on mobile plant equipment.

The risk is that workers will suffer ear drum damage, tinnitus (ringing in the ears) or industrially induced permanent hearing loss; vibration may cause disturbed blood circulation to the hands and tingling or back pain when associated with seats.

503

Safe Place Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Hazardous Substances/ Dangerous Goods

All hazardous substances and dangerous goods (explosives, pressurised chemicals, corrosives, oxidants, toxic chemicals, and irritants) should be identified, listed and labelled and a register kept containing all MSDS. Where the use of a chemical does not require specific controls this is noted in the register. Where specific controls are necessary, a reference to comply with the MSDS is noted, and where this is inadequate a risk assessment has been prepared; these requirements are made known to all those who may be exposed, In some cases this will be dependent on the quantities or volumes stored. Storage arrangements and inventory of dangerous goods should comply with local OHS and DG legislation. Training for the precautions necessary during use, handling and storage should given to those at risk.

The risk is that someone may become ill from exposure to a hazardous substance whether it is immediate or long term, or harmed by fire or explosion due to inadequate storage and inventory arrangements.

Biohazards Biological hazards include exposure to infectious agents, contagious diseases, bodily fluids (including blood) or other sources of protein that may cause an allergic response – for example mould or dust mites. The source may include micro-organisms, infectious people; contaminated food; contact with animals; rodents; plants/pollens; insects; mites; lice; sewerage; fungi or bird droppings cooling water reservoirs and air conditioning systems that may contain legionella organisms.

The risk is that someone may contract a fatal infection, become ill from an infectious disease, have an allergic reaction or develop long term flu/asthma-like symptoms.

Radiation Sources of radiation may include ionising radiation such as x-rays and radioactivity; non-ionising radiation such as ultraviolet rays which may affect the skin or eyes; near infra-red radiation affecting the eyes (welding, furnaces, molten metals); LASER’s; the heating effect from microwaves and mobile phone towers; and other extremely low frequency radiation with associated magnetic field exposure such as powerlines.

The risk is that someone could get radiation poisoning or damage their eyes or skin or develop skin burns or skin cancer.

Disposal All materials and waste products, including their containers, should be disposed of in a manner that complies with local regulations and that does not cause harm either through immediate contact or as a result of transferring the substances / materials for disposal or dispersal elsewhere. All those in contact with the waste materials are aware of hazards and precautions necessary to minimise the risks (see hazardous materials/ dangerous goods). Also included here are the risks associated with hygiene and the handling of sharps.

The risk is that someone could be injured or get ill from contact with or exposure to waste chemicals or materials.

Installations/ Demolition Planning for the safe installation of new buildings or warehouses as well as the demolition of these structures to ensure the protection of pedestrians and others in the workplace. Included here are the presence of asbestos in demolished structures; the safe connection or disconnection of services such as gas, electricity, and telecommunications; protection from noise, debris or other projectiles; and the possibility of falling into excavated areas.

The risk is that someone could be injured as a result of proximity to installation/demolition activities or as a result of unintentionally breaking into service lines.

504

Safe Place Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Preventive Maintenance/ Repairs

Regular maintenance of equipment essential for safe operation is planned and critical spares are readily available to keep production running without compromising safety. Repair work is carried out on failed equipment in a timely fashion by those that are qualified and competent to do so.

The risk is that an equipment failure results in an injury.

Modifications – Peer Review /Commissioning

Changes to existing infrastructure and plant/equipment are carefully controlled to minimise the impact that this may have on existing users and others affected. Modifications may be minor or major, and should be peer reviewed by others with the appropriate skills and knowledge. New plant or equipment is commissioned to ensure that all safety impacts have been considered before the project is handed over to the regular users.

The risk is that the modifications result in an injury because the full impact of the changes was no thought through prior to implementation.

Emergency Preparedness Contingency plans are available to deal with situations such as fire, natural disasters, explosions, bomb threats, and hostage situations; vapour clouds, sabotage, medical emergencies and other unwelcome events. Not only should these potential situations be identified, but the required actions documented and practiced at regular intervals. Debriefing sessions are held after the drills to identify areas in need of improvement. Critical emergency equipment, such as alarms, smoke detectors, fire sprinklers, the correct type of extinguishers, back up generators (where applicable) are provided and maintained.

The risk is that in the event of an emergency situation people will be unable to react appropriately (for example, evacuate safely or respond effectively, which may lead to increased casualties, panic and trauma.

Security – Site/Personal Only authorised persons who have been informed of relevant site rules enter the workplace. Persons working alone should be able to contact help in case of an emergency (medical or otherwise) and precautionary measures have been put in place to reduce threats of bodily harm. Provisions exist for removing unauthorised persons or unwelcome visitors.

The risk is that the personal and physical safety of employees is compromised by the entry of unauthorised persons onto the site or because they are isolated from emergency assistance.

Housekeeping The workplace should be kept in a clean and tidy state to avoid trips, slips and falls. Walkways should not be blocked. Spillages should be cleaned up immediately. Fire extinguishers should be checked and maintained. Hoses should be returned and empty containers and pallets stored in appropriate locations. Unwanted materials should be sorted and put into storage or disposed of.

The risk is that someone may trip/slip or fall or that there is increased potential for a fire.

Inspections and Monitoring Processes should be monitored and inspected regularly to ensure that equipment and facilities are being used and applied in the manner that was intended and for which safety provisions have been considered and implemented. The processes are monitored to ensure that they are operating within safe limits. Causes of abnormal operations are investigated and rectified.

The risk is that the process operates outside of designated safe limits which may lead to injury or other ill effects, or that equipment is used inappropriately leading to damage to property, loss of production or other unwelcome events.

505

Safe Place Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Operational Review A periodic review is conducted that compares the current situation

against a baseline assessment to indicate whether strategies implemented for risk reduction have been effective or otherwise, and whether there have been any changes to plant, the organisation or legislation that may impact on the risk presented by the operation. Any adverse findings are dealt with.

The risk is that the effectiveness of current prevention and control strategies is unknown, so efforts and resources may have been wasted, and the impact of changes on the operations.

506

Safe Person Strategies

Safe Person Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Equal Opportunity/ Anti-Harassment

Policies are in place to ensure that all employees and others are treated with respect and dignity. There is zero tolerance towards bullying and diversity is accepted in the workplace. Awareness programs have ensured that the intention of these policies have been made clear to employees and management, as well as educating management on the forms that discrimination or harassment may take - including more subtle manifestations such as holding back pay or entitlements; undue delays for provision of resources; spreading malicious gossip; social exclusion; hiding belongings; role ambiguity; and career stagnation or uncertainty.

The risk is of long or short term psychological harm. This may indirectly place them at greater risk of physical harm by affecting their performance or judgement or putting them at risk of workplace violence.

Accommodating Diversity The workplace promotes an acceptance of diversity. Access for disabled persons has been provided, and special provisions exist for their safe evacuation in case of an emergency. The special needs of young workers, pregnant or nursing mothers, and older workers are taken into consideration. Where workers are known to have a pre-existing psychological condition, employers take care not to place such employees into situations where they are at increased vulnerability. Translations or other means of communication are available for those that have language barriers.

The risk is that people with special needs are not catered for and so are more prone to injury or illness.

Selection Criteria A list of the skills, competencies and traits considered necessary to discharge the duties of a position competently and effectively has been documented and forms part of the selection criteria (for example in position descriptions). Any pre-existing conditions that may be exacerbated by the role have been identified to ensure that vulnerable persons are not at risk by taking the position.

The risk is that employees may not be capable of doing the jobs they are selected for, and vulnerable persons may be placed in a position which they would be prone to injury or illness.

Inductions-Contractors/Visitors

All visitors and contractors to the workplace are made aware of any hazards that they are likely to encounter and understand how to take the necessary precautions to avoid any adverse effects. Information regarding the times of their presence at the workplace is recorded to allow accounting for all persons should an emergency situation arise. Entry on site is subject to acceptance of site safety rules where this is applicable. Also, specific contacts/hosts are designated to ensure compliance with local rules.

The risk is that people unfamiliar with the site may be injured because they were unaware of potential hazards.

507

Safe Person Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Training A training needs analysis has been conducted to determine what

skills employees have and what skills are needed to perform their roles safely and competently. Arrangements are in place to address any gaps that may exist. All employees and others affected have been made aware of local procedures and protocols. Refresher training is provided at appropriate intervals to maintain skills and provide ongoing protection from workplace hazards. Competency training has been scheduled according to the training needs analysis. All persons conducting training are appropriately qualified to do so. Training records are maintained. Evidence of competencies is available.

The risk is that people will not have the skills necessary to perform their roles competently and safely.

Work Organisation- Fatigue The individual arrangement of job tasks that constitute the role have been considered to ensure that the work load does not induce unnecessary manual handling, overuse, undue fatigue or stress, and the required level of vigilance is able to be maintained over the work period. Work breaks, pauses or other rotation of duties have been introduced where fatigue inducing conditions have been identified. Fatigue may be of a physical or mental nature.

The risk is that the particular sequencing, timing or arrangement of job tasks will predispose employees to injury or illness.

Stress Awareness Personal skills, personality, family arrangements, coverage of critical absences, resourcing levels and opportunities for employees to have some control over work load are factored into ongoing work arrangements so as not to induce conditions that may be considered by that particular employee as stressful. Plans are available for dealing with excessive emails and unwelcome contacts.

The risk is that the employee becomes overwhelmed by the particular work arrangements, and is unable to perform competently or safely due to the particular circumstances.

Job Descriptions -Task Structure

Job descriptions and daily tasks have been documented so that the employee has a clear idea of the expectations of the role and whether they are able to fulfil all their obligations. Where a difference between work expectations and ability to fulfil these exist, channels should be available to enable fair and equitable negotiation on behalf of both parties. Skills and authority levels are commensurate with responsibilities allocated.

The risk is that people will not have the direction, skills or authority necessary to conduct their role competently, effectively and safely.

Behaviour Modification Critical safe working practices are positively reinforced and unsafe behaviours discouraged. This may take the form of informal inspections, unsafe act or observation programs, followed by suitable feedback. Observations may be overt or discreet. Employees are encouraged to recognise hazards and take suitable precautions - including the acknowledgement of situations that they are not sufficiently skilled to deal with whilst also watching out for the safety of their colleagues. Where reward programs are used for positive reinforcement of safe behaviours, consideration is given to the use of variable, unpredictable reward schedules so that the benefits are maintained when the reward is removed. Rewards may include praise, recognition or increased status.

The risk is that unsafe work habits will lead to an increase in injuries or illnesses.

508

Safe Person Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Health Promotion Healthy lifestyle choices are promoted and an awareness

program exists to educate personnel on these issues. Topics may include good nutrition, exercise, work-life balance, symptoms of substance addiction, quit campaigns, medical checks (prostate, bowel, breast, cervical) and home or off-site safety tips.

The risk is that employees will suffer poor health or a lowered state of well-being which may predispose them to injuries or illnesses in the workplace.


Channels for networking have been established to assist performance in positions, especially where there is little on site help available. On site mentoring or buddy programs have been established where more experienced personnel are available to assist new employees adjust to their role and provide ongoing support. Pursuit of higher order skills and professional development are encouraged to grow job positions and increase workplace satisfaction.

The risk is that employees will lose motivation or become apathetic which may place themselves or others at increased likelihood of injury or illness.

Conflict Resolution Mediation channels are available and/or supervisors have received special training to deal with differences of opinion, relationship breakdowns or personality clashes before the situation reaches the point where workplace performance has been impaired and/or is noticeable by other colleagues.

The risk is that employees are unable to work as part of a team and this may affect their ability to carry out their roles competently and safely.


Persons experiencing problems of a personal nature such as the breakdown of significant relationships, grief, substance abuse, or other emotional problems may access help in a confidential environment and receive the necessary support to enable them to continue their work duties without compromising the safety or health of others in the workplace.

The risk is that employee’s personal problems interfere with their ability to conduct their roles competently and safely.


Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is used where other options to minimise the risk are unavailable or inadequate. All PPE supplied has been carefully selected to ensure that it meets any standards applicable, is fit for purpose and is fitted correctly. The potential for creating other hazards by the application of the PPE selected has been carefully considered and the potential for such impacts minimised.

The risk is that PPE selected will not provide the protection expected (because of poor selection, poor training, poor fit or poor maintenance) or may even be the cause of additional workplace hazards.

First Aid/ Reporting Provisions for first aid are available that meet local regulations including the numbers of suitably qualified first aiders and sufficient quantities of first aid materials. Qualifications are kept current and first aid stocks regularly replenished. A register of workplace injuries is kept that meets local OHS regulations and notification of incidents to statutory authorities is observed as required.

The risk is that the adverse effects and trauma associated with injuries and poor injury management will be greater and take longer time to heal, and OHS regulations will be breached.

509

Safe Person Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Workers’ Compensation /Rehabilitation

Provisions are made to compensate injured workers for lost time and medical/related expenses. Assistance is provided for returning injured or ill employees back to the workplace in an agreed timeframe without exacerbating their current condition and to offer meaningful employment where such opportunities exist according to the following hierarchy – same job/ same workplace; modified job/ same workplace; different position same workplace; similar or modified position/ different workplace; different position/ different workplace. A return to work co-ordinator has been appointed either internally or externally to meet local OHS regulations. All parties are kept informed of progress and developments. Systems are in place to ensure that injured workers are not returned to the unaltered workplace that injured them.

The risk is that injuries will be exacerbated, that time away from the workplace will be increased and that the psychological effects of the injury and loss of confidence will be heightened.

Health Surveillance Pre-employment medicals have been undertaken to provide baseline information on the employee’s current state of health. Examinations may include lung function tests, blood or urine samples for biological monitoring, chest x-rays and audiometric testing. Where known hazardous substances are present in the workplace, this surveillance may be subject to compliance with local OHS regulations. Health surveillance is conducted from which the health of workers exposed to specific risks can be monitored (including biological monitoring) and the effectiveness of current control strategies may be evaluated

The risk is that (i) employees may be placed in situations where their health may be damaged; and (ii) the effectiveness of current control measures will be not be known, that employees health will be endangered, a baseline for claims purposes will not exist and that local OHS regulations may be breached.

Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals include criteria for safe work practices and observation of site safety rules, housekeeping, and the display of safe working attitude. OHS responsibilities should be commensurate with the level of responsibility and authority bestowed. Employees and management setting good examples for workplace safety should be encouraged and valued.

The risk is that desirable OHS work behaviours and attitudes will not be reinforced, and that inappropriate OHS attitudes or actions may be encouraged with employees believing that such behaviour or actions are acceptable.

Feedback Programs Feedback may take the form of suggestion boxes, perception surveys (questionnaires to gauge employee attitudes, morale, and/or perceived effectiveness of safety campaigns). Reward programs may be used to encourage participation in feedback activities.

The risk is that opportunities for improvement are lost and the effectiveness of current strategies is unknown, and poor morale or other workplace issues continue unresolved.

510

Safe Person Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Review of Personnel Turnover Personnel turn over rates are reviewed to uncover the root cause

for any abnormally high levels, such as problems with leadership, personality conflicts, excessive workloads, unreasonable deadlines, unpleasant physical working environment and/or work conditions. Exit interviews are conducted to gather feedback for improvement where such opportunities present. Succession plans are in place to provide a safe and sufficient level of experience as others move on and continuity of safe working arrangements.

The risk is that valuable experience is lost which may indirectly impact on the ability of the organisation to conduct its activities safely, and the opportunity to correct problems or other underlying issues is lost.

511

Safe System Strategies

Safe System Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks OHS Policy An OHS policy is in place that conveys management’s intention

and attitude towards safety. It is one expression of management’s will which may be used to motivate all employees to behave in a certain way and uphold certain attitudes. The credibility of the policy is witnessed by the consistency of management’s actions and responses to daily situations.

The risk is that there will be no direction on OHS issues and employees will not know the organisation’s attitude towards OHS, or what is expected from them.

Goal Setting Goals and milestones should be set with sufficient detail to determine whether OHS issues are improving, unchanged or in decline. These goals should be consistent the organisation’s OHS policy and the goals should be reviewed at regular intervals. Care should be taken to ensure that goals are realistic and achievable; specific; measurable; have been adequately resourced and undergo periodic review. Performance measures are aligned with goals and policies.

The risk is that OHS issues may appear too overwhelming to address systematically and that lack of feedback on recent efforts may lead to apathy.

Accountability Accountability for OHS issues has been allocated and there is sufficient follow through and consequences in place if these are not met to ensure that these responsibilities are taken seriously. The accountability should be commensurate with the authority of the position, and sharing of accountabilities avoided to prevent responsibility from being diffused.

The risk is that no one will take responsibility for OHS actions and so OHS duties will be ignored.


A list of projects has been identified that would bring the organisation into regulatory compliance, with responsibilities allocated and time frames for completion identified. The list is reviewed on a regular basis and demonstrable progress is evident.

The risk is that legal compliance with OHS duties will be ignored with the potential for fines, penalties or litigation as a result of breaches.


Sufficient resources have been allocated to OHS issues to demonstrate that commitment is real and goals are achievable. Funds are protected from “reallocation”. Time is available and sufficient to address OHS issues, and has been budgeted for in projects and tenders.

The risk is that there will be insufficient funding to rectify OHS issues identified.

Contractor Management Contracts are reviewed for suitability to the OHS program and contractors are managed in such a way that their presence does not create additional workplace hazards due to lack of familiarity and local knowledge; and all those persons who may be impacted by their activities are informed and aware of any potential hazards that may arise. Areas of control and responsibility are clearly delineated.

The risk is that contractors may injure or harm employees or others at the work place as a result of their business undertakings.

512

Safe System Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Procurement with OHS Criteria

All new plant, equipment, materials, and services have been purchased with OHS criteria taken into consideration. Provisions are made to ensure that hazardous materials are reviewed prior to purchase (see Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods). Provisions for plant and equipment are installed safely (see modifications). End users have been included in the decision making process. Safety instructions are available and training on new equipment, plant or services is provided where necessary for safe operation. Technical or specialist expertise has been acquired where written instructions are insufficient or unavailable. There is clear delineation of the point where new equipment or services have been accepted and OHS issues resolved.

The risk is that new plant, equipment, materials or services will be the cause of OHS problems and that it can be very expensive to rectify the OHS issues retrospectively.

Supply with OHS Criteria All products supplied are provided in a safe state with OHS criteria taken into consideration to ensure that the client/customer is not exposed to harm when the products or services are used according to the suppliers instructions with all due warnings being heeded. All services are supplied in such a way that safety has been considered and meets organisational standards.

The risk is that unchecked or unreviewed products or services supplied are the cause of injury or illness as well as potentially exposing the organisation to litigation for breaches of OHS duties.

Competent Supervision Persons that are placed in a position of authority and supervision have the responsibility, talent/ technical ability, social skills and experience necessary to do so.

The risk is that employees may be exposed to injury or illness because the people supervising them did have the skills necessary to know how to protect them from OHS issues.

Safe Working Procedures Sufficient safe working procedures are in place to enable duties to be conducted consistently and to document controls and preventive measures necessary to perform the job safely. Consideration is given to the level of detail incorporated so that there is a balance between providing sufficient information and allowing workers to use their judgement and experience as necessary, for example where too stringent or restrictive rules may encourage violations. The procedures should be regularly reviewed to incorporate improvements as these become available, and the level of compliance assessed.

The risk is that employees will not know how to perform their job tasks safely.

Communication Communication channels are available to facilitate the efficient flow of information to perform workplace duties in a manner that is safe and does not induce stress. This may include sufficient contact with supervisors or colleagues, the provision of communication equipment such as telephones, internet access, local intranets, radios, access to noticeboards or newsletter, meetings and other forums for exchange whether they be formal or informal.

The risk is that critical information necessary to create a safe working environment is available, but may be lost or unavailable.

513

Safe System Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Consultation Employees’ opinions are considered and valued with respect to

changes that may affect their health, safety or well-being. Local OHS regulations on the formation safety committees are observed, and the committee chairperson has undergone appropriate training to fulfil their tasks and duties. Meetings are conducted on a regular basis with participation of a management representative with sufficient authority to take action on items identified as being in need of corrective action. The minutes of the meetings are kept in a secure location and made accessible to all employees. Attempts are made to resolve disputes in-house before outside authorities are brought in.

The risk is that the safety, health and well-being of employees and others at the workplace may be jeopardised because they were uniformed of changes before the changes actually took place, were not updated about existing OHS issues, or because they were uniformed about OHS information relevant to their employment.

Legislative Updates A list of relevant OHS legislation and supporting codes and standards has been complied and access to these documents has been made available so the organisation knows what legal obligations exist and has supporting information such as standards or codes of practice available for reference. A system is in place to ensure that updates are received so that the information being acted upon is always current.

The risk is that out-of-date or incorrect or incomplete information is used for actioning OHS issues, so inappropriate actions or ill-informed decisions are made.

Procedural Updates Procedures are kept current to incorporate lessons learnt and other improvements as these become available. A means of removing out of date information is in place so that there is confidence that only the most current procedures are in use. Any obsolete information that is kept for archival purposes is clearly identifiable as being superseded. Training on updated methods and procedures is provided where the changes are considered to be significant.

The risk is that out-of-date procedures are used that do not include the latest information on how to avoid unsafe working conditions.

Record Keeping/ Archives Records are archived in a safe and secure location, protected from deterioration and damage by water or fire. The duration for which the records are kept is in accordance with local OHS and Privacy legislation and the confidentiality of health records is enforced and respected. Regular back ups of electronic data are made where their loss would have an impact upon the safety and health of employees.

The risk is that critical records of employees’ health and safety will be unavailable in the event of litigation or for purposes related to improving or resolving OHS issues.

514

Safe System Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks Customer Service – Recall/Hotlines

Information is made available to end users to address any health or safety concerns encountered during the use of the organisation’s products or services. Procedures are in place to recall goods or services in a timely manner where a danger or threat may place end users at risk after purchase. A document trail is available to record the decision making process that preceded the recall.

The risk is that the safety and health of a customer, client or consumer is threatened because they were unable to access critical information in a timely manner regarding the organisations goods or services.

Incident Management A system is in place to capture information regarding incidents that have occurred to avoid similar incidents from recurring in the future. Attempts are made to address underlying causes, whilst also putting in place actions to enable a quick recovery from the situation. Root causes are pursued to the point where they are within the organisation’s control or influence. Reporting of incidents is encouraged with a view to improve rather than to blame. Near miss/hits are also reported and decisions to investigate based on likelihood or potential for more serious consequences. Investigations are carried out by persons with the appropriate range of knowledge and skills. A protocol for reporting to external authorities notifiable events has been established, and communicated.

The risk is that information that could prevent incidents from recurring is lost and employees and others at the workplace continue to contract illnesses or be injured.

Self Assessment A list of questions has been compiled to ensure that outcomes are being achieved on a regular basis and the key requirements of OHS procedures are being adhered to in house. The purpose is to determine the level of compliance; whether the requirements are suitable and reasonable; and to ensure that any practical problems with the daily working of procedures are uncovered whilst the situation is still recoverable. Self-assessments targeting particular areas where improvement is sought are conducted on a frequent basis, for example monthly, and items are independently spot checked to improve the reliability of the results.

The risk is that the reasonableness and practicality of agreed OHS actions are not tested and OHS goes off track and is difficult to get back on track.

Audits A range of formal reviews of measures implemented to ensure that the prime intention of the procedures is being met and that specific criterion such as compliance with a regulation, standard or organisational OHS requirement are addressed. Objective evidence is available to support the findings. Specialist audits may be necessary to determine risks in particular areas. The frequency of audits will depend on the length of time that the OHS systems have been in place, as established systems will need less frequent audits than systems that are just being introduced. The frequency may range from a yearly basis to once every 3-5 years for specialist audits. Auditors utilised are suitably qualified and experienced.

The risk is that predetermined requirements for good OHS will not be met, and the actions necessary to achieve the desired OHS outcomes are unknown.

515

Safe System Elements Definition Criteria , Scope and Key Risks System Review A review of all the OHS systems in place to enable the

organisation to fulfil its duty of care to employees and others affected by its business undertakings. Here the system as a whole is examined to ensure that it has been set up correctly and remains suitable in light of any organisational changes or business acquisitions. Conducted typically on an annual basis.

The risk is that the effectiveness of the entire combination of existing OHS prevention and control strategies remains unknown, and there is no input for future directions in OHS.

516

Classification for Case Studies

Profile Operational Characteristics

Routine Work processes are either simplistic or they may be complex but “mastered” and performed automatically with skill and precision. There is little scope for unplanned events. The process outputs are known and unlikely to change. Outcomes are predictable.

Examples: simple component manufacturing, assembly, postal service, bakery, corner store, small businesses for cleaning or lawn mowing, grocery store or newsagent.

Specialised Complex activities are undertaken, there is a high level of individual skill involved for which substantial training (either academic or on the job) has been received and the focus of business activities is narrow. There is the distinct possibility of unforeseen events occurring, for which on the job experience is necessary. A variety of related but different process outputs are possible. Individual outcomes are unique.

Examples: Health practitioner- doctors’ surgery; dentist; educational institution; anaesthetist; artist, engineering, designer, interior decorator, financial planner, hair stylists, landscape gardening or executive chef.

Progressive Attempts are being made to gain an understanding of the processes with a view to improve. There is widespread application of monitoring and the use of feedback. Both upstream and downstream indicators are in use. Outcomes are predictable but improvement is expected.

Examples: food or chemical manufacturers using batch processes, software manufacturers, new businesses or any business seeking to improve its basic operation.

Strategic Planners Substantial understanding of internal processes has already taken place, sub-processes are considered to be “mastered” and the organisation is therefore in a technical and financial position to look at newer methods and consider the use of best practice. The organisation is open to the possibility of change.

Examples: Multinational companies including petrochemical giants with continuous manufacturing operations, food or car manufacturers or airlines; national government enterprises; property giants that build and lease space such as shopping centres; international technical specialists, service providers and fast food chains.

517

3: Site Description

Question 1: What industry sector does this organisation fall into?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 2: How many employees are there? How many executives are on site? How

many Administration/ Support Staff?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 3: How large is the site? What is it surrounded by?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 4: How would you describe the main business function?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Question 5: What system profile best describes this business?

………………………………………………………………………………………

518

Ran

king

Crit

eria

R

anki

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riter

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ever

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Safe

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Fi

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seke

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g

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or D

elay

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tty

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ries

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ance

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.

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impa

ct o

n en

viro

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Min

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re

sum

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Up

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519

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520

Appendix 14: The “Safe Place, Safe Person, Safe

Systems” OHS Management Assessment Tool

521

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A g

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road

bas

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t has

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med

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ome

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me

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prov

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t or d

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ting

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may

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his

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ed t

hat

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ey a

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of

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ifica

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isk

have

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risk

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now

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esse

d or

how

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ent t

hey

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ces

can

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loca

ted

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ctiv

ely

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rdin

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ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

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ly.

Pote

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l Ris

k Fa

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s �

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men

t/ Au

dit

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ally

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e fo

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prov

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igni

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t Ris

ks N

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dent

ified

�

Lim

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ent C

ondu

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– N

arro

w S

cope

Poss

ible

Pre

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and

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trol

Str

ateg

ies

� G

ener

alis

ed R

isk

Asse

ssm

ent C

ondu

cted

�

A S

erie

s of

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ents

Con

duct

ed

� B

asel

ine

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ent D

ocum

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d �

Sig

nific

ant R

isks

Iden

tifie

d

� P

riorit

ies

for I

mpr

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ent E

stab

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d

�

522

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A s

peci

alis

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sk a

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smen

t tha

t is

conc

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d w

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the

task

to th

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man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es in

clud

ing

man

ual

hand

ling,

ove

ruse

inj

ury,

wor

k or

gani

satio

n, h

uman

err

or a

nd p

robl

ems

with

inf

orm

atio

n pr

oces

sing

. H

owev

er,

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f “s

afe

plac

e st

rate

gies

” th

e sc

ope

is li

mite

d he

re t

o fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e la

yout

of

the

wor

ksta

tion,

man

ual h

andl

ing,

tas

k de

sign

and

exa

min

atio

n of

rep

etiti

ve

task

s. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) with

the

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill s

usta

in a

str

ain/

spra

in in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tr

aum

a. W

hils

t the

inju

ry m

ay n

ot b

e fa

tal,

it m

ay b

e ve

ry d

ebili

tatin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

and

the

inju

red

wor

kers

may

not

be

able

to re

turn

to th

e sa

me

type

of e

mpl

oym

ent.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Wor

ksta

tions

Gen

erat

e Fa

tigue

/ St

rain

/ Eye

Stra

in

� L

iftin

g of

Hea

vy L

oads

�

Rep

etiti

ve M

ovem

ents

�

Tw

istin

g/ B

endi

ng

�

Rea

chin

g

� S

tand

ing/

Sitt

ing

for P

rolo

nged

Per

iods

�

H

isto

ry

of S

prai

ns/ S

train

s/ B

ack

Inju

ry

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� E

nd U

ser I

nput

Sou

ght

� U

ser F

riend

ly W

orks

tatio

ns

� L

iftin

g D

evic

es in

Use

�

Ana

lysi

s of

Wor

k M

ovem

ents

� S

peci

alis

t Adv

ice

Soug

ht w

here

Nec

essa

ry

�

523

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

su

ch a

s di

sabl

ed e

mpl

oyee

s. E

mer

genc

y ex

it si

gnag

e, w

alkw

ays,

han

drai

ls, s

tairw

ays

and

fire

door

s sh

ould

be

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal b

uild

ing

regu

latio

ns, a

nd e

scap

e ro

utes

cle

ar. T

his

is p

artic

ular

ly im

port

ant i

n th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

unab

le t

o es

cape

in

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t tr

ying

to

acce

ss o

r de

part

fro

m t

heir

wor

kpla

ce.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Exi

ts N

ot Id

entif

ied

� N

o Em

erge

ncy

Ligh

ting

for

Exi

t Sig

ns

� A

cces

s to

Fire

Doo

rs R

estri

cted

�

Han

drai

ls o

n St

airw

ays/

Wal

kway

s A

bsen

t �

Sta

irway

s/ W

alkw

ays

not I

nspe

cted

for C

lear

Acc

ess

� M

inim

um W

idth

for W

alkw

ays

not O

bser

ved

� M

inim

um H

eigh

t for

Rai

ls n

ot O

bser

ved

� P

rese

nce

of D

isab

led

Pers

ons

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� E

mer

genc

y E

xits

Cle

ar

� F

ire D

oors

Cle

ar

� W

alkw

ays

Uno

bstru

cted

�

Sta

irway

s/W

alkw

ays/

Rai

ls C

ompl

iant

with

Loc

al R

egul

atio

ns

� In

depe

nden

t Em

erge

ncy

Exi

t Lig

htin

g �

Dis

able

d Ac

cess

/ Egr

ess

Prov

ided

�

524

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m. W

here

this

requ

ires

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

purs

ued

with

the

supp

lier

or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir

opin

ions

dul

y co

nsid

ered

. The

haz

ards

of r

otat

ing

mac

hine

ry, p

inch

poi

nts,

and

cru

sh in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f veh

icle

s (in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

he

ight

s. C

onfin

ed o

r da

nger

ous

spac

es s

houl

d al

so b

e id

entif

ied.

Ref

er t

o in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts f

or n

oise

and

/or

elec

tric

al f

or t

he p

oten

tial o

f pl

ant/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectr

ical

haz

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Con

fined

Spa

ces

� P

its

� W

ork

on R

oofs

�

Pot

entia

l for

Ent

rapm

ent

�

Cra

nes

and

Hoi

sts

�

Wor

king

at H

eigh

ts

� E

xpos

ed R

otat

ing

Parts

�

Lift

s/ E

leva

tors

/ Tra

vela

tors

� S

caffo

ldin

g

� P

inch

Poi

nts

Pres

ent

� S

pray

Pai

ntin

g

� G

rindi

ng W

heel

s �

Hig

h Pr

essu

re E

quip

men

t

� M

obile

Pla

nt

�

For

klift

s �

Wel

ding

�

Exp

losi

ve P

ower

ed T

ools

in U

se

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� R

estri

ctio

ns o

n U

se o

f Spe

cial

ist o

r Hig

h Pr

essu

re E

quip

men

t �

Mac

hine

Gua

rdin

g �

Res

trict

ions

and

Pla

nned

Mai

nten

ance

for U

se o

f Lift

s/ E

leva

tors

/ Tra

vela

tors

�

Com

pete

ncy

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r the

use

Sca

ffold

ing/

Sci

ssor

Lift

s/ C

herr

y Pi

cker

s/ F

all

Arre

stor

s

�

Res

trict

ions

for A

cces

s to

Roo

fs

� M

aint

enan

ce R

egis

ters

for C

rane

s/ H

oist

s �

Res

trict

ions

on

the

Use

of L

adde

rs

� R

estri

cted

Acc

ess

and

Iden

tific

atio

n of

Con

fined

Spa

ces

� S

pray

Pai

ntin

g Bo

oths

� P

roce

dure

s fo

r Use

of G

rindi

ng W

heel

s �

Veh

icle

and

Driv

er C

heck

s

� R

equi

rem

ents

for F

orkl

ift D

river

s �

Com

pete

ncy

Spee

d Li

mits

Enf

orce

d �

Res

trict

ed P

edes

trian

Acc

ess

�

525

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Am

eniti

es/ E

nviro

nmen

t

Am

eniti

es s

uch

as p

rivat

e, h

ygie

nic

toile

ts a

nd c

hang

e ro

oms;

pro

visi

on o

f drin

king

wat

er a

nd a

ref

riger

ator

/ mic

row

ave

for

mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt

feed

ing

faci

litie

s an

d sh

ower

s w

here

the

nee

d ex

ists

. The

wor

king

env

ironm

ent

for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

fort

able

and

mee

t re

leva

nt

stan

dard

s an

d co

des

for

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

, ve

ntila

tion

and

light

ing.

The

pot

entia

l fo

r he

at s

tres

s sh

ould

be

cons

ider

ed,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls. E

xpos

ure

to h

eat a

nd c

old

may

be

part

icul

arly

impo

rtan

t con

side

ratio

ns fo

r ou

tdoo

r w

orke

rs (s

ee r

adia

tion

for

UV

expo

sure

). Th

e sp

ecia

l nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is t

hat

an u

ncom

fort

able

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t w

ill a

ffect

the

ir ju

dgem

ent

or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

the

m a

t gr

eate

r ris

k of

oth

er

inju

ries

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Exp

osur

e to

Hea

t/ H

umid

ity (H

eat S

tress

) �

Exp

osur

e to

UV

� E

xpos

ure

to C

old/

Win

d �

Poo

r Ind

oor A

ir Q

ualit

y �

Poo

r Lig

htin

g/ G

lare

�

Poo

r Ven

tilat

ion

� L

ight

Spi

ll �

On

Site

Can

teen

�

Ove

rcro

wdi

ng

� D

istra

ctio

ns

� P

edes

trian

Acc

ess

to P

lant

Nec

essa

ry

� R

oadw

ays

on S

ite

� P

regn

ant W

omen

/ Nur

sing

Mot

hers

on

Site

�

Dis

able

d Pe

rson

s on

Site

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

�

Air-

cond

ition

ing

� P

rote

ctio

n fo

r Out

door

Wor

kers

�

Indo

or A

ir Q

ualit

y C

heck

s �

Sun

Pro

tect

ion

- Sha

de

� P

rote

ctio

n fro

m C

old/

Win

d �

Wor

k/R

est

Sche

dule

s �

Pro

visi

on o

f Hea

ters

/ Fan

s �

Dire

ctio

nal L

ight

ing

�

Eve

n/Sm

ooth

Wal

king

Sur

face

s �

Flu

ores

cent

Lig

ht D

iffus

er C

over

s

� H

ygie

nic

Mea

l Are

as /K

itche

n �

Cat

erin

g Se

rvic

es

� H

ygie

nic

Was

hroo

m F

acili

ties/

�

Pro

visi

ons

for N

ursi

ng M

othe

rs/ D

isab

led

� P

rivac

y-M

ail/

Pers

onal

Effe

cts

� P

rovi

sion

of R

ecre

atio

n/So

cial

Are

as

� P

rivat

e Lo

cker

Are

a

� P

rivat

e W

ork

Area

/ R

educ

ed D

istra

ctio

ns

�

526

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Rec

eipt

/ Des

patc

h

Rec

eipt

of s

uppl

ies

and

raw

mat

eria

ls is

con

duct

ed s

o th

at a

ny im

pact

s on

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed p

rior

to o

rder

ing/

purc

hase

; Sa

fe d

espa

tch

ensu

res

that

load

ing

of f

inis

hed

good

s do

es n

ot r

esul

t in

har

m, i

nclu

ding

any

ear

thin

g re

quire

men

ts w

here

app

licab

le a

nd t

he

prod

uct i

s tr

ansp

orte

d sa

fely

. Pla

ns fo

r de

alin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, nec

essa

ry in

form

atio

n an

d co

ntac

ts

are

avai

labl

e an

d tr

aini

ng h

as b

een

cond

ucte

d fo

r affe

cted

par

ties.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or

hand

ling,

rec

eipt

, des

patc

h an

d tr

ansp

ort o

f su

pplie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Loa

ding

Bay

s �

Hea

vy L

oads

� U

se o

f Hea

vy T

rans

port

� D

ange

rous

Goo

ds

� L

oadi

ng B

ays

� H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

� W

orn

Hos

es

� B

ioha

zard

s �

Unl

oadi

ng/L

oadi

ng G

ener

ates

Sta

tic

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� U

se o

f For

klift

s/ L

iftin

g D

evic

es

� E

arth

ing

Faci

litie

s

� U

se o

f Spe

cial

ist C

ontra

ctor

s �

Uni

vers

al P

reca

utio

ns

� T

rans

fer H

ose/

Cou

plin

g C

heck

s fo

r Mai

nten

ance

�

MSD

S Av

aila

ble

and

Prec

autio

ns O

bser

ved

�

Saf

e Lo

adin

g Pl

atfo

rms

�

Com

plia

nt D

ange

rous

Goo

d St

orag

e Fa

cilit

ies

� P

lans

for E

mer

genc

ies

in T

rans

it D

evel

oped

and

Tra

iled

�

527

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

tric

al e

quip

men

t sh

ould

be

hand

led

appr

opria

tely

by

thos

e w

ho a

re s

uita

bly

qual

ified

and

kep

t in

goo

d w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er e

lect

rical

ha

zard

s in

clud

e el

ectr

ic s

hock

; sta

tic e

lect

ricity

; sto

red

elec

tric

al e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t and

the

pote

ntia

l for

sp

arks

in fl

amm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es. W

here

live

test

ing

is n

eces

sary

, onl

y ap

prop

riate

ly tr

aine

d an

d qu

alifi

ed p

erso

nnel

sho

uld

do s

o in

co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

inju

red

or f

atal

ly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks i

n a

flam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Ele

ctric

al E

quip

men

t/Goo

ds in

Use

�

Wor

n C

able

s �

Hig

h Vo

ltage

Equ

ipm

ent I

n U

se

� O

verlo

aded

Po

wer

Poi

nts

� M

essy

Pow

er L

eads

�

Sta

tic E

lect

ricity

G

ener

ated

�

Use

of U

nqua

lifie

d Pe

rson

nel f

or E

lect

rical

Wor

k

� L

ive

Test

ing

Nec

essa

ry

� B

reak

dow

ns o

ut o

f Nor

mal

Bus

ines

s H

ours

�

Diff

icul

ty in

Is

olat

ing

Circ

uits

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� Is

olat

ion

Proc

edur

es

� U

se o

f Aut

horis

ed/ Q

ualif

ied

Rep

aire

rs

� L

ead/

Cab

le C

heck

s �

Circ

uit B

reak

ers

� U

se o

f Res

idua

l Cur

rent

Det

ecto

rs �

Hig

h Vo

ltage

Pro

cedu

res

� S

tatic

Ele

ctric

ity –

Use

of

Earth

ing

Dev

ices

or N

on-C

ondu

ctin

g M

ater

ials

�

Lig

htni

ng P

rote

ctio

n

�

528

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Noi

se N

oise

leve

ls o

r no

ise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re t

he p

oten

tial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for

exa

mpl

e if

a ra

ised

voi

ce is

nec

essa

ry t

o he

ar a

co

nver

satio

n. I

n so

me

case

s ba

selin

e au

diom

etry

tes

ting

will

be

nece

ssar

y. S

peci

alis

t ad

vice

sho

uld

be s

ough

t an

d at

tem

pts

to r

emov

e th

e so

urce

of

the

prob

lem

sho

uld

be t

he f

irst

line

of d

efen

ce. L

ocal

reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

with

reg

ulat

ory

limits

sh

ould

take

into

acc

ount

the

leng

th o

f exp

osur

e es

peci

ally

if s

hifts

long

er t

han

8 ho

urs

are

used

. Sou

rces

of

vibr

atio

n th

at im

pact

on

wor

kers

sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ea

r dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or

indu

stria

lly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss; v

ibra

tion

may

ca

use

dist

urbe

d bl

ood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Diff

icul

ty in

Hea

ring

– N

eed

to R

aise

Voi

ce to

Com

mun

icat

e �

Use

of P

ower

Too

ls/ J

ack

Ham

mer

s/ C

hain

Saw

s / L

awn

Mow

ers

� C

ompr

esso

rs o

r Oth

er N

oisy

Mac

hine

ry �

Wor

n Be

arin

gs

� S

ourc

es o

f Vib

ratio

n �

Riv

etin

g

� S

eats

on

Mob

ile E

quip

men

t/ Ve

hicl

es

� D

rills

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� N

oise

Map

s Es

tabl

ishe

d

� S

ound

Insu

latio

n �

Use

of S

ound

Abs

orbi

ng M

ater

ials

on

Wal

ls/F

loor

s

� U

se o

f Hea

ring

Prot

ectio

n �

Reg

ular

Mai

nten

ance

of N

oise

Pro

duci

ng E

quip

men

t

� A

udio

met

ry T

estin

g �

Stra

tegi

c La

yout

of N

oisy

Equ

ipm

ent t

o A

void

Am

plifi

catio

n �

Use

of G

love

s fo

r Pow

er T

ools

�

Sof

t Mou

ntin

gs fo

r Vib

ratin

g Eq

uipm

ent/

Foam

Cus

hion

ing

�

Use

of H

earin

g Pr

otec

tion

�

529

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Haz

ardo

us C

hem

ical

s

All

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

and

dan

gero

us g

oods

(exp

losi

ves,

pre

ssur

ised

che

mic

als,

cor

rosi

ves,

oxi

dant

s, to

xic

chem

ical

s, a

nd ir

ritan

ts) s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, li

sted

and

labe

lled

and

a re

gist

er k

ept c

onta

inin

g al

l MSD

S. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not r

equi

re s

peci

fic c

ontr

ols

this

is

note

d in

the

regi

ster

. Whe

re s

peci

fic c

ontr

ols

are

nece

ssar

y, a

ref

eren

ce to

com

ply

with

the

MSD

S is

not

ed, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a r

isk

asse

ssm

ent h

as b

een

prep

ared

; the

se r

equi

rem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

may

be

expo

sed,

In s

ome

case

s th

is w

ill b

e de

pend

ent o

n th

e qu

antit

ies

or v

olum

es s

tore

d. S

tora

ge a

rran

gem

ents

and

inve

ntor

y of

dan

gero

us g

oods

sho

uld

com

ply

with

loca

l OH

S an

d D

G le

gisl

atio

n.

Trai

ning

for t

he p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

dur

ing

use,

han

dlin

g an

d st

orag

e sh

ould

giv

en to

thos

e at

risk

.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

bec

ome

ill f

rom

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or

long

ter

m, o

r ha

rmed

by

fire

or

expl

osio

n du

e to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s Id

entif

icat

ion

of (f

or e

xam

ple)

�

Irrit

ants

�

Dus

ts

� T

oxic

s

� C

orro

sive

s �

Fla

mm

able

s �

Com

bust

ible

s �

Oxi

dise

rs

� A

sbes

tos

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� E

nviro

nmen

tal M

onito

ring

� P

erso

nal M

onito

ring

� B

iolo

gica

l Mon

itorin

g

� C

lear

Lab

ellin

g �

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s R

egis

ter/

Inve

ntor

y an

d Ac

cess

ible

�

MSD

S R

egul

arly

Upd

ated

�

App

licat

ion

of H

iera

rchy

of C

ontro

ls

�

Haz

ards

As

soci

ated

w

ith

Subs

tanc

es

Und

erst

ood

– N

otat

ion

in

Reg

iste

r or

R

isk

Asse

ssm

ent

� F

ume

Cup

boar

ds/

Loca

l Ven

tilat

ion

Exh

aust

s

� C

ompl

iant

DG

Fac

ilitie

s/Li

cenc

e

�

530

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Bio

haza

rds

Bio

logi

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re t

o in

fect

ious

age

nts,

con

tagi

ous

dise

ases

, bod

ily f

luid

s (in

clud

ing

bloo

d) o

r ot

her

sour

ces

of p

rote

in t

hat

may

cau

se a

n al

lerg

ic r

espo

nse

– fo

r ex

ampl

e m

ould

or

dust

mite

s. T

he s

ourc

e m

ay in

clud

e m

icro

-org

anis

ms,

infe

ctio

us p

eopl

e; c

onta

min

ated

fo

od;

cont

act

with

ani

mal

s; r

oden

ts;

plan

ts/p

olle

ns;

inse

cts;

mite

s; li

ce;

sew

erag

e; f

ungi

or

bird

dro

ppin

gs;

cool

ing

wat

er r

eser

voirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

con

trac

t a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

fro

m a

n in

fect

ious

dis

ease

, hav

e an

alle

rgic

rea

ctio

n or

dev

elop

long

ter

m

flu/a

sthm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s Id

entif

icat

ion

of (f

or e

xam

ple)

�

Infe

ctio

us D

isea

ses �

Exp

osur

e to

Bod

ily F

luid

s- B

lood

/ Urin

e/

Sew

erag

e

� A

nim

als/

Inse

cts

� M

icro

-org

anis

ms

�

Par

asite

s/ L

ice

� A

vian

Flu

�

Alle

rgen

s �

Mou

lds

� C

oolin

g To

wer

s �

Rod

ents

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� V

acci

natio

n Pr

ogra

ms

� U

nive

rsal

Pre

caut

ions

�

Bar

rier M

etho

ds

� P

est C

ontro

l �

Dam

p C

ontro

l �

Qua

rant

ine/

Isol

atio

n Pr

oced

ures

�

Tra

vel R

estri

ctio

ns

�

Alle

rgen

Aw

aren

ess

– C

ontin

genc

y Pl

ans

�

Leg

ione

lla T

estin

g �

Dec

onta

min

atio

n Pr

oced

ures

�

531

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Rad

iatio

n

Sour

ces

of r

adia

tion

may

incl

ude

ioni

sing

rad

iatio

n su

ch a

s x-

rays

and

rad

ioac

tivity

; non

-ioni

sing

rad

iatio

n su

ch a

s ul

trav

iole

t ray

s w

hich

may

af

fect

the

skin

or e

yes;

nea

r inf

ra-r

ed ra

diat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e ey

es (w

eldi

ng, f

urna

ces,

mol

ten

met

als)

; Las

ers;

the

heat

ing

effe

ct fr

om m

icro

wav

es

and

mob

ile p

hone

tow

ers;

and

oth

er e

xtre

mel

y lo

w fr

eque

ncy

radi

atio

n w

ith a

ssoc

iate

d m

agne

tic fi

eld

expo

sure

suc

h as

pow

erlin

es.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

X-R

ays

� L

aser

s

� T

rans

mitt

er to

wer

s

�

Wel

ding

� R

adio

activ

ity

� In

fra R

ed/U

ltrav

iole

t �

Sou

rces

of

Rad

iant

Hea

t- Fu

rnac

es/

Hot

Gla

ss /

Mol

ten

Met

al

�

Thi

ckne

ss G

auge

s

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� R

estri

cted

Acc

ess

� W

arni

ngs

� B

arrie

rs/ I

sola

tion

Proc

edur

es

� T

herm

al In

sula

tion

� W

eldi

ng G

lass

es/ S

cree

ns

�

Acc

redi

ted

Cal

ibra

tion/

Mai

nten

ance

Pro

gram

s

�

532

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Dis

posa

l

All

mat

eria

ls a

nd w

aste

pro

duct

s, in

clud

ing

thei

r co

ntai

ners

, sho

uld

be d

ispo

sed

of in

a m

anne

r th

at c

ompl

ies

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

and

tha

t do

es n

ot c

ause

har

m e

ither

thr

ough

imm

edia

te c

onta

ct o

r as

a r

esul

t of

tra

nsfe

rrin

g th

e su

bsta

nces

els

ewhe

re f

or d

ispo

sal o

r di

sper

sal.

All

thos

e in

con

tact

with

the

was

te m

ater

ials

are

mad

e aw

are

of h

azar

ds a

nd p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

to m

inim

ise

the

risks

(see

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ial/

dang

erou

s go

ods)

. Als

o in

clud

ed h

ere

are

the

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

hyg

iene

and

the

hand

ling

of s

harp

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Asb

esto

s �

Haz

ardo

us C

hem

ical

s �

Indu

stria

l Was

tes

� B

iolo

gica

l Was

tes

� S

harp

s �

Unm

arke

d C

onta

iner

s

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� M

SDS/

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t Ava

ilabl

e �

Use

of P

PE

or O

ther

Pre

caut

ions

as

Nec

essa

ry

�

Use

of L

icen

sed

Con

tract

ors

� U

se o

f Aut

horis

ed D

ispo

sal C

entre

� D

ocum

enta

tion

Rec

ords

Kep

t

�

533

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Inst

alla

tions

/Dem

oliti

ons

Plan

ning

for

the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r w

areh

ouse

s as

wel

l as

the

dem

oliti

on o

f th

ese

stru

ctur

es t

o en

sure

the

pro

tect

ion

of

pede

stria

ns a

nd o

ther

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

Incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e pr

esen

ce o

f as

best

os i

n de

mol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; th

e sa

fe c

onne

ctio

n or

di

scon

nect

ion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity,

and

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

; pr

otec

tion

from

noi

se,

debr

is o

r ot

her

proj

ectil

es;

and

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f fal

ling

into

exc

avat

ed a

reas

.

The

risk

is t

hat s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

res

ult o

f pro

xim

ity t

o in

stal

latio

n/de

mol

ition

act

iviti

es o

r as

a r

esul

t of u

nint

entio

nally

bre

akin

g in

to s

ervi

ce li

nes.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

New

Equ

ipm

ent B

eing

Pur

chas

ed, N

ot P

revi

ousl

y U

sed.

�

New

Fac

ilitie

s be

ing

Built

� R

emov

al o

f Exi

stin

g In

frast

ruct

ure

� B

uild

ing

Built

prio

r to

1970

(Asb

esto

s U

se)

� I

nsul

atio

n M

ater

ials

/ Fib

ro

� S

ervi

ce D

iagr

ams

Una

vaila

ble

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

peci

ficat

ions

Agr

eed

�

Res

trict

ed A

cces

s/ P

edes

trian

Saf

ety

� C

omm

issi

onin

g Pe

riod

Def

ined

� H

ando

ver

� A

sbes

tos

Reg

iste

r and

Pla

n / U

se o

f Lic

ense

d R

emov

alis

ts

� D

ial B

efor

e Yo

u D

ig/ S

ervi

ces

Che

cks

�

534

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t es

sent

ial f

or s

afe

oper

atio

n is

pla

nned

and

crit

ical

spa

res

are

read

ily a

vaila

ble

to k

eep

prod

uctio

n ru

nnin

g w

ithou

t com

prom

isin

g sa

fety

. Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at a

re q

ualif

ied

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Mec

hani

cal I

nteg

rity/

Rel

iabi

lity

Crit

ical

to S

afe

Func

tioni

ng

� L

ack

of F

unds

�

Afte

r-H

ours

Ope

ratio

n

� U

se o

f Unq

ualif

ied

Rep

aire

rs

� N

o R

epor

ting

Sys

tem

�

Unr

elia

ble

Supp

liers

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� P

lann

ed M

aint

enan

ce S

ched

ule

In P

lace

�

Sou

nd C

ash

Flow

Man

agem

ent

� Q

ualif

ied/

Suita

ble

Rep

aire

rs

� C

ritic

al S

pare

Par

ts o

n Si

te

� R

epor

ting

of M

alfu

nctio

ns

� P

refe

rred

Sup

plie

rs

�

535

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer R

evie

w/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd p

lant

/equ

ipm

ent a

re c

aref

ully

con

trol

led

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer

revi

ewed

by

othe

rs w

ith t

he a

ppro

pria

te s

kills

and

kno

wle

dge.

New

pl

ant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t al

l saf

ety

impa

cts

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

bef

ore

the

proj

ect

is h

ande

d ov

er t

o th

e re

gula

r us

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

was

not

thou

ght t

hrou

gh p

rior t

o im

plem

enta

tion.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Mod

ified

Equ

ipm

ent

� M

odifi

ed F

acili

ties

� M

odifi

ed S

ervi

ces

�

No

Mod

ifica

tions

Pr

oced

ure

– M

inor

/ Maj

or

� P

rom

pt/ C

heck

She

ets

� N

o lin

ks w

ith P

urch

asin

g

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� P

eer R

evie

w

� C

omm

issi

onin

g Pe

riod

�

Mod

ifica

tions

Pro

cedu

re

� L

inks

with

Pur

chas

ing

Esta

blis

hed

� F

orm

al H

ando

ver o

f Cha

nged

Equ

ipm

ent/F

acili

ties

�

536

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal w

ith s

ituat

ions

suc

h as

fire

, nat

ural

dis

aste

rs, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

situ

atio

ns; v

apou

r cl

ouds

, sab

otag

e, m

edic

al e

mer

genc

ies

and

othe

r un

wel

com

e ev

ents

. Not

onl

y sh

ould

thes

e po

tent

ial s

ituat

ions

be

iden

tifie

d, b

ut th

e re

quire

d ac

tions

doc

umen

ted

and

prac

ticed

at

regu

lar

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter

the

drill

s to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

cor

rect

typ

e of

ext

ingu

ishe

rs, b

ack

up g

ener

ator

s (w

here

ap

plic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

in t

he e

vent

of

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

peop

le w

ill b

e un

able

to

reac

t ap

prop

riate

ly (

for

exam

ple,

eva

cuat

e sa

fely

or

resp

ond

effe

ctiv

ely,

whi

ch m

ay le

ad to

incr

ease

d ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Pot

entia

l for

Exp

losi

on

� P

oten

tial f

or B

omb

Trea

t �

Pot

entia

l for

Hos

tage

Si

tuat

ions

/ Kid

napp

ing

� P

oten

tial f

or T

erro

rism

�

Pot

entia

l for

Nat

ural

D

isas

ter

� N

o Sm

oke

Det

ecto

rs

�

No

Emer

genc

y Ba

ck-u

p G

ener

ator

s �

No

Sprin

kler

s �

No

War

ning

Sys

tem

s �

No/

Insu

ffici

ent F

ire E

xtin

guis

hers

�

No

Doc

umen

tatio

n/ C

onta

ct L

ists

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� E

mer

genc

y Pl

ans

� E

mer

genc

y As

sem

bly

Area

s Id

entif

ied

� R

eady

Acc

ess

to C

ritic

al C

onta

cts/

Pho

ne N

umbe

rs

� E

mer

genc

y D

rills

- A

ll Pe

rson

s In

volv

ed

�

Pla

ns R

egul

arly

Upd

ated

�

Deb

riefin

g Se

ssio

ns/ L

esso

ns L

earn

t

�

537

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rul

es e

nter

the

wor

kpla

ce. P

erso

ns w

orki

ng a

lone

sho

uld

be a

ble

to c

onta

ct

help

in

case

of

an e

mer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r ot

herw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

pla

ce t

o re

duce

thr

eats

of

bodi

ly h

arm

. Pr

ovis

ions

exi

st fo

r rem

ovin

g un

auth

oris

ed p

erso

ns o

r unw

elco

me

visi

tors

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try

of u

naut

horis

ed p

erso

ns o

nto

the

site

or

beca

use

they

are

isol

ated

from

em

erge

ncy

assi

stan

ce.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Lon

e W

orke

rs

� V

alua

bles

/ Cas

h on

Site

�

Dan

gero

us A

reas

(fro

m P

ublic

acc

ess)

�

You

ng W

orke

rs

on S

ite

� C

onta

ct A

ngry

/Dis

tress

ed C

usto

mer

s/C

lient

s �

Pot

entia

l for

Chi

ld

Cus

tody

Dis

pute

s �

Con

tact

with

Men

tally

Dis

turb

ed P

atie

nts

� C

onta

ct w

ith P

erso

ns U

nder

the

Influ

ence

of S

ubst

ance

Abu

se

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

ite S

ecur

ity C

heck

s �

Sec

ure

Prem

ises

�

Com

mun

icat

ion

Equi

pmen

t Ava

ilabl

e - M

obile

Pho

nes/

Page

rs

� D

ures

s S

witc

hes

Use

d �

Res

trict

ed A

cces

s –

Inte

rcom

s an

d/or

Use

of P

hysi

cal B

arrie

rs

� L

one

Wor

ker P

roce

dure

s/ C

omm

unic

atio

n Pr

otoc

ols

�

538

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Hou

seke

epin

g

The

wor

kpla

ce s

houl

d be

kep

t in

a c

lean

and

tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. Wal

kway

s sh

ould

not

be

bloc

ked.

Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up i

mm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be r

etur

ned

and

empt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

st

ored

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns. U

nwan

ted

mat

eria

ls s

houl

d be

sor

ted

and

put i

nto

stor

age

or d

ispo

sed

of.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Unt

idy

Prem

ises

�

Slip

/ Trip

Haz

ards

�

Unl

abel

led

Con

tain

ers

� U

nide

ntifi

ed F

iles/

Boxe

s �

Clu

tter

� S

pills

/ Lea

ks

� E

quip

men

t Not

Ret

urne

d to

Cor

rect

Loc

atio

n

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� R

egul

ar In

spec

tions

�

Che

cklis

ts/P

rom

pts

Ava

ilabl

e �

Rep

ortin

g M

echa

nism

�

Spi

ll Ki

ts/ S

igna

ge A

vaila

ble

� R

egul

ar W

aste

Rem

oval

�

Sm

oke

Alar

ms

Che

cked

�

Inde

pend

ent O

bser

vers

�

539

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Insp

ectio

ns a

nd M

onito

ring

Proc

esse

s sh

ould

be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to e

nsur

e th

at e

quip

men

t and

faci

litie

s ar

e be

ing

used

and

app

lied

in th

e m

anne

r th

at

was

inte

nded

and

for

whi

ch s

afet

y pr

ovis

ions

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d im

plem

ente

d. T

he p

roce

sses

are

mon

itore

d to

ens

ure

that

the

y ar

e op

erat

ing

with

in s

afe

limits

. Cau

ses

of a

bnor

mal

ope

ratio

ns a

re in

vest

igat

ed a

nd re

ctifi

ed.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

proc

ess

oper

ates

out

side

of

desi

gnat

ed s

afe

limits

whi

ch m

ay le

ad t

o in

jury

or

othe

r ill

effe

cts,

or

that

equ

ipm

ent

is u

sed

inap

prop

riate

ly le

adin

g to

dam

age

to p

rope

rty,

loss

of p

rodu

ctio

n or

oth

er u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

No

Raw

Mat

eria

l Inp

ut M

easu

res

� N

o O

utpu

t Mea

sure

s �

No

Equi

pmen

t Mea

sure

s �

Pr

oces

ses

not

Wel

l U

nder

stoo

d �

No

Che

cks

to E

nsur

e C

orre

ct A

pplic

atio

n

� In

expe

rienc

e

� N

ew A

rea

– E

xper

imen

tal/

Pilo

t �

Acc

ess

to N

etw

orks

/Bes

t Pra

ctic

e Li

mite

d

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� K

ey In

puts

(Raw

Mat

eria

ls)

to P

roce

ss Id

entif

ied

� O

utpu

t Mea

sure

s Id

entif

ied

�

Key

Equ

ipm

ent S

ettin

gs/ I

dent

ified

� E

xper

ienc

ed O

pera

tors

�

Met

hod

Che

cks

�

Cro

ss R

efer

enci

ng A

vaila

ble

� B

est P

ract

ice

Know

ledg

e/ N

etw

orki

ng

� I

ndep

ende

nt C

heck

s

�

540

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Ope

ratio

nal R

evie

w

A p

erio

dic

revi

ew is

con

duct

ed th

at c

ompa

res

the

curr

ent s

ituat

ion

agai

nst a

bas

elin

e as

sess

men

t to

indi

cate

whe

ther

str

ateg

ies

impl

emen

ted

for

risk

redu

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

effe

ctiv

e or

oth

erw

ise,

and

whe

ther

ther

e ha

ve b

een

any

chan

ges

to p

lant

, the

org

anis

atio

n or

legi

slat

ion

that

may

im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l str

ateg

ies

is u

nkno

wn,

so

effo

rts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

was

ted,

and

th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

No

Perio

dic

Rea

sses

smen

ts C

ondu

cted

�

Off-

Site

M

anag

emen

t �

No

Impr

ovem

ent P

lans

�

No

Che

cks

for E

ffect

iven

ess

of S

olut

ions

App

lied

� N

o C

heck

s fo

r Leg

isla

tive

Cha

nges

�

No

Con

sulta

tion

in P

lann

ing

Pha

se fo

r Cha

nges

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

ompa

rison

s M

ade

Aga

inst

Bas

elin

e D

ata

�

Rea

dy A

cces

s to

Leg

isla

tive

Cha

nges

�

Lev

el o

f Pro

gres

s As

sess

ed

�

Cha

nges

/ Pla

ns D

evel

oped

with

Con

sulta

tion

�

Are

as fo

r Fut

ure

Impr

ovem

ents

Iden

tifie

d

� M

anag

emen

t in

Com

mun

icat

ion

with

Ope

ratio

ns

�

541

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/Ant

i-Har

assm

ent

Polic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith r

espe

ct a

nd d

igni

ty. T

here

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds b

ully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s ha

ve e

nsur

ed th

at th

e in

tent

ion

of th

ese

polic

ies

have

bee

n m

ade

clea

r to

em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ed

ucat

ing

man

agem

ent o

n th

e fo

rms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or h

aras

smen

t may

take

- in

clud

ing

mor

e su

btle

man

ifest

atio

ns s

uch

as h

oldi

ng b

ack

pay

or e

ntitl

emen

ts;

undu

e de

lays

for

pro

visi

on o

f re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

so

cial

exc

lusi

on; h

idin

g be

long

ings

; rol

e am

bigu

ity; a

nd c

aree

r sta

gnat

ion

or u

ncer

tain

ty.

The

risk

is o

f lo

ng o

r sh

ort

term

psy

chol

ogic

al h

arm

. Th

is m

ay i

ndire

ctly

pla

ce t

hem

at

grea

ter

risk

of p

hysi

cal

harm

by

affe

ctin

g th

eir

perf

orm

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Pre

senc

e of

Min

ority

Gro

ups

�

You

ng W

orke

rs

� S

enio

r Wor

kers

�

Pre

gnan

t Wom

en

� M

othe

rs w

ith B

abie

s/ Y

oung

Chi

ldre

n � W

orke

rs w

ith D

isab

ilitie

s

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

omm

itmen

t to

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

� A

nti-H

aras

smen

t Pol

icy

� A

nti -

Dis

crim

inat

ion

Polic

y �

Zer

o To

lera

nce

of W

ork

Plac

e Bu

llyin

g �

Fam

ily F

riend

ly W

ork

Arra

ngem

ents

�

542

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Acc

omod

atin

g D

iver

sity

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r di

sabl

ed p

erso

ns h

as b

een

prov

ided

, and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t for

thei

r sa

fe e

vacu

atio

n in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y. T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

of y

oung

wor

kers

, pre

gnan

t or

nurs

ing

mot

hers

, and

old

er w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal

cond

ition

, em

ploy

ers

take

car

e no

t to

pla

ce s

uch

empl

oyee

s in

to s

ituat

ions

whe

re th

ey a

re a

t inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or

othe

r m

eans

of c

omm

unic

atio

n ar

e av

aila

ble

for

thos

e th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Lan

guag

e Ba

rrie

rs

� E

thni

c D

iver

sity

�

Mul

tiple

Lan

guag

es in

Use

�

Wor

kers

with

Men

tal/

Phys

ical

Dis

abili

ties

� P

rese

nce

of M

inor

ity G

roup

s

� P

rese

nce

of S

peci

al In

tere

st

Gro

ups

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� L

itera

cy T

estin

g (D

irect

or I

ndire

ct) �

Inte

rpre

ter F

acili

ties

�

Use

of V

isua

l Tra

inin

g M

ater

ial

� O

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r Exp

ress

ion

Ava

ilabl

e �

Ope

n/ A

ccep

ting

Wor

kpla

ce A

ttitu

de

� C

ompr

ehen

sion

Che

cks

�

543

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

trai

ts c

onsi

dere

d ne

cess

ary

to d

isch

arge

the

dutie

s of

a p

ositi

on c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y ha

s be

en

docu

men

ted

and

form

s pa

rt o

f th

e se

lect

ion

crite

ria (

for

exam

ple

in p

ositi

on d

escr

iptio

ns).

Any

pre

-exi

stin

g co

nditi

ons

that

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

pos

ition

w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Job

Req

uire

men

ts C

ould

End

ange

r Vul

nera

ble

Pers

ons

� J

ob R

equi

rem

ents

Cou

ld E

xace

rbat

e Pr

e-Ex

istin

g C

ondi

tions

�

Spe

cific

Qua

lific

atio

ns a

re N

eces

sary

to P

erfo

rm R

ole

Com

pete

ntly

an

d Sa

fely

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� P

re-e

mpl

oym

ent S

elec

tion

Crit

eria

Set

� A

ptitu

de/ P

sych

olog

y Te

stin

g �

Dis

clos

ure

Req

uire

d of

Pre

-Exi

stin

g C

ondi

tions

that

may

be

Exac

erba

ted

by th

e R

ole

� C

ompe

tenc

y Te

stin

g �

Ref

eren

ce C

heck

ing

�

544

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Indu

ctio

ns -

Con

tact

ors/

Visi

tors

All

visi

tors

and

con

trac

tors

to th

e w

orkp

lace

are

mad

e aw

are

of a

ny h

azar

ds th

at th

ey a

re li

kely

to e

ncou

nter

and

und

erst

and

how

to ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. In

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

times

of t

heir

pres

ence

at t

he w

orkp

lace

is r

ecor

ded

to a

llow

ac

coun

ting

for

all p

erso

ns s

houl

d an

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to

acce

ptan

ce o

f si

te s

afet

y ru

les

whe

re t

his

is

appl

icab

le. A

lso,

spe

cific

con

tact

s/ho

sts

are

desi

gnat

ed to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

loca

l rul

es.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Acc

ompa

nied

Vis

itors

on

Site

� U

nacc

ompa

nied

Con

tract

ors

on S

ite

� U

nacc

ompa

nied

Vis

itors

/ Ins

pect

ors

from

Reg

ulat

ory

Aut

horit

ies/

Se

rvic

e Pr

ovid

ers

on S

ite

� P

erfo

rmer

s/ D

ispl

ays

or P

rom

otio

nal A

ctiv

ities

on

Site

�

Wor

k E

xper

ienc

e St

uden

ts

� P

ublic

Acc

ess

� N

o R

ecep

tion

Area

�

No

Visi

tor/

Con

tract

or L

og

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� V

isito

r Log

�

Indu

ctio

ns A

vaila

ble

for V

isito

rs

� In

duct

ions

for C

onta

ctor

s �

Site

Saf

ety

Rul

es A

vaila

ble

� S

taff

Iden

tific

atio

n �

Con

tract

or Id

entif

icat

ion

� V

isito

r Ide

ntifi

catio

n �

Ref

eren

ce/ R

ecor

d C

heck

s �

Cle

ar D

irect

ions

/ Sig

nage

for V

isito

rs a

nd C

ontra

ctor

s

�

545

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Trai

ning

A t

rain

ing

need

s an

alys

is h

as b

een

cond

ucte

d to

det

erm

ine

wha

t sk

ills

empl

oyee

s ha

ve a

nd w

hat

skill

s ar

e ne

eded

to

perf

orm

the

ir ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly. A

rran

gem

ents

are

in p

lace

to a

ddre

ss a

ny g

aps

that

may

exi

st. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed h

ave

been

mad

e aw

are

of l

ocal

pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

tra

inin

g is

pro

vide

d at

app

ropr

iate

int

erva

ls t

o m

aint

ain

skill

s an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Com

pete

ncy

trai

ning

has

bee

n sc

hedu

led

acco

rdin

g to

the

tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

. A

ll pe

rson

sco

nduc

ting

trai

ning

are

app

ropr

iate

ly q

ualif

ied

to d

o so

. Tra

inin

g re

cord

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d. E

vide

nce

of c

ompe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skill

s ne

cess

ary

to p

erfo

rm th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Spe

cific

Ski

lls a

re N

eces

sary

to

Con

duct

Rol

e C

ompe

tent

ly a

nd

Safe

ly

� S

peci

fic S

kills

are

Nec

essa

ry b

ut R

equi

red

Infre

quen

tly

� O

rgan

isat

ion/

Site

Spe

cific

Req

uire

men

ts

� W

orki

ng W

ith C

hild

ren

� N

ew J

ob T

asks

or R

equi

rem

ents

�

Wor

king

With

Stu

dent

s

�

Inex

perie

nced

Per

sonn

el

� C

hang

ed M

etho

ds/P

roto

cols

�

Unq

ualif

ied

Trai

ners

Use

d

� N

o R

ecor

ds

� J

ob S

tagn

atio

n Li

kely

With

out S

kill

Upg

rade

� N

o Sk

ills

Rec

ords

/Inve

ntor

y

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

kills

Inve

ntor

y E

xist

s –

Trai

ning

Nee

ds A

naly

sis

Con

duct

ed

� G

ap A

naly

sis

Car

ried

Out

Bet

wee

n Sk

ills

Req

uire

d an

d Sk

ills

Pres

ent

� A

war

enes

s Tr

aini

ng fo

r Site

Spe

cific

/ Org

anis

atio

n Sp

ecifi

c Pr

oced

ures

�

Ref

resh

er T

rain

ing

whe

re U

pdat

ing

Skill

s is

Impo

rtant

�

Chi

ld/S

tude

nt P

rote

ctio

n Tr

aini

ng

�

Qua

lifie

d Tr

aini

ng P

erso

nnel

Use

d �

Tra

inin

g In

New

Pro

cedu

res/

Cha

nges

�

Eva

luat

ion

of T

rain

ing

Und

erta

ken

� T

rain

ing

Doc

umen

ted/

Rec

orde

d

�

Job

Gro

wth

/ Suc

cess

ion

Plan

s

�

546

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion:

Fat

igue

The

indi

vidu

al a

rran

gem

ent

of j

ob t

asks

tha

t co

nstit

ute

the

role

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d to

ens

ure

that

the

wor

k lo

ad d

oes

not

indu

ce

unne

cess

ary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or

stre

ss, a

nd th

e re

quire

d le

vel o

f vig

ilanc

e is

abl

e to

be

mai

ntai

ned

over

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pa

uses

or

othe

r ro

tatio

n of

dut

ies

have

bee

n in

trod

uced

whe

re f

atig

ue i

nduc

ing

cond

ition

s ha

ve b

een

iden

tifie

d.

Fatig

ue m

ay b

e of

a p

hysi

cal o

r men

tal n

atur

e.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rtic

ular

seq

uenc

ing,

tim

ing

or a

rran

gem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Shi

ft W

ork

�

Nig

ht S

hifts

� L

ong

Shi

fts

�

Rou

tine

Wor

k –

Littl

e Va

riatio

n

� H

eavy

Wor

k Lo

ads

�

Pro

duct

ion

Pres

sure

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

aref

ul S

hift

Patte

rn S

elec

tion

� In

trodu

ctio

n of

Wor

k/ R

est P

ause

s �

Job

Rot

atio

n/ E

nric

hmen

t

� M

eal B

reak

s at

Reg

ular

Tim

es

� B

right

Lig

htin

g/ G

ood

Air C

ircul

atio

n D

urin

g N

ight

Shi

ft

� A

naly

sis

of In

jury

Dat

a Pa

ttern

s

�

547

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s

Pers

onal

ski

lls, p

erso

nalit

y, fa

mily

arr

ange

men

ts, c

over

age

of c

ritic

al a

bsen

ces,

res

ourc

ing

leve

ls a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

empl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver

wor

k lo

ad a

re fa

ctor

ed in

to o

ngoi

ng w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

so

as n

ot to

indu

ce c

ondi

tions

that

may

be

cons

ider

ed b

y th

at

part

icul

ar e

mpl

oyee

as

stre

ssfu

l. Pl

ans

are

avai

labl

e fo

r dea

ling

with

exc

essi

ve e

mai

ls a

nd u

nwel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is t

hat t

he e

mpl

oyee

bec

omes

ove

rwhe

lmed

by

the

part

icul

ar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

safe

ly

due

to th

e pa

rtic

ular

circ

umst

ance

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s

� S

hift

Wor

k

� N

ight

Shi

fts

� L

ong

Shi

fts

� H

igh

Leve

l of R

espo

nsib

ility

�

Fre

quen

t Crit

ical

Dea

dlin

es

� Y

oung

Fam

ilies

�

No

Con

trol O

ver W

ork

Load

�

No

Con

sulta

tion

Prio

r to

Cha

nges

�

Lac

k of

Nec

essa

ry S

kills

� C

over

ing

of A

bsen

ces/

Unf

orse

en S

taff

Shor

tage

s

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� T

rain

ing

in N

eces

sary

Ski

lls P

rior t

o Pr

omot

ion/

Tra

nsfe

r/ In

crea

sed

Res

pons

ibili

ties

� C

onsu

ltatio

n B

efor

e C

hang

es M

ade

� P

lans

to C

over

Crit

ical

Abs

ence

s

� A

utho

rity

Com

men

sura

te w

ith R

espo

nsib

ility

� A

cces

s to

Nec

essa

ry R

esou

rces

�

Con

side

ratio

n of

Indi

vidu

al F

amily

Circ

umst

ance

s

� A

dequ

ate

Staf

fing

Leve

ls

� A

utho

rity

Com

men

sura

te w

ith R

espo

nsib

ility

�

Neg

otia

ted

Wor

kloa

ds

�

548

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Job

Des

crip

tions

– T

ask

Stru

ctur

e

Job

desc

riptio

ns a

nd d

aily

task

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

so th

at th

e em

ploy

ee h

as a

cle

ar id

ea o

f the

exp

ecta

tions

of t

he r

ole

and

whe

ther

th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir

oblig

atio

ns. W

here

a d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n w

ork

expe

ctat

ions

and

abi

lity

to fu

lfil t

hese

exi

st, c

hann

els

shou

ld b

e av

aila

ble

to

enab

le

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on

beha

lf of

bo

th

part

ies.

Sk

ills

and

auth

ority

le

vels

ar

e co

mm

ensu

rate

w

ithre

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or a

utho

rity

nece

ssar

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

e co

mpe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Und

ocum

ente

d Ta

sk R

equi

rem

ents

� U

ncle

ar o

r Vag

ue J

ob E

xpec

tatio

ns

� H

igh

Freq

uenc

y of

Wilf

ul V

iola

tions

� U

niqu

e Si

tuat

ions

/ Non

-Rou

tine

Wor

k �

Exp

ecte

d O

utco

mes

Ofte

n N

ot A

chie

ved

� U

nrea

listic

Exp

ecta

tions

�

Com

plex

Tas

k –

Judg

emen

t/Exp

erie

nce

Nec

essa

ry

� N

o O

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r Fee

dbac

k

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� K

ey T

asks

Doc

umen

ted

�

Rea

listic

Goa

ls/ E

xpec

tatio

ns D

ocum

ente

d �

Reg

ular

Fee

dbac

k

� C

onsu

ltativ

e Ap

proa

ch P

rior t

o C

hang

es

� O

HS

Crit

eria

Wor

ked

into

Tas

k St

eps

�

Crit

ical

Ste

ps Id

entif

ied

�

Use

of J

udge

men

t/Exp

erie

nce

Ackn

owle

dged

�

Pro

cedu

res

Not

Ove

r-Sp

ecifi

ed

�

549

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly re

info

rced

and

uns

afe

beha

viou

rs d

isco

urag

ed. T

his

may

take

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

insp

ectio

ns,

unsa

fe a

ct o

r ob

serv

atio

n pr

ogra

ms,

fol

low

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck. O

bser

vatio

ns m

ay b

e ov

ert

or d

iscr

eet.

Empl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to

reco

gnis

e ha

zard

s an

d ta

ke s

uita

ble

prec

autio

ns -

incl

udin

g th

e ac

know

ledg

emen

t of s

ituat

ions

that

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal

with

whi

lst

also

wat

chin

g ou

t fo

r th

e sa

fety

of

thei

r co

lleag

ues.

Whe

re r

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

are

used

for

pos

itive

rei

nfor

cem

ent

of s

afe

beha

viou

rs,

cons

ider

atio

n is

giv

en t

o th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

rew

ard

sche

dule

s so

tha

t th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed. R

ewar

ds m

ay in

clud

e pr

aise

, rec

ogni

tion

or in

crea

sed

stat

us.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Uns

afe

Job

Hab

its

�

Litt

le/ N

o C

apita

l Ava

ilabl

e fo

r Rep

airs

or S

afet

y Im

prov

emen

ts

� H

igh

Rep

eat R

ate

for S

lips

/ Trip

s/ S

prai

ns/ S

train

s

� P

rodu

ctio

n Pr

essu

res

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

ritic

al S

afe

Wor

kpla

ce B

ehav

iour

s Id

entif

ied

� O

bser

vatio

n Pr

ogra

ms

in P

lace

�

Pos

itive

Rei

nfor

cem

ent o

f Des

irabl

e W

ork

Prac

tices

�

Fee

dbac

k of

Res

ults

Ava

ilabl

e

�

Che

cks

to E

nsur

e th

at U

nsaf

e Be

havi

ours

are

not

bei

ng In

adve

rtent

ly R

einf

orce

d �

Car

eful

Use

of

Rew

ards

/ Rec

ogni

tion

�

550

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n

Hea

lthy

lifes

tyle

cho

ices

are

pro

mot

ed a

nd a

n aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

exi

sts

to e

duca

te p

erso

nnel

on

thes

e is

sues

. Top

ics

may

incl

ude

good

nu

triti

on, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e, b

owel

, bre

ast,

cerv

ical

) an

d ho

me

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill s

uffe

r po

or h

ealth

or

a lo

wer

ed s

tate

of w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em to

inju

ries

or il

lnes

ses

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s

� L

ow M

oral

e

� F

requ

ent I

llnes

s on

Site

� H

igh

Inci

denc

e of

Wor

king

Bac

k Af

ter H

ours

� U

naw

are

of H

ealth

y Li

fest

yle

Cho

ices

�

Una

war

e of

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s fo

r Dis

ease

/Illn

ess

�

Saf

ety

Not

Pra

ctic

ed in

Hom

e En

viro

nmen

t

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� H

ealth

y Li

fest

yle/

Cho

ices

Info

rmat

ion

Avai

labl

e

� L

ife/ W

ork

Bala

nce

Prom

oted

�

Off-

Site

/ Saf

ety

at H

ome

Prom

oted

� R

ecre

atio

n Fa

cilit

ies

Ava

ilabl

e �

Gui

danc

e to

Acc

essi

ng S

peci

alis

t Hea

lth S

ervi

ces

Offe

red

�

551

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g , F

urth

er E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist p

erfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist n

ew e

mpl

oyee

s ad

just

to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. Pu

rsui

t of h

ighe

r ord

er s

kills

and

pro

fess

iona

l dev

elop

men

t are

enc

oura

ged

to g

row

job

posi

tions

an

d in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r ot

hers

at i

ncre

ased

like

lihoo

d of

inju

ry

or il

lnes

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s

� Is

olat

ion

from

Oth

ers

in S

imila

r Ind

ustry

� S

igni

fican

t Le

ngth

of T

ime

Sinc

e Q

ualif

icat

ions

Obt

aine

d �

Maj

or C

hang

es in

Wor

k Pr

actic

es S

ince

Qua

lific

atio

ns O

btai

ned

� C

urre

nt R

ole

no L

onge

r Cha

lleng

ing

� U

naw

are

of L

ates

t Tre

nds/

Bes

t Pra

ctic

e

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to N

etw

ork

Prom

oted

�

Opp

ortu

nitie

s to

Atte

nd C

onfe

renc

es A

vaila

ble

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to U

pdat

e Q

ualif

icat

ions

Pro

mot

ed

� M

ento

rs T

rain

ed, A

lloca

ted/

Ava

ilabl

e

� L

itera

ture

/ Jou

rnal

s Av

aila

ble

�

552

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

tra

inin

g to

dea

l w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, re

latio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or

pers

onal

ity c

lash

es b

efor

e th

e si

tuat

ion

reac

hes

the

poin

t w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or i

sno

ticea

ble

by o

ther

col

leag

ues.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to

wor

k as

par

t of

a t

eam

and

thi

s m

ay a

ffect

the

ir ab

ility

to

carr

y ou

t th

eir

role

s co

mpe

tent

ly a

nd

safe

ly.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Per

sona

lity

Cla

shes

�

Infle

xibl

e At

titud

es

�

Rej

ectio

n of

Adv

ice

or G

uida

nce

� M

icro

man

agem

ent

� N

o M

echa

nism

for F

eedb

ack

� N

o M

edia

tion

Faci

litie

s Av

aila

ble

� R

eluc

tanc

e to

Del

egat

e

� N

o C

onsu

ltatio

n Pr

ior t

o C

hang

es

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to E

xpre

ss C

once

rn A

vaila

ble

�

Mut

ual R

espe

ct

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

Ava

ilabl

e to

Rec

onci

le D

iffer

ence

s

� C

onsu

ltativ

e Ap

proa

ch

� In

depe

nden

t Che

ckin

g of

Wor

k Pr

actic

es

�

Grie

vanc

e Pr

oced

ures

Ava

ilabl

e �

App

ropr

iate

Mat

chin

g of

Per

sona

lity

Type

s/ M

anag

eria

l Sty

les

�

553

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s

Pers

ons

expe

rienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t re

latio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

othe

r em

otio

nal p

robl

ems

may

acc

ess

help

in a

con

fiden

tial e

nviro

nmen

t and

rece

ive

the

nece

ssar

y su

ppor

t to

enab

le th

em to

con

tinue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfer

e w

ith th

eir a

bilit

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Hig

h St

ress

Env

ironm

ent

� E

xper

ienc

e of

Rec

ent G

rief/

Loss

�

Evi

denc

e of

Sub

stan

ce A

buse

�

Sin

gle

Par

ent F

amili

es

� L

ack

of S

uppo

rt N

etw

ork

� F

inan

cial

Pre

ssur

es

� S

erio

us H

ealth

Con

cern

s

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� P

rovi

sion

of P

rofe

ssio

nal a

nd C

onfid

entia

l Em

ploy

ee A

ssis

tanc

e

� C

ouns

ellin

g S

kills

in-H

ouse

or A

cces

s to

Off-

Site

Cou

nsel

ling

� D

irect

ion

to S

peci

alis

t Pro

gram

s W

here

Nec

essa

ry

�

554

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t (PP

E) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns to

min

imis

e th

e ris

k ar

e un

avai

labl

e or

inad

equa

te. A

ll PP

E su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pu

rpos

e an

d is

fitte

d co

rrec

tly. T

he p

oten

tial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r haz

ards

by

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e PP

E se

lect

ed h

as b

een

care

fully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

suc

h im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is t

hat

PPE

sele

cted

will

not

pro

vide

the

pro

tect

ion

expe

cted

(be

caus

e of

poo

r se

lect

ion,

poo

r tr

aini

ng,

poor

fit

or p

oor

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s

� N

o At

tem

pt to

Add

ress

the

Roo

t Cau

se o

f the

Haz

ard

�

Spe

cial

ist A

dvic

e N

ot S

ough

t �

Rel

evan

t Sta

ndar

ds/C

odes

Unk

now

n

� P

PE

not F

itted

�

Effe

ctiv

enes

s of

PPE

Use

d U

nkno

wn

� P

PE

not U

sed

Cor

rect

ly

�

PP

E no

t Mai

ntai

ned

Cor

rect

ly

� P

PE

not S

tore

d

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� A

pplic

able

Sta

ndar

ds/C

odes

Con

sulte

d Pr

ior t

o Pu

rcha

se

�

Tra

inin

g on

Cor

rect

Use

Pro

vide

d �

Kno

wle

dge

of B

est P

ract

ice

� S

peci

alis

t Adv

ice

Soug

ht

� P

PE

Mai

ntai

ned/

Stor

ed C

orre

ctly

�

Fit

Test

ing

� R

ecor

ds o

f Mai

ntai

ned

of T

rain

ing

and

Supp

ly

�

555

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g

Prov

isio

ns f

or f

irst

aid

are

avai

labl

e th

at m

eet

loca

l re

gula

tions

inc

ludi

ng t

he n

umbe

rs o

f su

itabl

y qu

alifi

ed f

irst

aide

rs a

nd s

uffic

ient

qu

antit

ies

of fi

rst a

id m

ater

ials

. Qua

lific

atio

ns a

re k

ept c

urre

nt a

nd fi

rst a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly r

eple

nish

ed. A

reg

iste

r of

wor

kpla

ce in

jurie

s is

ke

pt th

at m

eets

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

and

not

ifica

tion

of in

cide

nts

to s

tatu

tory

aut

horit

ies

is o

bser

ved

as re

quire

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tr

aum

a as

soci

ated

with

inju

ries

and

poor

inju

ry m

anag

emen

t will

be

grea

ter

and

take

long

er ti

me

to

heal

, and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be

brea

ched

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Loc

al R

egul

ator

y R

equi

rem

ents

for F

irst A

id P

rovi

sion

Unk

now

n �

Loc

al L

egal

OH

S R

epor

ting

Obl

igat

ions

Unk

now

n �

No

/Insu

ffici

ent F

irst A

id S

uppl

ies

and

Equi

pmen

t �

No/

Insu

ffici

ent N

umbe

rs o

f Cur

rent

ly Q

ualif

ied

Firs

t Aid

ers

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

ompl

iant

Firs

t Aid

Fac

ilitie

s �

Cor

rect

Num

ber o

f App

ropr

iate

ly Q

ualif

ied

Firs

t Aid

ers

on S

ite/ R

efre

sher

Tra

inin

g Pr

ovid

ed

� R

esto

ckin

g of

Firs

t Aid

Mat

eria

ls C

onsu

med

�

Suf

ficie

ntly

Det

aile

d an

d C

ompl

iant

Rec

ords

Ava

ilabl

e

�

556

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n/R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

isio

ns a

re m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs fo

r los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es. A

ssis

tanc

e is

pro

vide

d fo

r ret

urni

ng in

jure

d or

ill

empl

oyee

s ba

ck t

o th

e w

orkp

lace

in

an a

gree

d tim

efra

me

with

out

exac

erba

ting

thei

r cu

rren

t co

nditi

on a

nd t

o of

fer

mea

ning

ful

empl

oym

ent

whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtun

ities

exi

st a

ccor

ding

to

the

follo

win

g hi

erar

chy

– sa

me

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; m

odifi

ed j

ob/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; di

ffere

nt p

ositi

on s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

sim

ilar

or m

odifi

ed p

ositi

on/ d

iffer

ent

wor

kpla

ce;

diffe

rent

pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t w

orkp

lace

. A

re

turn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or e

xter

nally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. All

part

ies

are

kept

info

rmed

of

prog

ress

and

dev

elop

men

ts. S

yste

ms

are

in p

lace

to

ensu

re t

hat

inju

red

wor

kers

are

not

ret

urne

d to

the

una

ltere

d w

orkp

lace

tha

t in

jure

d th

em.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at t

ime

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill b

e in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psy

chol

ogic

al e

ffect

s of

the

in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Loc

al R

egul

ator

y R

equi

rem

ents

for W

orke

rs C

ompe

nsat

ion

Unk

now

n �

Inab

ility

to P

rovi

de R

ehab

ilita

tion

with

in O

rgan

isat

ion

�

No

Liai

son

Betw

een

Parti

es

� L

ack

of L

ocal

Med

ical

Exp

ertis

e

� L

imite

d Al

tern

ativ

e O

ppor

tuni

ties

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

ider

Allo

cate

d

� R

ehab

ilita

tion

Exp

ertis

e O

utso

urce

d �

Ret

urn

To W

ork

Co-

ordi

nato

r Allo

cate

d an

d Tr

aine

d �

Tra

nspa

rent

Com

mun

icat

ion

� A

ltern

ate

Dut

ies

Prog

ram

Ava

ilabl

e

� R

etur

n to

Wor

k Po

licy/

Pro

gram

�

557

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre-

empl

oym

ent

med

ical

s ha

ve b

een

unde

rtak

en t

o pr

ovid

e ba

selin

e in

form

atio

n on

the

em

ploy

ee’s

cur

rent

sta

te o

f he

alth

. Exa

min

atio

ns

may

inc

lude

lun

g fu

nctio

n te

sts,

blo

od o

r ur

ine

sam

ples

for

bio

logi

cal

mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-r

ays

and

audi

omet

ric t

estin

g. W

here

kno

wn

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

are

pre

sent

in

the

wor

kpla

ce,

this

sur

veill

ance

may

be

subj

ect

to c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

su

rvei

llanc

e is

con

duct

ed fr

om w

hich

the

heal

th o

f wor

kers

exp

osed

to s

peci

fic ri

sks

can

be m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol

str

ateg

ies

may

be

eval

uate

d

The

risk

is t

hat (

i) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r he

alth

may

be

dam

aged

; and

(ii)

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol

m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for

clai

ms

purp

oses

will

not

exi

st a

nd th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Use

of A

gent

s Id

entif

ied

by L

ocal

OH

S R

egul

atio

ns fo

r Hea

lth

Surv

eilla

nce

� U

se o

f oth

er H

azar

dous

Che

mic

als

� P

oten

tial f

or H

earin

g Lo

ss

� E

xpos

ure

Stan

dard

s U

nkno

wn/

Act

ion

Leve

ls N

ot S

et

� E

ffect

iven

ess

of E

ngin

eerin

g/Ad

min

istra

tive

Con

trols

Mea

sure

s N

ot

Esta

blis

hed

� N

o R

ecor

ds

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� B

asel

ine

and

Ong

oing

Sur

veill

ance

for t

he F

ollo

win

g as

App

ropr

iate

�

Per

sona

l Mon

itorin

g

�

Bio

logi

cal M

onito

ring

�

Env

ironm

enta

l Mon

itorin

g

� A

udio

met

ric T

estin

g �

Med

ical

Che

cks/

Scr

eeni

ng

� D

ocum

enta

tion

and

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

of H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

Rec

ords

�

Ana

lysi

s of

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce R

esul

ts a

nd A

ctio

n Le

vels

Set

�

558

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perf

orm

ance

app

rais

als

incl

ude

crite

ria fo

r sa

fe w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd th

e di

spla

y of

saf

e w

orki

ng a

ttitu

de.

OH

S re

spon

sibi

litie

s sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith t

he l

evel

of

resp

onsi

bilit

y an

d au

thor

ity b

esto

wed

. Em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent s

ettin

g go

od e

xam

ples

for w

orkp

lace

saf

ety

shou

ld b

e en

cour

aged

and

val

ued.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

attit

udes

or

actio

ns m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Lac

k of

Con

sist

ency

Bet

wee

n Ac

tions

and

Des

ired

Safe

ty V

alue

s �

Poo

r Mod

ellin

g of

Saf

e Be

havi

ours

�

Tok

en C

ompl

ianc

e w

ith S

afet

y R

equi

rem

ents

�

Use

of I

njur

y R

ates

Lin

ked

with

Per

form

ance

Bon

us

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

afe

Wor

king

Crit

eria

Incl

uded

as

Part

of J

ob D

escr

iptio

n �

Evi

denc

e of

Gen

uine

Saf

e W

ork

Attit

udes

and

Car

ing

for F

ello

w W

orke

rs’ S

afet

y

� R

espo

nsib

ility

/Acc

ount

abili

ty D

esig

nate

d as

App

ropr

iate

�

Par

ticip

atio

n in

Saf

ety

Mee

tings

/ Tra

inin

g/ In

spec

tions

�

559

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s

Feed

back

may

tak

e th

e fo

rm o

f su

gges

tion

boxe

s, p

erce

ptio

n su

rvey

s (q

uest

ionn

aire

s to

gau

ge e

mpl

oyee

atti

tude

s, m

oral

e, a

nd/o

r pe

rcei

ved

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

saf

ety

cam

paig

ns).

Rew

ard

prog

ram

s m

ay b

e us

ed to

enc

oura

ge p

artic

ipat

ion

in fe

edba

ck a

ctiv

ities

.

The

risk

is t

hat

oppo

rtun

ities

for

impr

ovem

ent

are

lost

and

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

str

ateg

ies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r m

oral

e or

oth

er

wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Poo

r Wor

kpla

ce M

oral

e �

Job

Dis

satis

fact

ion

� H

igh

Turn

over

Rat

es

� H

igh

Leve

l of D

ispu

tes

� W

ork

to R

ule/

Goi

ng S

low

� In

tent

ion

to L

eave

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

ugge

stio

n Bo

xes

�

Eva

luat

ion

Mat

eria

l �

Per

cept

ion

Surv

eys

� N

otic

e Bo

ards

�

New

s Le

tters

/ E-L

ette

rs

�

Use

of I

ncen

tives

to E

ncou

rage

Fee

dbac

k

�

560

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tur

nove

r

Pers

onne

l tu

rn o

ver

rate

s ar

e re

view

ed t

o un

cove

r th

e ro

ot c

ause

for

any

abn

orm

ally

hig

h le

vels

, su

ch a

s pr

oble

ms

with

lea

ders

hip,

pe

rson

ality

con

flict

s, e

xces

sive

wor

kloa

ds, u

nrea

sona

ble

dead

lines

, unp

leas

ant p

hysi

cal w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t and

/or

wor

k co

nditi

ons.

Exi

t in

terv

iew

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtun

ities

pre

sent

. Suc

cess

ion

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

pro

vide

a

safe

and

suf

ficie

nt le

vel o

f exp

erie

nce

as o

ther

s m

ove

on a

nd c

ontin

uity

of s

afe

wor

king

arr

ange

men

ts.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es s

afel

y, a

nd

the

oppo

rtun

ity to

cor

rect

pro

blem

s or

oth

er u

nder

lyin

g is

sues

is lo

st.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Hig

h Tu

rn O

ver R

ates

� F

requ

ent R

eque

sts

for T

rans

fers

�

Hig

h St

ress

Env

ironm

ent -

Pot

entia

l for

Bur

n O

ut

�

Hig

h Le

vel o

f Liti

gatio

n �

Inad

equa

te R

esou

rce

Leve

ls/

Fina

ncia

l Pre

ssur

e

� D

owns

izin

g

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� E

xit I

nter

view

s C

ondu

cted

� R

esou

rce

Leve

ls R

evie

wed

�

Rea

sons

for T

urn-

Ove

r/ In

tent

ion

to L

eave

Iden

tifie

d

� F

eedb

ack

Use

d C

onst

ruct

ivel

y �

Opp

ortu

nitie

s to

Red

uce

Turn

-Ove

r Con

side

red

� S

ucce

ssio

n Pl

anni

ng

�

561

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S po

licy

is in

pla

ce th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s in

tent

ion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It is

one

exp

ress

ion

of m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

m

ay b

e us

ed to

mot

ivat

e al

l em

ploy

ees

to b

ehav

e in

a c

erta

in w

ay a

nd u

phol

d ce

rtai

n at

titud

es. T

he c

redi

bilit

y of

the

polic

y is

witn

esse

d by

the

cons

iste

ncy

of m

anag

emen

t’s a

ctio

ns a

nd re

spon

ses

to d

aily

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is t

hat

ther

e w

ill b

e no

dire

ctio

n on

OH

S is

sues

and

em

ploy

ees

will

not

kno

w t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s at

titud

e to

war

ds O

HS,

or

wha

t is

ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Mul

tiple

Site

s �

Rem

ote/

Off

Site

Man

agem

ent

� L

arge

Org

anis

atio

n �

Lac

k of

Foc

us/ D

irect

ion

in O

HS

� U

ncer

tain

Pat

hway

to O

HS

Impr

ovem

ent

�

OH

S Vi

ewed

as

an Im

pedi

men

t to

Prog

ress

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� O

HS

Polic

y or

OH

S Va

lues

and

Vis

ion

Stat

emen

t �

Evi

denc

e of

OH

S Po

licy

in P

ract

ice

Ava

ilabl

e �

Com

mun

icat

ion

of O

HS

Polic

y to

Inte

rest

ed P

artie

s �

Rev

iew

of O

HS

Polic

y to

Ref

lect

Cur

rent

Issu

es

� C

onsi

sten

cy B

etw

een

Man

agem

ent A

ctio

ns a

nd P

olic

y St

atem

ent

�

562

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Goa

l Set

ting

Goa

ls a

nd m

ilest

ones

sho

uld

be s

et w

ith s

uffic

ient

det

ail t

o de

term

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

impr

ovin

g, u

ncha

nged

or

in d

eclin

e. T

hese

go

als

shou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

OH

S po

licy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at

regu

lar

inte

rval

s. C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to

ensu

re th

at g

oals

are

real

istic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

and

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent

effo

rts

may

lead

to

apat

hy.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Lar

ge O

HS

Impr

ovem

ents

Nee

ded

- Pot

entia

lly O

verw

helm

ing

� P

erfo

rman

ce M

easu

res

not A

ligne

d w

ith P

olic

ies

and

Valu

es

� S

carc

e R

esou

rces

to A

ddre

ss O

HS

Issu

es

� P

robl

ems

Area

s N

ot B

eing

Add

ress

ed

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� B

reak

dow

n of

Lar

ger G

oals

into

Man

agea

ble

Prop

ortio

ns th

at S

uppo

rt Po

licie

s an

d Va

lues

�

Use

of “

SMAR

T” C

riter

ia –

Spec

ific,

Mea

sura

ble,

Ach

ieva

ble,

Rea

listic

an

d Ti

mel

y �

Reg

ular

Rev

iew

of P

rogr

ess

and

Setti

ng o

f Car

eful

ly T

arge

ted

Posi

tive

Perfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

�

Com

mun

icat

ion

of R

esul

ts

�

563

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acc

ount

abili

ty f

or O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

fol

low

thr

ough

and

con

sequ

ence

s in

pla

ce if

the

se a

re n

ot m

et t

o en

sure

tha

t th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly.

The

acco

unta

bilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith t

he a

utho

rity

of t

he p

ositi

on,

and

shar

ing

of a

ccou

ntab

ilitie

s av

oide

d to

pre

vent

resp

onsi

bilit

y fr

om b

eing

diff

used

.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

actio

ns a

nd s

o O

HS

dutie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Fea

r of P

erso

nal L

iabi

lity

� R

ejec

tion

of S

afet

y Vi

sion

/ Val

ues

�

Insu

ffici

ent R

esou

rces

of C

apita

l, Ti

me,

or T

echn

ical

Com

pete

nce

� P

erso

ns in

Pos

ition

s of

Aut

horit

y In

expe

rienc

ed w

ith F

iner

Det

ails

of t

he R

oles

�

Stro

ng D

esire

to T

rans

fer R

espo

nsib

ility

for O

HS

Else

whe

re

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� A

ccou

ntab

ility

Allo

cate

d to

thos

e w

ith th

e C

ompe

tenc

e, A

utho

rity

and

Res

ourc

es to

Man

age

Rol

es E

ffect

ivel

y �

Sel

ectio

n of

Acc

ount

able

Per

sonn

el W

illing

and

Con

fiden

t to

Take

on

Res

pons

ibili

ty

� T

eam

Spi

rit- E

very

one

is R

espo

nsib

le fo

r Saf

ety

in S

ome

Way

�

Co-

Ope

ratio

n Be

twee

n Bu

sine

ss U

nits

, OH

S R

espo

nsib

ility

Not

Isol

ated

, bu

t Int

egra

ted

�

564

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap A

naly

sis

A li

st o

f pr

ojec

ts h

as b

een

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dutie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a re

sult

of b

reac

hes.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Pat

hway

to L

egal

Com

plia

nce

Unk

now

n

� L

ack

of S

peci

alis

t Exp

ertis

e

� L

ack

of A

cces

s to

Cur

rent

Leg

isla

tion

and

Supp

ortin

g C

odes

and

Reg

ulat

ions

�

Lac

k of

Sup

port

from

Top

Man

agem

ent

� U

nwill

ingn

ess

to b

e In

form

ed

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� D

ue D

ilige

nce

Plan

Com

plet

ed

� P

roje

cts

Res

ourc

ed a

nd

Res

ourc

es S

ecur

e �

Tim

e Li

nes

Agre

ed U

pon

� P

rogr

ess

Reg

ular

ly R

evie

wed

�

Sup

porti

ve M

anag

emen

t

�

565

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suffi

cien

t res

ourc

es h

ave

been

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to d

emon

stra

te th

at c

omm

itmen

t is

real

and

goa

ls a

re a

chie

vabl

e. F

unds

are

pro

tect

ed

from

“re

allo

catio

n”. T

ime

is a

vaila

ble

and

suffi

cien

t to

addr

ess

OH

S is

sues

, and

has

bee

n bu

dget

ed fo

r in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Pen

ding

Sal

e/Tr

ansf

er o

f Bus

ines

s �

Reg

roup

ing

of B

usin

ess

Uni

ts

�

Pot

entia

l for

Saf

ety

Fund

ing

to b

e Tr

ansf

erre

d El

sew

here

�

Fai

lure

to A

ppre

ciat

e R

ealis

tic T

ime/

Res

ourc

e N

eeds

�

Lac

k of

Com

mun

icat

ion

with

Oth

er B

usin

ess

Uni

ts

� L

ack

of P

lann

ing

for B

usin

ess

Gro

wth

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� M

anag

emen

t Com

mitm

ent t

o O

HS

Proj

ects

and

Ong

oing

OH

S N

eeds

�

Pro

tect

ion

of F

unds

Allo

cate

d to

OH

S C

ause

s �

Pro

visi

on o

f Su

ffici

ent T

ime

to F

ulfil

OH

S R

equi

rem

ents

�

Pro

visi

on o

f Nec

essa

ry E

xper

tise

(In-h

ouse

or E

xter

nal)

� R

egul

ar R

evie

w o

f OH

S E

xpen

ditu

re

� R

esou

rces

Allo

cate

d to

Cov

er C

ritic

al A

bsen

ces

�

566

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t

Con

trac

ts a

re r

evie

wed

for

sui

tabi

lity

to t

he O

HS

prog

ram

and

con

trac

tors

are

man

aged

in s

uch

a w

ay t

hat

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te

addi

tiona

l wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue to

lack

of f

amili

arity

and

loca

l kno

wle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir a

ctiv

ities

are

in

form

ed a

nd a

war

e of

any

pot

entia

l haz

ards

that

may

aris

e. A

reas

of c

ontr

ol a

nd re

spon

sibi

lity

are

clea

rly d

elin

eate

d.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontr

acto

rs m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

dert

akin

gs.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Unc

lear

Req

uire

men

ts

�

Unc

lear

Res

pons

ibilit

ies

� L

ack

of L

ocal

Kno

wle

dge/

Pro

toco

ls

� N

o C

ontra

ctor

Iden

tific

atio

n �

Und

efin

ed W

ork

Scop

e

� N

o R

isk

Asse

ssm

ents

�

No

Safe

Wor

k M

etho

ds/ S

afet

y Pl

an �

Lac

k of

Cre

dent

ials

/ Qua

lific

atio

ns

� U

nsaf

e Eq

uipm

ent/T

ools

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

�

Pre

-Sta

rt M

eetin

g/ C

heck

list

� Q

ualif

icat

ion/

Cre

dent

ial C

heck

�

Tho

se Im

pact

ed b

y W

ork

Proc

esse

s/Ac

tiviti

es In

form

ed P

rior t

o Ar

rival

�

Con

tract

or Id

entif

icat

ion

� In

duct

ion

Prog

ram

– H

azar

d A

war

enes

s �

Are

as o

f Res

pons

ibili

ty D

elin

eate

d �

Lia

ison

Per

son

Appo

inte

d �

Pro

visi

on o

f Saf

e W

ork

Met

hods

/ Ris

k As

sess

men

ts

�

Audi

ting

Prog

ram

to

En

sure

C

ompl

ianc

e w

ith

Saf

e W

orki

ng

met

hods

/Ris

k As

sess

men

ts a

n

�

567

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

All

new

pla

nt, e

quip

men

t, m

ater

ials

, and

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

purc

hase

d w

ith O

HS

crite

ria t

aken

into

con

side

ratio

n. P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to

ensu

re th

at h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

re r

evie

wed

prio

r to

pur

chas

e (s

ee H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

and

Dan

gero

us G

oods

). Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

en

sure

that

pla

nt a

nd e

quip

men

t are

inst

alle

d sa

fely

(see

mod

ifica

tions

). En

d us

ers

have

bee

n in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

Saf

ety

inst

ruct

ions

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tr

aini

ng o

n ne

w e

quip

men

t, pl

ant

or s

ervi

ces

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re n

eces

sary

for

saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r sp

ecia

list e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

insu

ffici

ent o

r un

avai

labl

e. T

here

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of th

e po

int w

here

ne

w e

quip

men

t or s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n ac

cept

ed a

nd O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r se

rvic

es w

ill b

e th

e ca

use

of O

HS

prob

lem

s an

d th

at it

can

be

very

exp

ensi

ve to

rec

tify

the

OH

S is

sues

retr

ospe

ctiv

ely.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

OH

S C

riter

ia A

ssoc

iate

d w

ith L

arge

Incr

ease

in P

rocu

rem

ent C

osts

�

Isol

atio

n or

Lac

k of

Com

mun

icat

ion

Betw

een

Use

rs a

nd P

urch

asin

g O

ffice

rs

� In

suffi

cien

t Tim

e La

g Al

low

ed to

Und

erst

and

and

Take

OH

S C

riter

ia in

to A

ccou

nt

for e

g. “U

rgen

t Req

uest

s”

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� G

ener

al O

HS

Crit

eria

Inco

rpor

ated

into

Pur

chas

es

� S

peci

fic O

HS

Crit

eria

Con

side

red

Prio

r to

Sele

ctio

n of

Pur

chas

ed

Goo

ds/ S

ervi

ces

Afte

r End

Use

r Con

sulta

tion

�

Con

side

ratio

n of

OH

S C

riter

ia In

clud

ed in

Cap

ital E

xpen

ditu

re A

ppro

vals

�

568

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

All

prod

ucts

sup

plie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n to

ens

ure

that

the

clie

nt/c

usto

mer

is n

ot e

xpos

ed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es a

re u

sed

acco

rdin

g to

the

supp

liers

inst

ruct

ions

with

all

due

war

ning

s be

ing

heed

ed. A

ll se

rvic

es a

re

supp

lied

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at s

afet

y ha

s be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d m

eets

org

anis

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r ill

ness

as

wel

l as

pote

ntia

lly e

xpos

ing

the

orga

nisa

tion

to li

tigat

ion

for b

reac

hes

of O

HS

dutie

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Inab

ility

to F

ores

ee A

ll En

d U

ser A

pplic

atio

ns

�

Pot

entia

l for

Mis

appr

opria

te U

se o

f Fin

al P

rodu

ct/S

ervi

ce

� C

ompe

titor

s U

nder

cutti

ng b

y no

t Mee

ting

OH

S C

riter

ia

� S

uppl

y w

ithou

t Kno

wle

dge

of E

nd U

ser A

pplic

atio

n

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� G

oods

/Ser

vice

s Su

pplie

d w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Tak

en in

to C

onsi

dera

tion

� In

stru

ctio

ns S

uppl

ied

for S

afe

Use

Whe

re A

pplic

able

�

MSD

S Sh

eets

Sup

plie

d fo

r Haz

ardo

us M

ater

ials

�

569

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd e

xper

ienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r ill

ness

bec

ause

the

peo

ple

supe

rvis

ing

them

did

hav

e th

e sk

ills

nece

ssar

y to

kno

w

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Sup

ervi

sor I

nexp

erie

nced

or

Func

tioni

ng “

Out

of A

rea”

of E

xper

tise

� O

n th

e Jo

b Tr

aini

ng V

ersu

s Fo

rmal

Qua

lific

atio

ns

� S

uper

viso

r Und

er-R

esou

rced

� S

uper

viso

r Ove

r-Lo

aded

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

uper

viso

rs w

ith A

ppro

pria

te E

xper

ienc

e an

d C

ompe

tenc

e Al

loca

ted

� S

uper

viso

rs A

lloca

ted

Rea

listic

Num

bers

to S

uper

vise

– A

ble

to G

ive

Adeq

uate

Atte

ntio

n �

Aut

hent

ic L

eade

rshi

p by

Exa

mpl

e/ C

onsi

sten

cy

�

570

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd p

reve

ntiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly. C

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to

the

leve

l of

deta

il in

corp

orat

ed s

o th

at t

here

is a

bal

ance

bet

wee

n pr

ovid

ing

suffi

cien

t inf

orm

atio

n an

d al

low

ing

wor

kers

to u

se th

eir j

udge

men

t and

exp

erie

nce

as n

eces

sary

, for

exa

mpl

e w

here

too

strin

gent

or

rest

rictiv

e ru

les

may

enc

oura

ge v

iola

tions

. Th

e pr

oced

ures

sho

uld

be r

egul

arly

rev

iew

ed t

o in

corp

orat

e im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e, a

nd th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce

asse

ssed

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Met

hods

Pas

sed

On,

Not

Doc

umen

ted

�

Lac

k of

Enf

orce

men

t �

Rec

ent E

xper

ienc

e of

Inju

ry/ I

llnes

s D

urin

g Pr

oces

s �

Per

cept

ions

of W

eakn

ess

Asso

ciat

ed w

ith K

now

n Sa

fe P

ract

ices

�

C

onfli

ct

of

Inte

rest

s-Pr

oduc

tion

Pres

sure

to

In

crea

se

Rat

es/V

olum

e of

Th

roug

hput

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� D

ocum

ente

d Sa

fe W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s w

ith S

uffic

ient

Det

ail t

o Pe

rform

th

e Ta

sk S

afel

y �

Tra

inin

g on

Saf

e W

orki

ng P

roce

dure

s �

Use

of S

afe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Enfo

rced

�

Met

hod

for A

lerti

ng o

f Cha

nges

to P

roce

dure

s

� E

duca

tion/

Aw

aren

ess

of H

iera

rchy

of C

ontro

ls

�

571

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Com

mun

icat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

ava

ilabl

e to

faci

litat

e th

e ef

ficie

nt fl

ow o

f inf

orm

atio

n to

per

form

wor

kpla

ce d

utie

s in

a m

anne

r th

at is

saf

e an

d do

es n

ot in

duce

str

ess.

Thi

s m

ay in

clud

e su

ffici

ent c

onta

ct w

ith s

uper

viso

rs o

r co

lleag

ues,

the

prov

isio

n of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t suc

h as

tel

epho

nes,

int

erne

t ac

cess

, lo

cal

intr

anet

s, r

adio

s, a

cces

s to

not

iceb

oard

s or

new

slet

ters

, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

for

ums

for

exch

ange

w

heth

er th

ey b

e fo

rmal

or i

nfor

mal

.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Isol

ated

Wor

k En

viro

nmen

ts

� N

oisy

Env

ironm

ents

�

Lac

k of

IT F

acili

ties

� D

isin

tere

st

� T

ime

for C

omm

unic

atio

n Ac

tiviti

es n

ot F

acto

red

into

Dai

ly W

orkl

oad

� H

ighl

y C

onfid

entia

l Mat

eria

l/ Po

tent

ial f

or S

ecur

ity B

reac

hes

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� U

se o

f New

slet

ters

, E-L

ette

rs, N

otic

eboa

rds,

Pos

ters

�

Acc

ess

to IT

Equ

ipm

ent/

Tele

com

mun

icat

ions

� A

war

enes

s/ M

otiv

atio

n C

ampa

igns

�

Sec

urity

Mea

sure

s fo

r Acc

ess

to C

onfid

entia

l Mat

eria

l �

Up

to D

ate

Phon

e an

d/or

Em

ail D

irect

orie

s

�

Mee

tings

One

on

One

with

Tea

ms

�

572

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Con

sulta

tion

Empl

oyee

s’ o

pini

ons

are

cons

ider

ed a

nd v

alue

d w

ith r

espe

ct t

o ch

ange

s th

at m

ay a

ffect

the

ir he

alth

, sa

fety

or

wel

l-bei

ng.

Loca

l O

HS

regu

latio

ns o

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s ar

e ob

serv

ed, a

nd th

e co

mm

ittee

cha

irper

son

has

unde

rgon

e ap

prop

riate

trai

ning

to f

ulfil

th

eir

task

s an

d du

ties.

Mee

tings

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s w

ith p

artic

ipat

ion

of a

man

agem

ent r

epre

sent

ativ

e w

ith s

uffic

ient

aut

horit

y to

take

act

ion

on it

ems

iden

tifie

d as

bei

ng in

nee

d of

cor

rect

ive

actio

n. T

he m

inut

es o

f the

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e ac

cess

ible

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to re

solv

e di

sput

es in

-hou

se b

efor

e ou

tsid

e au

thor

ities

are

bro

ught

in.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly to

ok p

lace

, wer

e no

t upd

ated

abo

ut e

xist

ing

OH

S is

sues

, or

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed a

bout

OH

S in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

thei

r em

ploy

men

t.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Aut

ocra

tic/ D

icta

toria

l M

anag

emen

t Sty

le

� N

o S

afet

y C

omm

ittee

on

Site

�

Infle

xibl

e Pl

ans

- Rel

ucta

nce

to A

ccom

mod

ate

Cha

nges

�

Dec

isio

ns M

ade

Rem

otel

y an

d Ex

pect

ed to

Filt

er D

own

�

Rep

ercu

ssio

ns

Exp

ecte

d (D

irect

or

In

dire

ct)

for

Que

stio

ning

M

anag

emen

t D

ecis

ions

or P

olic

y

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

ite S

afet

y C

omm

ittee

� V

alui

ng o

f Em

ploy

ee O

pini

ons

� F

orum

Est

ablis

hed

to M

ake

Pend

ing

Cha

nges

Kno

wn

Befo

re

Impl

emen

tatio

n �

Per

iod

of T

ime

Set t

o C

onsi

der C

omm

ent o

r Fee

dbac

k on

Pro

pose

d C

hang

es

� T

rans

pare

nt D

ecis

ion

Mak

ing

Proc

ess

�

573

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A li

st o

f re

leva

nt O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss t

o th

ese

docu

men

ts h

as b

een

mad

e av

aila

ble

so t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

know

s w

hat

lega

l ob

ligat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rtin

g in

form

atio

n su

ch a

s st

anda

rds

or c

odes

of

prac

tice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce. A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rece

ived

so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rren

t.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrec

t or

inco

mpl

ete

info

rmat

ion

is u

sed

for

actio

ning

OH

S is

sues

, so

inap

prop

riate

act

ions

or

ill-in

form

ed

deci

sion

s ar

e m

ade.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Lac

k of

Fun

ding

to U

pdat

e R

efer

ence

Mat

eria

l �

No

Larg

e C

orpo

rate

Infra

stru

ctur

e to

Poo

l Res

ourc

es

� S

train

ed R

elat

ions

hips

with

Loc

al O

HS

Auth

ority

�

Lac

k of

Kno

wle

dge

of A

vaila

ble

Res

ourc

es

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� A

cces

s to

Upd

ate

Aler

ts/ S

ubsc

riptio

n to

Upd

atin

g Se

rvic

e �

Mec

hani

sm to

Dis

tribu

te U

pdat

es

�

Impa

ct o

f Cha

nges

Ass

esse

d an

d N

eces

sary

Act

ions

Impl

emen

ted

� R

emov

al o

f Sup

erse

ded

Info

rmat

ion

�

574

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Proc

edur

es a

re k

ept

curr

ent

to in

corp

orat

e le

sson

s le

arnt

and

oth

er im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e. A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out

of

date

info

rmat

ion

is in

pla

ce s

o th

at th

ere

is c

onfid

ence

that

onl

y th

e m

ost c

urre

nt p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

use

. Any

obs

olet

e in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t fo

r arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

and

pro

cedu

res

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t inc

lude

the

late

st in

form

atio

n on

how

to a

void

uns

afe

wor

king

con

ditio

ns.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Mec

hani

cs fo

r Upd

atin

g ar

e P

erce

ived

as

Tedi

ous

� N

umer

ous

Cop

ies

in C

ircul

atio

n –

not W

eb-B

ased

�

Sup

erse

ded

Info

rmat

ion

not R

emov

ed F

rom

Circ

ulat

ion

� In

abili

ty to

Iden

tify

Late

st U

pdat

e –

No

Dat

e/R

evis

ion

Num

ber o

n D

ocum

ents

�

Res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r Upd

atin

g Pr

oced

ures

not

Allo

cate

d

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� M

echa

nism

to T

rigge

r Upd

atin

g fro

m P

roce

dure

Aut

hors

�

Mec

hani

sm to

Dis

tribu

te U

pdat

es

�

Tra

inin

g on

Pro

cedu

ral C

hang

es Im

plem

ente

d/ R

ecor

ded

� R

emov

al o

f Sup

erse

ded

Info

rmat

ion

�

575

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/ Arc

hive

s

Rec

ords

are

arc

hive

d in

a s

afe

and

secu

re l

ocat

ion,

pro

tect

ed f

rom

det

erio

ratio

n an

d da

mag

e by

wat

er o

r fir

e. T

he d

urat

ion

for

whi

ch t

he

reco

rds

are

kept

is in

acc

orda

nce

with

loca

l OH

S an

d Pr

ivac

y le

gisl

atio

n an

d th

e co

nfid

entia

lity

of h

ealth

rec

ords

is e

nfor

ced

and

resp

ecte

d.

Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r los

s w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty a

nd h

ealth

of e

mpl

oyee

s.

The

risk

is t

hat

criti

cal

reco

rds

of e

mpl

oyee

s’ h

ealth

and

saf

ety

will

be

unav

aila

ble

in t

he e

vent

of

litig

atio

n or

for

pur

pose

s re

late

d to

im

prov

ing

or re

solv

ing

OH

S is

sues

.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Sto

rage

Fac

ilitie

s N

ot A

lloca

ted

�

Leg

al R

equi

rem

ents

for R

ecor

d Ke

epin

g U

nkno

wn

� S

tora

ge F

acili

ties

Not

Fire

/ Wea

ther

Pro

of

� R

espo

nsib

ility

for R

ecor

d Ke

epin

g no

t Allo

cate

d �

Rec

ent M

oves

/ Tra

nsfe

rs o

f Pre

mis

es

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

ecur

e, F

irepr

oof,

Wea

ther

proo

f Sto

rage

Fac

ilitie

s

� T

ime

Perio

ds fo

r Kee

ping

Doc

umen

ts Id

entif

ied

and

Rec

orde

d �

Con

fiden

tialit

y Pr

oced

ures

in P

lace

�

Rec

ords

Mai

ntai

ned

� R

ecor

ds M

aint

aine

d a

nd K

ept f

or T

ime

Perio

ds R

equi

red

by L

egis

latio

n �

576

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

Rec

all/H

otlin

es

Info

rmat

ion

is m

ade

avai

labl

e to

end

use

rs t

o ad

dres

s an

y he

alth

or

safe

ty c

once

rns

enco

unte

red

durin

g th

e us

e of

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

prod

ucts

or

serv

ices

. Pro

cedu

res

are

in p

lace

to r

ecal

l goo

ds o

r se

rvic

es in

a ti

mel

y m

anne

r whe

re a

dan

ger

or th

reat

may

pla

ce e

nd u

sers

at

risk

afte

r pur

chas

e. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

reco

rd th

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g pr

oces

s th

at p

rece

ded

the

reca

ll.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r co

nsum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

’ goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

His

tory

of C

usto

mer

Com

plai

nts

� N

o R

ecal

l Pro

cedu

re in

Pla

ce

� N

o In

form

atio

n H

otlin

e/ N

umbe

r Ava

ilabl

e

�

No

Exp

ertis

e to

Han

dle

Que

ries

� E

xtre

me

Diff

icul

ty in

Log

istic

s of

Rec

allin

g Pr

oduc

t – S

mal

l Tim

e La

gs B

etw

een

Purc

hase

and

Con

sum

ptio

n of

Goo

ds/S

ervi

ce

� H

igh

Thre

at to

Rep

utat

ion/

Pub

lic Im

age

if a

Rec

all O

ccur

red

� R

eper

cuss

ions

Exp

ecte

d (D

irect

or I

ndire

ct) i

f Rec

all O

ccur

red

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� R

ecal

l Pro

cedu

re in

Pla

ce

� H

otlin

e/ C

usto

mer

Ser

vice

Num

ber E

stab

lishe

d

� A

ppro

pria

te T

echn

ical

Exp

ertis

e A

vaila

ble

to H

andl

e Q

uerie

s �

Qua

rant

ine

Faci

litie

s A

vaila

ble

if Ap

prop

riate

�

Offi

cial

Com

mun

icat

ions

Cha

nnel

s Es

tabl

ishe

d �

Deb

riefin

g M

echa

nism

Est

ablis

hed

�

577

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m i

s in

pla

ce t

o ca

ptur

e in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to

avoi

d si

mila

r in

cide

nts

from

rec

urrin

g in

the

fut

ure.

A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t al

so p

uttin

g in

pla

ce a

ctio

ns t

o en

able

a q

uick

rec

over

y fr

om t

he s

ituat

ion.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol o

r in

fluen

ce. R

epor

ting

of in

cide

nts

is e

ncou

rage

d w

ith a

vi

ew to

impr

ove

rath

er th

an to

bla

me.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

port

ed a

nd d

ecis

ions

to in

vest

igat

e ba

sed

on li

kelih

ood

or p

oten

tial f

or m

ore

serio

us c

onse

quen

ces.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te r

ange

of k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills.

A p

roto

col f

or r

epor

ting

to e

xter

nal a

utho

ritie

s no

tifia

ble

even

ts h

as b

een

esta

blis

hed,

and

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fr

om re

curr

ing

is lo

st a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

con

tinue

to c

ontr

act

illne

sses

or b

e in

jure

d.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Hig

h R

epea

t Rat

e fo

r Par

ticul

ar In

jury

/ Illn

ess

Type

s �

“Kne

e Je

rk” R

eact

ions

to In

divi

dual

Inci

dent

s

� T

edio

us P

aper

wor

k R

equi

rem

ents

�

Res

pons

es to

Pre

viou

s In

cide

nts

have

bee

n kn

own

to C

reat

e Pr

oble

ms

Else

whe

re

� R

eluc

tanc

e to

Rep

ort I

ncid

ents

– L

ack

of P

erce

ived

Val

ue

� P

erso

nal R

eper

cuss

ions

Exp

ecte

d (D

irect

or I

ndire

ct)

for R

epor

ting

of N

egat

ive

Eve

nts

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� In

jury

/ Illn

ess

Rec

ordi

ng

�

Not

ifica

tion

Mee

ts L

egis

lativ

e R

equi

rem

ents

�

Nea

r Mis

s/ H

it / U

nusu

al In

cide

nt R

ecor

ding

� In

cide

nt S

cree

ning

�

Qui

ck R

ecov

ery

- Sto

p G

ap M

easu

res

�

Roo

t Cau

se A

naly

sis

� C

orre

ctiv

e Ac

tion

Agai

nst R

oot C

ause

(s)

� E

valu

atio

n of

Effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Mea

sure

s �

De

- ide

ntifi

ed R

epor

ting

� D

atab

ase

for R

ecor

ds

� T

rend

Ana

lysi

s �

Crit

ical

Inci

dent

Pla

n

�

578

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A l

ist

of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

reg

ular

bas

is a

nd t

he k

ey r

equi

rem

ents

of

OH

S pr

oced

ures

are

bei

ng a

dher

ed t

o in

hou

se. T

he p

urpo

se is

to

dete

rmin

e th

e le

vel o

f co

mpl

ianc

e; w

heth

er t

he r

equi

rem

ents

are

sui

tabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; an

d to

ens

ure

that

any

pra

ctic

al p

robl

ems

with

the

dai

ly w

orki

ng o

f pr

oced

ures

are

unc

over

ed w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till

reco

vera

ble.

Sel

f-ass

essm

ents

tar

getin

g pa

rtic

ular

are

as w

here

im

prov

emen

t is

sou

ght

are

cond

ucte

d on

a f

requ

ent

basi

s, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, and

item

s ar

e in

depe

nden

tly s

pot c

heck

ed to

impr

ove

the

relia

bilit

y of

the

resu

lts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tr

ack

and

is d

iffic

ult t

o re

cove

r.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Key

Out

puts

of C

urre

nt C

ontro

l/Pre

vent

ion

Stra

tegi

es N

ot Id

entif

ied

� H

igh

Leve

l of N

on-C

ompl

ianc

e w

ith L

ocal

Pro

cedu

res/

Prot

ocol

s �

Impr

actic

al o

r Unr

ealis

tic R

equi

rem

ents

� N

ew P

roce

dure

s/ P

roto

cols

in P

lace

�

Are

as o

f Wea

knes

s Su

spec

ted

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� S

elf A

sses

smen

t Que

stio

nnai

re C

ompi

led

�

Reg

ular

Inte

rval

Set

for U

se

� A

reas

Req

uirin

g Sp

ecia

l Atte

ntio

n Ta

rget

ed

� In

depe

nden

t Spo

t Che

ckin

g of

Res

ults

�

Fee

dbac

k an

d Ev

alua

tion

of R

esul

ts

�

579

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Aud

its

A r

ange

of

form

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at t

he p

rime

inte

ntio

n of

the

pro

cedu

res

is b

eing

met

and

tha

t sp

ecifi

c cr

iterio

n su

ch a

s co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith a

reg

ulat

ion,

sta

ndar

d or

org

anis

atio

nal O

HS

requ

irem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. Obj

ectiv

e ev

iden

ce is

ava

ilabl

e to

su

ppor

t th

e fin

ding

s. S

peci

alis

t au

dits

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

det

erm

ine

risks

in p

artic

ular

are

as. T

he f

requ

ency

of

audi

ts w

ill d

epen

d on

the

le

ngth

of

time

that

the

OH

S sy

stem

s ha

ve b

een

in p

lace

, as

esta

blis

hed

syst

ems

will

nee

d le

ss f

requ

ent

audi

ts t

han

syst

ems

that

are

just

be

ing

intr

oduc

ed. T

he f

requ

ency

may

ran

ge f

rom

a y

early

bas

is t

o on

ce e

very

3-5

yea

rs f

or s

peci

alis

t au

dits

. Aud

itors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

req

uire

men

ts f

or g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd t

he a

ctio

ns n

eces

sary

to a

chie

ve th

e de

sire

d O

HS

outc

omes

are

unkn

own.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

OH

S M

S in

“Set

-Up”

pha

se

� S

yste

m W

eakn

ess

Susp

ecte

d �

Abi

lity

of C

urre

nt S

yste

m to

Mee

t Req

uire

men

ts o

f Sta

ndar

ds/ L

egal

Dut

ies

in

Que

stio

n �

Ade

quac

y of

Cur

rent

OH

S M

S to

Ref

lect

Loc

al C

hang

es in

Pra

ctic

es/ S

truct

ures

In

Que

stio

n �

Fai

lure

to D

eliv

er E

xpec

ted

Out

com

es o

r Suf

ficie

nt L

evel

s of

Impr

ovem

ent

� S

yste

m S

tagn

atio

n

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

ompe

tent

Aud

itors

Sel

ecte

d Q

ualif

ied

and

Exp

erie

nced

�

Aud

iting

Gui

delin

es/ Q

uest

ionn

aire

/ Sta

ndar

ds Id

entif

ied

� P

urpo

se o

f Aud

it C

lear

– S

yste

m V

alid

atio

n or

Ver

ifica

tion

� R

epor

ts C

ircul

ated

with

in R

easo

nabl

e Ti

mef

ram

e �

Rec

omm

enda

tions

Eva

luat

ed a

nd D

ecis

ions

to A

ccep

t or R

ejec

t Su

gges

tions

Rec

orde

d �

Pro

gres

s Ag

ains

t Agr

eed

Actio

ns M

onito

red

�

580

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t

Syst

em R

evie

w

A r

evie

w o

f all

the

OH

S sy

stem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtak

ings

. H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le i

s ex

amin

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t it

has

been

set

up

corr

ectly

and

rem

ains

sui

tabl

e in

lig

ht o

f an

y or

gani

satio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trat

egie

s re

mai

ns u

nkno

wn,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

Poss

ible

Ris

k Fa

ctor

s �

Effe

ctiv

enes

s of

Cur

rent

Pre

vent

ion/

Con

trol S

trate

gies

Unk

now

n or

in Q

uest

ion

� U

se o

f Out

date

d Pr

even

tion/

Con

trol M

etho

ds

� In

suffi

cien

t Res

ourc

es C

urre

ntly

Allo

cate

d fo

r OH

S N

eeds

�

No

Dat

a C

olle

ctio

n �

Sep

arat

e Pa

rts o

f Sys

tem

not

Alig

ned

� S

yste

m C

onsi

dere

d Bu

reau

crat

ic

Poss

ible

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

Str

ateg

ies

� C

olla

tion

of B

road

Ran

ge o

f OH

S M

easu

res

incl

udin

g M

onito

ring

Info

rmat

ion;

Res

ults

of

Med

ical

Sur

veill

ance

; Per

cept

ion

Surv

eys;

Inju

ry

and

Illne

ss S

tatis

tics;

Sel

f Ass

essm

ents

; and

Aud

its R

epor

ts

� A

naly

sis

of D

ata/

Res

ults

�

Sui

tabi

lity

of C

urre

nt S

yste

m E

valu

ated

�

Rec

omm

enda

tions

For

mul

ated

& D

ocum

ente

d �

Impr

ovem

ents

/ New

Dire

ctio

ns Im

plem

ente

d

�

Appendix 15: Case Study 1 Preliminary Results Report

582

Summary

A framework of 60 OHS related elements has been developed to assess

the safe place, safe person and safe systems aspects of OHS

management within organisations. The framework was used at your

company for the purposes of assessing its management of OHS issues

and identifying areas for improvement. The results are based on evidence

made available at the time of the assessments.

The application of this framework was conducted at your company (a paint

manufacturer) between October and November 2007. This study found:

� Of the 60 elements in the framework, all were applicable to your site;

� Of these 60 elements applicable, your company had addressed 11

with formal systems and another 39 elements informally. The

predominantly informal approach implies less documentation and is

working well in most cases, but may present difficulties should any

litigation, claims or disputes arise in the future.

� The hazard profile of the company suggests that the most significant

risks are within the hardware and operating environment area,

followed by those hazards associated with people and the complexity

of human nature. This suggests that a high level of vigilance will

always be necessary to ensure safe operations; however this could

be greatly assisted by a more systematic approach, especially if the

operation wishes to expand.

� The preferred prevention and controls strategies in the company

involve safe place methods. These rely heavily on outside expertise,

skills and judgement. These can be vulnerable to differences in risk

perception, and may be influenced by the view of the particular

expert used, and their field of specialty. It is crucial that the entire

context of the operation is considered, and due consideration given

to the risks presenting from hazards that are not immediately

obvious, such as health effects. Also, it would be an investment to

583

develop some of this specialist expertise “in-house” amongst existing

personnel.

The organisation has very successfully addressed the elements of

Access/Egress; Amenities/Environment; Radiation (due to UV); Work

Organisation-Fatigue; Employee Assistance Programs; Accountability;

Resource Allocation/ Administration; and Customer Service-

Recall/Hotlines. Elements that are still in need of attention include: Health

Surveillance; Emergency Preparedness; Hazardous Substances and a

Due Diligence Review. current prevention and control methods have made

a significant impact on your overall risk ranking, so you are strongly

encouraged to continue your improvement efforts.

The results show that being a smaller organisation, that management are

very in tune with the operation and OHS matters are addressed in a timely

fashion. This provides the organisation with a number of distinct

advantages as far as communication and funding is involved. However,

there is less access to methods that are widely established to handle

organisational risks, so networking and establishing contacts with those

with such knowledge would be desirable and should be encouraged.

Furthermore, keeping up to date with legislative changes is most

important.

Where a high level of expertise is used to control inherently dangerous

operations there is also the risk that people may become desensitised to

the actual level of risk if they have not experienced a recent injury.

Management need to be aware that this may occur, and seek to ensure

that all safety measures provided continue to be used as intended.

Management should be commended for the level of risk reduction that has

already been applied, their clear dedication to the welfare of their staff and

their ability to appoint committed personnel in key areas of responsibility.

584

Background

Traditionally there are four methods for dealing with organisational risks:

� eliminate the risk,

� retain and manage the risk,

� transfer the risk, which may involve outsourcing, contracting or the

like, or

� minimising the financial impact through insurance or compensation.

Risks that have been eliminated are relatively easy to handle, providing

that elimination has really occurred. Risks that are transferred are also

operationally easy, provided that suitable safeguards check the nature,

suitability and viability of the transfer option. Difficulties are most

commonly encountered when there has been a decision to retain and

manage the risk in-house. Typically this has been managed through the

application of the traditional hierarchy of controls, involving:

� elimination

� substitution

� isolation

� engineering controls

� administrative controls, and finally

� personal protective equipment.

While this model has become formalised by most OHS authorities, it does

not deal effectively with the entire range of hazards and risks that currently

confront employers. After years of focusing on establishing a safe place

(which is certainly not without merit), other psychosocial and

organisational hazards are emerging as formidable issues to be

contended with. The current risk assessment and control model is

problematic for such risks. Expanded tools are becoming necessary to

accommodate the changing landscape of workplace hazards and risks.

The strategies in Table 1 are suggested to provide a greater range of risk

control options.

585

Table 1: Guidance on risk reduction strategies

Descriptor Description Examples

Safe place strategies

At the facility and hardware level

Designing out with peer review and end user input, substitution, engineering controls — isolation and barriers, ergonomic interventions, signage, inspections and monitoring.

Safe person strategies

At the individual level

Equal opportunity/anti-harassment policies, employee selection criteria, training needs analysis, education and training, behaviour modification, employee assistance programs, health promotion, health surveillance, PPE, rehabilitation, perception surveys and feedback programs, performance appraisal.

Safe systems strategies

At the managerial and operational level

Clear lines of responsibility, due diligence reviews, resource allocation, defining OHS requirements up front, consultation and communication, competent supervision, methods to ensure access to latest information regarding both legislation and local procedures, measurements and monitoring in place, self assessment, internal audit and system reviews.

Although it is generally considered that hazards of the physical working

environment should be addressed first, this may not be appropriate for

organisations where the workplace is not fixed (for example when

employees work off-site) or for cases where high levels of skill are

necessary (for example where advice is offered such as engineering

design work) and the duty of care extends mostly to “others” affected by

the business undertakings rather than direct employees. In these cases,

having the appropriate skills is crucial. If not conducted competently, the

potential for harm generated by employee activities may be greater than

the possibility of harm arising from within their physical working

environment.

Similarly, on an organisational level it is better to identify OHS criteria for

any planned acquisitions or undertakings, new developments or workplace

modifications rather than to deal with the consequences of any

subsequent harm caused. The use of consultative mechanisms should be

acknowledged as a primary preventive strategy for ameliorating

managerial hazards. Genuine management commitment to OHS values

and sincere equal opportunity and anti-harassment policies may be just as

586

effective on a psychosocial and managerial level as “designing out”

hazards of the physical environment.

As a general guideline, risk control strategies dealing with the conceptual,

design, or planning conceptual stages should always be considered as a

higher order control activities. The order of preference within each of these

three areas depends on whether they are planning, implementation,

measurement or review activities, as for the classic management (or

Deming) “Plan Do Check Improve” cycle. Planning activities represent

higher order strategies than implementation activities, and these in turn

rate higher than measurement or monitoring activities. Contingency

measures that address hazards when risk control plans have failed are

also necessary, even if the need to invoke these actions is undesirable.

It can be seen that many of the possible risk control options form part of

the building blocks of occupational health and safety management

systems (OHS MS), such as operational controls, emergency response or

injury management.

The strategic application of OHS MS building blocks may form a

comprehensive OHS risk defense system, the ultimate objective of the risk

management process. The safe organisation of the future will therefore

assume a more holistic, integrated approach to safety and health,

ensuring the effective coverage of physical, psychosocial and managerial

hazards.

This integrated approach may unfold by default, simply by considering a

wider context of potential hazards. This, combined with other

developments, such as making risk assessments accessible and visible

documents, training on problem solving skills and educating employers on

the use of long term strategies such as safe design and supply, will

resurrect the practical application of the risk management process and

ensure its ongoing value to OHS management in modern organisations.

587

Summary Results Framework charts

Chart 4: Risk Profile With Interventions and Prevention Strategies in Place

Safe Place Safe Person Safe Systems Baseline Risk Assessment Equal Opportunity/ Anti-

Harassment OHS Policy



Plant/ Equipment Inductions-Contractors/ Visitors



Receipt/Despatch Work Organisation-Fatigue Contractor Management


Noise Job Descriptions Supply with OHS criteria

Hazardous Substances Behaviour Modification Communication

Biohazards Health Promotion Consultation

Radiation Networking, Mentoring, Further Education Competent Supervision

Disposal Conflict Resolution Safe Working Procedures



Personal Protective Equipment Procedural Updates






Inspections/ monitoring Feedback Programs Audits

Operational Risk Review Review of Personnel Turnover System Review




588

Chart 5: Risk Profile Without Interventions and Prevention Strategies in Place










Noise Job Descriptions Supply with OHS criteria



Radiation Networking, Mentoring and Further Education Competent Supervision















589

Chart 6: Level of Formality Applied and Gap Analysis










Noise Job Descriptions –Task Structure Supply with OHS Criteria



Radiation Networking, Mentoring, Further Education Competent Supervision












Priority Key for Level of Formality and Gap Analysis

Formal Not There

Informal Low Risk

Not Applicable Well done

590





before and after is large, the controls have made a significant impact.

Figure 1: Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place

0 1 2 3 4

Access/Egress


Radiation

Biohazards

Noise

Housekeeping

Electrical

Disposal





Plant/ Equipment

Modifications




Receipt/Despatch




Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


591

Figure 2: Initial and Final Scores - Safe People

0 1 2 3 4

Work Organisation- Fatigue


Equal Opportunity

Conflict Resolution


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion

Networking, etc



Feedback Programs

Job Descriptions


Inductions Visitors/Contractors

Training

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Selection Criteria

Health Surveillance


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


592

Figure 3: Initial and Final Scores - Safe Systems

0 1 2 3 4

Accountability

Resource Alloc/ Admin

Communication

Customer Service

Supply with OHS

Procedural Updates



OHS Policy

Goal Setting


Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew

Consultation

Incident Management


Due Diligence/ Gap Analysis

Legislative Updates



Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


593







of hazards, closely followed by those associated with people and the

complexities of human nature. This is due to the inherent high risk

associated with the nature of the operation and the need to ensure that

processes are conducted with a high level of vigilance and expertise.

Personnel need to be fully alert to ensure that risks are well controlled.

Figure 4: Hazard Distribution– No Interventions and Strategies

Safe Systems30%

Safe Person 33%

Safe Place37%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe place strategies have been used to

reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, an number of

significant risks still remain, especially relating to the “safe person” area.

Figure 5: Risk Distribution– with Interventions and Strategies in Place

Safe Person 36%

Safe Place32%

Safe Systems32%

594

Figure 6: Risk Reduction after Interventions Applied

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ris

k R

anki

ng


Legend Without Interventions With Interventions

Figure 6 illustrates the effectiveness of risk reduction strategies already

applied. It should be remembered that high reliance on safe person

strategies such as the use of PPE is limited by the complexities of human

nature – and the safe guards are only able to be effective if they are being

used correctly and for their intended purpose. A number of safeguards that

were supplied by management were not being used as required. This can

occur when people become desensitised to the level of risk because they

are using it every day without experiencing negative consequences. This

“normalisation” of danger can be minimised by refresher training; the

reporting of near misses; reinforcement of hazards in meetings and

informal talks; as well as the circulation of alerts of incidents in similar

industries.

Finally, a list of potential hazards on site needs to be available to inform

any visitors or contractors who may be visiting the site. Without this crucial

information, these people are unable to protect themselves. Whilst this

may be provided verbally, should an incident occur, the organisation would

be better able to demonstrate they had used due diligence if such

evidence was formalised.

595

Cas

e St

udy

1 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A g

ener

al b

road

bas

ed r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

has

been

per

form

ed a

t so

me

criti

cal p

oint

in t

ime

from

whi

ch im

prov

emen

t or

dec

line

in

over

all O

HS

ris

k pr

esen

ting

to t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

may

be

mea

sure

d. T

his

asse

ssm

ent

mus

t be

rec

orde

d. I

t is

ass

umed

tha

t al

l key

ar

eas

of s

igni

fican

t ris

k ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed. A

reas

requ

iring

spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

(inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill b

e re

activ

e on

ly.

� T

here

is

docu

men

tatio

n in

thi

s ar

ea r

egar

ding

the

saf

ety

and

envi

ronm

enta

l as

pect

s of

the

ope

ratio

n. H

owev

er,

mor

e in

form

atio

n is

nee

ded

on t

he p

oten

tial

heal

th i

mpa

cts.

Fur

ther

mor

e, t

he i

nfor

mat

ion

that

is

avai

labl

e co

uld

be u

sed

to

grea

ter e

ffect

to in

form

nec

essa

ry p

artie

s of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

on

site

.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

ris

k as

sess

men

t th

at is

con

cern

ed w

ith f

ittin

g th

e ta

sk t

o th

e hu

man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es

incl

udin

g m

anua

l han

dlin

g, w

ork

orga

nisa

tion,

task

or

job

desi

gn, h

uman

err

or a

nd p

robl

ems

with

info

rmat

ion

proc

essi

ng a

s w

ell a

s in

dust

rial

hygi

ene.

How

ever

, in

the

con

text

of

“saf

e pl

ace

stra

tegi

es”

the

scop

e is

lim

ited

here

to

focu

sing

on

the

layo

ut o

f th

e w

orks

tatio

n, m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ex

amin

atio

n of

rep

etiti

ve t

asks

. Su

ch a

sses

smen

ts s

houl

d be

per

form

ed b

y pe

rson

(s)

with

the

ap

prop

riate

qua

lific

atio

ns a

nd c

ompe

tenc

ies

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill s

usta

in a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost

time,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

retu

rn to

the

sam

e ty

pe o

f em

ploy

men

t.

� M

anua

l han

dlin

g as

sess

men

ts h

ave

take

n pl

ace

info

rmal

ly a

nd k

ey n

eeds

hav

e be

en a

ddre

ssed

. How

ever

, the

se r

ely

on

the

oper

ator

s us

ing

the

prov

isio

ns a

s re

com

men

ded.

Ref

resh

er tr

aini

ng in

this

are

a w

ould

furt

her i

mpr

ove

this

sco

re.

596

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el t

o an

d fro

m t

he p

hysi

cal w

orkp

lace

, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, st

airw

ays

and

fire

door

s sh

ould

be

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith lo

cal b

uild

ing

regu

latio

ns, a

nd e

scap

e ro

utes

cle

ar. T

his

is p

artic

ular

ly im

porta

nt in

the

case

of e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

�Th

is h

as b

een

hand

led

wel

l and

the

natu

ral l

ayou

t of t

he o

pera

tion

faci

litat

es th

is.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

req

uire

s th

at a

ll ex

istin

g eq

uipm

ent o

r pl

ant o

pera

tes

with

out c

ausi

ng h

arm

. Whe

re th

is r

equi

res

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

pur

sued

with

the

supp

lier

or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir

opin

ions

dul

y co

nsid

ered

. Th

e ha

zard

s of

rot

atin

g m

achi

nery

, pi

nch

poin

ts,

and

crus

h in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f ve

hicl

es

(incl

udin

g fo

rklif

ts) a

nd w

orki

ng fr

om h

eigh

ts. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts fo

r no

ise

and/

or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�Th

e ke

y ne

cess

ary

haza

rds

have

bee

n ad

dres

sed

wel

l an

d ha

ve b

een

assi

sted

by

spec

ialis

t ad

vice

. So

me

rem

aini

ng

issu

es to

be

deal

t with

incl

udin

g th

e sp

eed

of fo

rklif

ts a

nd im

prov

ed v

entil

atio

n in

som

e ar

eas.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Amen

ities

suc

h as

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c to

ilets

and

cha

nge

room

s; p

rovi

sion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

a re

frige

rato

r/ m

icro

wav

e fo

r mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt fe

edin

g fa

cilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re th

e ne

ed e

xist

s. T

he w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

, ven

tilat

ion

and

light

ing.

The

pot

entia

l for

hea

t stre

ss s

houl

d be

con

side

red,

w

hich

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by h

umid

ity le

vels

. Exp

osur

e to

hea

t and

col

d m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

con

side

ratio

ns f

or o

utdo

or

wor

kers

(see

radi

atio

n fo

r UV

exp

osur

e). T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

for d

iver

s or

air

cabi

n cr

ew s

houl

d al

so b

e co

nsid

ered

whe

re a

pplic

able

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir

judg

emen

t or

wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

may

pla

ce th

em a

t gre

ater

ris

k of

ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�Th

is h

as b

een

hand

led

extr

emel

y w

ell.

597

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f su

pplie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is

cond

ucte

d so

tha

t an

y im

pact

s on

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed p

rior

to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. Pla

ns fo

r de

alin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or

hand

ling,

rec

eipt

, des

patc

h an

d tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�D

ue to

the

com

plex

nat

ure

of th

e la

ngua

ge o

f the

che

mic

als

invo

lved

, erro

rs m

ay e

asily

aris

e du

e to

sub

tle d

iffer

ence

s in

spe

lling

. S

ome

furth

er m

eans

of c

ross

-che

ckin

g w

ould

ass

ist i

n im

prov

ing

this

sco

re.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er

elec

trica

l haz

ards

incl

ude

elec

tric

shoc

k; s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity; s

tore

d el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t an

d th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

park

s in

fla

mm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve t

estin

g is

nec

essa

ry,

only

app

ropr

iate

ly t

rain

ed a

nd

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

inju

red

or f

atal

ly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks i

n a

flam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

�H

igh

inhe

rent

ris

k du

e to

sta

tic b

ut w

ell

cont

rolle

d by

hig

h le

vel

of e

xper

tise.

Doc

umen

tatio

n of

key

ele

ctric

al

requ

irem

ents

for

the

site

an

d a

haza

rdou

s zo

ne c

lass

ifica

tion

diag

ram

th

at c

over

ed a

ll ar

eas

wou

ld f

urth

er im

prov

e th

is

resu

lt.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In s

ome

case

s ba

selin

e au

diom

etry

test

ing

will

be n

eces

sary

. Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd a

ttem

pts

to re

mov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce. L

ocal

regu

lato

ry re

quire

men

ts s

houl

d be

kno

wn.

Com

paris

on

with

reg

ulat

ory

limits

sho

uld

take

into

acc

ount

the

leng

th o

f ex

posu

re e

spec

ially

if s

hifts

long

er t

han

8 ho

urs

are

used

. S

ourc

es o

f vi

brat

ion

that

impa

ct o

n w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is t

hat

wor

kers

will

suf

fer

ear

drum

dam

age,

tin

nitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ear

s) o

r in

dust

rially

indu

ced

perm

anen

t he

arin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

�N

oise

lev

els

are

not

a m

ajor

cau

se o

f co

ncer

n, h

owev

er i

n th

e ar

eas

whe

re h

earin

g pr

otec

tion

is r

equi

red

com

plia

nce

mus

t be

mon

itore

d..

598

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s A

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

nd d

ange

rous

goo

ds (

expl

osiv

es,

pres

suris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

tox

ic c

hem

ical

s, a

nd

irrita

nts)

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

list

ed a

nd la

belle

d an

d a

regi

ster

kep

t co

ntai

ning

all

MS

DS.

Whe

re t

he u

se o

f a

chem

ical

doe

s no

t re

quire

spe

cific

con

trols

this

is n

oted

in th

e re

gist

er. W

here

spe

cific

con

trols

are

nec

essa

ry, a

refe

renc

e to

com

ply

with

the

MS

DS

is

note

d, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

requ

irem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

may

be

exp

osed

, In

som

e ca

ses

this

will

be

depe

nden

t on

the

qua

ntiti

es o

r vo

lum

es s

tore

d. S

tora

ge a

rrang

emen

ts a

nd i

nven

tory

of

dang

erou

s go

ods

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�A

lar

ge v

arie

ty o

f so

lven

ts a

re u

sed

on s

ite a

nd t

hese

are

gen

eral

ly h

andl

ed w

ell.

How

ever

han

dlin

g of

pow

dere

d su

bsta

nces

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed a

nd a

ttent

ion

shou

ld b

e dr

awn

to h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls o

f con

stru

ctio

n to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

.

Bio

haza

rds

Biol

ogic

al h

azar

ds i

nclu

de e

xpos

ure

to i

nfec

tious

age

nts,

con

tagi

ous

dise

ases

, bo

dily

flu

ids

(incl

udin

g bl

ood)

or

othe

r so

urce

s of

pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s, in

fect

ious

pe

ople

; co

ntam

inat

ed f

ood;

con

tact

with

ani

mal

s; r

oden

ts;

plan

ts/p

olle

ns;

inse

cts;

mite

s; l

ice;

sew

erag

e; f

ungi

or

bird

dro

ppin

gs

cool

ing

wat

er re

serv

oirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic r

eact

ion

or d

evel

op

long

term

flu/

asth

ma-

like

sym

ptom

s.

�G

reat

er a

war

enes

s of

pot

entia

l bio

haza

rds

and

prev

entio

n st

rate

gies

, inc

ludi

ng r

isks

for

tra

velle

rs, w

ould

im

prov

e th

is

resu

lt.

599

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rad

iatio

n So

urce

s of

rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd r

adio

activ

ity;

non-

ioni

sing

rad

iatio

n su

ch a

s ul

travi

olet

ray

s w

hich

may

affe

ct th

e sk

in o

r eye

s; n

ear i

nfra

-red

radi

atio

n af

fect

ing

the

eyes

(wel

ding

, fur

nace

s, m

olte

n m

etal

s); L

AS

ER

’s; t

he h

eatin

g ef

fect

fro

m m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne t

ower

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

fre

quen

cy r

adia

tion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fie

ld

expo

sure

suc

h as

pow

erlin

es.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

� H

igh

inhe

rent

ris

k du

e to

UV

radi

atio

n an

d ou

tdoo

r ac

tiviti

es b

ut t

his

haza

rd h

as b

een

wel

l add

ress

ed b

y en

gine

erin

g de

sign

sol

utio

ns.

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir

cont

aine

rs, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner

that

com

plie

s w

ith lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns

and

that

doe

s no

t cau

se h

arm

eith

er th

roug

h im

med

iate

con

tact

or a

s a

resu

lt of

tran

sfer

ring

the

subs

tanc

es /

mat

eria

ls fo

r dis

posa

l or

disp

ersa

l els

ewhe

re. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (

see

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

/ da

nger

ous

good

s).

Also

incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith h

ygie

ne a

nd t

he h

andl

ing

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

� T

his

is a

n ar

ea o

f hig

h in

here

nt ri

sk b

ut is

wel

l con

trol

led

via

cont

ract

ors.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce. I

nclu

ded

here

are

the

pres

ence

of a

sbes

tos

in d

emol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; the

saf

e co

nnec

tion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity, a

nd te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns; p

rote

ctio

n fro

m n

oise

, deb

ris o

r ot

her

proj

ectil

es; a

nd

the

poss

ibilit

y of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

are

as.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

res

ult o

f pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or

as a

res

ult o

f uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

�Th

is is

an

area

whe

re d

ocum

enta

tion

and

regi

ster

s w

ould

be

usef

ul. C

apita

l pro

visi

ons

may

be

nece

ssar

y in

this

are

a fo

r sa

fe d

emol

ition

of o

lder

bui

ldin

gs in

the

futu

re.

600

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/ R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty. R

epai

r wor

k is

car

ried

out o

n fa

iled

equi

pmen

t in

a tim

ely

fash

ion

by th

ose

that

are

qua

lifie

d an

d co

mpe

tent

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

�A

n ar

ea o

f hig

h in

here

nt ri

sk b

ut c

urre

ntly

han

dled

wel

l by

cont

ract

ors.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer

revi

ewed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

hand

ed o

ver t

o th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

wer

e no

t tho

ught

thro

ugh.

�Th

e in

here

nt ri

sk in

this

are

a is

hig

h du

e to

the

stat

ic h

azar

d. D

ocum

enta

tion

of in

tern

al r

equi

rem

ents

and

som

e m

eans

of

cros

s-ch

ecki

ng fo

r all

mod

ifica

tions

to th

e fa

ctor

y w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

eden

ess

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal

with

situ

atio

ns s

uch

as f

ire,

natu

ral

disa

ster

s, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. Not

onl

y sh

ould

thes

e po

tent

ial s

ituat

ions

be

iden

tifie

d, b

ut t

he r

equi

red

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t re

gula

r in

terv

als.

Deb

riefin

g se

ssio

ns a

re h

eld

afte

r th

e dr

ills t

o id

entif

y ar

eas

in n

eed

of im

prov

emen

t. C

ritic

al e

mer

genc

y eq

uipm

ent,

such

as

alar

ms,

sm

oke

dete

ctor

s, fi

re s

prin

kler

s, th

e co

rrec

t ty

pe o

f ext

ingu

ishe

rs, b

ack

up g

ener

ator

s (w

here

app

licab

le) a

re p

rovi

ded

and

mai

ntai

ned.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be u

nabl

e to

rea

ct a

ppro

pria

tely

(fo

r ex

ampl

e, e

vacu

ate

safe

ly o

r re

spon

d ef

fect

ivel

y, w

hich

may

lead

to in

crea

sed

casu

altie

s, p

anic

and

trau

ma.

�Th

is a

rea

is c

urre

ntly

und

er i

mpr

ovem

ent

and

a re

cent

eva

cuat

ion

drill

was

con

duct

ed.

How

ever

, th

e do

cum

enta

tion

need

s to

be

in p

lace

, and

a s

yste

mat

ic m

eans

of u

pdat

ing

is r

equi

red.

For

mal

deb

riefs

afte

r dr

ills

shou

ld a

lso

be c

ondu

cted

so

less

ons

from

eva

cuat

ion

exer

cise

s ar

e ca

ptur

ed, a

nd te

chni

ques

impr

oved

.

601

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

co

ntac

t hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r oth

erw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

plac

e to

redu

ce th

reat

s of

bo

dily

har

m. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�Th

ere

is h

igh

inhe

rent

ris

k he

re d

ue to

the

natu

re o

f the

ope

ratio

ns, b

ut th

e la

yout

allo

ws

for

good

vis

ual o

bser

vatio

n an

d st

rang

ers

wou

ld e

asily

be

reco

gnis

ed. H

owev

er, i

f som

eone

did

wan

t to

ente

r the

pre

mis

es, t

here

are

no

phys

ical

bar

riers

to

prev

ent t

hem

.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept

in a

cle

an a

nd t

idy

stat

e to

avo

id t

rips,

slip

s an

d fa

lls.

Wal

kway

s sh

ould

not

be

bloc

ked.

Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up i

mm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be r

etur

ned

and

empt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns. U

nwan

ted

mat

eria

ls s

houl

d be

sor

ted

and

put i

nto

stor

age

or d

ispo

sed

of.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

e m

anag

emen

t ar

e ve

ry p

artic

ular

in

this

are

a. T

here

is

som

e ac

cum

ulat

ion

tow

ards

the

bac

k of

the

site

, bu

t th

e pr

oduc

tion

area

is k

ept v

ery

wel

l.

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Proc

esse

s sh

ould

be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to

ensu

re t

hat

equi

pmen

t an

d fa

cilit

ies

are

bein

g us

ed a

nd a

pplie

d in

the

m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for

whi

ch s

afet

y pr

ovis

ions

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d im

plem

ente

d. T

he p

roce

sses

are

mon

itore

d to

en

sure

that

they

are

ope

ratin

g w

ithin

saf

e lim

its. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

�Th

e in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t und

er s

tron

g co

ntro

l due

to th

e im

pact

this

wou

ld h

ave

on p

rodu

ctio

n qu

ality

.

602

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is

cond

ucte

d th

at c

ompa

res

the

curr

ent

situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a

base

line

asse

ssm

ent

to in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

res

ourc

es m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

�Th

is i

s an

are

a fo

r co

nsid

erat

ion

in l

ight

of

upco

min

g ch

ange

s in

leg

isla

tion

requ

iring

the

elim

inat

ion

of c

erta

in

ingr

edie

nts

and

chan

ges

in h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ces

regu

latio

ns.

603

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-H

aras

smen

t Po

licie

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

all

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

are

trea

ted

with

resp

ect a

nd d

igni

ty. T

here

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s ha

ve e

nsur

ed th

at th

e in

tent

ion

of th

ese

polic

ies

have

be

en m

ade

clea

r to

em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell

as e

duca

ting

man

agem

ent

on t

he f

orm

s th

at d

iscr

imin

atio

n or

ha

rass

men

t may

take

- in

clud

ing

mor

e su

btle

man

ifest

atio

ns s

uch

as h

oldi

ng b

ack

pay

or e

ntitl

emen

ts; u

ndue

del

ays

for p

rovi

sion

of

reso

urce

s; s

prea

ding

mal

icio

us g

ossi

p; s

ocia

l exc

lusi

on; h

idin

g be

long

ings

; rol

e am

bigu

ity; a

nd c

aree

r sta

gnat

ion

or u

ncer

tain

ty.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m. T

his

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er r

isk

of p

hysi

cal h

arm

by

affe

ctin

g th

eir p

erfo

rman

ce o

r jud

gem

ent o

r put

ting

them

at r

isk

of w

orkp

lace

vio

lenc

e.

�To

the

sm

alle

r na

ture

of

the

oper

atio

n an

d th

e at

titud

e of

man

agem

ent,

this

doe

s no

t po

se a

sig

nific

ant

conc

ern.

H

owev

er, e

nsur

ing

thes

e sa

me

attit

udes

are

refle

cted

by

pers

onne

l is

a po

int t

hat c

ould

be

prom

oted

.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r th

eir

safe

eva

cuat

ion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nu

rsin

g m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

ca

re n

ot t

o pl

ace

such

em

ploy

ees

into

situ

atio

ns w

here

the

y ar

e at

inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or

othe

r m

eans

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�A

ttent

ion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to a

num

ber

of y

oung

wor

kers

on

site

. The

se y

oung

er w

orke

rs m

ay b

e es

peci

ally

pro

ne t

o ce

rtai

n in

jurie

s su

ch a

s sp

rain

s an

d st

rain

s; o

pen

wou

nds;

frac

ture

s; b

ruis

ing

and

crus

hing

, and

bur

ns.

604

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A lis

t of t

he s

kills

, com

pete

ncie

s an

d tra

its c

onsi

dere

d ne

cess

ary

to d

isch

arge

the

dutie

s of

a p

ositi

on c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd e

ffect

ivel

y ha

s be

en d

ocum

ente

d an

d fo

rms

part

of th

e se

lect

ion

crite

ria (

for

exam

ple

in p

ositi

on d

escr

iptio

ns).

Any

pre

-exi

stin

g co

nditi

ons

that

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�D

ue t

o th

e ha

zard

ous

natu

re o

f th

e op

erat

ion

and

solv

ents

in u

se, d

efin

ing

clea

r se

lect

ion

crite

ria w

ould

be

valu

able

fo

r pro

tect

ing

pote

ntia

lly v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s an

d po

ssib

le re

duci

ng a

ny p

oten

tial f

or li

tigat

ion.

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w

to ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. In

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

times

of t

heir

pres

ence

at t

he w

orkp

lace

is

reco

rded

to a

llow

acc

ount

ing

for a

ll pe

rson

s sh

ould

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

aris

e. E

ntry

on

site

is s

ubje

ct to

acc

epta

nce

of s

ite

safe

ty ru

les

whe

re th

is is

app

licab

le. A

lso,

spe

cific

con

tact

s/ho

sts

are

desi

gnat

ed to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

loca

l rul

es.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�Th

is a

rea

has

been

add

ress

ed i

nfor

mal

ly b

ut w

ould

ben

efit

from

a m

ore

form

al a

ppro

ach.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

im

prov

ed b

y a

num

ber o

f sim

ple

addi

tions

to th

e cu

rren

t met

hods

, and

som

e pr

inte

d bo

okw

ork/

han

dout

s.

Trai

ning

A

train

ing

need

s an

alys

is h

as b

een

cond

ucte

d to

det

erm

ine

wha

t ski

lls e

mpl

oyee

s ha

ve a

nd w

hat s

kills

are

nee

ded

to p

erfo

rm

thei

r ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly.

Arr

ange

men

ts a

re in

pla

ce t

o ad

dres

s an

y ga

ps t

hat

may

exi

st.

All

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

af

fect

ed h

ave

been

mad

e aw

are

of l

ocal

pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

tra

inin

g is

pro

vide

d at

app

ropr

iate

int

erva

ls t

o m

aint

ain

skill

s an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds. C

ompe

tenc

y tra

inin

g ha

s be

en s

ched

uled

acc

ordi

ng to

the

train

ing

need

s an

alys

is.

All

pers

ons

cond

uctin

g tra

inin

g ar

e ap

prop

riate

ly q

ualif

ied

to d

o so

. Tr

aini

ng r

ecor

ds a

re m

aint

aine

d.

Evi

denc

e of

com

pete

ncie

s is

ava

ilabl

e.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�O

n th

e jo

b tr

aini

ng is

han

dled

fairl

y w

ell.

Ref

resh

er tr

aini

ng fo

r man

ual h

andl

ing

and

deal

ing

with

the

dang

ers

of s

tatic

w

ould

be

usef

ul. C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to c

ompi

ling

a sk

ills

data

base

so

that

is c

lear

whe

n pe

ople

are

due

for

refr

eshe

r tra

inin

g (fo

r exa

mpl

e Fi

rst A

id) a

nd a

lso

for f

utur

e pl

anni

ng to

incr

ease

the

rang

e of

ski

lls o

n si

te.

605

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of

job

task

s th

at c

onst

itute

the

rol

e ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t in

duce

unn

eces

sary

man

ual

hand

ling,

ove

ruse

, un

due

fatig

ue o

r st

ress

, an

d th

e re

quire

d le

vel

of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er th

e w

ork

perio

d. W

ork

brea

ks, p

ause

s or

oth

er r

otat

ion

of d

utie

s ha

ve b

een

intro

duce

d w

here

fatig

ue in

duci

ng

cond

ition

s ha

ve b

een

iden

tifie

d. F

atig

ue m

ay b

e of

a p

hysi

cal o

r men

tal n

atur

e.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Th

is is

han

dled

wel

l and

the

shor

t shi

ft ar

rang

emen

t red

uces

the

pote

ntia

l for

wor

k-in

duce

d fa

tigue

.

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s Pe

rson

al s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rrang

emen

ts, c

over

age

of c

ritic

al a

bsen

ces,

reso

urci

ng le

vels

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

som

e co

ntro

l ove

r w

ork

load

are

fac

tore

d in

to o

ngoi

ng w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

so

as n

ot t

o in

duce

con

ditio

ns t

hat

may

be

cons

ider

ed b

y th

at p

artic

ular

em

ploy

ee a

s st

ress

ful.

Plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

for

deal

ing

with

exc

essi

ve e

mai

ls a

nd u

nwel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts, a

nd is

una

ble

to p

erfo

rm c

ompe

tent

ly

or s

afel

y du

e to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

�Th

is i

s m

anag

ed w

ell

for

the

maj

ority

of

staf

f by

man

agem

ent

and

the

clos

e, f

riend

ly a

tmos

pher

e. H

owev

er,

man

agem

ent n

eed

also

to b

e aw

are

of th

eir o

wn

stre

ss le

vels

.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir

oblig

atio

ns. W

here

a d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n w

ork

expe

ctat

ions

and

abi

lity

to fu

lfil t

hese

exi

st,

chan

nels

sho

uld

be a

vaila

ble

to e

nabl

e fa

ir an

d eq

uita

ble

nego

tiatio

n on

beh

alf

of b

oth

parti

es.

Skill

s an

d au

thor

ity le

vels

are

co

mm

ensu

rate

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or

auth

ority

nec

essa

ry to

con

duct

thei

r ro

le c

ompe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

�Jo

b de

scrip

tions

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r ope

ratin

g st

aff,

but n

ot fo

r key

man

agem

ent s

taff.

Fur

ther

doc

umen

tatio

n in

this

are

a to

cap

ture

key

requ

irem

ents

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

606

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly r

einf

orce

d an

d un

safe

beh

avio

urs

disc

oura

ged.

Thi

s m

ay t

ake

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

in

spec

tions

, un

safe

act

or

obse

rvat

ion

prog

ram

s, f

ollo

wed

by

suita

ble

feed

back

. O

bser

vatio

ns m

ay b

e ov

ert

or d

iscr

eet.

Empl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns th

at

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r po

sitiv

e re

info

rcem

ent o

f saf

e be

havi

ours

, con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

use

of v

aria

ble,

unp

redi

ctab

le r

ewar

d sc

hedu

les

so th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed. R

ewar

ds m

ay in

clud

e pr

aise

, rec

ogni

tion

or in

crea

sed

stat

us.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�Ta

rget

ed c

ampa

igns

to

brea

k un

safe

wor

king

hab

its (

such

as

faili

ng t

o sa

fety

equ

ipm

ent

prov

ided

) an

d to

pos

itive

ly

rein

forc

e de

sira

ble

wor

k pr

actic

es w

ould

be

of a

ssis

tanc

e he

re.

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s w

ill su

ffer

poor

hea

lth o

r a

low

ered

sta

te o

f w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em t

o in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

�In

form

atio

n to

pro

mot

e he

alth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es, d

iet a

nd im

prov

e ge

nera

l wel

l-bei

ng w

ould

be

of a

ssis

tanc

e he

re d

ue

to th

e nu

mbe

r che

mic

als

in u

se w

ith h

ealth

effe

cts

that

are

stil

l und

er s

pecu

latio

n.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist

perfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re t

here

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r ro

le a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng s

uppo

rt. P

ursu

it of

hig

her

orde

r sk

ills a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�In

vest

igat

ing

mea

ns o

f br

eaki

ng in

to e

xist

ing

netw

orks

and

fin

ding

out

wha

t co

urse

s av

aila

ble

for

furt

her

educ

atio

n op

port

uniti

es w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt. A

lso

cons

ider

car

eer p

ath

plan

ning

.

607

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or

is n

otic

eabl

e by

oth

er c

olle

ague

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

e ris

k is

sub

stan

tially

redu

ced

by h

avin

g an

ope

n at

mos

pher

e an

d re

ason

able

man

agem

ent.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

othe

r em

otio

nal p

robl

ems

may

acc

ess

help

in a

con

fiden

tial e

nviro

nmen

t and

rec

eive

the

nec

essa

ry s

uppo

rt to

ena

ble

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

is i

s co

nduc

ted

with

con

fiden

tialit

y an

d co

mpa

ssio

n. T

his

elem

ent

dem

onst

rate

s th

at m

anag

emen

t ar

e ac

tivel

y in

volv

ed w

ith s

taff

and

able

to p

rovi

de g

uida

nce

and

dire

ctio

n fo

r ass

ista

nce

whe

n ne

eded

.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns t

o m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corre

ctly

. The

po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r ha

zard

s by

the

app

licat

ion

of t

he P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

su

ch im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE s

elec

ted

will

not p

rovi

de th

e pr

otec

tion

expe

cted

(be

caus

e of

poo

r se

lect

ion,

poo

r tra

inin

g, p

oor

fit o

r po

or

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

�Th

ere

are

quite

a n

umbe

r of

PPE

req

uire

men

ts. E

vide

nce

that

trai

ning

had

bee

n co

nduc

ted

on th

e co

rrec

t use

of P

PE

prov

ided

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

608

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Prov

isio

ns fo

r firs

t aid

are

ava

ilabl

e th

at m

eet l

ocal

regu

latio

ns in

clud

ing

the

num

bers

of s

uita

bly

qual

ified

firs

t aid

ers

and

suffi

cien

t qu

antit

ies

of fi

rst a

id m

ater

ials

. Qua

lific

atio

ns a

re k

ept c

urre

nt a

nd fi

rst a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly r

eple

nish

ed. A

reg

iste

r of

wor

kpla

ce

inju

ries

is k

ept t

hat m

eets

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

and

not

ifica

tion

of in

cide

nts

to s

tatu

tory

aut

horit

ies

is o

bser

ved

as re

quire

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

adve

rse

effe

cts

and

traum

a as

soci

ated

with

inju

ries

and

poor

inju

ry m

anag

emen

t w

ill b

e gr

eate

r an

d ta

ke

long

er ti

me

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be

brea

ched

.

�Th

is a

rea

coul

d be

nefit

fro

m m

ore

deta

iled

repo

rtin

g to

cap

ture

mor

e in

form

atio

n, a

lthou

gh e

ssen

tial

crite

ria a

re

cove

red.

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

com

pens

ate

inju

red

wor

kers

for

los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Assi

stan

ce i

s pr

ovid

ed f

or

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to

offe

r m

eani

ngfu

l em

ploy

men

t w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist

acco

rdin

g to

the

fol

low

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job

/ sa

me

wor

kpla

ce;

diffe

rent

pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; si

mila

r or

mod

ified

pos

ition

/ di

ffere

nt w

orkp

lace

; di

ffere

nt

posi

tion/

diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce. A

ret

urn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or

exte

rnal

ly to

mee

t loc

al O

HS

re

gula

tions

. All

parti

es a

re k

ept i

nfor

med

of p

rogr

ess

and

deve

lopm

ents

. Sys

tem

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

inju

red

wor

kers

are

no

t ret

urne

d to

the

unal

tere

d w

orkp

lace

that

inju

red

them

.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill be

exa

cerb

ated

, tha

t tim

e aw

ay fr

om th

e w

orkp

lace

will

be

incr

ease

d an

d th

at th

e ps

ycho

logi

cal e

ffect

s of

the

inju

ry a

nd lo

ss o

f con

fiden

ce w

ill b

e he

ight

ened

.

�Th

is a

rea

need

s to

be

deve

lope

d so

tha

t sh

ould

a r

ehab

ilita

tion

case

aris

e, t

he s

yste

ms

will

alre

ady

be in

pla

ce a

nd

rela

tions

hips

with

off-

site

exp

ertis

e ha

ve a

lread

y be

en e

stab

lishe

d so

the

proc

ess

goes

sm

ooth

ly.

609

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t m

edic

als

have

bee

n un

derta

ken

to p

rovi

de b

asel

ine

info

rmat

ion

on t

he e

mpl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of

heal

th.

Exa

min

atio

ns m

ay i

nclu

de l

ung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or

urin

e sa

mpl

es f

or b

iolo

gica

l m

onito

ring,

che

st x

-ray

s an

d au

diom

etric

te

stin

g. W

here

kno

wn

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

are

pre

sent

in th

e w

orkp

lace

, thi

s su

rvei

llanc

e m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

com

plia

nce

with

lo

cal

OH

S r

egul

atio

ns.

Hea

lth s

urve

illanc

e is

con

duct

ed f

rom

whi

ch t

he h

ealth

of

wor

kers

exp

osed

to

spec

ific

risks

can

be

mon

itore

d (in

clud

ing

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring)

and

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol s

trate

gies

may

be

eval

uate

d

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be n

ot b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for

clai

ms

purp

oses

will

not

exi

st

and

that

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

may

be

brea

ched

.

�Th

is is

an

area

that

sho

uld

rece

ive

spec

ialis

t inp

ut. D

ocum

enta

tion

is r

equi

red

here

to a

ssur

e le

gisl

ativ

e re

quire

men

ts

are

met

and

als

o to

dem

onst

rate

that

the

orga

nisa

tion

has

unde

rtak

en it

s du

ty o

f car

e.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for s

afe

wor

k pr

actic

es a

nd o

bser

vatio

n of

site

saf

ety

rule

s, h

ouse

keep

ing,

and

the

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

leve

l of

resp

onsi

bilit

y an

d au

thor

ity b

esto

wed

. E

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

desi

rabl

e O

HS

wor

k be

havi

ours

and

atti

tude

s w

ill no

t be

rei

nfor

ced,

and

tha

t in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

ac

tions

may

be

enco

urag

ed w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s be

lievi

ng th

at s

uch

beha

viou

r or a

ctio

ns a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

�Th

is n

eeds

to b

e ex

tend

ed to

incl

ude

staf

f oth

er th

an S

ales

. Per

form

ance

rev

iew

s sh

ould

ens

ure

that

OH

S is

sues

are

no

t em

bedd

ed in

to th

e as

sess

men

t, an

d th

ere

are

clea

r con

sequ

ence

s fo

r und

esira

ble

OH

S at

titud

es o

r pra

ctic

es.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s Fe

edba

ck m

ay t

ake

the

form

of

sugg

estio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

an

d/or

per

ceiv

ed e

ffect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to

enco

urag

e pa

rtici

patio

n in

fee

dbac

k ac

tiviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r m

oral

e or

ot

her w

orkp

lace

issu

es c

ontin

ue u

nres

olve

d.

�O

ppor

tuni

ties

for

feed

back

cou

ld p

rovi

de m

anag

emen

t with

mor

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he e

ffect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt O

HS

cont

rols

and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

robl

ems

are

quic

kly

brou

ght t

o m

anag

emen

t’s a

ttent

ion.

610

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Pers

onne

l tu

rn o

ver

rate

s ar

e re

view

ed t

o un

cove

r th

e ro

ot c

ause

for

any

abn

orm

ally

hig

h le

vels

, su

ch a

s pr

oble

ms

with

le

ader

ship

, per

sona

lity

conf

licts

, exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

Suc

cess

ion

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o pr

ovid

e a

safe

and

suf

ficie

nt l

evel

of

expe

rienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f sa

fe w

orki

ng

arra

ngem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of th

e or

gani

satio

n to

con

duct

its

activ

ities

sa

fely

, and

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

cor

rect

pro

blem

s or

oth

er u

nder

lyin

g is

sues

is lo

st.

�A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ents

.

611

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Polic

y A

n O

HS

pol

icy

is i

n pl

ace

that

con

veys

man

agem

ent’s

int

entio

n an

d at

titud

e to

war

ds s

afet

y. I

t is

one

exp

ress

ion

of

man

agem

ent’s

will

whi

ch m

ay b

e us

ed to

mot

ivat

e al

l em

ploy

ees

to b

ehav

e in

a c

erta

in w

ay a

nd u

phol

d ce

rtain

atti

tude

s. T

he

cred

ibilit

y of

the

polic

y is

witn

esse

d by

the

cons

iste

ncy

of m

anag

emen

t’s a

ctio

ns a

nd re

spon

ses

to d

aily

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

no d

irect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S,

or w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

� G

ener

ally

, the

atti

tude

by

man

agem

ent i

s w

itnes

sed

by th

eir

will

ingn

ess

to a

ddre

ss s

afet

y is

sues

and

thei

r ob

viou

s in

tent

ion

to ta

ke c

are

of th

eir

staf

f. C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to a

n O

HS

polic

y or

mot

to o

n di

spla

y at

rec

eptio

n.

This

wou

ld s

end

a go

od m

essa

ge to

clie

nts

and

cont

ract

ors.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

dete

rmin

e w

heth

er O

HS

issu

es a

re im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r too

ove

rwhe

lmin

g to

add

ress

sys

tem

atic

ally

and

that

lack

of f

eedb

ack

on re

cent

effo

rts

may

lead

to a

path

y.

� G

oals

wer

e no

t av

aila

ble

at t

he t

ime

of t

he a

udit.

Spe

cific

, Mea

sura

ble,

Ach

ieva

ble,

Rea

listic

and

Tim

ely

(SM

AR

T)

goal

s w

ould

ena

ble

to i

mpr

ovem

ent

task

to

be b

roke

n do

wn

into

a m

anag

eabl

e po

rtio

ns a

nd p

rovi

de s

ome

enco

urag

emen

t whe

n ta

rget

s ar

e m

et.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r OH

S is

sues

has

bee

n al

loca

ted

and

ther

e is

suf

ficie

nt fo

llow

thro

ugh

and

cons

eque

nces

in p

lace

if th

ese

are

not m

et to

ens

ure

that

thes

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s ar

e ta

ken

serio

usly

. The

acc

ount

abilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e au

thor

ity

of th

e po

sitio

n, a

nd s

harin

g of

acc

ount

abilit

ies

avoi

ded

to p

reve

nt re

spon

sibi

lity

from

bei

ng d

iffus

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

�Th

is w

as n

ot a

n is

sue

at th

is o

pera

tion

as th

e to

p m

anag

er c

lear

ly to

ok fu

ll re

spon

sibi

lity

for a

ll O

HS

mat

ters

.

612

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list o

f pro

ject

s ha

s be

en id

entif

ied

that

wou

ld b

ring

the

orga

nisa

tion

into

regu

lato

ry c

ompl

ianc

e, w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be

igno

red

with

the

pote

ntia

l for

fine

s, p

enal

ties

or li

tigat

ion

as a

resu

lt of

br

each

es.

� A

due

dili

genc

e pl

an is

req

uire

d as

a m

atte

r of

prio

rity

to fu

lfil t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s du

ty o

f car

e. A

gap

ana

lysi

s th

at

has

unde

rgon

e re

gula

r re

view

with

dem

onst

rabl

e im

prov

emen

ts w

ill a

lso

assi

st in

dem

onst

ratin

g go

odw

ill a

nd g

ood

corp

orat

e ci

tizen

ship

sho

uld

a pe

nalty

or b

reac

h oc

cur.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suf

ficie

nt r

esou

rces

hav

e be

en a

lloca

ted

to O

HS

issu

es t

o de

mon

stra

te t

hat

com

mitm

ent

is r

eal a

nd g

oals

are

ach

ieva

ble.

Fu

nds

are

prot

ecte

d fro

m “

real

loca

tion”

. Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

Th

e ris

k is

that

ther

e w

ill b

e in

suffi

cien

t fun

ding

to re

ctify

OH

S is

sues

iden

tifie

d.

�Fu

ndin

g w

as re

adily

ava

ilabl

e fo

r OH

S m

atte

rs, a

nd re

sour

ces

wer

e di

strib

uted

as

nece

ssar

y.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for s

uita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S p

rogr

am a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pre

senc

e do

es

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

mili

arity

and

loc

al k

now

ledg

e; a

nd a

ll th

ose

pers

ons

who

may

be

impa

cted

by

thei

r ac

tiviti

es a

re in

form

ed a

nd a

war

e of

any

pot

entia

l haz

ards

that

may

aris

e. A

reas

of c

ontro

l and

res

pons

ibili

ty

are

clea

rly d

elin

eate

d.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�Th

is r

atin

g is

bas

ed o

n a

lack

of

deta

il su

rrou

ndin

g se

rvic

e ag

reem

ents

and

con

trac

ts, a

lthou

gh t

he c

ontr

acto

rs in

us

e w

ere

clea

rly re

liabl

e an

d pr

ovid

ed g

ood

serv

ice.

613

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l new

pla

nt, e

quip

men

t, m

ater

ials

, and

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

purc

hase

d w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

re r

evie

wed

prio

r to

pur

chas

e (s

ee H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

and

Dan

gero

us

Goo

ds).

Prov

isio

ns a

re m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

Saf

ety

inst

ruct

ions

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g on

new

equ

ipm

ent,

plan

t or

serv

ices

is

prov

ided

whe

re n

eces

sary

for s

afe

oper

atio

n. T

echn

ical

or s

peci

alis

t exp

ertis

e ha

s be

en a

cqui

red

whe

re w

ritte

n in

stru

ctio

ns a

re

insu

ffici

ent

or u

nava

ilabl

e. T

here

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of t

he p

oint

whe

re n

ew e

quip

men

t or

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

acce

pted

and

O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S pr

oble

ms

and

that

it c

an b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to

rect

ify th

e O

HS

issu

es re

trosp

ectiv

ely.

� A

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h to

cov

er p

oten

tial l

iabi

lity

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n to

ens

ure

that

the

clie

nt/c

usto

mer

is

not e

xpos

ed to

har

m w

hen

the

prod

ucts

or s

ervi

ces

are

used

acc

ordi

ng to

the

supp

liers

inst

ruct

ions

with

all

due

war

ning

s be

ing

heed

ed. A

ll se

rvic

es a

re s

uppl

ied

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at s

afet

y ha

s be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d m

eets

org

anis

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S d

utie

s.

�Th

ere

is e

vide

nce

that

OH

S cr

iteria

are

wel

l co

nsid

ered

and

rea

dily

ava

ilabl

e. D

ocum

enta

tion

that

thi

s ha

s be

en

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

for a

ll as

pect

s of

sup

ply-

such

as

the

size

of d

espa

tch

lots

, wou

ld fu

rthe

r im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

Com

mun

icat

ion

C

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

to fa

cilit

ate

the

effic

ient

flow

of i

nfor

mat

ion

to p

erfo

rm w

orkp

lace

dut

ies

in a

man

ner t

hat

is s

afe

and

does

not

ind

uce

stre

ss.

This

may

inc

lude

suf

ficie

nt c

onta

ct w

ith s

uper

viso

rs o

r co

lleag

ues,

the

pro

visi

on o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n eq

uipm

ent

such

as

tele

phon

es,

inte

rnet

acc

ess,

loca

l int

rane

ts,

radi

os,

acce

ss t

o no

ticeb

oard

s or

new

slet

ter,

mee

tings

and

oth

er fo

rum

s fo

r exc

hang

e w

heth

er th

ey b

e fo

rmal

or i

nfor

mal

.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

� T

his

resu

lt w

as fa

cilit

ated

by

the

smal

l nat

ure

of th

e op

erat

ion

and

the

“han

ds o

n” a

ppro

ach

of m

anag

emen

t.

614

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Con

sulta

tion

Empl

oyee

s’ o

pini

ons

are

cons

ider

ed a

nd v

alue

d w

ith re

spec

t to

chan

ges

that

may

affe

ct th

eir h

ealth

, saf

ety

or w

ell-b

eing

. Loc

al

OH

S r

egul

atio

ns o

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s ar

e ob

serv

ed,

and

the

com

mitt

ee c

hairp

erso

n ha

s un

derg

one

appr

opria

te t

rain

ing

to f

ulfil

the

ir ta

sks

and

dutie

s. M

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a re

gula

r ba

sis

with

par

ticip

atio

n of

a

man

agem

ent r

epre

sent

ativ

e w

ith s

uffic

ient

aut

horit

y to

take

act

ion

on it

ems

iden

tifie

d as

bei

ng in

nee

d of

cor

rect

ive

actio

n. T

he

min

utes

of

the

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a s

ecur

e lo

catio

n an

d m

ade

acce

ssib

le t

o al

l em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve

disp

utes

in-h

ouse

bef

ore

outs

ide

auth

oriti

es a

re b

roug

ht in

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly to

ok p

lace

, wer

e no

t upd

ated

abo

ut e

xist

ing

OH

S is

sues

, or

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed a

bout

OH

S in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

thei

r em

ploy

men

t.

� S

pot c

heck

s of

doc

umen

tatio

n ill

ustr

ated

that

this

are

a is

wor

king

wel

l. Ju

st a

num

ber

of s

mal

l are

as th

at c

ould

be

fine

tune

d to

impr

ove

this

resu

lt. T

his

area

is s

teer

ed b

y a

very

com

mitt

ed s

taff

mem

ber.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

res

pons

ibilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls

and

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inj

ury

or i

llnes

s be

caus

e th

e pe

ople

sup

ervi

sing

the

m d

id h

ave

the

skills

ne

cess

ary

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

� T

here

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f exp

erie

nce

amon

gst l

ine

man

ager

s; h

owev

er th

is re

sult

coul

d ch

ange

if th

ere

wer

e lo

sses

of

key

staf

f mem

bers

.

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly. C

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e le

vel o

f det

ail i

ncor

pora

ted

so th

at th

ere

is a

bal

ance

bet

wee

n pr

ovid

ing

suffi

cien

t inf

orm

atio

n an

d al

low

ing

wor

kers

to u

se th

eir j

udge

men

t and

exp

erie

nce

as n

eces

sary

, fo

r ex

ampl

e w

here

too

strin

gent

or

rest

rictiv

e ru

les

may

enc

oura

ge v

iola

tions

. The

pro

cedu

res

shou

ld b

e re

gula

rly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

� P

roce

dure

s ar

e av

aila

ble

whe

re n

eces

sary

and

are

use

r frie

ndly

. Th

is re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

a sy

stem

to tr

ack

docu

men

ts.

615

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

cod

es o

f pra

ctic

e av

aila

ble

for

refe

renc

e. A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rec

eive

d so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rrent

. Th

e ris

k is

that

out

-of-d

ate

or in

corre

ct o

r in

com

plet

e in

form

atio

n is

use

d fo

r ac

tioni

ng O

HS

issu

es, s

o in

appr

opria

te a

ctio

ns o

r ill-

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

� A

mor

e sy

stem

atic

app

roac

h th

at in

corp

orat

es a

trig

ger t

o al

ert m

anag

emen

t of l

egis

lativ

e ch

ange

s is

requ

ired.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Proc

edur

es a

re k

ept

curre

nt t

o in

corp

orat

e le

sson

s le

arnt

and

oth

er im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e. A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se. A

ny

obso

lete

info

rmat

ion

that

is k

ept f

or a

rchi

val p

urpo

ses

is c

lear

ly id

entif

iabl

e as

bei

ng s

uper

sede

d. T

rain

ing

on u

pdat

ed m

etho

ds

and

proc

edur

es is

pro

vide

d w

here

the

chan

ges

are

cons

ider

ed to

be

sign

ifica

nt.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

� O

nce

a ce

ntra

l tra

ckin

g sy

stem

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d, u

pdat

ing

of p

roce

dure

s w

ill b

e ea

sier

to m

anag

e.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or f

ire. T

he d

urat

ion

for

whi

ch th

e re

cord

s ar

e ke

pt is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd re

spec

ted.

Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r los

s w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty

and

heal

th o

f em

ploy

ees

The

risk

is t

hat

criti

cal r

ecor

ds o

f em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

eve

nt o

f lit

igat

ion

or f

or p

urpo

ses

rela

ted

to im

prov

ing

or re

solv

ing

OH

S is

sues

.

� A

ctio

n to

for

mal

ise

reco

rd c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

s, a

nd e

nsur

e th

at a

ll le

gal o

blig

atio

ns a

re f

ulfil

led

wou

ld im

prov

e th

e re

sults

in th

is a

rea.

616

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

docu

men

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

safe

ty a

nd h

ealth

of

a cu

stom

er,

clie

nt o

r co

nsum

er is

thr

eate

ned

beca

use

they

wer

e un

able

to

acce

ss

criti

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

� T

he o

rgan

isat

ion

is v

ery

cust

omer

orie

nted

and

this

is h

andl

ed w

ell.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to c

aptu

re in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to a

void

sim

ilar i

ncid

ents

from

recu

rrin

g in

the

futu

re. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t als

o pu

tting

in p

lace

act

ions

to e

nabl

e a

quic

k re

cove

ry fr

om th

e si

tuat

ion.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to

impr

ove

rath

er t

han

to b

lam

e. N

ear

mis

s/hi

ts a

re a

lso

repo

rted

and

deci

sion

s to

in

vest

igat

e ba

sed

on li

kelih

ood

or p

oten

tial f

or m

ore

serio

us c

onse

quen

ces.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te ra

nge

of k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills. A

pro

toco

l for

repo

rting

to e

xter

nal a

utho

ritie

s no

tifia

ble

even

ts h

as b

een

esta

blis

hed,

an

d co

mm

unic

ated

.

The

risk

is t

hat

info

rmat

ion

that

cou

ld p

reve

nt i

ncid

ents

fro

m r

ecur

ring

is l

ost

and

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at

the

wor

kpla

ce

cont

inue

to c

ontra

ct il

lnes

ses

or b

e in

jure

d.

� T

his

area

cou

ld b

e de

velo

ped

in te

rms

of in

cide

nts

capt

ured

and

info

rmat

ion

extr

acte

d. A

naly

sis

of th

e ro

ot c

ause

w

ould

gre

atly

ass

ist i

n th

e pr

even

tion

of in

jurie

s re

curr

ing

and

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for l

earn

ing.

617

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A li

st o

f que

stio

ns h

as b

een

com

pile

d to

ens

ure

that

out

com

es a

re b

eing

ach

ieve

d on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd th

e ke

y re

quire

men

ts

of O

HS

pro

cedu

res

are

bein

g ad

here

d to

in

hous

e. T

he p

urpo

se i

s to

det

erm

ine

the

leve

l of

com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

re

quire

men

ts a

re s

uita

ble

and

reas

onab

le; a

nd to

ens

ure

that

any

pra

ctic

al p

robl

ems

with

the

daily

wor

king

of p

roce

dure

s ar

e un

cove

red

whi

lst t

he s

ituat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le. S

elf-a

sses

smen

ts ta

rget

ing

parti

cula

r are

as w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

co

nduc

ted

on a

freq

uent

bas

is, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, and

item

s ar

e in

depe

nden

tly s

pot c

heck

ed to

impr

ove

the

relia

bilit

y of

the

resu

lts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c se

lf-as

sess

men

t to

ols

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

This

res

ult

wou

ld b

e gr

eatly

im

prov

ed b

y co

nsid

erat

ion

of a

ctio

ns th

at h

ave

the

grea

test

impa

ct o

n sa

fe w

orki

ng a

nd w

ould

be

usef

ul to

ens

ure

that

pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trat

egie

s ap

plie

d re

mai

n on

trac

k.

Aud

its

A ra

nge

of fo

rmal

revi

ews

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. Obj

ectiv

e ev

iden

ce is

ava

ilabl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks in

par

ticul

ar a

reas

. Th

e fre

quen

cy o

f aud

its w

ill de

pend

on

the

leng

th o

f tim

e th

at t

he O

HS

syst

ems

have

bee

n in

pla

ce,

as e

stab

lishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill

need

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay r

ange

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. Aud

itors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

req

uire

men

ts fo

r go

od O

HS

will

not b

e m

et, a

nd t

he a

ctio

ns n

eces

sary

to a

chie

ve th

e de

sire

d O

HS

out

com

es a

re u

nkno

wn.

�N

o sp

ecifi

c au

dits

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

Con

sulta

nts

are

used

to

hand

le k

ey r

isk

area

s,

how

ever

and

inte

rnal

sys

tem

may

be

of u

se a

nd e

xten

d th

e lo

cal k

now

ledg

e ba

se.

618

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

syst

ems

in p

lace

to e

nabl

e th

e or

gani

satio

n to

fulfi

l its

dut

y of

car

e to

em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed b

y its

bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s. H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le is

exa

min

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t it

has

been

set

up

corre

ctly

and

rem

ains

su

itabl

e in

ligh

t of a

ny o

rgan

isat

iona

l cha

nges

or b

usin

ess

acqu

isiti

ons.

Con

duct

ed ty

pica

lly o

n an

ann

ual b

asis

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

�N

o sp

ecifi

c sy

stem

rev

iew

s w

ere

mad

e av

aila

ble

at th

e tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

This

is im

port

ant d

ue to

the

haza

rdou

s na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion,

but

oth

er it

ems

mus

t be

addr

esse

d be

fore

this

ele

men

t will

pro

vide

val

ue.

619


620

Summary




organisation for the purposes of assessing its management of OHS issues



The application of this framework was conducted at your company (a foam

recycling operation) during October and November 2007. This study

found:

� Of the 60 elements in the framework, 59 were applicable to your site;


(75%) with formal systems and another 12 elements informally. The

predominantly formal approach implies a higher level of

documentation. However, care should be taken not to overload the

system with too many requirements. A more targeted approach to

address the root causes of problems should receive priority.


risks are within the hardware and operating environment area,

followed by those hazards associated with people and the complexity

of human nature. This suggests that a high level of vigilance will

always be necessary to ensure safe operations; however, in this

instance there is no better way to reduce the inherent risks than to

engineer out the problems or review the actual process used and

hazardous chemicals involved.


involve safe person methods. These rely heavily on personal

expertise, skills and judgement. These can be vulnerable to changes

in key personnel. Care needs to taken that documentation of such

strategies exists, such a complete training records, in order to

621

demonstrate due diligence should a litigation situation arise. This

type of documentation is very useful.

� The organisation needs to be aware of the problems of

overcomplicated and over specified systems. In your organisation

there are large numbers of risk assessments specified, and dealing

with so many assessments may be overwhelming. Streamlining of

information captured and eliminating any replication should be further

investigated. The time necessary to comply with all the requirements

specified would provide an interesting analysis.

� The organisation also needs to be aware of problems with narrowly

focused risk assessments and should ensure that risk assessments

are conducted by a group of people that have the range and balance

of necessary skills to cover all the relevant perspectives to enable a

complete picture of the situation to be understood prior to

investigation.

� With respect to the use of contractors, their approach to on-site

hazards may be influenced by the view of the particular expert used,

whether or not they are accustomed to a high level of risk, and their

range of previous experiences. It is crucial that the entire context of

the local operation is considered, and due consideration given to the

risks presenting from hazards that are not immediately obvious, such

as the possibility of volatile organic compounds being present in the

atmosphere within the plant. Also, it would be an investment to

develop some of this specialist expertise “in-house” amongst existing

personnel.

� A careful balance needs to be achieved between the level of energy

directed into front end risk assessments, the quality of assessments

conducted and the clearance rate of actions arising. All three aspects

are of great importance, and one should not be sacrificed at the

expense of the others.

622

� The organisation has very successfully addressed the elements of

Employee Assistance Programs; Health Surveillance; Emergency

Preparedness; Baseline Risk Assessment; Communication,

Consultation and Competent Supervision. Your current prevention

and control methods have made a significant impact on the overall

risk ranking, so you are strongly encouraged to continue your

improvement efforts.

The results show that management are very in tune with the operation and

OHS matters are addressed in a timely fashion. Due to the larger

corporate infrastructure there is sufficient funding available for OHS

matters and the opportunity to attend training courses as necessary. There

are also career opportunities available so the organisation is able to attract

high calibre staff, and this was evident in the assessment process.

Management should be commended for the level of risk reduction that has

already been applied, their clear dedication to the welfare of their staff and

their ability to appoint committed personnel in key areas of responsibility.

623

Summary Results

Framework Charts


Safe Place Safe Person Safe System



Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise

Hazardous Substances/ Dangerous Goods

Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal


Preventive Maintenance/ RepairsModifications – Peer Review/ Commissioning


Security – Site/ Personal

Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done

Equal Opportunity/Anti-Harassment


Selection Criteria

Inductions – Contractors/ Visitors

Training

Work Organisation – Fatigue

Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Workers Compensation/ Rehabilitation

Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Due Diligence Review/ Gap AnalysisResource Allocation/ Administration






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates


Customer Service – Recall/ Hotlines

Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



624





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal



Modifications – Peer Review/ Commissioning




Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution

Employee Assistance ProgramsPersonal Protective Equipment



Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability



Procurement with OHS CriteriaSupply with OHS Consideration



Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates


Customer Service – Recall /Hotlines

Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



625





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping

Inspections/Monitoring

Formal

Informal

Not Addressed by the Organisation

Equal Opportunity/Anti-HarassmentAccommodating Diversity

Selection Criteria


Training

Work Organisation –Fatigue/Stress

Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits




Safe Place Safe Person Safe SystemBaseline Risk Assessment


Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal


Preventive Maintenance/ RepairsModifications – Peer Review /Commissioning



Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Due Diligence Review/ Gap

AnalysisResource Allocation/ Administration





Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



626





with and without intervention is large, the controls have made a significant

impact.


0 1 2 3 4






Access/Egress


Biohazards


Radiation

Disposal

Modifications



Housekeeping

Receipt/Despatch

Noise


Plant/ Equipment

Electrical


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


627


0 1 2 3 4

Health Promotion



Workers' Comp/Rehab

Health Surveillance

Equal Opportunity

Conflict Resolution


Job Descriptions


Networking etc




Training

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness

Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Inductions


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


628


0 1 2 3 4



Communication

Resources


Consultation


Self-Assessment

System Rewiew

Incident Management

OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates

Audits

Due Diligence / Gap Analysis




Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


629

Analysis of Hazard Profile Ratings

Figure 4 illustrates the hazard profile of the organisation before prevention






of hazards, closely followed by those associated with people and the

complexities of human nature. This is due to the inherent high risk

associated with the nature of the operation and the need to ensure that




Safe Systems30%

Safe Person 33.3%

Safe Place37.3%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person strategies have been used to

reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, a number of

significant risks still remain, especially relating to the “safe place” area.


Safe Person29%

Safe Place39%

Safe Systems32%

630


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

k R

anki

ng


Legend Without Intervention

WithIntervention



strategies such as the use of PPE is limited by the complexities of human

nature – and the safe guards are only able to be effective if they are being

used correctly and for their intended purpose.

The higher level of residual risk in the safe place area suggests that there

is a need to address the root cause(s) of problems through engineering

and design methods. There is scope to eliminate some inherent hazards

through alternative supply of certain chemicals used in the binding process

and greater insulation of noisy areas. Other hazards such as mobile plant

may be addressed through some targeted campaigns to eliminate some

unsafe habits that have developed over time.

Finally, a list of specific, detailed potential hazards on site needs to be

available to inform any visitors or contractors to the site. Whilst this may be

631

provided in general terms it needs to be specific enough to enable

vulnerable persons to take the necessary actions to protect themselves

and to ensure that a sufficient and accurate exchange of information has

taken place to demonstrate due diligence.

632

Cas

e St

udy

2 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A g

ener

al b

road

bas

ed r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

has

been

per

form

ed a

t so

me

criti

cal p

oint

in t

ime

from

whi

ch im

prov

emen

t or

dec

line

in

over

all O

HS

risk

pres

entin

g to

the

org

anis

atio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

Thi

s as

sess

men

t m

ust

be r

ecor

ded.

It

is a

ssum

ed t

hat

all k

ey

area

s of

sig

nific

ant r

isk

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

. Are

as re

quiri

ng s

peci

alis

t exp

ertis

e (in

tern

al o

r ext

erna

l) sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill b

e re

activ

e on

ly.

�Th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

evi

denc

e to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t th

is e

lem

ent

is h

andl

ed p

artic

ular

ly w

ell.

In g

ener

al, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

is

very

risk

man

agem

ent o

rient

ed.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

ris

k as

sess

men

t th

at is

con

cern

ed w

ith f

ittin

g th

e ta

sk t

o th

e hu

man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es

incl

udin

g m

anua

l han

dlin

g, w

ork

orga

nisa

tion,

task

or

job

desi

gn, h

uman

err

or a

nd p

robl

ems

with

info

rmat

ion

proc

essi

ng a

s w

ell a

s in

dust

rial

hygi

ene.

How

ever

, in

the

con

text

of

“saf

e pl

ace

stra

tegi

es”

the

scop

e is

lim

ited

here

to

focu

sing

on

the

layo

ut o

f th

e w

orks

tatio

n, m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ex

amin

atio

n of

rep

etiti

ve t

asks

. Su

ch a

sses

smen

ts s

houl

d be

per

form

ed b

y pe

rson

(s)

with

the

ap

prop

riate

qua

lific

atio

ns a

nd c

ompe

tenc

ies

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill s

usta

in a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

retu

rn to

the

sam

e ty

pe o

f em

ploy

men

t.

�Th

ere

is a

hig

h de

gree

of

expo

sure

to

man

ual h

andl

ing;

how

ever

obs

erva

tions

indi

cate

d th

at m

ovem

ents

wer

e sm

ooth

an

d w

ell c

onsi

dere

d. T

he e

xpos

ure

to c

uts

and

lace

ratio

ns is

ver

y hi

gh a

nd th

is is

an

area

that

nee

ds fu

rthe

r in

vest

igat

ion

and

impr

ovem

ent.

63

3

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

fro

m t

he p

hysi

cal w

orkp

lace

, inc

ludi

ng t

hose

with

sp

ecia

l nee

ds s

uch

as d

isab

led

empl

oyee

s. E

mer

genc

y ex

it si

gnag

e, w

alkw

ays,

han

drai

ls,

stai

rway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loca

l bui

ldin

g re

gula

tions

, and

esc

ape

rout

es c

lear

. Thi

s is

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

�Th

e si

te is

wel

l mar

ked

and

acce

ss/e

gres

s ha

s be

en w

ell c

onsi

dere

d. H

owev

er, c

are

need

s to

be

take

n to

ens

ure

vehi

cles

/ m

obile

pla

nt d

o no

t ina

dver

tent

ly s

top

in a

reas

that

may

blo

ck a

cces

s/eg

ress

pat

hway

s.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

req

uire

s th

at a

ll ex

istin

g eq

uipm

ent o

r pl

ant o

pera

tes

with

out c

ausi

ng h

arm

. Whe

re th

is r

equi

res

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

pur

sued

with

the

supp

lier

or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir

opin

ions

dul

y co

nsid

ered

. Th

e ha

zard

s of

rot

atin

g m

achi

nery

, pi

nch

poin

ts,

and

crus

h in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f ve

hicl

es

(incl

udin

g fo

rklif

ts) a

nd w

orki

ng fr

om h

eigh

ts. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts fo

r no

ise

and/

or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�Th

e pa

rtic

ular

ope

ratio

n in

volv

es a

num

ber o

f hig

h ris

k op

erat

ions

– in

volv

ing

expo

sed

blad

es, a

nd h

eavy

use

of f

orkl

ifts.

K

ey a

reas

of

expo

sure

nee

d fu

rthe

r co

nsid

erat

ion

to r

educ

e th

e re

sidu

al r

isk

to a

mor

e ac

cept

able

lev

el.

The

spee

d of

fo

rklif

ts n

eeds

to b

e re

duce

d to

pre

vent

the

likel

ihoo

d of

a s

erio

us in

cide

nt. N

o re

gist

ers

wer

e av

aila

ble

for t

he u

se o

f hoi

sts

etc.

Am

eniti

es/E

nviro

nmen

t Am

eniti

es s

uch

as p

rivat

e, h

ygie

nic

toile

ts a

nd c

hang

e ro

oms;

pro

visi

on o

f drin

king

wat

er a

nd a

refri

gera

tor/

mic

row

ave

for m

ealti

mes

; in

fant

feed

ing

faci

litie

s an

d sh

ower

s w

here

the

need

exi

sts.

The

wor

king

env

ironm

ent f

or in

door

wor

kers

sho

uld

be c

omfo

rtabl

e an

d m

eet r

elev

ant s

tand

ards

and

cod

es fo

r in

door

air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls. E

xpos

ure

to h

eat a

nd c

old

may

be

parti

cula

rly im

porta

nt c

onsi

dera

tions

for

out

door

w

orke

rs (s

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. The

spe

cial

nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir

judg

emen

t or

wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

may

pla

ce th

em a

t gre

ater

ris

k of

ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�A

men

ities

are

in g

ood

cond

ition

and

a p

leas

ant m

eal a

rea

is a

vaila

ble.

The

mai

n op

erat

ions

are

a w

ould

be

diffi

cult

to k

eep

cool

in s

umm

er a

nd th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

eat s

tres

s ne

eds

to b

e co

nsid

ered

mor

e fu

lly.

63

4

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f su

pplie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is

cond

ucte

d so

tha

t an

y im

pact

s on

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed p

rior

to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. Pla

ns fo

r de

alin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or

hand

ling,

rec

eipt

, des

patc

h an

d tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

� R

ecei

pt o

f bul

k liq

uid

raw

mat

eria

ls is

han

dled

ver

y w

ell.

How

ever

, han

dlin

g of

scr

ap ra

w m

ater

ials

invo

lves

unt

ying

met

al

fast

ener

s, w

hich

may

be

haza

rdou

s. S

afe

use

of fo

rklif

ts n

eeds

em

phas

is.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er

elec

trica

l haz

ards

incl

ude

elec

tric

shoc

k; s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity; s

tore

d el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t an

d th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

park

s in

fla

mm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve t

estin

g is

nec

essa

ry,

only

app

ropr

iate

ly t

rain

ed a

nd

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

inju

red

or f

atal

ly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks i

n a

flam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

�Th

e re

sult

in th

is a

rea

is n

ot d

ue to

the

expe

rtis

e of

ele

ctric

al c

ontr

act w

ork,

whi

ch is

val

ued

by th

e op

erat

ions

sta

ff, b

ut

due

to th

e la

ck o

f inf

orm

atio

n pr

ovid

ed b

y th

e or

gani

satio

n to

def

ine

suffi

cien

tly th

e ris

ks d

ue to

sta

tic a

nd th

e po

tent

ial f

or

vola

tile

orga

nic

com

poun

ds i

n th

e at

mos

pher

e.

A h

azar

dous

are

a cl

assi

ficat

ion

diag

ram

was

not

ava

ilabl

e fo

r el

ectr

ical

w

ork,

Thi

s w

ould

pro

vide

con

trac

tors

with

inf

orm

atio

n to

spe

cify

the

app

ropr

iate

rat

ings

for

the

saf

e us

e of

ele

ctric

al

equi

pmen

t, an

d sp

ecia

list a

dvic

e m

ay b

e re

quire

d he

re.

63

5

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In s

ome

case

s ba

selin

e au

diom

etry

test

ing

will

be

nece

ssar

y. S

peci

alis

t adv

ice

shou

ld b

e so

ught

and

atte

mpt

s to

rem

ove

the

sour

ce o

f the

pro

blem

sho

uld

be th

e fir

st li

ne o

f def

ence

. Loc

al re

gula

tory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

w

ith r

egul

ator

y lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt t

he le

ngth

of

expo

sure

esp

ecia

lly if

shi

fts lo

nger

tha

n 8

hour

s ar

e us

ed.

Sou

rces

of

vibr

atio

n th

at im

pact

on

wor

kers

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

incl

udin

g po

wer

tool

s, s

eats

on

mob

ile p

lant

equ

ipm

ent.

The

risk

is t

hat

wor

kers

will

suffe

r ea

r dr

um d

amag

e, t

inni

tus

(rin

ging

in t

he e

ars)

or

indu

stria

lly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent

hear

ing

loss

; vi

brat

ion

may

cau

se d

istu

rbed

blo

od c

ircul

atio

n to

the

hand

s an

d tin

glin

g or

bac

k pa

in w

hen

asso

ciat

ed w

ith s

eats

.

�Th

e le

vels

of

nois

e an

d vi

brat

ion

are

rela

tivel

y hi

gh, e

spec

ially

is c

erta

in a

reas

. Sol

utio

ns t

o re

duce

noi

se e

xpos

ure

by

mea

ns o

ther

than

hea

ring

prot

ectio

n ne

ed fu

rthe

r in

vest

igat

ion.

The

cor

rect

atte

nuat

ion

of h

earin

g pr

otec

tion

devi

ces

used

sh

ould

be

verif

ied.

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s A

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

nd d

ange

rous

goo

ds (

expl

osiv

es,

pres

suris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

tox

ic c

hem

ical

s, a

nd

irrita

nts)

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

list

ed a

nd la

belle

d an

d a

regi

ster

kep

t co

ntai

ning

all

MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of

a ch

emic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. Whe

re s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls a

re n

eces

sary

, a re

fere

nce

to c

ompl

y w

ith th

e M

SD

S is

no

ted,

and

whe

re th

is is

inad

equa

te a

risk

ass

essm

ent h

as b

een

prep

ared

; the

se re

quire

men

ts a

re m

ade

know

n to

all

thos

e w

ho m

ay

be e

xpos

ed,

In s

ome

case

s th

is w

ill b

e de

pend

ent

on t

he q

uant

ities

or

volu

mes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arra

ngem

ents

and

inv

ento

ry o

f da

nger

ous

good

s sh

ould

com

ply

with

loca

l OH

S a

nd D

G le

gisl

atio

n. T

rain

ing

for t

he p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

dur

ing

use,

han

dlin

g an

d st

orag

e sh

ould

be

give

n to

thos

e at

risk

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�A

n as

sum

ptio

n is

mad

e th

at th

e re

sidu

al le

vels

of t

he is

ocya

nate

sol

vent

s in

use

is n

eglig

ible

. Thi

s sh

ould

be

verif

ied

by

pers

onal

mon

itorin

g co

nduc

ted

by a

qua

lifie

d oc

cupa

tiona

l hyg

ieni

st. T

he p

ossi

bilit

y of

vol

atile

org

anic

com

poun

ds c

omin

g in

with

the

scra

p ra

w m

ater

ials

sho

uld

also

be

inve

stig

ated

, Aga

in, a

n oc

cupa

tiona

l hyg

ieni

st w

ould

be

usef

ul h

ere.

63

6

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bio

haza

rds

Biol

ogic

al h

azar

ds i

nclu

de e

xpos

ure

to i

nfec

tious

age

nts,

con

tagi

ous

dise

ases

, bo

dily

flu

ids

(incl

udin

g bl

ood)

or

othe

r so

urce

s of

pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or

dust

mite

s. T

he s

ourc

e m

ay in

clud

e m

icro

-org

anis

ms,

infe

ctio

us

peop

le;

cont

amin

ated

foo

d; c

onta

ct w

ith a

nim

als;

rod

ents

; pl

ants

/pol

lens

; in

sect

s; m

ites;

lic

e; s

ewer

age;

fun

gi o

r bi

rd d

ropp

ings

co

olin

g w

ater

rese

rvoi

rs a

nd a

ir co

nditi

onin

g sy

stem

s th

at m

ay c

onta

in L

egio

nella

org

anis

ms.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic r

eact

ion

or d

evel

op

long

term

flu/

asth

ma-

like

sym

ptom

s.

� G

reat

er a

war

enes

s of

pot

entia

l bi

ohaz

ards

and

pre

vent

ion

stra

tegi

es,

incl

udin

g al

lerg

ens

wou

ld i

mpr

ove

this

res

ult.

Pote

ntia

l for

dust

mite

s in

scr

ap m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be fu

rthe

r con

side

red.

Rad

iatio

n So

urce

s of

rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd r

adio

activ

ity;

non-

ioni

sing

rad

iatio

n su

ch a

s ul

travi

olet

ray

s w

hich

may

affe

ct th

e sk

in o

r eye

s; n

ear i

nfra

-red

radi

atio

n af

fect

ing

the

eyes

(wel

ding

, fur

nace

s, m

olte

n m

etal

s); L

AS

ER

’s; t

he h

eatin

g ef

fect

fro

m m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne t

ower

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

fre

quen

cy r

adia

tion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fie

ld

expo

sure

suc

h as

pow

erlin

es.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

�A

thic

knes

s ga

uge

is in

use

and

alth

ough

ther

e is

hig

h in

here

nt r

isk

this

haz

ard

is w

ell m

anag

ed. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

ou

tdoo

r wor

kers

in d

espa

tch.

The

deg

ree

of U

V pr

otec

tion

is d

epen

dent

on

user

com

plia

nce

with

pro

visi

ons

avai

labl

e.

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir

cont

aine

rs, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner

that

com

plie

s w

ith lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns

and

that

doe

s no

t cau

se h

arm

eith

er th

roug

h im

med

iate

con

tact

or a

s a

resu

lt of

tran

sfer

ring

the

subs

tanc

es /

mat

eria

ls fo

r dis

posa

l or

disp

ersa

l els

ewhe

re. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (

see

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

/ da

nger

ous

good

s).

Also

incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith h

ygie

ne a

nd t

he h

andl

ing

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

�Th

is is

an

area

of h

igh

inhe

rent

risk

but

is w

ell c

ontr

olle

d vi

a co

ntra

ctor

s.

63

7

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce. I

nclu

ded

here

are

the

pres

ence

of a

sbes

tos

in d

emol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; the

saf

e co

nnec

tion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity, a

nd te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns; p

rote

ctio

n fro

m n

oise

, deb

ris o

r ot

her

proj

ectil

es; a

nd

the

poss

ibilit

y of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

are

as.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

res

ult o

f pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or

as a

res

ult o

f uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

�Th

is is

an

area

whe

re d

ocum

enta

tion

and

regi

ster

s w

ould

be

usef

ul. T

his

is n

ot a

n ar

ea o

f cur

rent

act

ivity

.

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty. R

epai

r wor

k is

car

ried

out o

n fa

iled

equi

pmen

t in

a tim

ely

fash

ion

by th

ose

that

are

qua

lifie

d an

d co

mpe

tent

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

�A

n ar

ea o

f hig

h in

here

nt ri

sk b

ut c

urre

ntly

han

dled

wel

l by

cont

ract

ors

and

mai

nten

ance

sta

ff.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer

revi

ewed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

hand

ed o

ver t

o th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

was

not

thou

ght t

hrou

gh.

�Th

e in

here

nt r

isk

in t

his

area

is

high

due

to

the

pote

ntia

l st

atic

haz

ard

and

poss

ibili

ty o

f vo

latil

e or

gani

c co

mpo

unds

. D

ocum

enta

tion

of in

tern

al r

equi

rem

ents

for

ele

ctric

al e

quip

men

t an

d so

me

mea

ns o

f cr

oss-

chec

king

all

mod

ifica

tions

for

O

HS

cons

ider

atio

ns w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

63

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal

with

situ

atio

ns s

uch

as f

ire,

natu

ral

disa

ster

s, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. Not

onl

y sh

ould

thes

e po

tent

ial s

ituat

ions

be

iden

tifie

d, b

ut t

he r

equi

red

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t re

gula

r in

terv

als.

Deb

riefin

g se

ssio

ns a

re h

eld

afte

r th

e dr

ills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be

unab

le to

rea

ct a

ppro

pria

tely

(fo

r ex

ampl

e, e

vacu

ate

safe

ly o

r re

spon

d ef

fect

ivel

y, w

hich

may

lead

to in

crea

sed

casu

altie

s, p

anic

and

trau

ma.

�Th

is a

rea

is h

andl

ed e

xtre

mel

y w

ell.

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

co

ntac

t hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r oth

erw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

plac

e to

redu

ce th

reat

s of

bo

dily

har

m. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�W

hils

t th

ere

are

no p

hysi

cal

barr

iers

to

prev

ent

acce

ss,

visu

al r

ecog

nitio

n of

str

ange

rs i

s en

hanc

ed b

y us

e of

hig

h vi

sibi

lity

vest

s. L

one

wor

ker

issu

es h

ave

been

con

side

red.

Sec

urity

cou

ld b

e tig

hten

ed d

ue t

o th

e da

nger

ous

natu

re o

f eq

uipm

ent a

nd p

roce

sses

in u

se e

spec

ially

dur

ing

wee

kend

s an

d ho

urs

outs

ide

norm

al o

pera

tions

.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept

in a

cle

an a

nd t

idy

stat

e to

avo

id t

rips,

slip

s an

d fa

lls.

Wal

kway

s sh

ould

not

be

bloc

ked.

Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up i

mm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be r

etur

ned

and

empt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns. U

nwan

ted

mat

eria

ls s

houl

d be

sor

ted

and

put i

nto

stor

age

or d

ispo

sed

of.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

e m

ain

prod

uctio

n ar

ea is

in a

reas

onab

ly g

ood

stat

e, h

owev

er o

ther

are

as a

re in

nee

d of

atte

ntio

n.

63

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Proc

esse

s sh

ould

be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to

ensu

re t

hat

equi

pmen

t an

d fa

cilit

ies

are

bein

g us

ed a

nd a

pplie

d in

the

m

anne

r th

at w

as in

tend

ed a

nd fo

r w

hich

saf

ety

prov

isio

ns h

ave

been

con

side

red

and

impl

emen

ted.

The

pro

cess

es a

re m

onito

red

to

ensu

re th

at th

ey a

re o

pera

ting

with

in s

afe

limits

. Cau

ses

of a

bnor

mal

ope

ratio

ns a

re in

vest

igat

ed a

nd re

ctifi

ed.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

�Th

e in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t und

er s

tron

g co

ntro

l due

to th

e im

pact

this

wou

ld h

ave

on p

rodu

ctio

n qu

ality

.

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is

cond

ucte

d th

at c

ompa

res

the

curr

ent

situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a

base

line

asse

ssm

ent

to in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

res

ourc

es m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

�Th

is is

per

form

ed a

nnua

lly. D

etai

ls o

f act

ions

aris

ing

from

suc

h re

view

s w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

64

0

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith r

espe

ct a

nd d

igni

ty. T

here

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in t

he w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

tha

t th

e in

tent

ion

of t

hese

pol

icie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t, as

wel

l as

edu

catin

g m

anag

emen

t on

the

for

ms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pr

ovis

ion

of re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer s

tagn

atio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m. T

his

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r pe

rform

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

�Th

ere

is a

n EE

O p

olic

y an

d an

ecdo

tal e

vide

nce

of f

lexi

ble,

fam

ily f

riend

ly w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

. The

re is

an

esta

blis

hed

HR

dep

artm

ent w

hich

app

ears

to b

e su

ppor

tive.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

grea

ter e

vide

nce

that

thes

e po

licie

s ar

e ac

tivel

y pr

omot

ed a

nd re

gula

rly d

iscu

ssed

.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r di

sabl

ed p

erso

ns h

as b

een

prov

ided

, and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r th

eir

safe

eva

cuat

ion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nu

rsin

g m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

car

e no

t to

pl

ace

such

em

ploy

ees

into

si

tuat

ions

w

here

th

ey

are

at

incr

ease

d vu

lner

abilit

y.

Tran

slat

ions

or

ot

her

mea

ns

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�W

hils

t En

glis

h is

wid

ely

spok

en;

som

e w

orke

rs h

ave

diffi

culty

in

expr

essi

ng t

hem

selv

es i

n w

ritin

g. W

hils

t tr

aini

ng

styl

es g

ener

ally

acc

omm

odat

e th

is,

it m

akes

writ

ten

repo

rtin

g pr

oble

mat

ic.

Man

agem

ent

need

s to

be

awar

e of

the

di

ffere

nces

in p

erce

ptio

n w

hen

verb

al i

nfor

mat

ion

is g

iven

to

a th

ird p

arty

Th

ere

is a

lso

a yo

ung

wor

ker

on s

ite.

This

re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

incr

easi

ng a

war

enes

s of

the

spec

ial n

eeds

of y

oung

er s

taff

mem

bers

and

the

type

s of

inju

ries

they

are

mor

e vu

lner

able

to, s

uch

as s

prai

ns a

nd s

trai

ns; o

pen

wou

nds;

frac

ture

s; b

ruis

ing

and

crus

hing

, and

bur

ns.

64

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(for

exa

mpl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�D

ue to

the

haza

rdou

s na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion

and

solv

ents

in u

se, d

efin

ing

clea

r se

lect

ion

crite

ria w

ould

be

valu

able

for

prot

ectin

g po

tent

ially

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

and

poss

ible

red

ucin

g an

y po

tent

ial

for

litig

atio

n. T

he a

ssum

ptio

n th

at k

ey

solv

ents

are

redu

ced

to n

eglig

ible

leve

ls in

the

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t may

nee

d to

be

chal

leng

ed, a

nd th

e po

ssib

ility

of V

OC

’s

ente

ring

the

envi

ronm

ent

via

the

scra

p im

port

s re

cons

ider

ed.

Eve

n m

anag

eria

l po

sitio

ns r

equi

re c

onsi

dera

ble

cont

act

with

the

ope

ratio

n, a

nd f

or s

ome

of t

hese

sol

vent

s th

e TL

V’s

are

so l

ow t

hat

even

low

lev

els

of e

xpos

ure

may

be

prob

lem

atic

.

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w to

ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. In

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

the

times

of t

heir

pres

ence

at t

he w

orkp

lace

is

reco

rded

to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r al

l per

sons

sho

uld

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

aris

e. E

ntry

on

site

is s

ubje

ct t

o ac

cept

ance

of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. Als

o, s

peci

fic c

onta

cts/

host

s ar

e de

sign

ated

to e

nsur

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�Th

is h

as b

een

hand

led

form

ally

, but

the

conc

ern

here

is th

e la

ck o

f det

ail a

bout

spe

cific

haz

ards

that

is m

ade

avai

labl

e.

Info

rmin

g co

ntra

ctor

s an

d vi

sito

rs t

hat

ther

e ar

e ha

zard

ous

chem

ical

s on

site

is

insu

ffici

ent

to a

llow

a p

erso

n w

ith

resp

irato

ry s

ensi

tiviti

es to

take

the

nece

ssar

y pr

ecau

tions

bef

ore

ente

ring

the

site

. The

pur

pose

of i

dent

ifyin

g ha

zard

s is

to

mak

e su

re v

ulne

rabl

e pe

ople

are

abl

e to

pro

tect

them

selv

es. G

reat

er tr

ansp

aren

cy is

requ

ired

here

.

64

2

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tr

aini

ng n

eeds

ana

lysi

s ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

thei

r ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly.

Arra

ngem

ents

are

in p

lace

to

addr

ess

any

gaps

tha

t may

exi

st. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed

have

bee

n m

ade

awar

e of

loca

l pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

trai

ning

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te in

terv

als

to m

aint

ain

skill

s an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds. C

ompe

tenc

y tra

inin

g ha

s be

en s

ched

uled

acc

ordi

ng to

the

train

ing

need

s an

alys

is.

All

pers

ons

cond

uctin

g tra

inin

g ar

e ap

prop

riate

ly q

ualif

ied

to d

o so

. Tr

aini

ng r

ecor

ds a

re m

aint

aine

d. E

vide

nce

of

com

pete

ncie

s is

ava

ilabl

e.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�O

n th

e jo

b tr

aini

ng is

han

dled

fairl

y w

ell.

Whe

re li

tera

cy s

kills

are

poo

r it

may

diff

icul

t to

asse

ss c

ompe

tenc

y th

roug

h te

sts,

so

asse

ssm

ent

met

hods

nee

d to

be

care

fully

con

side

red.

Rec

ords

nee

d to

dem

onst

rate

that

tra

inin

g is

con

duct

ed

by p

eopl

e qu

alifi

ed t

o do

so.

Acc

ess

to i

n ho

use

elec

tric

al a

nd e

ngin

eerin

g ex

pert

ise

may

nee

d to

be

reco

nsid

ered

. A

tr

aini

ng n

eeds

mat

rix e

xist

s. T

he c

onte

nts

may

nee

d to

be

expa

nded

to

cove

r aw

aren

ess

trai

ning

on

pote

ntia

l alle

rgen

s,

the

use

of v

olat

ile o

rgan

ic c

ompo

unds

in g

ener

al a

nd th

e da

nger

s of

sta

tic e

lect

ricity

.

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te th

e ro

le h

ave

been

con

side

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t ind

uce

unne

cess

ary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or

stre

ss, a

nd th

e re

quire

d le

vel o

f vig

ilanc

e is

abl

e to

be

mai

ntai

ned

over

th

e w

ork

perio

d. W

ork

brea

ks, p

ause

s or

oth

er ro

tatio

n of

dut

ies

have

bee

n in

trodu

ced

whe

re fa

tigue

indu

cing

con

ditio

ns h

ave

been

id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

will

pre

disp

ose

empl

oyee

s to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�Th

is is

han

dled

wel

l and

the

shor

t shi

ft ar

rang

emen

t red

uces

the

pote

ntia

l for

wor

k-in

duce

d fa

tigue

. How

ever

, giv

en th

e no

ise

leve

ls a

nd t

he a

mou

nt o

f m

anua

l han

dlin

g in

volv

ed, a

ny m

ove

tow

ards

reg

ular

use

of

over

time

or e

xten

ded

shift

s (fo

r exa

mpl

e 12

hou

rly s

hifts

) sho

uld

be a

void

ed.

64

3

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s Pe

rson

al s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rrang

emen

ts, c

over

age

of c

ritic

al a

bsen

ces,

reso

urci

ng le

vels

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

som

e co

ntro

l ove

r w

ork

load

are

fac

tore

d in

to o

ngoi

ng w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

so

as n

ot t

o in

duce

con

ditio

ns t

hat

may

be

cons

ider

ed b

y th

at p

artic

ular

em

ploy

ee a

s st

ress

ful.

Pla

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

xces

sive

em

ails

and

unw

elco

me

cont

acts

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

safe

ly d

ue to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

�Th

is is

man

aged

rea

sona

bly

wel

l for

the

maj

ority

of s

taff

by m

anag

emen

t and

the

clos

e, fr

iend

ly a

tmos

pher

e. H

owev

er,

man

agem

ent

need

als

o to

be

awar

e of

the

ir ow

n st

ress

leve

ls. O

ne e

mpl

oyee

did

app

ear

part

icul

arly

agi

tate

d du

ring

the

asse

ssm

ents

. The

und

erly

ing

caus

e of

this

nee

ds to

be

inve

stig

ated

so

the

issu

e is

man

aged

and

doe

s no

t affe

ct o

ther

s.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er t

hey

are

able

to f

ulfil

all

thei

r ob

ligat

ions

. Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

ful

fil t

hese

exi

st,

chan

nels

sho

uld

be a

vaila

ble

to e

nabl

e fa

ir an

d eq

uita

ble

nego

tiatio

n on

beh

alf

of b

oth

parti

es.

Skill

s an

d au

thor

ity l

evel

s ar

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

peop

le w

ill no

t ha

ve t

he d

irect

ion,

ski

lls o

r au

thor

ity n

eces

sary

to

cond

uct

thei

r ro

le c

ompe

tent

ly,

effe

ctiv

ely

and

safe

ly.

�Jo

b de

scrip

tions

are

ava

ilabl

e. S

ome

jobs

how

ever

see

m t

o br

oade

r th

an t

he t

itles

ref

lect

. A

rev

iew

of

curr

ent

job

desc

riptio

ns w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly r

einf

orce

d an

d un

safe

beh

avio

urs

disc

oura

ged.

Thi

s m

ay t

ake

the

form

of

info

rmal

in

spec

tions

, uns

afe

act o

r obs

erva

tion

prog

ram

s, fo

llow

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck. O

bser

vatio

ns m

ay b

e ov

ert o

r dis

cree

t. Em

ploy

ees

are

enco

urag

ed to

reco

gnis

e ha

zard

s an

d ta

ke s

uita

ble

prec

autio

ns -

incl

udin

g th

e ac

know

ledg

emen

t of s

ituat

ions

that

they

are

not

su

ffici

ently

ski

lled

to d

eal

with

whi

lst

also

wat

chin

g ou

t fo

r th

e sa

fety

of

thei

r co

lleag

ues.

Whe

re r

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

are

used

for

po

sitiv

e re

info

rcem

ent o

f saf

e be

havi

ours

, con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

use

of v

aria

ble,

unp

redi

ctab

le re

war

d sc

hedu

les

so th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed. R

ewar

ds m

ay in

clud

e pr

aise

, rec

ogni

tion

or in

crea

sed

stat

us.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�Ta

rget

ed c

ampa

igns

to

brea

k un

safe

wor

king

hab

its (

such

as

the

unsa

fe u

se o

f fo

rklif

ts)

and

to p

ositi

vely

rei

nfor

ce

desi

rabl

e w

ork

prac

tices

wou

ld b

e of

ass

ista

nce

here

. A

ny p

rogr

ess

in th

is a

rea

shou

ld s

tart

out

sm

all,

perh

aps

hand

ling

one

issu

e at

a ti

me.

64

4

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es. T

opic

s m

ay in

clud

e go

od n

utrit

ion,

exe

rcis

e, w

ork-

life

bala

nce,

sym

ptom

s of

sub

stan

ce a

ddic

tion,

qui

t ca

mpa

igns

, m

edic

al c

heck

s (p

rost

ate,

bow

el,

brea

st, c

ervi

cal)

and

hom

e or

off-

site

saf

ety

tips.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill su

ffer p

oor h

ealth

or a

low

ered

sta

te o

f wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

may

pre

disp

ose

them

to in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d pa

rtic

ular

ly w

ell a

nd th

ere

is a

gre

at a

ssor

tmen

t of i

nfor

mat

ion

avai

labl

e in

the

mea

l roo

m.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist

perfo

rman

ce i

n po

sitio

ns,

espe

cial

ly w

here

the

re i

s lit

tle o

n si

te h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r ro

le a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng s

uppo

rt. P

ursu

it of

hig

her

orde

r sk

ills a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�In

vest

igat

ing

mea

ns o

f br

eaki

ng i

nto

exis

ting

netw

orks

and

fin

ding

out

wha

t co

urse

s av

aila

ble

for

furt

her

educ

atio

n op

port

uniti

es w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt. A

lso

cons

ider

car

eer p

ath

plan

ning

.

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or

pers

onal

ity c

lash

es b

efor

e th

e si

tuat

ion

reac

hes

the

poin

t whe

re w

orkp

lace

per

form

ance

has

bee

n im

paire

d an

d/or

is

not

icea

ble

by o

ther

col

leag

ues.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

e po

tent

ial f

or c

onfli

ct a

ppea

rs e

vide

nt d

ue t

o th

e la

rge

orga

nisa

tiona

l str

uctu

re a

nd t

he p

ossi

bilit

y of

edi

cts

bein

g ha

nded

dow

n fr

om o

ff-si

te lo

catio

ns o

r co

rpor

ate.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

havi

ng m

ore

oppo

rtun

ities

to e

xpre

ss

opin

ions

in a

n op

en fo

rum

and

gre

ater

inte

rcha

nge

of e

xper

ienc

es to

impr

ove

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

the

vario

us p

ositi

ons.

64

5

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s Pe

rson

s ex

perie

ncin

g pr

oble

ms

of a

per

sona

l nat

ure

such

as

the

brea

kdow

n of

sig

nific

ant r

elat

ions

hips

, grie

f, su

bsta

nce

abus

e, o

r ot

her

emot

iona

l pro

blem

s m

ay a

cces

s he

lp in

a c

onfid

entia

l env

ironm

ent

and

rece

ive

the

nece

ssar

y su

ppor

t to

ena

ble

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

ere

is a

necd

otal

evi

denc

e th

at th

is is

con

duct

ed w

ith c

onfid

entia

lity

and

com

pass

ion.

Thi

s el

emen

t dem

onst

rate

s th

at

man

agem

ent a

re a

ctiv

ely

invo

lved

with

sta

ff an

d ab

le to

pro

vide

gui

danc

e an

d di

rect

ion

for a

ssis

tanc

e w

hen

need

ed.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns t

o m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corre

ctly

. The

po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r haz

ards

by

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

suc

h im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is t

hat

PPE

sele

cted

will

not

prov

ide

the

prot

ectio

n ex

pect

ed (

beca

use

of p

oor

sele

ctio

n, p

oor

train

ing,

poo

r fit

or

poor

m

aint

enan

ce) o

r may

eve

n be

the

caus

e of

add

ition

al w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

.

�Th

ere

are

quite

a n

umbe

r of

PPE

req

uire

men

ts a

nd t

his

area

is w

ell c

ontr

olle

d. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed if

mor

e in

form

atio

n w

as a

vaila

ble

to d

emon

stra

te t

hat

the

PPE

sele

cted

rep

rese

nted

bes

t pr

actic

e, a

nd d

ocum

ente

d ev

iden

ce o

f tr

aini

ng o

n co

rrec

t fit

and

usag

e w

as a

vaila

ble

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent

quan

titie

s of

firs

t ai

d m

ater

ials

. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cu

rren

t an

d fir

st a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly r

eple

nish

ed.

A re

gist

er o

f w

orkp

lace

in

jurie

s is

kep

t tha

t mee

ts lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tra

uma

asso

ciat

ed w

ith in

jurie

s an

d po

or in

jury

man

agem

ent w

ill b

e gr

eate

r and

take

long

er

time

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be b

reac

hed.

�Th

is a

rea

is h

andl

ed v

ery

wel

l, a

first

aid

roo

m i

s av

aila

ble

with

des

igna

ted

Firs

t A

ider

s. E

vide

nce

was

ava

ilabl

e to

in

dica

te th

at re

port

ing

was

par

t of t

he c

ultu

re a

nd th

at th

e re

quire

men

ts w

ere

wel

l und

erst

ood.

64

6

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

com

pens

ate

inju

red

wor

kers

for l

ost t

ime

and

med

ical

/rela

ted

expe

nses

. Ass

ista

nce

is p

rovi

ded

for r

etur

ning

in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck t

o th

e w

orkp

lace

in a

n ag

reed

tim

efra

me

with

out

exac

erba

ting

thei

r cu

rrent

con

ditio

n an

d to

offe

r m

eani

ngfu

l em

ploy

men

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

exis

t acc

ordi

ng to

the

follo

win

g hi

erar

chy

– sa

me

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; mod

ified

jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce; d

iffer

ent p

ositi

on s

ame

wor

kpla

ce; s

imila

r or m

odifi

ed p

ositi

on/ d

iffer

ent w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t w

orkp

lace

. A re

turn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or e

xter

nally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. All

parti

es

are

kept

inf

orm

ed o

f pr

ogre

ss a

nd d

evel

opm

ents

. S

yste

ms

are

in p

lace

to

ensu

re t

hat

inju

red

wor

kers

are

not

ret

urne

d to

the

un

alte

red

wor

kpla

ce th

at in

jure

d th

em.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill b

e in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psyc

holo

gica

l effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

�Th

is a

rea

is h

andl

ed v

ery

wel

l, ke

y le

gisl

ativ

e re

quire

men

ts a

re u

nder

stoo

d an

d th

ere

is e

vide

nce

of c

ompl

ianc

e.

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t m

edic

als

have

bee

n un

derta

ken

to p

rovi

de b

asel

ine

info

rmat

ion

on t

he e

mpl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of

heal

th.

Exam

inat

ions

may

inc

lude

lun

g fu

nctio

n te

sts,

blo

od o

r ur

ine

sam

ples

for

bio

logi

cal

mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-ra

ys a

nd a

udio

met

ric

test

ing.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

wor

kpla

ce,

this

sur

veilla

nce

may

be

subj

ect

to c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith

loca

l O

HS

regu

latio

ns.

Hea

lth s

urve

illan

ce i

s co

nduc

ted

from

whi

ch t

he h

ealth

of

wor

kers

exp

osed

to

spec

ific

risks

can

be

mon

itore

d (in

clud

ing

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring)

and

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol s

trate

gies

may

be

eval

uate

d

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be n

ot b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill be

end

ange

red,

a b

asel

ine

for c

laim

s pu

rpos

es w

ill no

t exi

st a

nd

that

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

may

be

brea

ched

.

�Th

is i

s so

urce

d in

depe

nden

tly a

nd is

con

duct

ed t

o m

eet

legi

slat

ive

requ

irem

ents

. The

re i

s co

nfid

ence

in

the

serv

ice

prov

ider

.

64

7

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

tak

e th

e fo

rm o

f su

gges

tion

boxe

s, p

erce

ptio

n su

rvey

s (q

uest

ionn

aire

s to

gau

ge e

mpl

oyee

atti

tude

s, m

oral

e,

and/

or p

erce

ived

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

saf

ety

cam

paig

ns).

Rew

ard

prog

ram

s m

ay b

e us

ed t

o en

cour

age

parti

cipa

tion

in f

eedb

ack

activ

ities

.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

impr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r m

oral

e or

ot

her w

orkp

lace

issu

es c

ontin

ue u

nres

olve

d.

�O

ppor

tuni

ties

for

feed

back

cou

ld p

rovi

de m

anag

emen

t w

ith m

ore

info

rmat

ion

abou

t th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt O

HS

cont

rols

and

to

ensu

re t

hat

any

prob

lem

s ar

e qu

ickl

y br

ough

t to

man

agem

ent’s

atte

ntio

n.

A l

evel

of

frus

trat

ion

and

a ne

ed to

pro

vide

feed

back

to e

xpla

in m

anag

emen

ts’ r

espo

nse

to c

erta

in s

ituat

ions

was

obs

erve

d du

ring

the

asse

ssm

ents

. Th

is is

an

area

for f

urth

er in

vest

igat

ion.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for s

afe

wor

k pr

actic

es a

nd o

bser

vatio

n of

site

saf

ety

rule

s, h

ouse

keep

ing,

and

the

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

res

pons

ibilit

ies

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

lev

el o

f re

spon

sibi

lity

and

auth

ority

bes

tow

ed.

Em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent s

ettin

g go

od e

xam

ples

for w

orkp

lace

saf

ety

shou

ld b

e en

cour

aged

and

val

ued.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

act

ions

m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

�Sa

fety

for

ms

an i

mpo

rtan

t pa

rt o

f th

e ap

prai

sal

proc

ess.

Reg

ular

rev

iew

of

thes

e re

quire

men

ts a

nd i

ncre

ased

op

port

uniti

es to

em

bed

thes

e va

lues

with

in a

ll w

ork

proc

esse

s w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Pers

onne

l tur

n ov

er ra

tes

are

revi

ewed

to u

ncov

er th

e ro

ot c

ause

for a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls, s

uch

as p

robl

ems

with

lead

ersh

ip,

pers

onal

ity

conf

licts

, ex

cess

ive

wor

kloa

ds,

unre

ason

able

dea

dlin

es,

unpl

easa

nt p

hysi

cal

wor

king

en

viro

nmen

t an

d/or

w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

Succ

essi

on p

lans

ar

e in

pla

ce to

pro

vide

a s

afe

and

suffi

cien

t lev

el o

f exp

erie

nce

as o

ther

s m

ove

on a

nd c

ontin

uity

of s

afe

wor

king

arr

ange

men

ts.

The

risk

is t

hat

valu

able

exp

erie

nce

is lo

st w

hich

may

indi

rect

ly im

pact

on

the

abilit

y of

the

org

anis

atio

n to

con

duct

its

activ

ities

sa

fely

, and

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

cor

rect

pro

blem

s or

oth

er u

nder

lyin

g is

sues

is lo

st.

�A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ents

.

64

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Polic

y A

n O

HS

pol

icy

is i

n pl

ace

that

con

veys

man

agem

ent’s

int

entio

n an

d at

titud

e to

war

ds s

afet

y. I

t is

one

exp

ress

ion

of

man

agem

ent’s

will

whi

ch m

ay b

e us

ed to

mot

ivat

e al

l em

ploy

ees

to b

ehav

e in

a c

erta

in w

ay a

nd u

phol

d ce

rtain

atti

tude

s. T

he

cred

ibili

ty o

f the

pol

icy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

�C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to a

n O

HS

mot

to o

n di

spla

y at

rec

eptio

n. T

his

wou

ld s

end

a go

od m

essa

ge to

clie

nts

and

cont

ract

ors.

The

exi

sten

ce o

f an

OH

S po

licy

is k

now

n, b

ut th

e co

nten

ts a

re n

ot.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

�G

oals

are

dom

inat

ed b

y th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

n ov

erw

helm

ing

num

ber

of r

isk

asse

ssm

ents

. Foc

us a

nd s

trat

egic

pla

nnin

g w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly. T

he a

ccou

ntab

ility

sho

uld

be c

omm

ensu

rate

with

the

auth

ority

of

the

posi

tion,

and

sha

ring

of a

ccou

ntab

ilitie

s av

oide

d to

pre

vent

resp

onsi

bilit

y fro

m b

eing

diff

used

.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

�Th

e si

te m

anag

er c

lear

ly t

ook

full

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r al

l O

HS

mat

ters

. H

owev

er,

the

conc

ept

that

eve

ryon

e is

re

spon

sibl

e in

som

e w

ay fo

r saf

ety

coul

d be

pro

mot

ed.

64

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/

G

ap A

naly

sis

A lis

t of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

. �

A d

ue d

ilige

nce

plan

is r

equi

red

as a

mat

ter

of p

riorit

y to

fulfi

l the

org

anis

atio

n’s

duty

of c

are.

Thi

s is

diff

eren

t fro

m

the

risk

asse

ssm

ents

as

it id

entif

ies

area

s of

legi

slat

ive

non-

com

plia

nce.

Thi

s w

ill a

lso

assi

st in

dem

onst

ratin

g go

odw

ill

and

good

cor

pora

te c

itize

nshi

p sh

ould

a p

enal

ty o

r bre

ach

occu

r.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suffi

cien

t res

ourc

es h

ave

been

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to d

emon

stra

te th

at c

omm

itmen

t is

real

and

goa

ls a

re a

chie

vabl

e. F

unds

ar

e pr

otec

ted

from

“rea

lloca

tion”

. Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in p

roje

cts

and

tend

ers.

Th

e ris

k is

that

ther

e w

ill b

e in

suffi

cien

t fun

ding

to re

ctify

OH

S is

sues

iden

tifie

d.

�Fu

ndin

g w

as r

eadi

ly a

vaila

ble

for

OH

S m

atte

rs, a

nd r

esou

rces

wer

e di

strib

uted

as

nece

ssar

y. H

ighe

r or

der

solu

tions

ad

dres

sing

the

root

cau

se o

f pro

blem

s sh

ould

rece

ive

prio

rity

in fu

ndin

g.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S p

rogr

am a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

Are

as o

f con

trol a

nd r

espo

nsib

ility

ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�Th

is ra

ting

is b

ased

on

a la

ck o

f det

ail s

urro

undi

ng th

e in

form

atio

n pr

ovid

ed in

ser

vice

agr

eem

ents

and

con

trac

ts th

at

iden

tifie

d th

e po

tent

ial h

azar

ds o

n si

te. H

owev

er, i

t app

ears

that

man

y of

the

cont

ract

ors

in u

se w

ere

clea

rly re

liabl

e an

d pr

ovid

ed g

ood

serv

ice.

65

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l new

pla

nt, e

quip

men

t, m

ater

ials

, and

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

purc

hase

d w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

re r

evie

wed

prio

r to

pur

chas

e (s

ee H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

and

Dan

gero

us G

oods

). Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

pla

nt a

nd e

quip

men

t are

inst

alle

d sa

fely

(see

mod

ifica

tions

).E

nd u

sers

hav

e be

en in

clud

ed in

th

e de

cisi

on m

akin

g pr

oces

s. S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r ser

vice

s is

pro

vide

d w

here

ne

cess

ary

for

safe

ope

ratio

n. T

echn

ical

or

spec

ialis

t ex

perti

se h

as b

een

acqu

ired

whe

re w

ritte

n in

stru

ctio

ns a

re in

suffi

cien

t or

un

avai

labl

e. T

here

is

clea

r de

linea

tion

of t

he p

oint

whe

re n

ew e

quip

men

t or

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

acce

pted

and

OH

S is

sues

re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S pr

oble

ms

and

that

it c

an b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to

rect

ify th

e O

HS

issu

es re

trosp

ectiv

ely.

�In

vest

igat

ion

into

the

scra

ps im

port

ed w

ould

impr

ove

this

res

ult.

Ther

e ar

e a

num

ber

of is

sues

men

tione

d pr

evio

usly

in

clud

ing

the

mea

ns o

f unt

ying

the

bails

and

the

odou

r lev

els.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. All

serv

ices

are

sup

plie

d in

suc

h a

way

that

saf

ety

has

been

con

side

red

and

mee

ts o

rgan

isat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S d

utie

s.

�Th

ere

is v

isua

l evi

denc

e th

at O

HS

crite

ria o

f pr

oduc

t su

pplie

d is

wel

l con

side

red.

Doc

umen

tatio

n th

at t

his

has

been

ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n w

ould

furt

her i

mpr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Com

mun

icat

ion

C

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

to fa

cilit

ate

the

effic

ient

flow

of i

nfor

mat

ion

to p

erfo

rm w

orkp

lace

dut

ies

in a

man

ner t

hat i

s sa

fe a

nd d

oes

not

indu

ce s

tress

. Th

is m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

� M

anag

emen

t are

ver

y op

en a

nd th

ere

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f tra

nspa

renc

y fo

r whi

ch th

ey a

re to

be

com

men

ded.

65

1

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

res

pect

to c

hang

es th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r he

alth

, saf

ety

or w

ell-b

eing

. Loc

al

OH

S re

gula

tions

on

the

form

atio

n of

saf

ety

com

mitt

ees

are

obse

rved

, and

the

com

mitt

ee c

hairp

erso

n ha

s un

derg

one

appr

opria

te

train

ing

to f

ulfil

the

ir ta

sks

and

dutie

s. M

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a re

gula

r ba

sis

with

par

ticip

atio

n of

a m

anag

emen

t re

pres

enta

tive

with

suf

ficie

nt a

utho

rity

to ta

ke a

ctio

n on

item

s id

entif

ied

as b

eing

in n

eed

of c

orre

ctiv

e ac

tion.

The

min

utes

of t

he

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e ac

cess

ible

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is t

hat t

he s

afet

y, h

ealth

and

wel

l-bei

ng o

f em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

t the

wor

kpla

ce m

ay b

e je

opar

dise

d be

caus

e th

ey

wer

e un

iform

ed o

f cha

nges

bef

ore

the

chan

ges

actu

ally

too

k pl

ace,

wer

e no

t up

date

d ab

out

exis

ting

OH

S is

sues

, or

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed a

bout

OH

S in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

thei

r em

ploy

men

t.

�Sp

ot c

heck

s of

doc

umen

tatio

n ill

ustr

ated

that

this

are

a is

wor

king

wel

l. Th

is a

rea

is s

teer

ed b

y a

very

com

mitt

ed s

taff

mem

ber.

The

leve

l of d

edic

atio

n to

this

pro

cess

by

all s

enio

r sta

ff is

to b

e co

mm

ende

d.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

�Th

e ar

eas

of th

e pr

oces

s th

at a

re u

nder

con

trol

of t

he lo

cal s

taff

are

man

aged

ver

y w

ell.

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly. C

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e le

vel o

f det

ail i

ncor

pora

ted

so th

at th

ere

is

a ba

lanc

e be

twee

n pr

ovid

ing

suffi

cien

t inf

orm

atio

n an

d al

low

ing

wor

kers

to u

se th

eir j

udge

men

t and

exp

erie

nce

as n

eces

sary

, for

ex

ampl

e w

here

too

stri

ngen

t or

res

trict

ive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

�Pr

oced

ures

are

ava

ilabl

e w

here

nec

essa

ry a

nd a

re u

ser

frie

ndly

. Pho

togr

aphs

are

use

d to

goo

d ef

fect

. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed b

y se

ekin

g ou

t bes

t pra

ctic

e av

aila

ble

to d

isse

min

ate

the

info

rmat

ion

prov

ided

.

65

2

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce. A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rec

eive

d so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rren

t. Th

e ris

k is

that

out

-of-d

ate

or in

corre

ct o

r inc

ompl

ete

info

rmat

ion

is u

sed

for a

ctio

ning

OH

S is

sues

, so

inap

prop

riate

act

ions

or i

ll-in

form

ed d

ecis

ions

are

mad

e.

�A

legi

slat

ive

mat

rix e

xist

s. A

sys

tem

atic

mea

ns o

f tr

acki

ng c

hang

es w

ould

sim

plify

the

upd

atin

g pr

oces

s. C

onsi

der

usin

g a

legi

slat

ive

aler

t sys

tem

.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e. A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out

of d

ate

info

rmat

ion

is in

pla

ce s

o th

at t

here

is c

onfid

ence

tha

t on

ly t

he m

ost

curr

ent p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

use

. Any

ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

�Th

is m

ay b

e ea

sier

to m

anag

e if

the

proc

edur

es w

here

ava

ilabl

e to

all

user

s in

clud

ing

oper

ator

s on

-line

. If

this

is n

ot

poss

ible

, con

side

r m

anag

ing

this

in “

bloc

ks”,

and

issu

ing

upda

tes

in q

uart

erly

or

six

mon

thly

wav

es, w

here

the

chan

ge

is n

ot u

rgen

t.

65

3

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

The

dur

atio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r lo

ss w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty

and

heal

th o

f em

ploy

ees

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

�A

ctio

n to

for

mal

ise

reco

rd c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

s, a

nd e

nsur

e th

at a

ll le

gal

oblig

atio

ns a

re f

ulfil

led

wou

ld i

mpr

ove

the

resu

lt in

this

are

a.

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s no

t app

licab

le a

nd is

han

dled

via

the

qual

ity s

trea

m o

ffsite

.

65

4

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A sy

stem

is in

pla

ce to

cap

ture

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g in

cide

nts

that

hav

e oc

curre

d to

avo

id s

imila

r inc

iden

ts fr

om re

curri

ng in

the

futu

re. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t als

o pu

tting

in p

lace

act

ions

to e

nabl

e a

quic

k re

cove

ry fr

om th

e si

tuat

ion.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to im

prov

e ra

ther

than

to b

lam

e. N

ear m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to in

vest

igat

e ba

sed

on li

kelih

ood

or p

oten

tial f

or m

ore

serio

us c

onse

quen

ces.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te

rang

e of

kno

wle

dge

and

skill

s. A

pro

toco

l fo

r re

porti

ng t

o ex

tern

al a

utho

ritie

s no

tifia

ble

even

ts h

as b

een

esta

blis

hed,

and

co

mm

unic

ated

.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curri

ng is

lost

and

em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

t the

wor

kpla

ce c

ontin

ue

to c

ontra

ct il

lnes

ses

or b

e in

jure

d.

�Th

is a

rea

coul

d be

dev

elop

ed i

n tw

o ke

y ar

eas

(i) r

oot

caus

e an

alys

is a

nd (

ii) a

war

enes

s of

var

ying

per

spec

tives

du

ring

the

writ

e up

of i

nves

tigat

ions

. Allo

wan

ce fo

r m

ultip

le r

oot c

ause

s sh

ould

be

fact

ored

in fr

om th

e st

art a

nd c

are

take

n no

t to

favo

ur “

typi

cal”

res

pons

es th

roug

h th

e fo

rmw

ork

used

. Als

o, a

war

enes

s th

at o

pera

tions

, the

fact

ory

floor

an

d m

anag

emen

t w

ill a

ll ha

ve d

iffer

ent

expl

anat

ions

for

why

inc

iden

ts o

ccur

, an

d ho

w t

his

may

inf

luen

ce t

he

“pub

lishe

d” o

utco

mes

sho

uld

be re

cogn

ised

. C

ruci

al in

form

atio

n m

ay b

e lo

st if

cer

tain

per

spec

tives

are

igno

red.

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A li

st o

f que

stio

ns h

as b

een

com

pile

d to

ens

ure

that

out

com

es a

re b

eing

ach

ieve

d on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd th

e ke

y re

quire

men

ts o

f O

HS

pro

cedu

res

are

bein

g ad

here

d to

in h

ouse

. The

pur

pose

is to

det

erm

ine

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e; w

heth

er th

e re

quire

men

ts

are

suita

ble

and

reas

onab

le; a

nd to

ens

ure

that

any

pra

ctic

al p

robl

ems

with

the

daily

wor

king

of p

roce

dure

s ar

e un

cove

red

whi

lst

the

situ

atio

n is

stil

l rec

over

able

. Sel

f-ass

essm

ents

targ

etin

g pa

rticu

lar

area

s w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

frequ

ent b

asis

, for

exa

mpl

e m

onth

ly, a

nd it

ems

are

inde

pend

ently

spo

t che

cked

to im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of th

e re

sults

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

�N

o re

gula

r sel

f-ass

essm

ent t

ools

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

time

of a

sses

smen

t. Th

ere

are

a lo

t of r

equi

rem

ents

to b

e fu

lfille

d fo

r cor

pora

te p

urpo

ses.

Foc

usin

g on

key

out

com

es w

ould

be

help

ful h

ere.

65

5

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Aud

its

A r

ange

of f

orm

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent

are

addr

esse

d. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is

avai

labl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks i

n pa

rticu

lar

area

s. T

he

frequ

ency

of a

udits

will

dep

end

on th

e le

ngth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce, a

s es

tabl

ishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay ra

nge

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. Aud

itors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

�Th

e op

erat

ion

has

a ve

ry s

tron

g ris

k as

sess

men

t fo

cus;

how

ever

thi

s is

pot

entia

lly o

verlo

adin

g th

e sy

stem

at

the

expe

nse

of o

ther

are

as. S

ome

audi

ts in

spe

cial

ist a

reas

may

stil

l be

need

ed fo

r due

dili

genc

e pu

rpos

es, a

nd m

ore

clar

ity

rega

rdin

g ra

nkin

g cr

iteria

and

leve

l of u

rgen

cy to

be

addr

esse

d w

ould

be

help

ful h

ere.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

Her

e th

e sy

stem

as

a w

hole

is e

xam

ined

to

ensu

re t

hat

it ha

s be

en s

et u

p co

rrec

tly a

nd r

emai

ns

suita

ble

in li

ght o

f any

org

anis

atio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

�Th

is a

rea

is b

elie

ved

to b

e co

vere

d, h

owev

er it

is a

ppar

ent t

hat t

he n

atur

e of

the

revi

ew c

ould

be

mor

e st

rate

gic

and

cove

r m

ore

area

s w

ithou

t ne

cess

arily

bei

ng s

o dr

iven

by

the

exis

ting

risk

asse

ssm

ents

. N

arro

wly

foc

used

ris

k as

sess

men

ts a

nd p

resu

mpt

ions

abo

ut e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s sh

ould

be

open

for

chal

leng

e. D

ata

from

hea

lth s

urve

illan

ce

coul

d be

use

d to

bet

ter

effe

ct.

Con

side

r w

hat

info

rmat

ion

dem

onst

rate

s th

at e

ngin

eerin

g co

ntro

ls a

re w

orki

ng a

s ex

pect

ed, a

nd w

hat a

ctio

n le

vels

cou

ld b

e se

t to

ensu

re th

at th

e in

form

atio

n re

ceiv

ed is

bei

ng u

sed

for p

reve

ntio

n ra

ther

th

an c

ure.

656


657

Summary







The application of this framework was conducted at your company (a

manufacturing operation for event management/ entertainment industry)

during November 2007. This study found:



with formal systems and another 36 elements informally. The

predominantly informal approach implies less documentation and

suits the smaller nature of the business; however this may present

difficulties should any litigation, claims or disputes arise in the future.


risks are clearly within the hardware and operating environment area.

This tends to dominate the current thinking, however other areas

such as chemical safety and future health must be considered as

well. These areas are in need of attention.


involve safe place methods. These rely heavily on outside expertise,

skills and judgement. These can be vulnerable to differences in risk

perception, and may be influenced by the view of the particular

expert used, and their field of specialty.

� The organisation also needs to be aware of problems with narrowly

focused risk assessments and should ensure that risk assessments

are conducted by a group of people that have the range and balance

of necessary skills to cover all the relevant perspectives to enable a

658

complete picture of the situation to be understood prior to

investigation.

� A careful balance needs to be achieved between the level of energy

directed into front end risk assessments, the quality of assessments

conducted and the clearance rate of actions arising. All three aspects

are of great importance, and one should not be sacrificed at the

expense of the others.

� Caution is advised against the use of paperwork that does not

produce meaningful output. Consider how the document is adding

value, and what does it actually want to achieve from the onset.

There are also alternatives methods available for delivering the

information and the pursuit of more visual techniques are to be

encouraged.

� The organisation is making good progress in the areas of competent

supervision, performance appraisals and accountability. Attention is

required in the areas of hazardous substances, health surveillance,

contractor management, receipt and despatch and emergency

preparedness.

The results show that management are very in tune with the operation and

resources are available to address OHS matters in a timely fashion.

However, there is a need to reconsider the overriding strategies used to

guide management’s distribution of resources.

Management should be commended for the skill displayed in handling

such a high risk operation and their understanding of the critical safety

issues. The small size and family ownership are key factors in the current

level of risk reduction. Whilst the OHS systems in place are still in their

infancy, there are many lessons to be shared with other organisations

such as the importance of trust and the development of high levels of

expertise and personal judgement to manage high risk situations.

659

Summary Results

Framework Charts





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



660





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise

Hazardous Substances/ Dangerous GoodsBiohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability


Contractor ManagementProcurement with OHS CriteriaSupply with OHS Consideration



Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability


Contractor ManagementProcurement with OHS CriteriaSupply with OHS Consideration



Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



661





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping



Equal Opportunity/

Anti-HarassmentAccommodating Diversity

Selection Criteria

Inductions – Contractors/

VisitorsTraining


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution

Employee Assistance

ProgramsPersonal Protective Equipment


Workers Compensation/

RehabilitationHealth Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping



Equal Opportunity/


Selection Criteria

Inductions – Contractors/

VisitorsTraining


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution

Employee Assistance

ProgramsPersonal Protective Equipment




Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



662





with and without intervention is large, the controls have made a significant

impact.


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


0 1 2 3 4




Noise

Radiation


Access/Egress

Electrical

Modifications




Plant/ Equipment

Biohazards

Disposal


Housekeeping

Receipt/Despatch




663

Figure 2: Initial and Final Scores - Safe Person

Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


0 1 2 3 4


Health Promotion

Networking etc



Job Descriptions

Conflict Resolution


Work Organisation



Equal Opportunity


Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Inductions

Training

Stress Awareness

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Health Surveillance


664


0 1 2 3 4

Accountability


System Rewiew

Goal Setting


Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates


Audits

Communication



OHS Policy


Self-Assessment



Consultation

Incident Management



Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


665








of hazards, then followed by those hazards associated with people and the

complexity of human nature, and finally those hazards associated with the

need for a systematic approach. There is an extremely high inherent risk

associated with the nature of the operation and a need to ensure that




Safe Systems

32%

Safe Person 31%

Safe Place37%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe place strategies have been used to

reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, a number of

significant risks still remain, especially relating to the “safe person” area.


Safe Person34%

Safe Place34%

Safe Systems32%

666


Legend Without

Intervention

With Intervention


applied.

There is a very high overall level of residual risk all three areas - safe

place, safe person and safe systems. There is scope to eliminate some

inherent system hazards through careful planning and tightening of

contracts, improved emergency and fire fighting facilities, simple

documentation of key business policies and target setting, and improved

incident management. Other significant hazards to do with chemical safety

and health may require specialist input to better meet legislative

requirements. Reduction of further safe place issues will require

substantial capital injection.

Finally, a list of specific, detailed potential hazards on site needs to be

available to inform any visitors or contractors to the site. Whilst this may be

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

k R

anki

ng


667

provided in general terms it needs to be specific enough to enable

vulnerable persons to take the necessary actions to protect themselves

and to ensure that a sufficient and accurate exchange of information has

taken place to demonstrate due diligence.

668

Cas

e St

udy

3 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A ge

nera

l bro

ad b

ased

ris

k as

sess

men

t ha

s be

en p

erfo

rmed

at

som

e cr

itica

l poi

nt in

tim

e fro

m w

hich

impr

ovem

ent

or d

eclin

e in

ov

eral

l OH

S r

isk

pres

entin

g to

the

org

anis

atio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

Thi

s as

sess

men

t m

ust

be r

ecor

ded.

It

is a

ssum

ed t

hat

all k

ey

area

s of

sig

nific

ant r

isk

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

. Are

as re

quiri

ng s

peci

alis

t exp

ertis

e (in

tern

al o

r ext

erna

l) sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill be

reac

tive

only

.

�C

lear

ly a

num

ber

of r

isk

asse

ssm

ents

hav

e ta

ken

plac

e, a

nd t

here

is

evid

ence

tha

t th

e st

atic

iss

ue i

s de

alt

with

pa

rtic

ular

ly w

ell.

Thes

e as

sess

men

ts n

eed

to b

e br

oade

ned

to in

clud

e he

alth

issu

es a

nd c

hem

ical

saf

ety.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

ris

k as

sess

men

t th

at is

con

cern

ed w

ith f

ittin

g th

e ta

sk t

o th

e hu

man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es

incl

udin

g m

anua

l han

dlin

g, w

ork

orga

nisa

tion,

task

or

job

desi

gn, h

uman

erro

r an

d pr

oble

ms

with

info

rmat

ion

proc

essi

ng a

s w

ell a

s in

dust

rial

hygi

ene.

How

ever

, in

the

con

text

of

“saf

e pl

ace

stra

tegi

es”

the

scop

e is

lim

ited

here

to

focu

sing

on

the

layo

ut o

f th

e w

orks

tatio

n, m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ex

amin

atio

n of

rep

etiti

ve t

asks

. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) w

ith t

he

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill s

usta

in a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r m

ay n

ot b

e ab

le to

retu

rn to

the

sam

e ty

pe o

f em

ploy

men

t.

� T

here

is a

hig

h de

gree

of m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d fu

rthe

r ne

ed to

take

into

acc

ount

hum

an fa

ctor

s. S

tack

ing

arra

ngem

ents

in

the

war

ehou

se a

rea

need

revi

sitin

g.

66

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el t

o an

d fro

m t

he p

hysi

cal w

orkp

lace

, in

clud

ing

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, st

airw

ays

and

fire

door

s sh

ould

be

in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith lo

cal b

uild

ing

regu

latio

ns, a

nd e

scap

e ro

utes

cle

ar. T

his

is p

artic

ular

ly im

porta

nt in

the

case

of e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

�Th

e si

te is

wel

l arr

ange

d fo

r ea

sy a

cces

s/ e

gres

s. H

owev

er th

e di

stan

ces

in b

etw

een

build

ings

cou

ld c

reat

e a

criti

cal t

ime

lag

in a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n. C

onsi

der

ease

of

acce

ss f

or e

mer

genc

y ve

hicl

es, e

ase

of lo

catin

g in

divi

dual

bui

ldin

gs a

nd

alte

rnat

ive

“saf

e ar

eas”

.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

req

uire

s th

at a

ll ex

istin

g eq

uipm

ent o

r pl

ant o

pera

tes

with

out c

ausi

ng h

arm

. Whe

re th

is r

equi

res

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

pur

sued

with

the

supp

lier

or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir

opin

ions

dul

y co

nsid

ered

. Th

e ha

zard

s of

rot

atin

g m

achi

nery

, pi

nch

poin

ts,

and

crus

h in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f ve

hicl

es

(incl

udin

g fo

rklif

ts) a

nd w

orki

ng fr

om h

eigh

ts. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts fo

r no

ise

and/

or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�A

n in

here

ntly

hig

h ris

k op

erat

ion

that

sho

uld

only

be

unde

rtak

en b

y ex

pert

s. C

apita

l inj

ectio

n w

ould

impr

ove

this

res

ult,

how

ever

it is

cle

ar th

at th

e ph

ysic

al ri

sks

are

wel

l und

erst

ood.

.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Amen

ities

suc

h as

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c to

ilets

and

cha

nge

room

s; p

rovi

sion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

a re

frige

rato

r/ m

icro

wav

e fo

r mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt fe

edin

g fa

cilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re th

e ne

ed e

xist

s. T

he w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for i

ndoo

r air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls. E

xpos

ure

to h

eat a

nd c

old

may

be

parti

cula

rly im

porta

nt c

onsi

dera

tions

for

out

door

w

orke

rs (s

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. The

spe

cial

nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir

judg

emen

t or

wel

l-bei

ng w

hich

may

pla

ce th

em a

t gre

ater

ris

k of

ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�Th

e am

eniti

es/

envi

ronm

ent

wou

ld n

ot b

e ve

ry c

omfo

rtab

le i

n ho

t w

eath

er,

durin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

busy

sea

son.

C

onsi

der

impr

oved

clim

ate

cont

rol

in w

ork

stat

ions

or

wor

king

at

times

to

avoi

d th

e gr

eate

st h

eat.

Be

awar

e th

at c

old

wea

ther

exp

osur

e ca

n in

crea

se th

e ris

k of

spr

ains

and

str

ains

.

67

0

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f su

pplie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is

cond

ucte

d so

tha

t an

y im

pact

s on

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed p

rior

to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. Pla

ns fo

r de

alin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or

hand

ling,

rec

eipt

, des

patc

h an

d tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�R

oadw

ays

need

to b

e fit

for t

rans

port

use

d. In

nee

d of

furt

her i

nves

tigat

ion.

.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er

elec

trica

l haz

ards

incl

ude

elec

tric

shoc

k; s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity; s

tore

d el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t an

d th

e po

tent

ial

for

spar

ks in

fla

mm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve t

estin

g is

nec

essa

ry,

only

app

ropr

iate

ly t

rain

ed a

nd

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

inju

red

or f

atal

ly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks i

n a

flam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

�C

lear

ly w

ell e

xecu

ted,

and

the

con

trac

tor

used

is c

over

ing

this

are

a w

ell.

How

ever

, thi

s re

sult

relie

s of

com

plia

nce

with

pr

ecau

tions

pro

vide

d an

d is

diff

icul

t to

mak

e in

here

ntly

saf

e. C

onst

ance

vig

ilanc

e w

ill a

lway

s be

nec

essa

ry.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In s

ome

case

s ba

selin

e au

diom

etry

test

ing

will

be

nece

ssar

y. S

peci

alis

t adv

ice

shou

ld b

e so

ught

and

atte

mpt

s to

rem

ove

the

sour

ce o

f the

pro

blem

sho

uld

be th

e fir

st li

ne o

f def

ence

. Loc

al re

gula

tory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

w

ith r

egul

ator

y lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt t

he le

ngth

of

expo

sure

esp

ecia

lly if

shi

fts lo

nger

tha

n 8

hour

s ar

e us

ed.

Sou

rces

of

vibr

atio

n th

at im

pact

on

wor

kers

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

incl

udin

g po

wer

tool

s, s

eats

on

mob

ile p

lant

equ

ipm

ent.

The

risk

is t

hat

wor

kers

will

suffe

r ea

r dr

um d

amag

e, t

inni

tus

(rin

ging

in t

he e

ars)

or

indu

stria

lly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent

hear

ing

loss

; vi

brat

ion

may

cau

se d

istu

rbed

blo

od c

ircul

atio

n to

the

hand

s an

d tin

glin

g or

bac

k pa

in w

hen

asso

ciat

ed w

ith s

eats

.

�Fo

r th

e m

anuf

actu

ring

oper

atio

n ex

amin

ed, t

he e

xpos

ure

is v

ery

high

but

for

shor

t per

iods

. The

ope

rato

rs a

re w

ell a

war

e of

the

ris

k an

d ex

clus

ion

zone

s ar

e ob

serv

ed.

Be

awar

e th

at t

he c

orre

ct a

ttenu

atio

n m

ust

prov

ided

by

the

hear

ing

prot

ectio

n us

ed. T

his

shou

ld b

e ve

rifie

d.

67

1

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s A

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

nd d

ange

rous

goo

ds (

expl

osiv

es,

pres

suris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

tox

ic c

hem

ical

s, a

nd

irrita

nts)

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

list

ed a

nd la

belle

d an

d a

regi

ster

kep

t co

ntai

ning

all

MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of

a ch

emic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. Whe

re s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls a

re n

eces

sary

, a re

fere

nce

to c

ompl

y w

ith th

e M

SD

S is

no

ted,

and

whe

re th

is is

inad

equa

te a

risk

ass

essm

ent h

as b

een

prep

ared

; the

se re

quire

men

ts a

re m

ade

know

n to

all

thos

e w

ho m

ay

be e

xpos

ed,

In s

ome

case

s th

is w

ill b

e de

pend

ent

on t

he q

uant

ities

or

volu

mes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd i

nven

tory

of

dang

erou

s go

ods

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

� S

peci

alis

t ad

vice

is

nece

ssar

y he

re t

o pr

ovid

e th

e co

rrec

t in

form

atio

n fo

r M

SDS’

s an

d ris

k as

sess

men

ts p

rovi

ded

to

clie

nts.

Thi

s in

form

atio

n sh

ould

be

deliv

ered

with

a v

iew

to h

elp

ease

con

fusi

on in

abn

orm

al s

ituat

ions

, and

pro

vide

crit

ical

in

form

atio

n qu

ickl

y. T

here

is a

DG

lice

nce

that

cov

ers

mat

eria

ls h

andl

ed.

Bio

haza

rds

Biol

ogic

al h

azar

ds i

nclu

de e

xpos

ure

to i

nfec

tious

age

nts,

con

tagi

ous

dise

ases

, bo

dily

flu

ids

(incl

udin

g bl

ood)

or

othe

r so

urce

s of

pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s, in

fect

ious

pe

ople

; co

ntam

inat

ed f

ood;

con

tact

with

ani

mal

s; r

oden

ts;

plan

ts/p

olle

ns;

inse

cts;

mite

s; l

ice;

sew

erag

e; f

ungi

or

bird

dro

ppin

gs

cool

ing

wat

er re

serv

oirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic r

eact

ion

or d

evel

op

long

term

flu/

asth

ma-

like

sym

ptom

s.

� W

hils

t the

re is

goo

d ev

iden

ce th

at c

ontr

ol m

easu

res

are

in p

lace

, the

par

ticul

ar a

llerg

en o

n si

te is

qui

te tr

oubl

esom

e an

d di

fficu

lt to

rem

ove.

Ens

ure

that

thi

s is

bro

ught

to

the

atte

ntio

n of

all

thos

e go

ing

outs

ide,

and

rel

ief

is a

vaila

ble

for

thos

e af

fect

ed.

67

2

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rad

iatio

n So

urce

s of

rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd r

adio

activ

ity;

non-

ioni

sing

rad

iatio

n su

ch a

s ul

travi

olet

ray

s w

hich

may

affe

ct th

e sk

in o

r eye

s; n

ear i

nfra

-red

radi

atio

n af

fect

ing

the

eyes

(wel

ding

, fur

nace

s, m

olte

n m

etal

s); L

AS

ER

’s; t

he h

eatin

g ef

fect

fro

m m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne t

ower

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

fre

quen

cy r

adia

tion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fie

ld

expo

sure

suc

h as

pow

erlin

es.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

� T

he d

egre

e of

UV

prot

ectio

n is

dep

ende

nt o

n us

er c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rovi

sion

s av

aila

ble.

Ens

ure

that

cap

s an

d su

nscr

een

are

used

out

door

s.

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir

cont

aine

rs, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner

that

com

plie

s w

ith lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns

and

that

doe

s no

t cau

se h

arm

eith

er th

roug

h im

med

iate

con

tact

or a

s a

resu

lt of

tran

sfer

ring

the

subs

tanc

es /

mat

eria

ls fo

r dis

posa

l or

disp

ersa

l els

ewhe

re. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (

see

haza

rdou

s m

ater

ials

/ da

nger

ous

good

s).

Also

incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith h

ygie

ne a

nd t

he h

andl

ing

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

�Th

is re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

if e

vide

nce

dem

onst

rate

d th

at th

ere

was

no

cont

amin

atio

n of

wat

er o

r soi

l.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce. I

nclu

ded

here

are

the

pres

ence

of a

sbes

tos

in d

emol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; the

saf

e co

nnec

tion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity, a

nd te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns; p

rote

ctio

n fro

m n

oise

, deb

ris o

r ot

her

proj

ectil

es; a

nd

the

poss

ibili

ty o

f fal

ling

into

exc

avat

ed a

reas

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

res

ult o

f pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or

as a

res

ult o

f uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

� T

his

is n

ot a

n ar

ea o

f cur

rent

act

ivity

for t

he o

pera

tion

cons

ider

ed b

y th

e as

sess

men

t. C

lear

ly a

ll in

stal

latio

ns/d

emol

ition

s w

ould

nee

d to

und

ergo

thor

ough

pla

nnin

g to

take

into

acc

ount

the

inhe

rent

risk

s on

site

.

67

3

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty. R

epai

r wor

k is

car

ried

out o

n fa

iled

equi

pmen

t in

a tim

ely

fash

ion

by th

ose

that

are

qua

lifie

d an

d co

mpe

tent

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

� A

n ar

ea o

f hig

h in

here

nt ri

sk b

ut c

urre

ntly

han

dled

wel

l by

cont

ract

ors

and

staf

f.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer

revi

ewed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

hand

ed o

ver t

o th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

was

not

thou

ght t

hrou

gh.

�Th

e in

here

nt r

isk

in t

his

area

is

high

due

to

the

pote

ntia

l st

atic

haz

ard.

Doc

umen

tatio

n of

int

erna

l re

quire

men

ts f

or

elec

tric

al e

quip

men

t an

d so

me

mea

ns o

f cr

oss-

chec

king

all

mod

ifica

tions

for

OH

S co

nsid

erat

ions

wou

ld i

mpr

ove

this

re

sult.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal

with

situ

atio

ns s

uch

as f

ire,

natu

ral

disa

ster

s, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. Not

onl

y sh

ould

thes

e po

tent

ial s

ituat

ions

be

iden

tifie

d, b

ut t

he r

equi

red

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t re

gula

r in

terv

als.

Deb

riefin

g se

ssio

ns a

re h

eld

afte

r th

e dr

ills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be u

nabl

e to

rea

ct a

ppro

pria

tely

(fo

r ex

ampl

e, e

vacu

ate

safe

ly o

r re

spon

d ef

fect

ivel

y, w

hich

may

lead

to in

crea

sed

casu

altie

s, p

anic

and

trau

ma.

�To

o m

uch

time

has

pass

ed s

ince

the

last

fully

em

erge

ncy

drill

.

67

4

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

co

ntac

t hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r oth

erw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

plac

e to

redu

ce th

reat

s of

bo

dily

har

m. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�W

hils

t the

re a

re n

o ph

ysic

al b

arrie

rs to

pre

vent

acc

ess,

vis

ual r

ecog

nitio

n of

str

ange

rs c

ould

be

enha

nced

. Lon

e w

orke

r is

sues

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d th

e ris

ks b

alan

ced.

. Se

curit

y co

uld

be t

ight

ened

due

to

the

dang

erou

s na

ture

of

the

oper

atio

n an

d pr

oces

ses

in u

se e

spec

ially

dur

ing

wee

kend

s an

d ho

urs

outs

ide

norm

al o

pera

tions

.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept

in a

cle

an a

nd t

idy

stat

e to

avo

id t

rips,

slip

s an

d fa

lls.

Wal

kway

s sh

ould

not

be

bloc

ked.

Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up i

mm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be r

etur

ned

and

empt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns. U

nwan

ted

mat

eria

ls s

houl

d be

sor

ted

and

put i

nto

stor

age

or d

ispo

sed

of.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

e op

erat

ion

requ

ires

met

icul

ous

hous

ekee

ping

. Thi

s co

uld

be im

prov

ed in

cer

tain

are

as.

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Pro

cess

es s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to

ensu

re t

hat

equi

pmen

t an

d fa

cilit

ies

are

bein

g us

ed a

nd a

pplie

d in

the

m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for

whi

ch s

afet

y pr

ovis

ions

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d im

plem

ente

d. T

he p

roce

sses

are

mon

itore

d to

en

sure

that

they

are

ope

ratin

g w

ithin

saf

e lim

its. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

� T

he in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t und

er re

ason

able

con

trol

due

to th

e im

pact

this

wou

ld h

ave

on th

e fin

al p

rodu

ct.

67

5

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is

cond

ucte

d th

at c

ompa

res

the

curr

ent

situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a

base

line

asse

ssm

ent

to i

ndic

ate

whe

ther

stra

tegi

es

impl

emen

ted

for r

isk

redu

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

effe

ctiv

e or

oth

erw

ise,

and

whe

ther

ther

e ha

ve b

een

any

chan

ges

to p

lant

, the

org

anis

atio

n or

legi

slat

ion

that

may

impa

ct o

n th

e ris

k pr

esen

ted

by th

e op

erat

ion.

Any

adv

erse

find

ings

are

dea

lt w

ith.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

res

ourc

es m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

�Th

is is

evi

dent

in a

n in

form

al w

ay. A

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h w

ould

be

of b

enef

it.

67

6

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-H

aras

smen

t Po

licie

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

all

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

are

trea

ted

with

resp

ect a

nd d

igni

ty. T

here

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. Aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s ha

ve e

nsur

ed th

at th

e in

tent

ion

of th

ese

polic

ies

have

be

en m

ade

clea

r to

em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell

as e

duca

ting

man

agem

ent

on t

he f

orm

s th

at d

iscr

imin

atio

n or

ha

rass

men

t may

take

- in

clud

ing

mor

e su

btle

man

ifest

atio

ns s

uch

as h

oldi

ng b

ack

pay

or e

ntitl

emen

ts; u

ndue

del

ays

for p

rovi

sion

of

res

ourc

es;

spre

adin

g m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial

excl

usio

n; h

idin

g be

long

ings

; ro

le a

mbi

guity

; an

d ca

reer

sta

gnat

ion

or

unce

rtain

ty.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m. T

his

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er r

isk

of p

hysi

cal h

arm

by

affe

ctin

g th

eir p

erfo

rman

ce o

r jud

gem

ent o

r put

ting

them

at r

isk

of w

orkp

lace

vio

lenc

e.

�Th

ere

is s

ome

leve

l of e

xclu

sion

and

tigh

tly fo

rmed

gro

ups.

A m

ore

open

app

roac

h w

ould

be

of b

enef

it.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r the

ir sa

fe e

vacu

atio

n in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y. T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

of y

oung

wor

kers

, pre

gnan

t or n

ursi

ng m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

ca

re n

ot t

o pl

ace

such

em

ploy

ees

into

situ

atio

ns w

here

the

y ar

e at

inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or

othe

r m

eans

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�Th

ere

is e

thni

c di

vers

ity b

ut l

itera

cy l

evel

s ar

e go

od.

Inst

ruct

ions

are

eas

y to

rea

d an

d th

ere

is a

hig

h le

vel

of

men

torin

g. T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

of y

oung

er w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

con

side

red,

esp

ecia

lly in

clud

ing

thei

r pro

pens

ity to

cer

tain

ty

pes

of in

jurie

s su

ch a

s b

urns

and

spr

ains

.

67

7

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(fo

r ex

ampl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

the

role

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied

to e

nsur

e th

at v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s ar

e no

t at r

isk

by ta

king

the

posi

tion.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in

a po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� D

ue to

the

haza

rdou

s na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion

and

chem

ical

s in

use

, def

inin

g cl

ear s

elec

tion

crite

ria w

ould

be

valu

able

fo

r pro

tect

ing

pote

ntia

lly v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s an

d po

ssib

le re

duci

ng a

ny p

oten

tial f

or li

tigat

ion.

.

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w

to t

ake

the

nece

ssar

y pr

ecau

tions

to

avoi

d an

y ad

vers

e ef

fect

s. I

nfor

mat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f th

eir

pres

ence

at

the

wor

kpla

ce i

s re

cord

ed t

o al

low

acc

ount

ing

for

all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te i

s su

bjec

t to

ac

cept

ance

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les

whe

re th

is is

app

licab

le. A

lso,

spe

cific

con

tact

s/ho

sts

are

desi

gnat

ed to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�Th

e co

ncer

n he

re i

s th

e la

ck o

f de

tail

abou

t sp

ecifi

c ha

zard

s th

at i

s m

ade

avai

labl

e. T

he p

urpo

se o

f id

entif

ying

ha

zard

s is

to

mak

e su

re v

ulne

rabl

e pe

ople

are

abl

e to

pro

tect

the

mse

lves

. G

reat

er t

rans

pare

ncy

is r

equi

red

here

. C

onsi

der “

no-g

o ar

eas”

for p

artic

ular

cat

egor

ies

of v

isito

rs/c

ontr

acto

rs.

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

has

bee

n co

nduc

ted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

th

eir

role

s sa

fely

and

com

pete

ntly

. A

rran

gem

ents

are

in p

lace

to

addr

ess

any

gaps

tha

t m

ay e

xist

. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs

affe

cted

hav

e be

en m

ade

awar

e of

loca

l pr

oced

ures

and

pro

toco

ls.

Ref

resh

er t

rain

ing

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te in

terv

als

to

mai

ntai

n sk

ills a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng p

rote

ctio

n fro

m w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

. Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to

the

train

ing

need

s an

alys

is. A

ll pe

rson

s co

nduc

ting

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so. T

rain

ing

reco

rds

are

mai

ntai

ned.

E

vide

nce

of c

ompe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

� O

n th

e jo

b tr

aini

ng is

han

dled

fairl

y w

ell,

how

ever

car

e ne

eds

to b

e ta

ken

that

this

is w

ell d

ocum

ente

d. T

he c

onte

nts

may

nee

d to

be

expa

nded

to

cove

r aw

aren

ess

trai

ning

on

pote

ntia

l alle

rgen

s, t

he u

se o

f ce

rtai

n ch

emic

al c

ompo

unds

an

d th

e da

nger

s of

wor

king

alo

ne.

67

8

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of

job

task

s th

at c

onst

itute

the

rol

e ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t in

duce

unn

eces

sary

man

ual

hand

ling,

ove

ruse

, un

due

fatig

ue o

r st

ress

, an

d th

e re

quire

d le

vel

of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er th

e w

ork

perio

d. W

ork

brea

ks, p

ause

s or

oth

er r

otat

ion

of d

utie

s ha

ve b

een

intro

duce

d w

here

fatig

ue in

duci

ng

cond

ition

s ha

ve b

een

iden

tifie

d. F

atig

ue m

ay b

e of

a p

hysi

cal o

r men

tal n

atur

e.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� T

here

are

som

e pe

ak t

imes

, and

oth

er s

low

er p

erio

ds. W

hils

t the

se m

ay e

ven

out,

the

dang

ers

of fa

tigue

sho

uld

be

emph

asis

ed, a

nd w

ork

brea

ks fa

ctor

ed in

as

nece

ssar

y.

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s Pe

rson

al s

kills

, pe

rson

ality

, fa

mily

arr

ange

men

ts,

cove

rage

of

criti

cal

abse

nces

, re

sour

cing

lev

els

and

oppo

rtuni

ties

for

empl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver w

ork

load

are

fact

ored

into

ong

oing

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts s

o as

not

to in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at

may

be

cons

ider

ed b

y th

at p

artic

ular

em

ploy

ee a

s st

ress

ful.

Plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

xces

sive

em

ails

and

unw

elco

me

cont

acts

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

saf

ely

due

to th

e pa

rticu

lar c

ircum

stan

ces.

�Th

ere

are

som

e in

dica

tors

of h

igh

stre

ss le

vels

on

site

. The

se s

houl

d be

inve

stig

ated

, and

atte

mpt

s m

ade

to a

ddre

ss

the

root

cau

se o

f the

pro

blem

(s)..

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir

oblig

atio

ns. W

here

a d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n w

ork

expe

ctat

ions

and

abi

lity

to fu

lfil t

hese

exi

st,

chan

nels

sho

uld

be a

vaila

ble

to e

nabl

e fa

ir an

d eq

uita

ble

nego

tiatio

n on

beh

alf

of b

oth

parti

es.

Ski

lls a

nd a

utho

rity

leve

ls a

re

com

men

sura

te w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill no

t hav

e th

e di

rect

ion,

ski

lls o

r au

thor

ity n

eces

sary

to c

ondu

ct th

eir

role

com

pete

ntly

, effe

ctiv

ely

and

safe

ly.

�Jo

b de

scrip

tions

are

ava

ilabl

e. S

ome

jobs

how

ever

see

m t

o br

oade

r th

an t

he t

itles

ref

lect

. A

rev

iew

of

curr

ent

job

desc

riptio

ns w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

67

9

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly r

einf

orce

d an

d un

safe

beh

avio

urs

disc

oura

ged.

Thi

s m

ay ta

ke th

e fo

rm o

f inf

orm

al

insp

ectio

ns,

unsa

fe a

ct o

r ob

serv

atio

n pr

ogra

ms,

fol

low

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or

dis

cree

t. E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to

reco

gnis

e ha

zard

s an

d ta

ke s

uita

ble

prec

autio

ns -

incl

udin

g th

e ac

know

ledg

emen

t of s

ituat

ions

th

at th

ey a

re n

ot s

uffic

ient

ly s

kille

d to

dea

l with

whi

lst a

lso

wat

chin

g ou

t for

the

safe

ty o

f the

ir co

lleag

ues.

Whe

re re

war

d pr

ogra

ms

are

used

for

pos

itive

rei

nfor

cem

ent

of s

afe

beha

viou

rs,

cons

ider

atio

n is

giv

en t

o th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

rew

ard

sche

dule

s so

tha

t th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is r

emov

ed.

Rew

ards

may

inc

lude

pra

ise,

rec

ogni

tion

or

incr

ease

d st

atus

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�Ta

rget

ed c

ampa

igns

to b

reak

uns

afe

wor

king

hab

its a

nd to

pos

itive

ly r

einf

orce

des

irabl

e w

ork

prac

tices

wou

ld b

e of

as

sist

ance

her

e. A

ny p

rogr

ess

in th

is a

rea

shou

ld s

tart

out

sm

all,

perh

aps

hand

ling

one

issu

e at

a ti

me.

Tim

e m

ust b

e al

low

ed fo

r bad

hab

its to

be

brok

en.

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s w

ill su

ffer

poor

hea

lth o

r a

low

ered

sta

te o

f w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em t

o in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

�Th

is e

lem

ent w

ould

hel

p im

prov

e st

ress

leve

ls. C

onsi

der “

quit

smok

ing”

cam

paig

ns a

nd a

ssis

tanc

e in

doi

ng th

is.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist

perfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re t

here

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. Pu

rsui

t of h

ighe

r or

der

skills

and

pro

fess

iona

l dev

elop

men

t are

en

cour

aged

to g

row

job

posi

tions

and

incr

ease

wor

kpla

ce s

atis

fact

ion.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�In

vest

igat

ing

mea

ns o

f br

eaki

ng in

to e

xist

ing

netw

orks

and

fin

ding

out

wha

t co

urse

s av

aila

ble

for

furt

her

educ

atio

n op

port

uniti

es w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt. A

lso

cons

ider

car

eer p

ath

plan

ning

.

68

0

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

tra

inin

g to

dea

l w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, re

latio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or

pers

onal

ity c

lash

es b

efor

e th

e si

tuat

ion

reac

hes

the

poin

t w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or is

not

icea

ble

by o

ther

col

leag

ues.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to

wor

k as

par

t of

a t

eam

and

thi

s m

ay a

ffect

the

ir ab

ility

to

carr

y ou

t th

eir

role

s co

mpe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�Th

e po

tent

ial f

or c

onfli

ct a

ppea

rs e

vide

nt. A

ppre

ciat

ion

of a

ltern

ativ

e pe

rspe

ctiv

es w

ould

be

help

ful h

ere.

.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

oth

er e

mot

iona

l pro

blem

s m

ay a

cces

s he

lp in

a c

onfid

entia

l env

ironm

ent a

nd re

ceiv

e th

e ne

cess

ary

supp

ort t

o en

able

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

is e

lem

ent c

ould

be

addr

esse

d by

mak

ing

a fe

w in

quiri

es in

to lo

cal r

esou

rces

ava

ilabl

e. A

key

list

of c

onta

cts

coul

d im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns to

min

imis

e th

e ris

k ar

e un

avai

labl

e or

inad

equa

te. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corr

ectly

. The

po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r ha

zard

s by

the

app

licat

ion

of t

he P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

su

ch im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE

sel

ecte

d w

ill n

ot p

rovi

de th

e pr

otec

tion

expe

cted

(be

caus

e of

poo

r se

lect

ion,

poo

r tra

inin

g, p

oor

fit o

r po

or

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

�PP

E is

use

d as

nec

essa

ry i

n m

ost

inst

ance

s. T

hose

no

t co

mpl

ying

with

req

uire

men

ts n

eed

to b

e m

indf

ul o

f th

e m

essa

ge th

is s

ends

to o

ther

wor

kers

.

68

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for

first

aid

are

ava

ilabl

e th

at m

eet

loca

l re

gula

tions

inc

ludi

ng t

he n

umbe

rs o

f su

itabl

y qu

alifi

ed f

irst

aide

rs a

nd

suffi

cien

t qua

ntiti

es o

f firs

t aid

mat

eria

ls. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cur

rent

and

firs

t aid

sto

cks

regu

larly

rep

leni

shed

. A r

egis

ter

of

wor

kpla

ce in

jurie

s is

kep

t th

at m

eets

loca

l OH

S r

egul

atio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

re

quire

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

adve

rse

effe

cts

and

traum

a as

soci

ated

with

inju

ries

and

poor

inju

ry m

anag

emen

t w

ill be

gre

ater

and

tak

e lo

nger

tim

e to

hea

l, an

d O

HS

regu

latio

ns w

ill b

e br

each

ed.

�Th

is is

ava

ilabl

e, b

ut th

ere

is s

cope

for m

ore

deta

iled

repo

rts

and

impr

oved

faci

litie

s.

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs f

or l

ost

time

and

med

ical

/rela

ted

expe

nses

. A

ssis

tanc

e is

pro

vide

d fo

r re

turn

ing

inju

red

or il

l em

ploy

ees

back

to th

e w

orkp

lace

in a

n ag

reed

tim

efra

me

with

out e

xace

rbat

ing

thei

r cur

rent

con

ditio

n an

d to

offe

r mea

ning

ful e

mpl

oym

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job

/ sa

me

wor

kpla

ce;

diffe

rent

pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; si

mila

r or

mod

ified

pos

ition

/ di

ffere

nt w

orkp

lace

; di

ffere

nt

posi

tion/

diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce. A

ret

urn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or

exte

rnal

ly to

mee

t loc

al O

HS

re

gula

tions

. All

parti

es a

re k

ept i

nfor

med

of p

rogr

ess

and

deve

lopm

ents

. Sys

tem

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

inju

red

wor

kers

are

no

t ret

urne

d to

the

unal

tere

d w

orkp

lace

that

inju

red

them

.

The

risk

is t

hat

inju

ries

will

be

exac

erba

ted,

tha

t tim

e aw

ay f

rom

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill b

e in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psy

chol

ogic

al

effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

�Th

is a

rea

need

s at

tent

ion

so t

hat

if an

inc

iden

t w

as t

o oc

cur,

syst

ems

wou

ld a

lread

y be

in

plac

e an

d th

e pr

oces

s co

uld

be m

anag

ed s

moo

thly

. Det

ails

of l

ocal

pra

ctic

es a

nd p

refe

rred

med

ical

cen

tres

etc

, sho

uld

be c

olle

cted

and

read

y fo

r use

.

68

2

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t m

edic

als

have

bee

n un

derta

ken

to p

rovi

de b

asel

ine

info

rmat

ion

on t

he e

mpl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of

heal

th.

Exam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

fun

ctio

n te

sts,

blo

od o

r ur

ine

sam

ples

for

bio

logi

cal m

onito

ring,

che

st x

-rays

and

aud

iom

etric

te

stin

g. W

here

kno

wn

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

are

pre

sent

in th

e w

orkp

lace

, thi

s su

rvei

llanc

e m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

com

plia

nce

with

lo

cal

OH

S r

egul

atio

ns.

Hea

lth s

urve

illanc

e is

con

duct

ed f

rom

whi

ch t

he h

ealth

of

wor

kers

exp

osed

to

spec

ific

risks

can

be

mon

itore

d (in

clud

ing

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring)

and

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cur

rent

con

trol s

trate

gies

may

be

eval

uate

d

The

risk

is t

hat

(i) e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e pl

aced

in s

ituat

ions

whe

re t

heir

heal

th m

ay b

e da

mag

ed;

and

(ii)

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

cu

rren

t con

trol m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for c

laim

s pu

rpos

es w

ill n

ot

exis

t and

that

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

may

be

brea

ched

.

�In

nee

d of

spe

cial

ist h

elp

to b

ring

into

line

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

tak

e th

e fo

rm o

f su

gges

tion

boxe

s, p

erce

ptio

n su

rvey

s (q

uest

ionn

aire

s to

gau

ge e

mpl

oyee

atti

tude

s, m

oral

e,

and/

or p

erce

ived

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

saf

ety

cam

paig

ns).

Rew

ard

prog

ram

s m

ay b

e us

ed t

o en

cour

age

parti

cipa

tion

in f

eedb

ack

activ

ities

.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

�Th

is w

ould

be

a go

od w

ay t

o op

en u

p an

y gr

oups

tha

t ha

ve f

orm

ed a

nd p

rovi

de m

anag

emen

t w

ith v

alua

ble

info

rmat

ion.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for

saf

e w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd t

he

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

res

pons

ibili

ties

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

lev

el o

f re

spon

sibi

lity

and

auth

ority

be

stow

ed. E

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

desi

rabl

e O

HS

wor

k be

havi

ours

and

atti

tude

s w

ill no

t be

rei

nfor

ced,

and

tha

t in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

ac

tions

may

be

enco

urag

ed w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s be

lievi

ng th

at s

uch

beha

viou

r or a

ctio

ns a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

�Th

is is

poo

rly d

ocum

ente

d bu

t cle

arly

taki

ng p

lace

on

an in

form

al b

asis

and

wor

king

rela

tivel

y w

ell,

68

3

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Pers

onne

l tu

rn o

ver

rate

s ar

e re

view

ed t

o un

cove

r th

e ro

ot c

ause

for

any

abn

orm

ally

hig

h le

vels

, su

ch a

s pr

oble

ms

with

le

ader

ship

, per

sona

lity

conf

licts

, exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

Suc

cess

ion

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o pr

ovid

e a

safe

and

suf

ficie

nt l

evel

of

expe

rienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f sa

fe w

orki

ng

arra

ngem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

�A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ents

.

68

4

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S p

olic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

The

cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

�C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to a

n O

HS

mot

to o

n di

spla

y at

rec

eptio

n. T

his

wou

ld s

end

a go

od m

essa

ge to

clie

nts

and

cont

ract

ors.

Saf

ety

is c

ritic

al in

this

par

ticul

ar o

pera

tion.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

�G

oals

are

dom

inat

ed b

y th

e ex

iste

nce

of a

num

ber

of r

isk

asse

ssm

ents

. Foc

us a

nd s

trat

egic

pla

nnin

g w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly. T

he a

ccou

ntab

ility

sho

uld

be c

omm

ensu

rate

with

the

auth

ority

of

the

posi

tion,

and

sha

ring

of a

ccou

ntab

ilitie

s av

oide

d to

pre

vent

resp

onsi

bilit

y fro

m b

eing

diff

used

.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

�Th

e cr

eativ

e di

rect

or c

lear

ly t

ook

full

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r al

l O

HS

mat

ters

. H

owev

er,

the

conc

ept

that

eve

ryon

e is

re

spon

sibl

e in

som

e w

ay fo

r saf

ety

coul

d be

pro

mot

ed.

68

5

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

. �

A d

ue d

ilige

nce

plan

is r

equi

red

as a

mat

ter

of p

riorit

y to

ful

fil t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s du

ty o

f car

e. T

his

is d

iffer

ent f

rom

th

e ris

k as

sess

men

ts a

s it

iden

tifie

s ar

eas

of le

gisl

ativ

e no

n-co

mpl

ianc

e. T

his

will

als

o as

sist

in d

emon

stra

ting

good

will

an

d go

od c

orpo

rate

citi

zens

hip

shou

ld a

pen

alty

or b

reac

h oc

cur.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suf

ficie

nt re

sour

ces

have

bee

n al

loca

ted

to O

HS

issu

es to

dem

onst

rate

that

com

mitm

ent i

s re

al a

nd g

oals

are

ach

ieva

ble.

Fun

ds

are

prot

ecte

d fro

m “r

eallo

catio

n”. T

ime

is a

vaila

ble

and

suffi

cien

t to

addr

ess

OH

S is

sues

, and

has

bee

n bu

dget

ed fo

r in

proj

ects

an

d te

nder

s.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

�

Fund

ing

was

rea

dily

ava

ilabl

e fo

r O

HS

mat

ters

, and

res

ourc

es w

ere

dist

ribut

ed a

s ne

cess

ary.

Hig

her

orde

r so

lutio

ns

addr

essi

ng th

e ro

ot c

ause

of p

robl

ems

shou

ld re

ceiv

e pr

iorit

y in

fund

ing.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

Are

as o

f con

trol a

nd r

espo

nsib

ility

ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�Th

is r

atin

g is

bas

ed o

n a

lack

of

deta

il su

rrou

ndin

g th

e in

form

atio

n pr

ovid

ed i

n se

rvic

e ag

reem

ent.

How

ever

, it

appe

ars

that

man

y of

the

con

trac

tors

in u

se w

ere

clea

rly r

elia

ble

and

prov

ided

goo

d se

rvic

e. T

he is

sue

here

is t

hat

a co

ntra

ctor

may

inj

ure

som

eone

on

site

, an

d if

this

occ

urre

d, e

vide

nce

to s

uppo

rt t

rust

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary.

Whi

lst

cont

ract

ors

may

be

in s

hort

sup

ply

in c

erta

in a

reas

, the

y st

ill m

ust c

ompl

y w

ith th

e la

test

requ

irem

ents

.

68

6

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l new

pla

nt, e

quip

men

t, m

ater

ials

, and

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

purc

hase

d w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

re r

evie

wed

prio

r to

pur

chas

e (s

ee H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

and

Dan

gero

us G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

incl

uded

in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

Saf

ety

inst

ruct

ions

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g on

new

equ

ipm

ent,

plan

t or s

ervi

ces

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re

nece

ssar

y fo

r sa

fe o

pera

tion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r sp

ecia

list

expe

rtise

has

bee

n ac

quire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

insu

ffici

ent

or

unav

aila

ble.

The

re i

s cl

ear

delin

eatio

n of

the

poi

nt w

here

new

equ

ipm

ent

or s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n ac

cept

ed a

nd O

HS

issu

es

reso

lved

.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S pr

oble

ms

and

that

it c

an b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to

rect

ify th

e O

HS

issu

es re

trosp

ectiv

ely.

�In

form

atio

n su

rrou

ndin

g ch

emic

al s

uppl

ies

shou

ld b

e m

ore

deta

iled.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. All

serv

ices

are

sup

plie

d in

suc

h a

way

that

saf

ety

has

been

con

side

red

and

mee

ts o

rgan

isat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S du

ties.

�In

form

atio

n pr

ovid

ed to

clie

nts

shou

ld b

e m

ore

deta

iled

and

incl

ude

heal

th a

spec

ts.

Com

mun

icat

ion

C

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

to fa

cilit

ate

the

effic

ient

flow

of i

nfor

mat

ion

to p

erfo

rm w

orkp

lace

dut

ies

in a

man

ner t

hat i

s sa

fe a

nd d

oes

not

indu

ce s

tress

. Th

is m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

�It

is a

sm

all b

usin

ess

so c

omm

unic

atio

n is

not

a s

erio

us c

once

rn. C

are

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll w

orke

rs a

re in

clud

ed in

the

info

rmat

ion

shou

ld b

e no

ted.

68

7

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

res

pect

to c

hang

es th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r he

alth

, saf

ety

or w

ell-b

eing

. Loc

al

OH

S re

gula

tions

on

the

form

atio

n of

saf

ety

com

mitt

ees

are

obse

rved

, and

the

com

mitt

ee c

hairp

erso

n ha

s un

derg

one

appr

opria

te

train

ing

to f

ulfil

the

ir ta

sks

and

dutie

s. M

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a re

gula

r ba

sis

with

par

ticip

atio

n of

a m

anag

emen

t re

pres

enta

tive

with

suf

ficie

nt a

utho

rity

to ta

ke a

ctio

n on

item

s id

entif

ied

as b

eing

in n

eed

of c

orre

ctiv

e ac

tion.

The

min

utes

of t

he

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e ac

cess

ible

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly t

ook

plac

e, w

ere

not

upda

ted

abou

t ex

istin

g O

HS

issu

es, o

r be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unifo

rmed

abo

ut O

HS

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to th

eir e

mpl

oym

ent.

�A

n ar

ea fo

r im

prov

emen

t and

gre

ater

tran

spar

ency

. A m

ore

regu

lar,

form

alis

ed a

ppro

ach

wou

ld b

e he

lpfu

l.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

�Th

e ar

eas

of th

e pr

oces

s th

at a

re u

nder

the

cont

rol o

f the

loca

l sta

ff ar

e m

anag

ed w

ell a

nd c

lear

ly th

ere

is a

gre

at d

eal

of e

xper

ienc

e av

aila

ble.

A g

reat

er a

war

enes

s of

cha

nges

in lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly. C

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e le

vel o

f det

ail i

ncor

pora

ted

so th

at th

ere

is

a ba

lanc

e be

twee

n pr

ovid

ing

suffi

cien

t inf

orm

atio

n an

d al

low

ing

wor

kers

to u

se th

eir j

udge

men

t and

exp

erie

nce

as n

eces

sary

, for

ex

ampl

e w

here

too

stri

ngen

t or

res

trict

ive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

�Pr

oced

ures

are

ava

ilabl

e w

here

nec

essa

ry a

nd a

re u

ser

frie

ndly

. Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

seek

ing

out

best

pr

actic

e av

aila

ble.

68

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce. A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rec

eive

d so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rren

t. Th

e ris

k is

that

out

-of-d

ate

or in

corre

ct o

r inc

ompl

ete

info

rmat

ion

is u

sed

for a

ctio

ning

OH

S is

sues

, so

inap

prop

riate

act

ions

or i

ll-in

form

ed d

ecis

ions

are

mad

e.

�A

sys

tem

atic

mea

ns o

f tr

acki

ng c

hang

es w

ould

sim

plify

the

upd

atin

g pr

oces

s. C

onsi

der

usin

g a

legi

slat

ive

aler

t sy

stem

.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e. A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se. A

ny

obso

lete

info

rmat

ion

that

is k

ept f

or a

rchi

val p

urpo

ses

is c

lear

ly id

entif

iabl

e as

bei

ng s

uper

sede

d. T

rain

ing

on u

pdat

ed m

etho

ds

and

proc

edur

es is

pro

vide

d w

here

the

chan

ges

are

cons

ider

ed to

be

sign

ifica

nt.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

�Th

is m

ay b

e ea

sier

to m

anag

e if

the

proc

edur

es w

here

ava

ilabl

e on

line

.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

The

dur

atio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r lo

ss w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty

and

heal

th o

f em

ploy

ees

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

�A

ctio

n to

for

mal

ise

reco

rd c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

s, a

nd e

nsur

e th

at a

ll le

gal

oblig

atio

ns a

re f

ulfil

led

wou

ld i

mpr

ove

the

resu

lt in

this

are

a.

68

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

docu

men

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s cr

itica

l in

term

s of

saf

e ha

ndlin

g an

d he

alth

effe

cts.

Mor

e in

form

atio

n co

uld

be p

rovi

ded

to c

lient

s.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to c

aptu

re in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to a

void

sim

ilar i

ncid

ents

from

recu

rrin

g in

the

futu

re. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t als

o pu

tting

in p

lace

act

ions

to e

nabl

e a

quic

k re

cove

ry fr

om th

e si

tuat

ion.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to im

prov

e ra

ther

than

to b

lam

e. N

ear m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to in

vest

igat

e ba

sed

on li

kelih

ood

or p

oten

tial f

or m

ore

serio

us c

onse

quen

ces.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te

rang

e of

kno

wle

dge

and

skills

. A

prot

ocol

for

rep

ortin

g to

ext

erna

l au

thor

ities

not

ifiab

le e

vent

s ha

s be

en e

stab

lishe

d, a

nd

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curr

ing

is lo

st a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

con

tinue

to

con

tract

illn

esse

s or

be

inju

red.

�Th

is a

rea

coul

d be

dev

elop

ed i

n tw

o ke

y ar

eas

(i) r

oot

caus

e an

alys

is a

nd (

ii) a

war

enes

s of

var

ying

per

spec

tives

du

ring

the

writ

e up

of

inve

stig

atio

ns.

A b

alan

ced

pers

pect

ive

is a

lway

s im

port

ant,

and

emph

asis

on

the

unde

rlyin

g ca

use

is c

ruci

al to

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fr

om re

curr

ing.

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S p

roce

dure

s ar

e be

ing

adhe

red

to in

hou

se. T

he p

urpo

se is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

ar

e su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le. S

elf-a

sses

smen

ts ta

rget

ing

parti

cula

r ar

eas

whe

re im

prov

emen

t is

soug

ht a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a fre

quen

t bas

is, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, and

item

s ar

e in

depe

nden

tly s

pot c

heck

ed to

impr

ove

the

relia

bilit

y of

the

resu

lts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

�A

n ar

ea to

exp

and

in c

hem

ical

saf

ety.

Als

o be

aw

are

of th

e ne

ed to

focu

s on

out

puts

.

69

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Aud

itsA

rang

e of

form

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent

are

addr

esse

d. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is

avai

labl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks i

n pa

rticu

lar

area

s. T

he

frequ

ency

of a

udits

will

dep

end

on th

e le

ngth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce, a

s es

tabl

ishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay ra

nge

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. Aud

itors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

�A

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h w

ould

be

help

ful h

ere

shou

ld li

tigat

ion

aris

e.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

Her

e th

e sy

stem

as

a w

hole

is e

xam

ined

to

ensu

re t

hat

it ha

s be

en s

et u

p co

rrect

ly a

nd r

emai

ns

suita

ble

in li

ght o

f any

org

anis

atio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

�C

onsi

der

wha

t in

form

atio

n de

mon

stra

tes

that

eng

inee

ring

cont

rols

are

wor

king

as

expe

cted

, and

wha

t ac

tion

leve

ls

coul

d be

set

to

ensu

re t

hat

the

info

rmat

ion

rece

ived

is b

eing

use

d fo

r pr

even

tion

rath

er t

han

cure

. Als

o co

nsid

er t

he

stra

tegi

c di

rect

ion

the

oper

atio

n is

hea

ding

in li

ght o

f leg

isla

tive

chan

ges.

691


692

Summary





and identifying areas of strengths and vulnerabilities. The results are

based on evidence made available at the time of the assessments.

The application of this framework was conducted at your company (a large

media organisation), focusing specifically on one department during

December 2007 and early January 2008. This study found:

� Of the 60 elements in the framework, all were applicable to your

operations;


(68%) with formal systems and another 14 elements (23%)

informally. This predominantly formal approach also suggests that the

organisation has a high level of bureaucracy. The problem this poses

is that this can impede the time frames for action on serious OHS

matters.

� 5 of the 60 suggested elements were not addressed by your

organisation-these included: Operational Review; Behaviour

Modification; Health Surveillance; Self Assessment and System

Review.

� The systems used to manage the safe operation of the facility are

very focused on workers’ compensation and rehabilitation, and hinge

upon the use of risk assessments to continue to reduce the level of

exposure of workers to potential OHS hazards. However, more

emphasis is needed on problem solving skills to get to the root

cause(s) of the OHS issues.


risks are clearly within the hardware and operating environment area,

which in this particular case is a variable setting.

693

� Due to the unpredictable nature of the operating environments

where workers may be assigned, it is imperative that training for

dealing with various scenarios forms the cornerstone of the strategies

utilised to reduce the level of worker exposure. Training must be

delivered in a format which is compatible with the learning styles of

those at risk. Given that this is an organisation that is dealing with a

highly visual and aural medium, it is suggested that the training

packages are in a similar format. The key here is to deliver critical

information concisely and in a format that is interesting. Retention of

information should be verified by some form of competency testing,

possibly on an ongoing basis. It is clear that the current control

mechanism involving a two tiered risk assessment for reducing

exposure to potential hazards when on assignments is not working.

Other options are available.

� Whilst the systems being used are highly sophisticated, this may

create a false sense of confidence, and the systems are only helpful

if the documentation is actually translating into real actions that

demonstrate visible improvements.

� Manual handling of equipment for lone workers is an area that needs

to be reassessed. It was observed that there is such a high level of

pride of workmanship that workers are willing to take unnecessary

risks to ensure the quality of the final product. Management is

cautioned not to take advantage of this, and consider the absolute

duty of care that is owed.

� The organisation has achieved a high level of success in the areas of

equal opportunity/anti-harassment, accommodating diversity,

workers’ compensation and rehabilitation, safe working procedures

and competent supervision. Attention is required particularly in the

areas of ergonomic evaluations, work organisation – stress/fatigue,

accountability, due diligence reviews, resource

allocation/administration and consultation.

� The process of consultation is not working as intended. It is

suggested that there be greater use of informal forums and more

694

opportunities created to help understand the different perspectives of

those supplying a service and those requiring the assistance. This

would allow issues to be addressed at an early stage before they

escalate and damage workplace relations.

Management should be commended for the high level of people skills

displayed by those supervising potentially volatile situations. Furthermore,

the pride of workmanship and the flexibility displayed by all those involved

is to be highly commended. It is clear there is a strong desire to fulfil OHS

obligations and that there is a high level of motivation to move forward in a

constructive and meaningful way.

695

Summary Results

Framework Charts





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



696





Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



697





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping




Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping




Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



698


Figures 1, 2 and 3 show results of assessment of Safe People, Safe Place

and Safe Systems scores, both before and after control strategies and

interventions have been implemented. Where the differential between with

and without intervention is large, the controls have made a significant

impact.

Figure1: Initial and Final Scores - Safe Place

0 1 2 3 4

Receipt/Despatch


Housekeeping

Disposal


Plant/ Equipment

Electrical

Biohazards


Modifications



Access/Egress

Noise


Radiation






Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0

High Risk Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk Low Risk Well done

699


0 1 2 3 4

Equal Opportunity


Workers' Comp/Rehab


Health Promotion

Networking etc

Feedback Programs

Selection Criteria

Job Descriptions


Training and Skills




Conflict Resolution


Health Surveillance

Inductions

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



700


0 1 2 3 4



Procedural Updates


Audits



Legislative Updates


Self-Assessment

Incident Management

Goal Setting

System Rewiew

OHS Policy


Communication

Accountability




Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



701








of hazards, and as the place where workers are sent on assignment is

variable, these hazards will be difficult to control due to the element of

unpredictability involved. This is followed by hazards associated with the

need for a systematic approach, and finally the balance comprises of

those hazards 0associated with people and the complexity of human

nature. The high inherent risk associated with the nature of the activities

requires a high level of vigilance, sound judgment and expertise to help

control the risks. Paradoxically, the systems that are in place for their

protection may be contributing to the current problems.


Safe Person 30%

Safe Systems34%

Safe Place36%

Figure 5 demonstrates how the residual risk is distributed across the three

main areas. There are still significant risks associated with the physical

work environment and there is a need for reliable systems that are well

supported and easy to navigate.


Safe Person31%

Safe Place35%

Safe Systems34%

702


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

k R

anki

ng




applied, with a risk reduction factor of 0.7 being achieved across all three

areas. This implies that there is still 70% of the risk initially assessed

without prevention and control strategies in place is still remaining. This

relatively high residual risk across all three areas - safe place, safe person

and safe systems reflects the fluctuating nature of the work loads, and the

need to travel out to different locations often with unpredictable hazard

profiles. However, this is inherent in this field so the risks must be

managed with alternative strategies. Reliance on time consuming risk

assessments from first principles for each assignment is simply an

unworkable option given the urgency and speed required to conduct tasks

in a highly competitive environment. More investment is needed in building

relationships with those in a supplier/customer relationship within the

organisation so that each side can understand the others’ perspective and

work together safely. Overly bureaucratic systems will encourage staff to

work around the system and lose the protection the system was designed

to offer. There is also a strong need to streamline and customise critical

information so that it is context specific and deliver it in a format which

caters for the personality and learning styles of those it is trying to protect.

703

Cas

e St

udy

4 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A g

ener

al b

road

bas

ed ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pe

rform

ed a

t som

e cr

itica

l poi

nt in

tim

e fro

m w

hich

impr

ovem

ent o

r dec

line

in

over

all O

HS

risk

pre

sent

ing

to th

e or

gani

satio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

Thi

s as

sess

men

t mus

t be

reco

rded

. It

is a

ssum

ed th

at a

ll ke

y ar

eas

of s

igni

fican

t ris

k ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed.

Are

as re

quiri

ng s

peci

alis

t exp

ertis

e (in

tern

al o

r ext

erna

l) sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill be

reac

tive

only

.

�A

bas

elin

e ris

k as

sess

men

t nee

ds to

be

avai

labl

e th

at h

as b

een

cust

omis

ed to

the

spec

ific

depa

rtm

ent.

This

sho

uld

form

th

e ba

sis

for t

he s

afet

y pl

ans

that

are

nec

essa

ry to

mee

t the

org

anis

atio

n’s

inte

rnal

OH

S m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

as

disc

usse

d un

der r

oles

and

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

for m

anag

ers

and

supe

rvis

ors.

Car

e ne

eds

to b

e ta

ken

that

the

risk

asse

ssm

ent p

roce

ss

impl

emen

ted

unco

vers

the

root

cau

se o

f the

pot

entia

lly h

azar

dous

situ

atio

n so

the

cont

rols

iden

tifie

d ca

n be

mor

e ef

fect

ive.

C

onsi

der a

ugm

entin

g th

is w

ith th

e us

e of

dyn

amic

risk

ass

essm

ents

in th

e fie

ld a

nd tr

aini

ng s

essi

ons

on th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

th

is te

chni

que

with

like

ly s

cena

rios.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

risk

ass

essm

ent t

hat i

s co

ncer

ned

with

fitti

ng th

e ta

sk to

the

hum

an a

nd m

ay c

over

a v

ery

broa

d ra

nge

of is

sues

in

clud

ing

man

ual h

andl

ing,

wor

k or

gani

satio

n, ta

sk o

r job

des

ign,

hum

an e

rror

and

pro

blem

s w

ith in

form

atio

n pr

oces

sing

as

wel

l as

indu

stria

l hyg

iene

. H

owev

er, i

n th

e co

ntex

t of “

safe

pla

ce s

trate

gies

” the

sco

pe is

lim

ited

here

to fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e la

yout

of t

he

wor

ksta

tion,

man

ual h

andl

ing

and

exam

inat

ion

of re

petit

ive

task

s. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) with

the

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill su

stai

n a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r may

not

be

able

to re

turn

to th

e sa

me

type

of e

mpl

oym

ent.

�Th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of c

ritic

al is

sues

ass

ocia

ted

with

man

ual h

andl

ing,

esp

ecia

lly fo

r tho

se w

orki

ng e

ssen

tially

alo

ne.

Ther

e w

as a

per

ceiv

ed re

luct

ance

to re

duce

load

s ha

ndle

d as

this

cou

ld a

dver

sely

affe

ct th

e qu

ality

of t

he fi

nal p

rodu

ct,

whi

ch th

ere

was

muc

h pr

ide

in.

70

4

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loca

l bui

ldin

g re

gula

tions

, and

esc

ape

rout

es c

lear

. Th

is is

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

�W

hils

t thi

s is

ava

ilabl

e fo

r the

offi

ce s

ettin

g, th

ose

wor

kers

trav

ellin

g ou

t to

vario

us lo

catio

ns n

eed

to b

e aw

are

of th

e m

eans

of e

mer

genc

y eg

ress

for e

ach

assi

gnm

ent.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m.

Whe

re th

is re

quire

s sp

ecia

list k

now

ledg

e th

is m

ust

be p

ursu

ed w

ith th

e su

pplie

r or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir o

pini

ons

duly

con

side

red.

Th

e ha

zard

s of

rota

ting

mac

hine

ry, p

inch

poi

nts,

and

cru

sh in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f veh

icle

s (in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

hei

ghts

. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts

for n

oise

and

/or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�Th

ere

are

num

erou

s pr

oced

ures

to c

over

this

are

a an

d th

e in

tegr

ity o

f equ

ipm

ent i

s es

sent

ial t

o th

e qu

ality

of t

he fi

nal

prod

uct,

so b

y ne

cess

ity th

is is

man

aged

fairl

y w

ell.

Ther

e ar

e st

ill s

ome

issu

es th

at n

eed

to b

e ad

dres

sed

whi

ch th

e us

ers

are

wel

l aw

are

of.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Amen

ities

suc

h as

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c to

ilets

and

cha

nge

room

s; p

rovi

sion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

a re

frige

rato

r/ m

icro

wav

e fo

r mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt fe

edin

g fa

cilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re th

e ne

ed e

xist

s. T

he w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for i

ndoo

r air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls.

Exp

osur

e to

hea

t and

col

d m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

con

side

ratio

ns fo

r out

door

w

orke

rs (s

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. Th

e sp

ecia

l nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�W

hils

t the

re is

trai

ning

for h

ostil

e en

viro

nmen

ts, c

ontr

acto

rs a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e st

ill a

t ris

k on

an

ongo

ing

basi

s fr

om

thre

ats

of v

iole

nce

and

unpl

easa

nt c

ondi

tions

suc

h as

hea

t and

lack

of f

acili

ties

whi

ch h

ave

been

tole

rate

d as

par

t of t

he

job.

The

se s

ituat

ions

cou

ld b

e ha

ndle

d m

ore

effe

ctiv

ely

if th

ere

was

gre

ater

pre

-pla

nnin

g an

d bu

ffer c

apac

ity in

the

sche

dulin

g sy

stem

.

70

5

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f sup

plie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is c

ondu

cted

so

that

any

impa

cts

on h

ealth

and

saf

ety

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

prio

r to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. P

lans

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or h

andl

ing,

rece

ipt,

desp

atch

and

tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�Th

is is

a re

lativ

ely

low

risk

act

ivity

bas

ed o

n th

e ob

serv

atio

ns d

urin

g th

e tim

e of

the

asse

ssm

ent.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. O

ther

el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e el

ectri

c sh

ock;

sta

tic e

lect

ricity

; sto

red

elec

trica

l ene

rgy,

the

incr

ease

d da

nger

s of

hig

h vo

ltage

equ

ipm

ent

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

spa

rks

in fl

amm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve te

stin

g is

nec

essa

ry, o

nly

appr

opria

tely

trai

ned

and

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e in

jure

d or

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a fi

re/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks in

a fl

amm

able

or

expl

osiv

e at

mos

pher

e.

�Th

ere

is a

gre

at d

eal o

f por

tabl

e el

ectr

ical

equ

ipm

ent i

n us

e. T

here

are

cle

ar re

quire

men

ts fo

r tag

and

test

ing

and

use

of

RC

D’s

. Com

mon

sen

se is

use

d to

han

dle

thes

e si

tuat

ions

and

thos

e us

ing

the

equi

pmen

t are

car

eful

not

o p

ut th

emse

lves

at

risk

. Loc

atio

n of

pow

er o

utle

ts o

n lo

catio

n ca

n be

a li

miti

ng fa

ctor

and

can

cre

ate

diffi

culti

es w

ith s

afe

arra

ngem

ents

of

lead

s.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In

som

e ca

ses

base

line

audi

omet

ry te

stin

g w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary.

Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd a

ttem

pts

to re

mov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce.

Loca

l reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

w

ith re

gula

tory

lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt th

e le

ngth

of e

xpos

ure

espe

cial

ly if

shi

fts lo

nger

than

8 h

ours

are

use

d. S

ourc

es o

f vi

brat

ion

that

impa

ct o

n w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ear

dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or i

ndus

trial

ly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

�Th

ere

is p

lent

y of

goo

d in

form

atio

n av

aila

ble

with

in th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

inte

rnal

OH

S m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

– s

ee th

e H

eadp

hone

s/ H

eads

ets

rule

. Man

ager

s ar

e re

quire

d to

do

a no

ise

asse

ssm

ent a

lthou

gh s

peci

alis

t ass

ista

nce

wou

ld b

e ne

cess

ary

to p

erfo

rm th

is ta

sk a

dequ

atel

y. T

here

are

no

base

line

audi

omet

ry c

heck

s pe

rfor

med

on

new

sta

rter

s. T

his

area

ne

eds

grea

ter f

ocus

to p

reve

nt th

e po

tent

ial f

or fu

ture

hea

ring

loss

.

70

6

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s Al

l haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s an

d da

nger

ous

good

s (e

xplo

sive

s, p

ress

uris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

toxi

c ch

emic

als,

and

irr

itant

s) s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, li

sted

and

labe

lled

and

a re

gist

er k

ept c

onta

inin

g al

l MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. W

here

spe

cific

con

trols

are

nec

essa

ry, a

refe

renc

e to

com

ply

with

the

MS

DS

is

note

d, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

requ

irem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

may

be

exp

osed

, In

som

e ca

ses

this

will

be

depe

nden

t on

the

quan

titie

s or

vol

umes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd in

vent

ory

of

dang

erou

s go

ods

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�Th

is is

han

dled

on

an a

d ho

c ba

sis.

The

re is

pro

tect

ive

equi

pmen

t sup

plie

d, b

ut th

e is

sue

is in

ant

icip

atin

g ex

posu

res

and

the

inhe

rent

diff

icul

ty w

ith th

is. G

reat

er c

onsi

sten

cy o

f app

roac

h is

nee

ded

here

and

mor

e pr

even

tive

stra

tegi

es re

quire

d.

Bio

haza

rds

Bio

logi

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

us a

gent

s, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (i

nclu

ding

blo

od) o

r oth

er s

ourc

es o

f pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s, in

fect

ious

pe

ople

; con

tam

inat

ed fo

od; c

onta

ct w

ith a

nim

als;

rode

nts;

pla

nts/

polle

ns; i

nsec

ts; m

ites;

lice

; sew

erag

e; fu

ngi o

r bird

dro

ppin

gs

cool

ing

wat

er re

serv

oirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic re

actio

n or

dev

elop

lo

ng te

rm fl

u/as

thm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n is

wel

l aw

are

of th

e po

tent

ial f

or b

ioha

zard

s an

d th

is is

cov

ered

ade

quat

ely

by in

tern

al p

roce

dure

s. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed if

the

requ

irem

ents

wer

e im

plem

ente

d on

a m

ore

regu

lar b

asis

.

Rad

iatio

n S

ourc

es o

f rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd ra

dioa

ctiv

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

ultra

viol

et ra

ys

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

skin

or e

yes;

nea

r inf

ra-r

ed ra

diat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e ey

es (w

eldi

ng, f

urna

ces,

mol

ten

met

als)

; LA

SE

R’s

; the

hea

ting

effe

ct fr

om m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne to

wer

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

freq

uenc

y ra

diat

ion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fiel

d ex

posu

re s

uch

as p

ower

lines

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

inte

rnal

OH

S m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

dis

cuss

es a

t len

gth

the

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

haz

ards

rela

ted

to

Rad

io F

requ

ency

Rad

iatio

n. T

here

are

als

o ru

les

cove

ring

the

use

of m

icro

wav

es a

nd la

sers

. How

ever

the

risks

of U

V ra

diat

ion

are

som

ewha

t ign

ored

and

no

suns

cree

n w

as p

rovi

ded

for o

utdo

or w

orke

rs.

70

7

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir c

onta

iner

s, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner t

hat c

ompl

ies

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

an

d th

at d

oes

not c

ause

har

m e

ither

thro

ugh

imm

edia

te c

onta

ct o

r as

a re

sult

of tr

ansf

errin

g th

e su

bsta

nces

/ m

ater

ials

for d

ispo

sal o

r di

sper

sal e

lsew

here

. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (s

ee h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls/ d

ange

rous

goo

ds).

Als

o in

clud

ed h

ere

are

the

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

hyg

iene

and

the

hand

ling

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

�D

ispo

sal o

f pla

nt is

refe

rred

to in

the

Gui

de to

Man

agin

g Pl

ant a

nd E

quip

men

t. B

atte

ries

and

Stan

ley

knife

bla

des

are

man

aged

on

an “

as n

eeds

” b

asis

info

rmal

ly. T

he re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

if th

ese

area

s w

ere

bette

r doc

umen

ted

and

any

othe

r are

as id

entif

ied.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

Incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e pr

esen

ce o

f asb

esto

s in

dem

olis

hed

stru

ctur

es; t

he s

afe

conn

ectio

n or

dis

conn

ectio

n of

ser

vice

s su

ch a

s ga

s, e

lect

ricity

, and

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

; pro

tect

ion

from

noi

se, d

ebris

or o

ther

pr

ojec

tiles

; and

the

poss

ibilit

y of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

are

as.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or a

s a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

�Th

ere

is a

rule

rega

rdin

g de

relic

t bui

ldin

gs a

nd a

che

cklis

t for

inst

alla

tion

of p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent.

Com

plia

nce

with

thes

e re

quire

men

ts m

ay b

e an

issu

e.

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty.

Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at a

re q

ualif

ied

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

�Th

e te

chni

cal r

epai

rs a

re h

andl

ed b

y an

inte

rnal

div

isio

n of

the

orga

nisa

tion

and

this

sys

tem

see

ms

to b

e w

orki

ng w

ell.

70

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. M

odifi

catio

ns m

ay b

e m

inor

or m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer r

evie

wed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

han

ded

over

to th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

was

not

thou

ght t

hrou

gh.

�Th

ese

are

hand

led

via

an in

tern

al d

ivis

ion

of th

e or

gani

satio

n an

d ex

ampl

es in

clud

es m

odifi

catio

ns to

han

dset

s in

ve

hicl

es. T

his

is h

andl

ed in

form

ally

and

app

ears

to b

e w

orki

ng w

ell,

alth

ough

mor

e rig

orou

s do

cum

enta

tion

to tr

ack

chan

ges

wou

ld b

e of

ass

ista

nce

to c

onfir

m e

nd u

ser c

onsu

ltatio

n pr

ior t

o th

e ch

ange

s be

ing

mad

e.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal w

ith s

ituat

ions

suc

h as

fire

, nat

ural

dis

aste

rs, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. N

ot o

nly

shou

ld th

ese

pote

ntia

l situ

atio

ns

be id

entif

ied,

but

the

requ

ired

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter t

he d

rills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be

unab

le to

reac

t app

ropr

iate

ly (f

or e

xam

ple,

eva

cuat

e sa

fely

or

resp

ond

effe

ctiv

ely,

whi

ch m

ay le

ad to

incr

ease

d ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

�Th

ere

are

emer

genc

y pl

ans

for t

he o

ffice

env

ironm

ent,

but t

here

nee

ds to

be

a pr

otoc

ol fo

r wor

kers

on

loca

tion.

Thi

s sh

ould

be

built

into

the

indu

ctio

n pr

ogra

m.

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. P

erso

ns w

orki

ng a

lone

sho

uld

be a

ble

to c

onta

ct h

elp

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy

(med

ical

or o

ther

wis

e) a

nd p

reca

utio

nary

mea

sure

s ha

ve b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to re

duce

thre

ats

of b

odily

har

m.

Prov

isio

ns e

xist

for r

emov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�Th

reat

s to

per

sona

l saf

ety

are

a re

al ri

sk a

nd th

is is

cle

arly

tied

to th

e is

sues

sur

roun

ding

lone

wor

kers

. Thi

s m

atte

r nee

ds

reco

nsid

erat

ion

to e

nsur

e du

ty o

f car

e ob

ligat

ions

are

fulfi

lled.

Req

uire

men

ts fo

r ris

k as

sess

men

ts to

be

carr

ied

out p

rior t

o as

sign

men

ts a

re u

nwor

kabl

e an

d th

e m

atte

r nee

ds to

be

hand

led

by a

n al

tern

ativ

e m

echa

nism

.

70

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. W

alkw

ays

shou

ld n

ot b

e bl

ocke

d. S

pilla

ges

shou

ld b

e cl

eane

d up

imm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be re

turn

ed a

nd e

mpt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns.

Unw

ante

d m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be s

orte

d an

d pu

t int

o st

orag

e or

dis

pose

d of

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

e le

vel o

f hou

seke

epin

g ap

pear

ed to

be

a fu

nctio

n of

cur

rent

wor

kloa

ds. A

s w

ork

load

s lig

hten

, the

se m

atte

rs a

re li

kely

to

be

addr

esse

d. T

his

elem

ent c

ould

be

impr

oved

by

a gr

eate

r lev

el o

f ong

oing

con

sist

ency

to e

nsur

e th

at in

cide

nts

that

are

cl

early

avo

idab

le re

mai

n th

at w

ay.

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Pro

cess

es s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to e

nsur

e th

at e

quip

men

t and

faci

litie

s ar

e be

ing

used

and

app

lied

in th

e m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for w

hich

saf

ety

prov

isio

ns h

ave

been

con

side

red

and

impl

emen

ted.

The

pro

cess

es a

re m

onito

red

to

ensu

re th

at th

ey a

re o

pera

ting

with

in s

afe

limits

. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s cl

osel

y tie

d to

the

qual

ity o

f the

fina

l pro

duct

as

such

is u

nder

a re

ason

able

leve

l of c

ontr

ol. W

hils

t thi

s is

ha

ndle

d in

form

ally

, a h

ighe

r lev

el o

f doc

umen

tatio

n w

ould

allo

w o

ngoi

ng n

uisa

nce

issu

es to

be

brou

ght t

o m

anag

emen

t’s

atte

ntio

n.

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is c

ondu

cted

that

com

pare

s th

e cu

rren

t situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a b

asel

ine

asse

ssm

ent t

o in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s no

t add

ress

ed c

urre

ntly

by

the

orga

nisa

tion

on a

dep

artm

enta

l lev

el. T

he p

urpo

se o

f thi

s is

to e

nsur

e th

e on

goin

g vi

abili

ty o

f the

ope

ratio

ns w

hils

t ful

fillin

g O

HS

duty

of c

are

oblig

atio

ns. A

car

eful

bal

ance

bet

wee

n op

erat

iona

l vi

abili

ty a

nd e

xpos

ure

of w

orke

rs to

und

ue ri

sks

mus

t be

cons

ider

ed. P

lans

on

how

ong

oing

risk

s w

ill b

e ad

dres

sed

to

min

imis

e w

orke

r exp

osur

e sh

ould

be

docu

men

ted.

71

0

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ A

nti-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith re

spec

t and

dig

nity

. Th

ere

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

that

the

inte

ntio

n of

thes

e po

licie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear t

o em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ed

ucat

ing

man

agem

ent o

n th

e fo

rms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pro

visi

on

of re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer s

tagn

atio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m.

This

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r per

form

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

�Th

is e

lem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d w

ell b

y th

e or

gani

satio

n.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty.

Acc

ess

for d

isab

led

pers

ons

has

been

pro

vide

d, a

nd s

peci

al p

rovi

sion

s ex

ist

for t

heir

safe

eva

cuat

ion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nur

sing

mot

hers

, and

old

er

wor

kers

are

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion.

Whe

re w

orke

rs a

re k

now

n to

hav

e a

pre-

exis

ting

psyc

holo

gica

l con

ditio

n, e

mpl

oyer

s ta

ke

care

not

to p

lace

suc

h em

ploy

ees

into

situ

atio

ns w

here

they

are

at i

ncre

ased

vul

nera

bilit

y. T

rans

latio

ns o

r oth

er m

eans

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�A

gain

, thi

s ar

ea is

han

dled

wel

l and

ther

e ar

e po

licie

s in

pla

ce to

pro

mot

e aw

aren

ess

of m

anag

emen

t’s a

ttitu

de to

war

ds

thes

e is

sues

.

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(for

exa

mpl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Th

e de

part

men

t is

clea

r abo

ut d

esira

ble

trai

ts in

pro

spec

tive

wor

kers

and

the

natu

ral s

elec

tion

proc

esse

s ap

pear

to b

e w

orki

ng w

ell.

How

ever

, the

hea

vy u

se o

f cas

ual a

nd c

ontr

act l

abou

r may

be

plac

ing

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns a

t ris

k du

e to

the

less

vig

orou

s sc

reen

ing

proc

edur

es in

voke

d in

thos

e ci

rcum

stan

ces.

71

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Con

trac

tors

/ Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w to

ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. I

nfor

mat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f the

ir pr

esen

ce a

t the

wor

kpla

ce is

re

cord

ed to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to a

ccep

tanc

e of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. Al

so, s

peci

fic c

onta

cts/

host

s ar

e de

sign

ated

to e

nsur

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�In

duct

ions

for c

ontr

acto

rs a

nd c

asua

ls s

houl

d be

tigh

tene

d up

as

thes

e re

pres

ent a

hig

h pr

opor

tion

of la

bour

in u

se. A

sh

ort,

depa

rtm

ent s

peci

fic in

duct

ion

vide

o th

at e

xtra

cts

the

mos

t crit

ical

and

rele

vant

info

rmat

ion

from

the

exis

ting

OH

S m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

and

pre

sent

s it

in a

form

at th

at is

mos

t sui

tabl

e fo

r the

targ

et a

udie

nce

shou

ld b

e co

nsid

ered

as

a m

atte

r of p

riorit

y.

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

has

bee

n co

nduc

ted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

thei

r ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly.

Arr

ange

men

ts a

re in

pla

ce to

add

ress

any

gap

s th

at m

ay e

xist

. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed

have

bee

n m

ade

awar

e of

loca

l pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

trai

ning

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te in

terv

als

to m

aint

ain

skill

s an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

. Al

l per

sons

con

duct

ing

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so.

Trai

ning

reco

rds

are

mai

ntai

ned.

Evi

denc

e of

co

mpe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�M

uch

time,

effo

rt a

nd re

sour

ces

have

bee

n in

vest

ed in

this

are

a an

d si

gnifi

cant

pro

gres

s ha

s be

en m

ade.

The

cha

lleng

e no

w is

to tr

ansl

ate

this

into

a m

ore

user

frie

ndly

sys

tem

that

is g

eare

d to

war

ds d

eliv

erin

g cr

itica

l inf

orm

atio

n as

qui

ckly

as

poss

ible

to th

ose

who

nee

d it

urge

ntly

. The

sys

tem

cov

ers

a ve

ry b

road

rang

e of

topi

cs s

o na

viga

tion

with

in th

e sy

stem

ca

n be

diff

icul

t for

thos

e w

ho a

re h

ighl

y fa

mili

ar w

ith th

e sy

stem

con

tent

.

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te th

e ro

le h

ave

been

con

side

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t ind

uce

unne

cess

ary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or s

tress

, and

the

requ

ired

leve

l of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pau

ses

or o

ther

rota

tion

of d

utie

s ha

ve b

een

intro

duce

d w

here

fatig

ue in

duci

ng c

ondi

tions

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Th

e na

ture

of t

he p

artic

ular

indu

stry

bei

ng e

xam

ined

sug

gest

s th

at th

is e

lem

ent i

s of

ten

outs

ide

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s sp

here

of i

nflu

ence

. As

such

ther

e is

littl

e tim

e av

aila

ble

whe

n w

ork

load

s pe

ak to

take

the

nece

ssar

y pr

ecau

tions

that

w

ould

be

redu

ce re

sidu

al ri

sk le

vels

to a

mor

e ac

cept

able

leve

l. A

n al

tern

ativ

e m

echa

nism

nee

ds to

be

inve

stig

ated

to

over

com

e th

e pr

oble

ms

of s

hort

not

ice

for a

ssig

nmen

ts, a

nd th

e ad

mira

ble

prid

e of

wor

kman

ship

and

the

influ

ence

this

ha

s on

the

will

ingn

ess

to a

ccep

t hig

h le

vel r

isks

.

71

2

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s P

erso

nal s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rran

gem

ents

, cov

erag

e of

crit

ical

abs

ence

s, re

sour

cing

leve

ls a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver w

ork

load

are

fact

ored

into

ong

oing

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts s

o as

not

to in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

by

that

par

ticul

ar e

mpl

oyee

as

stre

ssfu

l. P

lans

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r dea

ling

with

exc

essi

ve e

mai

ls a

nd u

nwel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

safe

ly d

ue to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

�Th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

tres

sful

situ

atio

ns o

rigin

atin

g fr

om o

utsi

de th

e or

gani

satio

n fr

om th

e pu

blic

is w

ell u

nder

stoo

d.

How

ever

ther

e is

a h

igh

leve

l of s

tres

s ge

nera

ted

from

with

in th

e or

gani

satio

n th

at is

not

bei

ng d

ealt

with

ade

quat

ely.

Thi

s in

clud

es w

orkp

lace

rela

tions

hips

on

the

cust

omer

/ sup

plie

r int

erfa

ce; l

ack

of c

ontr

ol o

ver w

orkl

oads

; and

inst

ance

s w

here

re

spon

sibi

lity

is n

ot c

omm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir o

blig

atio

ns.

Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

fulfi

l the

se e

xist

, ch

anne

ls s

houl

d be

ava

ilabl

e to

ena

ble

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on b

ehal

f of b

oth

parti

es.

Ski

lls a

nd a

utho

rity

leve

ls a

re

com

men

sura

te w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or a

utho

rity

nece

ssar

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

e co

mpe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

�Th

ese

exis

t for

sta

ff m

embe

rs, h

owev

er m

any

of th

ose

empl

oyed

are

not

tech

nica

lly s

taff.

Whi

lst t

his

may

pro

vide

som

e le

vel o

f fle

xibi

lity,

this

will

be

trad

ed o

ff ag

ains

t the

abi

lity

to p

lan

and

antic

ipat

e pr

oble

ms

as w

ell a

s so

me

loss

of

cons

iste

ncy.

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly re

info

rced

and

uns

afe

beha

viou

rs d

isco

urag

ed.

This

may

take

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

in

spec

tions

, uns

afe

act o

r obs

erva

tion

prog

ram

s, fo

llow

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or d

iscr

eet.

E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns th

at

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r pos

itive

rein

forc

emen

t of s

afe

beha

viou

rs, c

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

rew

ard

sche

dule

s so

th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed.

Rew

ards

may

incl

ude

prai

se, r

ecog

nitio

n or

incr

ease

d st

atus

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�W

hils

t thi

s el

emen

t is

not a

ddre

ssed

spe

cific

ally

by

the

orga

nisa

tion

on a

dep

artm

enta

l lev

el, t

here

is a

n op

port

unity

he

re to

dev

elop

som

e st

rate

gies

to a

ddre

ss s

ome

unsa

fe w

ork

habi

ts th

at h

ave

beco

me

acce

pted

pra

ctic

e, a

nd a

lso

to

enco

urag

e w

orke

rs to

feel

con

fiden

t abo

ut d

eclin

ing

assi

gnm

ents

that

are

cle

arly

hig

h ris

k si

tuat

ions

.

71

3

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill s

uffe

r poo

r hea

lth o

r a lo

wer

ed s

tate

of w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em to

inju

ries

or il

lnes

ses

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n w

as p

lace

d as

a fi

nalis

t for

an

awar

d fo

r wor

k/ li

fe b

alan

ce T

here

is o

bser

vatio

nal e

vide

nce

that

thos

e w

ithin

the

depa

rtm

ent a

re h

ealth

con

scio

us a

nd p

hysi

cally

fit.

Mor

e em

phas

is c

ould

be

plac

ed o

n ps

ycho

logi

cal w

ell-

bein

g.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r net

wor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist p

erfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. P

ursu

it of

hig

her o

rder

ski

lls a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Th

ere

is a

nat

ural

pat

hway

for c

aree

r pro

gres

sion

with

in th

e de

part

men

t tha

t is

wel

l und

erst

ood.

It is

hig

hly

com

petit

ive

and

diffi

cult

to b

reak

into

. Opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r men

torin

g sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d, e

spec

ially

for t

hose

who

are

new

to th

e or

gani

satio

n.

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or

is n

otic

eabl

e by

oth

er c

olle

ague

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�M

anag

emen

t is

very

car

eful

not

cre

ate

vola

tile

situ

atio

ns. H

owev

er, w

hils

t thi

s in

dire

ct a

ppro

ach

may

eas

e ev

eryd

ay

func

tioni

ng th

e ris

k is

that

pro

blem

s w

ill e

scal

ate

inst

ead

of b

eing

cau

ght a

t an

early

sta

ge w

hen

the

optio

ns fo

r ad

dres

sing

the

situ

atio

n ar

e si

mpl

er a

nd m

ore

likel

y to

be

cont

aine

d.

71

4

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

othe

r em

otio

nal p

robl

ems

may

acc

ess

help

in a

con

fiden

tial e

nviro

nmen

t and

rece

ive

the

nece

ssar

y su

ppor

t to

enab

le th

em to

co

ntin

ue th

eir w

ork

dutie

s w

ithou

t com

prom

isin

g th

e sa

fety

or h

ealth

of o

ther

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

ere

is a

mpl

e ev

iden

ce th

at th

is s

ervi

ce is

ava

ilabl

e. W

heth

er o

r not

this

ser

vice

is u

tilis

ed a

s w

ell a

s it

coul

d be

is

wor

thy

of c

onsi

dera

tion.

It a

ppea

rs th

at th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of c

opin

g m

echa

nism

s in

pla

ce to

dea

l with

the

high

str

ess

envi

ronm

ent,

incl

udin

g m

ates

hip

and

a su

b cu

lture

of h

umou

r.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

used

whe

re o

ther

opt

ions

to m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corr

ectly

. Th

e po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r haz

ards

by

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

suc

h im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE s

elec

ted

will

not

pro

vide

the

prot

ectio

n ex

pect

ed (b

ecau

se o

f poo

r sel

ectio

n, p

oor t

rain

ing,

poo

r fit

or p

oor

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

�A

var

iety

of P

PE is

ava

ilabl

e fo

r use

. How

ever

, thi

s fo

rms

the

wea

kest

leve

l of c

ontr

ol a

s its

effe

ctiv

enes

s is

hig

hly

rela

ted

to u

ser c

ompl

ianc

e an

d co

rrec

t sel

ectio

n an

d fit

ting.

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent

quan

titie

s of

firs

t aid

mat

eria

ls.

Qua

lific

atio

ns a

re k

ept c

urre

nt a

nd fi

rst a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly re

plen

ishe

d. A

regi

ster

of w

orkp

lace

in

jurie

s is

kep

t tha

t mee

ts lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tra

uma

asso

ciat

ed w

ith in

jurie

s an

d po

or in

jury

man

agem

ent w

ill b

e gr

eate

r and

take

long

er

time

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be b

reac

hed.

�Fi

rst a

id fa

cilit

ies

are

avai

labl

e. W

heth

er a

ll fir

st a

id k

its a

re c

ompl

ete

may

nee

d to

be

exam

ined

. Rep

ortin

g m

echa

nism

s ar

e av

aila

ble

and

in u

se.

71

5

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs fo

r los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Ass

ista

nce

is p

rovi

ded

for

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to

offe

r mea

ning

ful e

mpl

oym

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; sim

ilar o

r mod

ified

pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce; d

iffer

ent p

ositi

on/

diffe

rent

wor

kpla

ce.

A re

turn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or e

xter

nally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. Al

l par

ties

are

kept

info

rmed

of p

rogr

ess

and

deve

lopm

ents

. S

yste

ms

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at in

jure

d w

orke

rs a

re n

ot re

turn

ed

to th

e un

alte

red

wor

kpla

ce th

at in

jure

d th

em.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill be

incr

ease

d an

d th

at th

e ps

ycho

logi

cal e

ffect

s of

the

inju

ry a

nd lo

ss o

f con

fiden

ce w

ill b

e he

ight

ened

.

� T

his

rece

ives

a h

igh

leve

l of a

ttent

ion

and

appe

ars

to b

e m

anag

ed v

ery

wel

l.

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t med

ical

s ha

ve b

een

unde

rtake

n to

pro

vide

bas

elin

e in

form

atio

n on

the

empl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of h

ealth

. E

xam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or u

rine

sam

ples

for b

iolo

gica

l mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-r

ays

and

audi

omet

ric

test

ing.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

wor

kpla

ce, t

his

surv

eilla

nce

may

be

subj

ect t

o co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is c

ondu

cted

from

whi

ch th

e he

alth

of w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed to

spe

cific

risk

s ca

n be

m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l stra

tegi

es m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for c

laim

s pu

rpos

es w

ill n

ot e

xist

and

th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

�H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is n

ot in

use

and

it is

sug

gest

ed th

at th

is b

e ut

ilise

d to

ver

ify if

cur

rent

con

trol

mea

sure

s ar

e w

orki

ng e

ffect

ivel

y an

d to

est

ablis

h ba

selin

e in

form

atio

n fo

r ind

ivid

ual w

orke

rs s

o th

at th

e ca

uses

of a

ny c

hang

es m

ay b

e in

vest

igat

ed.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

take

the

form

of s

ugge

stio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

and

/or

perc

eive

d ef

fect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to e

ncou

rage

par

ticip

atio

n in

feed

back

act

iviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

�W

hils

t em

ail a

nd in

form

al p

hone

cal

ls a

ppea

r to

be th

e pr

efer

red

mea

ns o

f com

mun

icat

ion,

ther

e ar

e fe

w o

ppor

tuni

ties

to e

xcha

nge

pers

pect

ives

in a

col

lect

ive

man

ner.

Use

of i

nfor

mal

foru

ms

to li

aise

with

thos

e in

oth

er d

epar

tmen

ts a

nd m

ix

in a

n at

mos

pher

e th

at is

non

thre

aten

ing

and

inde

pend

ent o

f exi

stin

g hi

erar

chic

al fr

amew

orks

sho

uld

be e

ncou

rage

d.

71

6

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Per

form

ance

app

rais

als

incl

ude

crite

ria fo

r saf

e w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd th

e di

spla

y of

saf

e w

orki

ng a

ttitu

de.

OH

S re

spon

sibi

litie

s sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e le

vel o

f res

pons

ibilit

y an

d au

thor

ity b

esto

wed

. Em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent s

ettin

g go

od e

xam

ples

for w

orkp

lace

saf

ety

shou

ld b

e en

cour

aged

and

val

ued.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

act

ions

m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

�Th

is is

not

und

erta

ken

for c

asua

l sta

ff; h

ence

the

oppo

rtun

ity to

rein

forc

e th

e im

port

ance

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s co

mm

itmen

t to

OH

S va

lues

is lo

st.

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Per

sonn

el tu

rn o

ver r

ates

are

revi

ewed

to u

ncov

er th

e ro

ot c

ause

for a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls, s

uch

as p

robl

ems

with

lead

ersh

ip,

pers

onal

ity c

onfli

cts,

exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r wor

k co

nditi

ons.

Exi

t int

ervi

ews

are

cond

ucte

d to

gat

her f

eedb

ack

for i

mpr

ovem

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s pr

esen

t. S

ucce

ssio

n pl

ans

are

in p

lace

to p

rovi

de a

saf

e an

d su

ffici

ent l

evel

of e

xper

ienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f saf

e w

orki

ng a

rran

gem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

�Th

e op

port

unity

to e

xtra

ct in

form

atio

n w

hich

cou

ld b

e us

ed to

impr

ove

exis

ting

scen

ario

s is

not

bei

ng u

tilis

ed

effe

ctiv

ely,

and

it is

unl

ikel

y th

at th

ere

wou

ld b

e m

uch

ince

ntiv

e to

pur

sue

this

pat

h du

e to

the

high

leve

l of c

ompe

titio

n in

th

e jo

bmar

ket.

71

7

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S p

olic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

Th

e cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

�Th

e cu

rren

t OH

S Po

licy

relie

s he

avily

on

the

use

of s

afe

syst

ems

and

empl

oyee

s, m

anag

ers

and

supe

rvis

ors

shar

ing

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y to

ens

ure

a sa

fe w

ork

envi

ronm

ent.

How

ever

, re

spon

sibi

lity

mus

t be

com

men

sura

te w

ith a

utho

rity

and

thos

e w

ith a

utho

rity

need

to b

e pr

ovid

ed w

ith s

uffic

ient

res

ourc

es to

fulfi

l the

ir re

spon

sibi

litie

s. S

yste

ms

prov

ided

ne

ed to

be

show

n to

be

effe

ctiv

e an

d w

orka

ble.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e.

Thes

e go

als

shou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew.

Perfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

�Th

ere

are

lots

of

goal

s se

t fo

r th

e re

duct

ion

of w

orkp

lace

inj

urie

s. H

owev

er,

ther

e is

a l

ack

of g

oal

setti

ng o

n a

depa

rtm

enta

l lev

el to

sup

port

thes

e ov

eral

l goa

ls. G

oals

sho

uld

be a

ligne

d w

ith o

vera

ll po

licy,

and

be

tran

slat

ed in

to a

re

alis

tic s

et o

f tas

ks th

at c

ould

resu

lt in

mea

ning

ful c

hang

es o

n a

mor

e lo

cal l

evel

. .

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly.

The

acco

unta

bilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e au

thor

ity

of th

e po

sitio

n, a

nd s

harin

g of

acc

ount

abili

ties

avoi

ded

to p

reve

nt re

spon

sibi

lity

from

bei

ng d

iffus

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

�R

espo

nsib

ility

is n

ot c

omm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y. O

n a

daily

bas

is, s

taff

are

tryi

ng to

man

age

as b

est t

hey

can

with

th

e re

sour

ces

avai

labl

e an

d co

nditi

ons

that

are

not

alw

ays

with

in th

eir

cont

rol.

Urg

ent a

ttent

ion

is n

eede

d he

re to

allo

w

the

situ

atio

n to

mov

e fo

rwar

d.

71

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

.

�Th

ere

is a

n ur

gent

nee

d fo

r de

part

men

t sp

ecifi

c O

HS

plan

s th

at a

re r

ealis

tic a

nd s

uffic

ient

ly f

unde

d. It

is s

ugge

sted

th

at t

his

proc

ess

by s

tart

ed b

y fo

cusi

ng o

n w

hat

are

perc

eive

d to

be

the

mos

t im

port

ant

issu

es b

y th

ose

with

the

hi

ghes

t lev

el o

f exp

osur

e. T

here

is a

lso

a ne

ed fo

r som

e ea

rly v

icto

ries

to re

stor

e co

nfid

ence

in th

e pr

oces

s.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

A

dmin

istr

atio

n Su

ffici

ent

reso

urce

s ha

ve b

een

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t co

mm

itmen

t is

rea

l an

d go

als

are

achi

evab

le.

Fund

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

from

“re

allo

catio

n”.

Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

�It

appe

ars

that

man

y of

the

cur

rent

pro

blem

s ar

e re

late

d to

pas

t de

cisi

ons

that

tra

ded

off

safe

ty f

or in

crea

sed

pay.

W

hils

t th

ose

who

may

hav

e be

nefit

ed f

rom

tho

se d

ecis

ions

in

the

past

may

no

long

er b

e th

ere,

the

re i

s a

leve

l of

fr

ustr

atio

n ev

iden

t am

ongs

t tho

se le

ft to

dea

l with

the

situ

atio

n as

it c

urre

ntly

sta

nds.

The

exi

stin

g st

rate

gies

to r

educ

e th

e ris

k of

inju

ry to

wor

kers

– b

oth

phys

ical

and

psy

chol

ogic

al, a

re c

lear

ly u

nwor

kabl

e.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

A

reas

of c

ontro

l and

res

pons

ibilit

y ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�Th

ere

is a

lar

ge v

olum

e of

doc

umen

tatio

n to

reg

ulat

e th

e us

e of

con

trac

tors

. Th

ese

proc

edur

es w

ould

con

sum

e a

cons

ider

able

am

ount

of w

hat a

re c

lear

ly a

lread

y st

retc

hed

reso

urce

s to

impl

emen

t. It

wou

ld b

e a

wor

thw

hile

exe

rcis

e to

se

e w

hat t

he e

xist

ing

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e is

with

the

se p

roce

dure

s, a

nd w

hat

mec

hani

sms

are

utili

sed

to w

ork

arou

nd

them

. If p

roce

dure

s ar

e no

t bei

ng in

voke

d th

en th

ey s

houl

d be

re-e

xam

ined

.

71

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll ne

w p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls, a

nd s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n pu

rcha

sed

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n.

Pro

visi

ons

are

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

are

rev

iew

ed p

rior

to p

urch

ase

(see

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s an

d D

ange

rous

G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r se

rvic

es is

pr

ovid

ed w

here

nec

essa

ry fo

r saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

in

suffi

cien

t or

una

vaila

ble.

Th

ere

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of t

he p

oint

whe

re n

ew e

quip

men

t or

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

acce

pted

and

O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill b

e th

e ca

use

of O

HS

prob

lem

s an

d th

at it

can

be

very

exp

ensi

ve

to re

ctify

the

OH

S is

sues

retro

spec

tivel

y.

�Pr

ocur

emen

t pl

anni

ng

is

cove

red

unde

r th

e gu

ide

for

man

agin

g pl

ant

and

equi

pmen

t ris

ks.

The

leve

l of

im

plem

enta

tion

of th

is p

olic

y sh

ould

be

exam

ined

.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. A

ll se

rvic

es a

re s

uppl

ied

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at s

afet

y ha

s be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d m

eets

org

anis

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S du

ties.

�In

thi

s pa

rtic

ular

cas

e th

e gr

eate

st O

HS

impa

ct is

to

do w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or tr

aum

a an

d ps

ycho

logi

cal h

arm

due

to

the

cont

ent o

f the

fini

shed

pro

duct

, and

in th

e pr

oces

s of

cre

atin

g th

e fin

al p

rodu

ct. T

he p

roce

ss o

f nat

ural

sel

ectio

n fo

r th

ose

in th

ese

role

s an

d th

e ca

refu

l use

of w

arni

ngs

has

resu

lted

in th

e cu

rren

t ris

k ra

nkin

g, a

lthou

gh th

is c

ould

eas

ily

reve

rt t

o a

high

er r

anki

ng i

f th

e w

arni

ngs

wer

e no

t in

pla

ce o

r if

othe

r pe

rson

s w

ere

expo

sed

to f

oota

ge d

urin

g th

e ed

iting

pro

cess

wer

e no

t acc

usto

med

to th

e ty

pe o

f mat

eria

l bei

ng p

roce

ssed

.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skill

s ne

cess

ary

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

�Th

e le

vel o

f com

pete

nce

disp

laye

d w

as h

igh

and

ther

e w

as c

lear

com

mitm

ent t

o co

re O

HS

valu

es.

72

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly.

Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs to

use

thei

r jud

gem

ent a

nd e

xper

ienc

e as

nec

essa

ry,

for

exam

ple

whe

re to

o st

ringe

nt o

r re

stric

tive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

�Th

is a

rea

has

been

han

dled

par

ticul

arly

wel

l.

Com

mun

icat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

ava

ilabl

e to

faci

litat

e th

e ef

ficie

nt fl

ow o

f inf

orm

atio

n to

per

form

wor

kpla

ce d

utie

s in

a m

anne

r tha

t is

safe

and

doe

s no

t in

duce

stre

ss.

Thi

s m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

�Th

is c

ould

be

sign

ifica

ntly

impr

oved

if a

n in

form

al f

orum

was

ava

ilabl

e w

here

co-

wor

kers

cou

ld m

eet

to e

xcha

nge

perc

eptio

ns a

nd id

eas

and

get t

o kn

ow e

ach

othe

r on

a m

ore

pers

onal

leve

l.

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

resp

ect t

o ch

ange

s th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r hea

lth, s

afet

y or

wel

l-bei

ng.

Loca

l O

HS

regu

latio

ns o

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s ar

e ob

serv

ed, a

nd th

e co

mm

ittee

cha

irper

son

has

unde

rgon

e ap

prop

riate

tra

inin

g to

ful

fil t

heir

task

s an

d du

ties.

Mee

tings

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s w

ith p

artic

ipat

ion

of a

man

agem

ent

repr

esen

tativ

e w

ith s

uffic

ient

aut

horit

y to

take

act

ion

on it

ems

iden

tifie

d as

bei

ng in

nee

d of

cor

rect

ive

actio

n. T

he m

inut

es o

f the

m

eetin

gs a

re k

ept i

n a

secu

re lo

catio

n an

d m

ade

acce

ssib

le to

all

empl

oyee

s.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly t

ook

plac

e, w

ere

not

upda

ted

abou

t ex

istin

g O

HS

issu

es, o

r be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unifo

rmed

abo

ut O

HS

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to th

eir e

mpl

oym

ent.

�Th

is p

roce

ss i

s in

pla

ce b

ut i

s no

t w

orki

ng a

s in

tend

ed b

y th

e sp

irit

of t

he l

egis

latio

n. C

onsu

ltatio

n is

cur

rent

ly

oper

atin

g at

too

high

a le

vel a

nd n

ot in

volv

ing

enou

gh o

f tho

se p

erso

ns a

ctua

lly e

xpos

ed to

wor

kpla

ce O

HS

risks

. Thi

s pr

oces

s co

uld

be fa

r be

tter

utili

sed

to a

ddre

ss m

ore

prac

tical

issu

es a

nd th

e de

velo

pmen

t of d

epar

tmen

tal O

HS

plan

s.

Out

com

es s

houl

d be

vis

ible

, res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r act

ions

mad

e cl

ear a

nd u

nam

bigu

ous,

and

pro

gres

s re

view

ed.

72

1

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce.

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at u

pdat

es a

re re

ceiv

ed s

o th

at th

e in

form

atio

n be

ing

acte

d up

on is

alw

ays

curr

ent.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or i

ncom

plet

e in

form

atio

n is

use

d fo

r act

ioni

ng O

HS

issu

es, s

o in

appr

opria

te a

ctio

ns o

r ill-

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

�Th

is is

han

dled

at a

cor

pora

te le

vel.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

grea

ter a

war

enes

s of

loca

l req

uire

men

ts.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble.

A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se.

Any

ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

OH

S m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

is fa

irly

wel

l mai

ntai

ned.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

if a

war

enes

s of

th

e co

rres

pond

ing

chan

ges

was

mor

e w

ides

prea

d. .

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

Th

e du

ratio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. R

egul

ar b

ack

ups

of e

lect

roni

c da

ta a

re m

ade

whe

re th

eir

loss

wou

ld h

ave

an im

pact

upo

n th

e sa

fety

an

d he

alth

of e

mpl

oyee

s

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

�Th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of

rul

es fo

r re

cord

kee

ping

. The

que

stio

n he

re is

whe

ther

the

right

info

rmat

ion

is b

eing

cap

ture

d to

mov

e th

e or

gani

satio

n fo

rwar

d in

OH

S m

atte

rs.

72

2

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es.

Proc

edur

es a

re in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n is

ver

y co

nsci

ous

of it

s pu

blic

imag

e so

suf

ficie

nt r

esou

rces

are

ava

ilabl

e to

han

dle

this

ele

men

t ad

equa

tely

. Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

if th

e or

gani

satio

n w

as m

ore

prev

entiv

e in

its

resp

onse

s.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to c

aptu

re in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to a

void

sim

ilar i

ncid

ents

from

recu

rrin

g in

the

futu

re.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to a

ddre

ss u

nder

lyin

g ca

uses

, whi

lst a

lso

putti

ng in

pla

ce a

ctio

ns to

ena

ble

a qu

ick

reco

very

from

the

situ

atio

n.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to

impr

ove

rath

er t

han

to b

lam

e.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to

inve

stig

ate

base

d on

like

lihoo

d or

pot

entia

l for

mor

e se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te ra

nge

of k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills.

A p

roto

col f

or re

porti

ng to

ext

erna

l aut

horit

ies

notif

iabl

e ev

ents

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d,

and

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curr

ing

is lo

st a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

con

tinue

to

con

tract

illn

esse

s or

be

inju

red.

�Th

ere

is a

n el

abor

ate

inci

dent

man

agem

ent

syst

em i

n pl

ace

and

this

is

used

as

a m

eans

of

last

res

ort

to g

ain

man

agem

ent a

ttent

ion

on is

sues

that

are

cau

sing

loca

l fru

stra

tion.

Thi

s ta

ctic

will

pos

sibl

y ha

ve a

par

adox

ical

effe

ct b

y in

crea

sing

the

res

iden

ce t

ime

of i

tem

s in

the

sys

tem

, as

the

sys

tem

app

ears

to

wor

k be

tter

for

maj

or i

ncid

ents

. Fu

rthe

rmor

e, t

he p

robl

em s

olvi

ng s

ectio

n of

the

fra

mew

ork

shou

ld b

e re

visi

ted

as it

em

phas

ises

the

con

trol

s w

ithou

t en

surin

g th

at th

e ro

ot c

ause

of t

he in

cide

nt h

as in

fact

bee

n un

cove

red.

72

3

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S pr

oced

ures

are

bei

ng a

dher

ed to

in h

ouse

. Th

e pu

rpos

e is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

ar

e su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le.

Self-

asse

ssm

ents

targ

etin

g pa

rticu

lar

area

s w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

frequ

ent b

asis

, for

exa

mpl

e m

onth

ly, a

nd it

ems

are

inde

pend

ently

spo

t che

cked

to im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of th

e re

sults

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

�Fo

cus

in th

is a

rea

coul

d de

liver

som

e qu

ick

impr

ovem

ents

to th

e to

hel

p m

ove

the

orga

nisa

tion

forw

ard,

esp

ecia

lly if

ju

st a

few

are

as w

ere

targ

eted

.

Aud

itsA

ran

ge o

f for

mal

rev

iew

s of

mea

sure

s im

plem

ente

d to

ens

ure

that

the

prim

e in

tent

ion

of th

e pr

oced

ures

is b

eing

met

and

that

sp

ecifi

c cr

iterio

n su

ch a

s co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith a

reg

ulat

ion,

sta

ndar

d or

org

anis

atio

nal O

HS

requ

irem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is a

vaila

ble

to s

uppo

rt th

e fin

ding

s.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks in

par

ticul

ar a

reas

. T

he

frequ

ency

of a

udits

will

dep

end

on th

e le

ngth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce, a

s es

tabl

ishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay ra

nge

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. A

udito

rs u

tilis

ed a

re s

uita

bly

qual

ified

and

exp

erie

nced

.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

�Th

ese

occu

r on

an a

d ho

c ba

sis

and

ther

e ar

e no

inte

rnal

aud

iting

sch

edul

es. B

efor

e th

is e

lem

ent c

an b

e of

goo

d us

e,

ther

e ne

eds

to b

e m

ore

emph

asis

on

extr

actin

g in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

the

spec

ific

depa

rtm

ent a

nd d

eliv

erin

g it

to e

nd

user

s in

a fo

rmat

that

is m

ore

read

ily re

tain

ed.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le is

exa

min

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t it

has

been

set

up

corre

ctly

and

rem

ains

su

itabl

e in

ligh

t of a

ny o

rgan

isat

iona

l cha

nges

or b

usin

ess

acqu

isiti

ons.

Con

duct

ed ty

pica

lly o

n an

ann

ual b

asis

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

�Th

is a

rea

is s

impl

y no

t ad

dres

sed

by t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

on a

dep

artm

enta

l le

vel.

The

orga

nisa

tion

need

s to

hav

e a

bette

r gr

asp

of h

ow t

he e

xist

ing

stra

tegi

es a

re w

orki

ng o

r no

t w

orki

ng t

oget

her

so t

he e

ffect

iven

ess

of t

he c

urre

nt

path

way

s ca

n be

ass

esse

d.

724


725

Summary A framework of 60 OHS related elements has been developed to assess



organisation company for the purposes of assessing its management of

OHS issues and identifying areas for improvement. The results are based

on evidence made available at the time of the assessments.


suburban pharmacy) during January 2008. This study found:

� Of the 60 elements in the framework, 60 were applicable to your

business;


(13%) with formal systems and another 37 elements informally. The

remaining elements were not specifically addressed by your

organisation. The predominantly informal approach implies less

documentation, and in most cases this approach works well,

however, this may present difficulties should any claims or litigation

arise.

� The hazard profile of the company suggests that your the most

significant risks are to do with the physical work environment area

and lack of space. Hazards associated with people, the complexity of

human nature and the need to have a systematic approach are also

present but to a lesser extent. This suggests that a substantial

amount of capital may be needed to reconfigure the current work

space to make a significant reduction on the level of residual risk

presenting to the business. Where these funds are not available,

lower order controls will need to be invoked, and it is likely that these

strategies will require a high level of training and co-operation from

staff members to be successfully implemented.

� The dominant prevention and controls strategies in the company

involve both safe person and safe system techniques. These rely

heavily on personal expertise, skills, judgement and a logical,

726

systematic approach. These attributes were well observed during the

assessment.

� The organisation needs to be aware of the potential for the

normalisation of danger and risk habituation. With normalisation of

danger - when the same hazardous situation is experienced

routinely, there may be a tendency to accept the situation rather than

to find means of addressing the problem at the root cause.

Furthermore, the organisation needs to be open to the possibility of

treating the risk using alternative approaches.

� In such a small organisation, there may be a reluctance to delegate

duties resulting in some staff members being overloaded. The

potential for delegation of more duties may need to be reconsidered

in areas not governed by legislation and the handling of scheduled

pharmaceuticals.

� Your company has very successfully addressed the elements of

Access/Egress; Amenities/Environment; Radiation (due to UV); Work

Organisation-Fatigue; Hazardous Substances; Equal Opportunity/

Anti-Harassment; Training and Skills; OHS Policy; Supply with OHS

Consideration; Competent Supervision and Customer Service. The

prevention and control . Your strategies associated with these

elements have been effective, and you are strongly encouraged to

continue with your improvement efforts.

The results show that the manager is very in tune and committed to OHS

matters and has a very high level of work dedication. Despite space

restrictions, efforts have been made where ever possible to find alternative

means of working safely and demonstrating a duty of care. The manager

has applied a very practical, commonsense approach to dealing with OHS

issues.

Management should be commended for the success of their current

controls and the their clear dedication to the welfare of their staff and

customers.

727

Summary Results

Framework Charts





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



728





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



729





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal



Modifications – Peer Review

/CommissioningEmergency Preparedness


Housekeeping



Equal Opportunity/


Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal



Modifications – Peer Review

/CommissioningEmergency Preparedness


Housekeeping



Equal Opportunity/


Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



730




interventions had been implemented. Where the differential between with

and without intervention before and after is large, the controls have made

a significant impact.


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


0 1 2 3 4

Noise

Radiation




Modifications



Plant/ Equipment

Electrical

Biohazards

Disposal




Receipt/Despatch



Housekeeping

Access/Egress


731

Figure 2: Initial and Final Scores – Safe Person

Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


0 1 2 3 4

Equal Opportunity

Training

Health Surveillance


Feedback Programs


Job Descriptions


Networking etc

Conflict Resolution

Selection Criteria


Health Promotion


Inductions


Workers' Comp/Rehab


Work Organisation

Stress Awareness


732

Figure 3: Initial and Final Scores – Safe Systems

0 1 2 3 4


OHS Policy


Communication



Consultation

Goal Setting

Procedural Updates

Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew





Legislative Updates

Accountability


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0


733







of hazards. This is due to the lack of physical space, security issues and

the need for staff to be on their feet for long hours.


Safe Place37%

Safe Systems34%

Safe Person 29%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person and safe system strategies have

been used to reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, an

number of significant risks still remain, especially relating to the “safe

place” area.

Figure 5: Risk Distribution – with Interventions and Strategies in Place

Safe Person28%

Safe Place42%

Safe Systems30%

734


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ris

k R

anki

ng




strategies is limited by the complexities of human nature – and the

effectiveness of such controls may be diminished under conditions of

stress and fatigue.

The higher level of residual risk in the safe place area suggests that there

is a need to address the root cause(s) of problems through engineering

and design methods, and may involve an injection of capital.

Finally, main issues presenting to the business involve ergonomic factors,

security threats such as armed ups, access and egress as well as the

stress of dealing daily with customers who are often have serious health

issues and may be experiencing some level of personal frustration. Whilst

the business is very customer orientated, it is important that management

Legend WithoutIntervention

WithIntervention

735

also consider their own welfare, which will enhance their ability to continue

to provide such valuable and caring customer service.

736

Cas

e St

udy

5 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A ge

nera

l bro

ad b

ased

ris

k as

sess

men

t has

bee

n pe

rform

ed a

t som

e cr

itica

l poi

nt in

tim

e fro

m w

hich

impr

ovem

ent o

r de

clin

e in

ov

eral

l OH

S ris

k pr

esen

ting

to th

e or

gani

satio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

Thi

s as

sess

men

t mus

t be

reco

rded

. It i

s as

sum

ed th

at a

ll ke

y ar

eas

of s

igni

fican

t ris

k ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed. A

reas

requ

iring

spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

(inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so r

esou

rces

can

no

t be

allo

cate

d ef

fect

ivel

y ac

cord

ing

to p

riorit

ies,

and

the

resp

onse

will

be

reac

tive

only

.

�Th

ere

is d

ocum

enta

tion

in t

his

area

reg

ardi

ng t

he s

afet

y an

d en

viro

nmen

tal a

spec

ts o

f th

e op

erat

ion.

How

ever

, mor

e in

form

atio

n is

nee

ded

on t

he p

oten

tial

heal

th i

mpa

cts.

Fur

ther

mor

e, t

he i

nfor

mat

ion

that

is

avai

labl

e co

uld

be u

sed

to

grea

ter

effe

ct t

o in

form

nec

essa

ry p

artie

s of

pot

entia

l ha

zard

s on

site

. K

ey r

isks

hav

e be

en a

sses

sed

info

rmal

ly a

nd

addr

esse

d in

a p

ract

ical

man

ner.

A m

ore

form

alis

ed a

ppro

ach

may

be

usef

ul s

houl

d th

e bu

sine

ss w

hich

to g

row

, and

als

o to

ens

ure

that

all

sign

ifica

nt ri

sks

have

rece

ived

suf

ficie

nt a

ttent

ion.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A s

peci

alis

ed r

isk

asse

ssm

ent

that

is c

once

rned

with

fitt

ing

the

task

to

the

hum

an a

nd m

ay c

over

a v

ery

broa

d ra

nge

of is

sues

in

clud

ing

man

ual h

andl

ing,

wor

k or

gani

satio

n, ta

sk o

r job

des

ign,

hum

an e

rror

and

pro

blem

s w

ith in

form

atio

n pr

oces

sing

as

wel

l as

indu

stria

l hyg

iene

. H

owev

er,

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f “s

afe

plac

e st

rate

gies

” th

e sc

ope

is li

mite

d he

re t

o fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e la

yout

of

the

wor

ksta

tion,

man

ual h

andl

ing

and

exam

inat

ion

of r

epet

itive

task

s. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

qua

lific

atio

ns a

nd c

ompe

tenc

ies

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill su

stai

n a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or

cum

ulat

ive

traum

a. W

hils

t the

inju

ry m

ay n

ot b

e fa

tal,

it m

ay b

e ve

ry d

ebilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r may

not

be

abl

e to

retu

rn to

the

sam

e ty

pe o

f em

ploy

men

t.

�M

anua

l han

dlin

g as

sess

men

ts h

ave

take

n pl

ace

info

rmal

ly a

nd k

ey n

eeds

hav

e be

en a

ddre

ssed

. How

ever

, the

se r

ely

on

the

oper

ator

s us

ing

the

prov

isio

ns a

s re

com

men

ded.

Ref

resh

er tr

aini

ng in

this

are

a w

ould

furt

her i

mpr

ove

this

sco

re.T

his

area

rep

rese

nts

a co

ncer

n du

e to

the

res

tric

ted

phys

ical

are

a w

ithin

whi

ch t

he b

usin

ess

oper

ates

. St

andi

ng f

or l

ong

hour

s, b

endi

ng fo

r org

anis

ing

shel

f spa

ce a

nd u

npac

king

del

iver

ies

are

key

area

s w

here

pro

blem

s m

ay a

rise.

The

use

of a

fo

otst

ool

to r

elie

ve p

ress

ure

from

sta

ndin

g in

the

one

are

a is

sug

gest

ed a

lthou

gh c

lear

ly t

his

issu

e w

ould

be

bette

r ha

ndle

d if

the

phys

ical

wor

k ar

ea c

ould

be

rede

sign

ed.

73

7

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loc

al b

uild

ing

regu

latio

ns,

and

esca

pe r

oute

s cl

ear.

This

is

parti

cula

rly i

mpo

rtant

in

the

case

of

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art

from

thei

r wor

kpla

ce.

�Th

is h

as b

een

hand

led

wel

l an

d th

e na

tura

l la

yout

of

the

oper

atio

n fa

cilit

ates

thi

sThi

s ne

eds

to b

e re

cons

ider

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t lo

cal

regu

latio

ns a

re c

ompl

ied

with

and

tha

t th

ere

is q

uick

acc

ess/

egre

ss s

houl

d an

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n oc

cur.

Ther

e is

som

e ju

stifi

able

con

cern

abo

ut a

rmed

hol

d-up

s, h

owev

er, t

he tw

o is

sues

nee

d to

be

care

fully

wei

ghed

up

so th

e ris

ks a

risin

g fr

om b

oth

situ

atio

ns m

ay b

e ad

dres

sed,

and

the

risk

not t

rans

ferr

ed e

lsew

here

to a

noth

er s

cena

rio.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m. W

here

this

requ

ires

spec

ialis

t kno

wle

dge

this

mus

t be

pur

sued

with

the

supp

lier o

r des

igne

r, an

d en

d us

ers

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed m

ust b

e co

nsul

ted

and

thei

r opi

nion

s du

ly c

onsi

dere

d.

The

haza

rds

of r

otat

ing

mac

hine

ry, p

inch

poi

nts,

and

cru

sh in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f veh

icle

s (in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

hei

ghts

. Con

fined

or d

ange

rous

spa

ces

shou

ld a

lso

be id

entif

ied.

Ref

er to

indi

vidu

al e

lem

ents

fo

r noi

se a

nd/o

r ele

ctric

al fo

r the

pot

entia

l of p

lant

/equ

ipm

ent t

o ca

use

nois

e, v

ibra

tion

and

elec

trica

l haz

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�Th

ere

is m

inim

al p

lant

and

/or e

quip

men

t, ho

wev

er w

hat i

s be

ing

used

is o

f im

port

ance

and

is u

nder

reas

onab

le c

ontr

ol.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Perta

inin

g to

a c

omfo

rtabl

e w

ork

envi

ronm

ent t

his

incl

udes

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c fa

cilit

ies

such

as

toile

ts a

nd c

hang

e ro

oms;

pro

visi

on o

f dr

inki

ng w

ater

; he

atin

g; c

oolin

g; r

efrig

erat

or/

mic

row

ave

for

mea

ltim

es;

and

infa

nt f

eedi

ng f

acilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re t

he n

eed

exis

ts.

Hea

t st

ress

may

als

o be

exa

cerb

ated

by

hum

idity

lev

els.

Exp

osur

e to

hea

t an

d co

ld m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

im

porta

nt

cons

ider

atio

ns fo

r out

door

wor

kers

. (S

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. The

spe

cial

nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

Ligh

ting

with

in t

he w

orkp

lace

and

exp

osur

e to

gla

re s

houl

d al

so b

e co

nsid

ered

her

e, a

s sh

ould

cl

imat

e co

ntro

l and

indo

or a

ir qu

ality

. S

mok

ing

is b

anne

d fro

m th

e w

orkp

lace

, and

ther

e ar

e de

sign

ated

, out

door

are

as w

ith g

ood

natu

ral v

entil

atio

n an

d aw

ay fr

om fi

re h

azar

ds, f

or th

ose

who

hav

e a

habi

t.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�Th

e ra

ting

in th

is a

rea

refle

cts

the

smal

l wor

kspa

ce a

vaila

ble.

Red

esig

n of

the

exis

ting

area

to im

prov

e th

e ef

ficie

ncy

of

the

curr

ent s

tora

ge s

pace

wou

ld b

e he

lpfu

l and

is s

ugge

sted

. Fur

ther

mor

e, a

ny a

ttem

pts

to p

rovi

de th

e ill

usio

n of

spa

ce

may

als

o en

hanc

e th

e ab

ility

to re

lax

whi

lst o

n a

brea

k or

dur

ing

times

whe

n “t

ime

out”

is n

eede

d.

73

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f su

pplie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is

cond

ucte

d so

tha

t an

y im

pact

s on

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed p

rior

to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; S

afe

desp

atch

ens

ures

tha

t lo

adin

g of

fin

ishe

d go

ods

does

not

res

ult

in h

arm

, in

clud

ing

any

earth

ing

requ

irem

ents

whe

re a

pplic

able

and

the

prod

uct i

s tra

nspo

rted

safe

ly. P

lans

for

deal

ing

with

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns in

tran

sit h

ave

been

dev

elop

ed, n

eces

sary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or h

andl

ing,

rece

ipt,

desp

atch

and

tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�Th

ere

is th

e po

tent

ial f

or ro

bber

y du

ring

rece

ipt/d

espa

tch.

Als

o th

ere

are

issu

es w

ith th

e sp

ace

to u

nloa

d de

liver

ies,

and

ca

rryi

ng a

wkw

ard

size

d bo

xes.

The

lay

out

and

spac

e is

sues

nee

d to

be

reco

nsid

ered

so

that

acc

ess/

egre

ss i

s no

t bl

ocke

d, b

endi

ng a

nd tw

istin

g is

min

imis

ed, h

eavy

load

s ar

e ha

ndle

d sa

fely

and

trip

haz

ards

are

not

cre

ated

.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. Oth

er

elec

trica

l haz

ards

incl

ude

elec

tric

shoc

k; s

tatic

ele

ctric

ity; s

tore

d el

ectri

cal e

nerg

y, th

e in

crea

sed

dang

ers

of h

igh

volta

ge e

quip

men

t an

d th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

park

s in

flam

mab

le/e

xplo

sive

atm

osph

eres

. Whe

re li

ve te

stin

g is

nec

essa

ry, o

nly

appr

opria

tely

tra

ined

and

qu

alifi

ed p

erso

nnel

sho

uld

do s

o.

The

risk

is t

hat

som

eone

may

be

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a f

ire/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks in

a f

lam

mab

le o

r ex

plos

ive

atm

osph

ere.

�A

reg

ular

con

trac

tor

is u

sed

and

ther

e ar

e on

ly a

sm

all n

umbe

r of

ele

ctric

al it

ems.

How

ever

, bec

ause

the

jobs

are

onl

y sm

all,

this

may

lead

to d

elay

s w

hils

t job

s ac

cum

ulat

e to

just

ify c

allin

g th

e el

ectr

icia

n in

. Thi

s ha

s in

crea

sed

the

risk

ratin

g as

the

dela

y in

crea

ses

the

expo

sure

and

may

als

o cr

eate

oth

er h

azar

ds in

the

proc

ess.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or

nois

e m

aps

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d w

here

the

pote

ntia

l for

har

m e

xist

s, fo

r exa

mpl

e if

a ra

ised

voi

ce is

nec

essa

ry

to h

ear

a co

nver

satio

n. I

n so

me

case

s ba

selin

e au

diom

etry

tes

ting

will

be

nece

ssar

y. S

peci

alis

t ad

vice

sho

uld

be s

ough

t an

d at

tem

pts

to r

emov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce. L

ocal

reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n.

Com

paris

on w

ith re

gula

tory

lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt th

e le

ngth

of e

xpos

ure

espe

cial

ly if

shi

fts lo

nger

than

8 h

ours

are

use

d.

Sou

rces

of v

ibra

tion

that

impa

ct o

n w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ea

r dr

um d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or

indu

stria

lly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

�Th

e no

ise

leve

ls a

re fa

irly

low

oth

er th

an th

e do

or b

uzze

r. Th

is m

ay b

e qu

ite a

nnoy

ing,

and

the

buzz

er s

ound

may

nee

d to

be

reco

nsid

ered

.

73

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s Al

l haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s an

d da

nger

ous

good

s (e

xplo

sive

s, p

ress

uris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

tox

ic c

hem

ical

s, a

nd

irrita

nts)

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

list

ed a

nd la

belle

d an

d a

regi

ster

kep

t con

tain

ing

all M

SD

S. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. Whe

re s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls a

re n

eces

sary

, a re

fere

nce

to c

ompl

y w

ith th

e M

SD

S is

no

ted,

and

whe

re th

is is

inad

equa

te a

ris

k as

sess

men

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

req

uire

men

ts a

re m

ade

know

n to

all

thos

e w

ho

may

be

expo

sed,

In s

ome

case

s th

is w

ill be

dep

ende

nt o

n th

e qu

antit

ies

or v

olum

es s

tore

d. S

tora

ge a

rran

gem

ents

and

inve

ntor

y of

da

nger

ous

good

s sh

ould

com

ply

with

loca

l OH

S an

d D

G le

gisl

atio

n. T

rain

ing

for

the

prec

autio

ns n

eces

sary

dur

ing

use,

han

dlin

g an

d st

orag

e sh

ould

giv

en to

thos

e at

risk

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed

by fi

re o

r exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�A

lar

ge v

arie

ty o

f so

lven

ts a

re u

sed

on s

ite a

nd t

hese

are

gen

eral

ly h

andl

ed w

ell.

How

ever

han

dlin

g of

pow

dere

d su

bsta

nces

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed a

nd a

ttent

ion

shou

ld b

e dr

awn

to h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls o

f co

nstr

uctio

n to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

.Thi

s is

wel

l con

trol

led

by th

e hi

gh le

vel o

f sta

ff ex

pert

ise

and

prof

essi

onal

ism

app

lied.

O

nly

min

or d

ocum

enta

tion

issu

es to

be

addr

esse

d.

Bio

haza

rds

Bio

logi

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

us a

gent

s, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (

incl

udin

g bl

ood)

or

othe

r so

urce

s of

pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

res

pons

e –

for

exam

ple

mou

ld o

r du

st m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

inc

lude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s,

infe

ctio

us p

eopl

e; c

onta

min

ated

foo

d; c

onta

ct w

ith a

nim

als;

rod

ents

; pl

ants

/pol

lens

; in

sect

s; m

ites;

lice

; se

wer

age;

fun

gi o

r bi

rd

drop

ping

s co

olin

g w

ater

rese

rvoi

rs a

nd a

ir co

nditi

onin

g sy

stem

s th

at m

ay c

onta

in le

gion

ella

org

anis

ms.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic re

actio

n or

dev

elop

lo

ng te

rm fl

u/as

thm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms

�C

usto

mer

s ar

e a

pote

ntia

l sou

rce

of in

fect

ion.

Glo

ves

are

only

use

d w

hen

bloo

d is

invo

lved

whe

n tr

eatin

g cu

tom

ers.

Th

is m

ore

pers

onal

app

roac

h is

par

t of

the

cus

tom

er s

ervi

ce p

rovi

ded.

D

ust

and

the

carp

et m

ay a

lso

cont

ribut

e to

bi

ohaz

ards

and

this

als

o ne

eds

to b

e co

nsid

ered

.

74

0

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rad

iatio

n S

ourc

es o

f rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd r

adio

activ

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng r

adia

tion

such

as

ultra

viol

et r

ays

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

ski

n or

eye

s; n

ear

infra

-red

rad

iatio

n af

fect

ing

the

eyes

(w

eldi

ng,

furn

aces

, m

olte

n m

etal

s);

LAS

ER

’s;

the

heat

ing

effe

ct fr

om m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne to

wer

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

freq

uenc

y ra

diat

ion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fie

ld e

xpos

ure

such

as

pow

erlin

es.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

� T

here

is m

inim

al o

utdo

or e

xpos

ure

to U

V. H

ence

the

risk

here

is lo

w.

Dis

posa

l Al

l mat

eria

ls a

nd w

aste

pro

duct

s, in

clud

ing

thei

r con

tain

ers,

sho

uld

be d

ispo

sed

of in

a m

anne

r tha

t com

plie

s w

ith lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns

and

that

doe

s no

t cau

se h

arm

eith

er th

roug

h im

med

iate

con

tact

or a

s a

resu

lt of

tran

sfer

ring

the

subs

tanc

es /

mat

eria

ls fo

r dis

posa

l or

dis

pers

al e

lsew

here

. All

thos

e in

con

tact

with

the

was

te m

ater

ials

are

aw

are

of h

azar

ds a

nd p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

to m

inim

ise

the

risks

(see

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

/ dan

gero

us g

oods

). A

lso

incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith h

ygie

ne a

nd th

e ha

ndlin

g of

sh

arps

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

�Th

ere

is a

pro

gram

for

ret

urni

ng w

aste

med

icin

es w

hich

is

unde

r go

od c

ontr

ol.

How

ever

, de

alin

g w

ith a

spi

ll in

the

ph

arm

acy

itsel

f wou

ld b

e m

ore

prob

lem

atic

, due

to th

e sm

all a

rea

and

carp

et fl

oors

.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng f

or t

he s

afe

inst

alla

tion

of n

ew b

uild

ings

or

war

ehou

ses

as w

ell

as t

he d

emol

ition

of

thes

e st

ruct

ures

to

ensu

re t

he

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce. I

nclu

ded

here

are

the

pres

ence

of a

sbes

tos

in d

emol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; the

sa

fe c

onne

ctio

n or

dis

conn

ectio

n of

ser

vice

s su

ch a

s ga

s, e

lect

ricity

, an

d te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns;

prot

ectio

n fro

m n

oise

, de

bris

or

othe

r pro

ject

iles;

and

the

poss

ibilit

y of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

are

as.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or a

s a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s.

� T

here

is a

nee

d to

kno

w w

heth

er t

here

any

asb

esto

s ha

s be

en u

sed

in t

he c

onst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

l. C

apita

l pro

visi

ons

may

be

nece

ssar

y in

this

are

a fo

r saf

e de

mol

ition

of o

lder

bui

ldin

gs in

the

futu

re. T

here

is n

o cu

rren

t act

ivity

in th

is a

rea.

74

1

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of

equi

pmen

t es

sent

ial

for

safe

ope

ratio

n is

pla

nned

and

crit

ical

spa

res

are

read

ily a

vaila

ble

to k

eep

prod

uctio

n ru

nnin

g w

ithou

t com

prom

isin

g sa

fety

. Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at a

re

qual

ified

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

�O

ngoi

ng m

aint

enan

ce c

ould

be

hand

led

in a

tim

elie

r man

ner-

cas

h flo

w c

onsi

dera

tions

may

be

exac

erba

ting

the

issu

es.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to

exis

ting

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t ar

e ca

refu

lly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct t

hat

this

may

hav

e on

ex

istin

g us

ers

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed.

Mod

ifica

tions

may

be

min

or o

r m

ajor

, an

d sh

ould

be

peer

rev

iew

ed b

y ot

hers

with

the

ap

prop

riate

ski

lls a

nd k

now

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed

befo

re th

e pr

ojec

t is

hand

ed o

ver t

o th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

mod

ifica

tions

res

ult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

ful

l im

pact

of

the

chan

ges

was

not

tho

ught

thr

ough

prio

r to

im

plem

enta

tion.

�Er

gono

mic

con

side

ratio

ns n

eed

to b

e fa

ctor

ed in

from

the

star

t, an

d al

l end

use

rs s

houl

d be

invo

lved

.

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

con

tact

hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r ot

herw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

pla

ce t

o re

duce

th

reat

s of

bod

ily h

arm

. Pro

visi

ons

exis

t for

rem

ovin

g un

auth

oris

ed p

erso

ns o

r unw

elco

me

visi

tors

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�K

ey a

reas

of

conc

ern

have

bee

n id

entif

ied

such

as

arm

ed r

obbe

ry, f

ire a

nd g

ener

al a

ccid

ents

incl

udin

g ne

edle

stic

k in

jurie

s Th

is

area

is

cu

rren

tly

unde

r im

prov

emen

t an

d a

rece

nt

evac

uatio

n dr

ill

was

co

nduc

ted.

H

owev

er,

the

docu

men

tatio

n ne

eds

to b

e in

pla

ce, a

nd a

sys

tem

atic

mea

ns o

f upd

atin

g is

req

uire

d. F

orm

al d

ebrie

fs a

fter

drill

s sh

ould

al

so b

e co

nduc

ted

so le

sson

s fr

om e

vacu

atio

n ex

erci

ses

are

capt

ured

, and

tech

niqu

es im

prov

ed. H

owev

er, t

here

are

no

dure

ss s

witc

hes

or C

TV a

nd n

o sm

oke

dete

ctor

s. Q

uick

egr

ess

from

the

site

and

add

ition

al s

ecur

ity m

easu

res

shou

ld

rece

ive

furt

her c

onsi

dera

tion.

74

2

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal

with

situ

atio

ns s

uch

as f

ire,

natu

ral

disa

ster

s, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. Not

onl

y sh

ould

thes

e po

tent

ial s

ituat

ions

be

iden

tifie

d, b

ut th

e re

quire

d ac

tions

doc

umen

ted

and

prac

ticed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

Deb

riefin

g se

ssio

ns a

re h

eld

afte

r the

dril

ls to

id

entif

y ar

eas

in n

eed

of im

prov

emen

t. E

mer

genc

y eq

uipm

ent s

uch

as fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

are

reg

ular

ly c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d in

go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

.

The

risk

is t

hat

in t

he e

vent

of

an e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

peop

le w

ill b

e un

able

to

evac

uate

saf

ely

whi

ch m

ay l

ead

to in

crea

sed

casu

altie

s, p

anic

and

trau

ma.

� E

mer

genc

y dr

ills

invo

lvin

g al

l sta

ff ar

e ur

gent

ly n

eede

d in

this

are

a. U

pdat

ing

of e

mer

genc

y co

ntac

t inf

orm

atio

n is

als

o re

quire

d as

a m

atte

r of p

riorit

y.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. Wal

kway

s sh

ould

not

be

bloc

ked.

Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up im

med

iate

ly.

Fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs s

houl

d be

che

cked

and

mai

ntai

ned.

Hos

es s

houl

d be

ret

urne

d an

d em

pty

cont

aine

rs a

nd p

alle

ts s

tore

d in

app

ropr

iate

loca

tions

. Unw

ante

d m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be s

orte

d an

d pu

t int

o st

orag

e or

dis

pose

d of

. Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. Spi

llage

s sh

ould

be

clea

ned

up im

med

iate

ly.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

ere

wer

e nu

mer

ous

boxe

s to

be

unpa

cked

dur

ing

the

time

of t

he a

sses

smen

ts,

and

thes

e to

ok u

p a

sign

ifica

nt

amou

nt o

f th

e lim

ited

spac

e av

aila

ble.

Thi

s ne

eds

to b

e ad

dres

sed

on a

n on

goin

g ba

sis

so t

horo

ughf

ares

are

not

re

stric

ted.

The

re is

som

e ac

cum

ulat

ion

tow

ards

the

back

of t

he s

ite, b

ut th

e pr

oduc

tion

area

is k

ept v

ery

wel

l.

Insp

ectio

ns/M

onito

ring

P

roce

sses

sho

uld

be m

onito

red

and

insp

ecte

d re

gula

rly to

ens

ure

that

equ

ipm

ent a

nd fa

cilit

ies

are

bein

g us

ed a

nd a

pplie

d in

the

man

ner

that

was

inte

nded

and

for

whi

ch s

afet

y pr

ovis

ions

hav

e be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d im

plem

ente

d. T

he p

roce

sses

are

mon

itore

d to

ens

ure

that

they

are

ope

ratin

g w

ithin

saf

e lim

its. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent

is u

sed

inap

prop

riate

ly le

adin

g to

dam

age

to p

rope

rty, l

oss

of p

rodu

ctio

n or

oth

er u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

.

�Th

ere

regu

lar

test

s on

the

ref

riger

ator

tem

pera

ture

. Sc

ripts

are

che

cked

on

an o

ngoi

ng b

asis

. Th

ese

proc

edur

es a

re

rout

ine

and

wel

l exe

cute

d, b

ut a

re s

till b

e su

scep

tible

to h

uman

err

or.

74

3

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

perio

dic

revi

ew is

con

duct

ed th

at c

ompa

res

the

curre

nt s

ituat

ion

agai

nst a

bas

elin

e as

sess

men

t to

indi

cate

whe

ther

stra

tegi

es

impl

emen

ted

for

risk

redu

ctio

n ha

ve b

een

effe

ctiv

e or

oth

erw

ise,

and

whe

ther

the

re h

ave

been

any

cha

nges

to

plan

t, th

e or

gani

satio

n or

legi

slat

ion

that

may

impa

ct o

n th

e ris

k pr

esen

ted

by th

e op

erat

ion.

Any

adv

erse

find

ings

are

dea

lt w

ith.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

�Th

is i

s an

are

a fo

r co

nsid

erat

ion

in l

ight

of

upco

min

g ch

ange

s in

leg

isla

tion

requ

iring

the

elim

inat

ion

of c

erta

in

ingr

edie

nts

and

chan

ges

in h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ces

regu

latio

ns. D

etai

ls o

f ac

tions

aris

ing

from

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

rev

iew

s w

ould

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

74

4

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ Ant

i-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith re

spec

t and

dig

nity

. The

re is

zer

o to

lera

nce

tow

ards

bu

llyin

g an

d di

vers

ity is

acc

epte

d in

the

wor

kpla

ce. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

that

the

inte

ntio

n of

thes

e po

licie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t, as

wel

l as

edu

catin

g m

anag

emen

t on

the

for

ms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pro

visi

on

of

reso

urce

s;

spre

adin

g m

alic

ious

go

ssip

; so

cial

ex

clus

ion;

hi

ding

be

long

ings

; ro

le

ambi

guity

; an

d ca

reer

st

agna

tion

or

unce

rtain

ty.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m. T

his

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er r

isk

of p

hysi

cal h

arm

by

affe

ctin

g th

eir p

erfo

rman

ce o

r jud

gem

ent o

r put

ting

them

at r

isk

of w

orkp

lace

vio

lenc

e.

� T

o th

e sm

alle

r na

ture

of

the

oper

atio

n an

d th

e at

titud

e of

man

agem

ent,

this

doe

s no

t po

se a

sig

nific

ant

conc

ern.

H

owev

er, e

nsur

ing

thes

e sa

me

attit

udes

are

ref

lect

ed b

y pe

rson

nel i

s a

poin

t th

at c

ould

be

prom

oted

A v

ery

good

ant

-di

scrim

inat

ion/

ant

i-har

assm

ent

polic

y ex

ists

whi

ch h

as b

een

wel

l co

mm

unic

ated

and

the

re i

s ev

iden

ce t

hat

the

sent

imen

ts a

re p

ract

ised

.

Acc

omm

odat

ing

Div

ersi

ty

The

wor

kpla

ce p

rom

otes

an

acce

ptan

ce o

f div

ersi

ty. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r th

eir

safe

eva

cuat

ion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nu

rsin

g m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

ca

re n

ot t

o pl

ace

such

em

ploy

ees

into

situ

atio

ns w

here

the

y ar

e at

inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or

othe

r m

eans

of

com

mun

icat

ion

are

avai

labl

e fo

r tho

se th

at h

ave

lang

uage

bar

riers

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�W

hils

t En

glis

h an

d la

ngua

ge p

robl

ems

are

not

so m

uch

of a

n is

sue,

spe

cific

ris

ks r

elat

ed t

o yo

unge

r w

orke

rs c

ould

re

ceiv

e gr

eate

r atte

ntio

n.

74

5

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(fo

r ex

ampl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). An

y pr

e-ex

istin

g co

nditi

ons

that

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Th

is i

s ha

ndle

d w

ell

on a

n in

form

al b

asis

, es

sent

ially

rel

ying

on

pers

onal

rec

omm

enda

tions

or

thro

ugh

wor

k ex

perie

nce.

Doc

umen

tatio

n he

re w

ould

ass

ist m

ainl

y to

iden

tify

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns a

nd h

elp

min

imis

e th

e po

tent

ial f

or

litig

atio

n or

cla

ims.

Indu

ctio

ns-

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

Al

l vis

itors

and

con

tract

ors

to th

e w

orkp

lace

are

mad

e aw

are

of a

ny h

azar

ds th

at th

ey a

re li

kely

to e

ncou

nter

and

und

erst

and

how

to

take

the

nece

ssar

y pr

ecau

tions

to a

void

any

adv

erse

effe

cts.

Info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f the

ir pr

esen

ce a

t the

wor

kpla

ce

is re

cord

ed to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to a

ccep

tanc

e of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. Als

o, s

peci

fic c

onta

cts/

host

s ar

e de

sign

ated

to e

nsur

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�H

ere,

con

trac

tors

nee

d to

ens

ure

that

any

wor

k ca

rrie

d ou

t doe

s no

t end

ange

r th

e pu

blic

. Thi

s m

ay b

e di

fficu

lt du

e to

th

e sp

ace

limita

tions

. Vis

itors

als

o ne

ed t

o be

aw

are

of r

estr

icte

d ar

eas

and

not

to h

andl

e an

y m

edic

atio

ns w

ithou

t the

ph

arm

acis

t’s k

now

ledg

e. T

his

area

has

bee

n ad

dres

sed

info

rmal

ly b

ut w

ould

ben

efit

from

a m

ore

form

al a

ppro

ach.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

a nu

mbe

r of s

impl

e ad

ditio

ns to

the

curr

ent m

etho

ds, a

nd s

ome

prin

ted

book

wor

k/

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tr

aini

ng n

eeds

ana

lysi

s ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

th

eir

role

s sa

fely

and

com

pete

ntly

. A

rran

gem

ents

are

in p

lace

to

addr

ess

any

gaps

tha

t m

ay e

xist

. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs

affe

cted

hav

e be

en m

ade

awar

e of

loc

al p

roce

dure

s an

d pr

otoc

ols.

Ref

resh

er t

rain

ing

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te i

nter

vals

to

mai

ntai

n sk

ills a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng p

rote

ctio

n fro

m w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

. Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

. A

ll pe

rson

s co

nduc

ting

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so.

Trai

ning

rec

ords

are

mai

ntai

ned.

E

vide

nce

of c

ompe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

� In

duct

ions

for s

taff

are

hand

led

very

wel

l; tr

aini

ng a

nd s

kills

dev

elop

men

t is

unde

rtak

en w

ith g

reat

car

e.

74

6

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Org

anis

atio

n -F

atig

ue

The

indi

vidu

al a

rran

gem

ent

of jo

b ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te t

he r

ole

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

to

ensu

re t

hat

the

wor

k lo

ad d

oes

not

indu

ce u

nnec

essa

ry m

anua

l ha

ndlin

g, o

veru

se,

undu

e fa

tigue

or

stre

ss,

and

the

requ

ired

leve

l of

vig

ilanc

e is

abl

e to

be

mai

ntai

ned

over

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pau

ses

or o

ther

rot

atio

n of

dut

ies

have

bee

n in

trodu

ced

whe

re fa

tigue

indu

cing

co

nditi

ons

have

bee

n id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

will

pre

disp

ose

empl

oyee

s to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�Fa

tigue

due

to

stan

ding

for

long

hou

rs is

a m

atte

r fo

r gr

eate

r co

nsid

erat

ion.

The

re is

als

o th

e st

ress

of

deal

ing

with

cu

stom

ers

who

are

ofte

n in

nee

d of

info

rmal

cou

nsel

ling.

Del

egat

ion

of m

ore

dutie

s m

ay n

eed

to b

e co

nsid

ered

as

wel

l as

oth

er m

eans

of u

nwin

ding

on

a re

gula

r bas

is.

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s

Per

sona

l ski

lls, p

erso

nalit

y, fa

mily

arr

ange

men

ts, c

over

age

of c

ritic

al a

bsen

ces,

reso

urci

ng le

vels

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

som

e co

ntro

l ove

r w

ork

load

are

fac

tore

d in

to o

ngoi

ng w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

so

as n

ot t

o in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

by

that

par

ticul

ar e

mpl

oyee

as

stre

ssfu

l. P

lans

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r de

alin

g w

ith e

xces

sive

em

ails

and

unw

elco

me

cont

acts

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts, a

nd is

una

ble

to p

erfo

rm c

ompe

tent

ly

or s

afel

y du

e to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

� D

ue t

o th

e sm

all n

atur

e of

the

busi

ness

and

the

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

falli

ng m

ainl

y on

the

ow

ner,

stre

ss a

war

enes

s is

an

impo

rtan

t iss

ue. S

ourc

es o

f str

ess

need

to b

e ex

amin

ed a

nd c

urre

nt c

opin

g m

echa

nism

s re

cons

ider

ed.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir

oblig

atio

ns. W

here

a d

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n w

ork

expe

ctat

ions

and

abi

lity

to fu

lfil t

hese

exi

st,

chan

nels

sho

uld

be a

vaila

ble

to e

nabl

e fa

ir an

d eq

uita

ble

nego

tiatio

n on

beh

alf

of b

oth

parti

es.

Skill

s an

d au

thor

ity le

vels

are

co

mm

ensu

rate

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill no

t hav

e th

e di

rect

ion,

ski

lls o

r au

thor

ity n

eces

sary

to c

ondu

ct th

eir

role

com

pete

ntly

, effe

ctiv

ely

and

safe

ly

�So

me

job

desc

riptio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

for

oper

atin

g st

aff,

but n

ot fo

r ke

y m

anag

emen

t sta

ff. .

Furt

her

docu

men

tatio

n in

th

is a

rea

to c

aptu

re k

ey r

equi

rem

ents

wou

ld D

ocum

enta

tion

of j

ob d

escr

iptio

ns f

or m

ore

seni

or s

taff

may

hel

p w

ith

dele

gatio

n of

dut

ies

and

mor

e ef

fect

ive

time

man

agem

ent.

74

7

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly r

einf

orce

d an

d un

safe

beh

avio

urs

disc

oura

ged.

Thi

s m

ay ta

ke th

e fo

rm o

f inf

orm

al

insp

ectio

ns,

unsa

fe a

ct o

r ob

serv

atio

n pr

ogra

ms,

fol

low

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or

dis

cree

t. E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns th

at

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r po

sitiv

e re

info

rcem

ent o

f saf

e be

havi

ours

, con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

use

of v

aria

ble,

unp

redi

ctab

le r

ewar

d sc

hedu

les

so th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed. R

ewar

ds m

ay in

clud

e pr

aise

, rec

ogni

tion

or in

crea

sed

stat

us.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�A

naly

sis

of u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts c

ould

be

expl

ored

, es

peci

ally

with

reg

ards

to

stac

king

she

lves

and

unp

acki

ng

deliv

erie

s.

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s w

ill su

ffer

poor

hea

lth o

r a

low

ered

sta

te o

f w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em t

o in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

�In

form

atio

n to

pro

mot

e he

alth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es, d

iet a

nd im

prov

e ge

nera

l wel

l-bei

ng w

ould

be

of a

ssis

tanc

e he

re d

ue

to th

e nu

mbe

r ch

emic

als

in u

se w

ith h

ealth

effe

cts

that

are

stil

l und

er s

pecu

latio

n. W

hils

t hea

lth p

rom

otio

n is

par

t of t

he

busi

ness

func

tion,

it is

app

lied

to c

usto

mer

s ra

ther

than

to th

e st

aff t

hem

selv

es.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r ne

twor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist

perfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re t

here

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r ro

le a

nd p

rovi

de o

ngoi

ng s

uppo

rt. P

ursu

it of

hig

her

orde

r sk

ills a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

�Th

ere

is a

reas

onab

le d

egre

e of

net

wor

king

and

dev

elop

men

t of s

taff.

74

8

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or

is n

otic

eabl

e by

oth

er c

olle

ague

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

ere

is a

n un

ders

tand

ing

and

com

pass

iona

te e

nviro

nmen

t pr

ovid

ed b

y th

e ow

ner,

and

this

wou

ld n

ot b

e an

issu

e w

hils

t the

ow

ner i

s pr

esen

t.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

othe

r em

otio

nal p

robl

ems

may

acc

ess

help

in a

con

fiden

tial e

nviro

nmen

t and

rec

eive

the

nece

ssar

y su

ppor

t to

ena

ble

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

ere

are

a go

od n

umbe

r of

con

tact

s av

aila

ble

and

the

owne

r is

ver

y ap

proa

chab

le a

nd u

nder

stan

ding

whe

n it

com

es

to h

andl

ing

any

staf

f mat

ters

. How

ever

, ide

ntify

ing

som

eone

to s

uppo

rt th

e se

nior

sta

ff is

als

o im

port

ant.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns t

o m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corre

ctly

. The

po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r ha

zard

s by

the

app

licat

ion

of t

he P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

su

ch im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE

sel

ecte

d w

ill n

ot p

rovi

de th

e pr

otec

tion

expe

cted

(be

caus

e of

poo

r se

lect

ion,

poo

r tra

inin

g, p

oor

fit o

r po

or

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

� G

love

s ar

e us

ed f

or b

iolo

gica

l haz

ards

as

wel

l as

for

was

hing

up.

Con

side

ratio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

stip

ulat

ion

on

corr

ect f

ootw

ear.

74

9

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent

quan

titie

s of

firs

t aid

mat

eria

ls. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cur

rent

and

firs

t aid

sto

cks

regu

larly

rep

leni

shed

. A r

egis

ter

of w

orkp

lace

in

jurie

s is

kep

t tha

t mee

ts lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

adve

rse

effe

cts

and

traum

a as

soci

ated

with

inju

ries

and

poor

inju

ry m

anag

emen

t w

ill b

e gr

eate

r an

d ta

ke

long

er ti

me

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be

brea

ched

.

�Th

is a

rea

coul

d be

nefit

fro

m m

ore

deta

iled

repo

rtin

g to

cap

ture

mor

e in

form

atio

n, a

lthou

gh e

ssen

tial

crite

ria a

re

cove

red.

A F

irst A

id k

it is

ava

ilabl

e an

d th

e ow

ner

is F

irst A

id tr

aine

d. A

lthou

gh n

ot a

reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ent d

ue to

the

smal

l num

bers

of s

taff,

it w

ould

be

usef

ul is

ther

e w

as s

omeo

ne w

ho w

as F

irst A

id tr

aine

d al

way

s on

dut

y..

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n Pr

ovis

ions

are

mad

e to

com

pens

ate

inju

red

wor

kers

for

los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Assi

stan

ce i

s pr

ovid

ed f

or

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to

offe

r m

eani

ngfu

l em

ploy

men

t w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to

the

follo

win

g hi

erar

chy

– sa

me

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; m

odifi

ed j

ob/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; di

ffere

nt p

ositi

on s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

sim

ilar

or m

odifi

ed p

ositi

on/

diffe

rent

wor

kpla

ce;

diffe

rent

po

sitio

n/ d

iffer

ent w

orkp

lace

. A r

etur

n to

wor

k co

-ord

inat

or h

as b

een

appo

inte

d ei

ther

inte

rnal

ly o

r ex

tern

ally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S

regu

latio

ns. A

ll pa

rties

are

kep

t inf

orm

ed o

f pro

gres

s an

d de

velo

pmen

ts. S

yste

ms

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at in

jure

d w

orke

rs a

re

not r

etur

ned

to th

e un

alte

red

wor

kpla

ce th

at in

jure

d th

em.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill be

exa

cerb

ated

, tha

t tim

e aw

ay fr

om th

e w

orkp

lace

will

be in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psyc

holo

gica

l effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

�Th

is a

rea

need

s to

be

deve

lope

d so

tha

t sh

ould

a r

ehab

ilita

tion

case

aris

e, t

he s

yste

ms

will

alre

ady

be in

pla

ce a

nd

rela

tions

hips

with

off-

site

exp

ertis

e ha

ve a

lread

y be

en e

stab

lishe

d so

the

proc

ess

goes

sm

ooth

ly. W

hils

t the

re h

as b

een

no n

eed

to d

ate

for

clai

ms

or in

jury

man

agem

ent,

cont

inge

ncy

plan

s sh

ould

be

put i

n pl

ace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll du

e ca

re

may

be

exer

cise

d sh

ould

the

need

aris

e.

75

0

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t m

edic

als

have

bee

n un

derta

ken

to p

rovi

de b

asel

ine

info

rmat

ion

on t

he e

mpl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of

heal

th.

Exa

min

atio

ns m

ay i

nclu

de l

ung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or

urin

e sa

mpl

es f

or b

iolo

gica

l m

onito

ring,

che

st x

-ray

s an

d au

diom

etric

te

stin

g. W

here

kno

wn

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

are

pre

sent

in th

e w

orkp

lace

, thi

s su

rvei

llanc

e m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

com

plia

nce

with

lo

cal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is

cond

ucte

d fro

m w

hich

the

hea

lth o

f w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed t

o sp

ecifi

c ris

ks c

an b

e m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l stra

tegi

es m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill be

end

ange

red,

a b

asel

ine

for

clai

ms

purp

oses

will

not

exi

st

and

that

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

may

be

brea

ched

.

�Th

is is

an

area

that

sho

uld

rece

ive

spec

ialis

t inp

ut. D

ocum

enta

tion

is r

equi

red

here

to a

ssur

e le

gisl

ativ

e re

quire

men

ts

are

met

and

als

o to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t th

e or

gani

satio

n ha

s un

dert

aken

its

duty

of

care

. For

mal

hea

lth s

urve

illan

ce f

or

expo

sure

to h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ces

is n

ot a

n is

sue,

how

ever

, inf

orm

al s

urve

illan

ce fo

r th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

ubst

ance

abu

se

and

the

pote

ntia

l dev

elop

men

t of e

rgon

omic

com

plai

nts

shou

ld n

ot b

e di

scou

nted

.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Per

form

ance

app

rais

als

incl

ude

crite

ria fo

r saf

e w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd th

e di

spla

y of

saf

e w

orki

ng a

ttitu

de.

OH

S r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith t

he le

vel o

f re

spon

sibi

lity

and

auth

ority

bes

tow

ed.

Set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

desi

rabl

e O

HS

wor

k be

havi

ours

and

atti

tude

s w

ill no

t be

rei

nfor

ced,

and

tha

t in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

ac

tions

may

be

enco

urag

ed w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s be

lievi

ng th

at s

uch

beha

viou

r or a

ctio

ns a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

�Th

is n

eeds

to b

e ex

tend

ed to

incl

ude

staf

f oth

er th

an S

ales

. Per

form

ance

rev

iew

s sh

ould

ens

ure

that

OH

S is

sues

are

no

t em

bedd

ed in

to th

e as

sess

men

t, an

d th

ere

are

clea

r con

sequ

ence

s fo

r und

esira

ble

OH

S at

titud

es o

r pra

ctic

es.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s Fe

edba

ck m

ay t

ake

the

form

of

sugg

estio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

an

d/or

per

ceiv

ed e

ffect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to

enco

urag

e pa

rtici

patio

n in

fee

dbac

k ac

tiviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

� O

ppor

tuni

ties

to c

omm

unic

ate

with

sta

ff ar

e fa

cilit

ated

by

the

smal

l si

ze o

f th

e bu

sine

ss.

How

ever

, th

e la

rge

age

diffe

rent

ial b

etw

een

seni

or a

nd ju

nior

sta

ff m

ay d

isco

urag

e th

e yo

unge

r ass

ista

nts

from

spe

akin

g up

.

75

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Per

form

ance

app

rais

als

incl

ude

crite

ria fo

r saf

e w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd th

e di

spla

y of

saf

e w

orki

ng a

ttitu

de.

OH

S r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith t

he le

vel o

f re

spon

sibi

lity

and

auth

ority

bes

tow

ed.

Empl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is t

hat

desi

rabl

e O

HS

wor

k be

havi

ours

and

atti

tude

s w

ill no

t be

rei

nfor

ced,

and

tha

t in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

ac

tions

may

be

enco

urag

ed w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s be

lievi

ng th

at s

uch

beha

viou

r or a

ctio

ns a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

�Th

is e

lem

ent m

ay b

ecom

e m

ore

impo

rtan

t as

the

busi

ness

exp

ands

and

oth

er p

harm

acis

ts b

ecom

e m

ore

invo

lved

in

ongo

ing

man

agem

ent a

ctiv

ities

.

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Pers

onne

l tu

rn o

ver

rate

s ar

e re

view

ed t

o un

cove

r th

e ro

ot c

ause

for

any

abn

orm

ally

hig

h le

vels

, su

ch a

s pr

oble

ms

with

le

ader

ship

, per

sona

lity

conf

licts

, exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

Succ

essi

on

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o pr

ovid

e a

safe

and

suf

ficie

nt l

evel

of

expe

rienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f sa

fe w

orki

ng

arra

ngem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

� W

hils

t th

ere

is a

ver

y lo

w t

urn

over

rat

e, r

easo

ns f

or a

ny s

taff

depa

rtur

es s

houl

d be

exa

min

ed a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

to

addr

ess

any

issu

es c

onsi

dere

d.

75

2

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Polic

y A

n O

HS

pol

icy

is i

n pl

ace

that

con

veys

man

agem

ent’s

int

entio

n an

d at

titud

e to

war

ds s

afet

y. I

t is

one

exp

ress

ion

of

man

agem

ent’s

will

whi

ch m

ay b

e us

ed to

mot

ivat

e al

l em

ploy

ees

to b

ehav

e in

a c

erta

in w

ay a

nd u

phol

d ce

rtain

atti

tude

s. T

he

cred

ibilit

y of

the

polic

y is

witn

esse

d by

the

cons

iste

ncy

of m

anag

emen

t’s a

ctio

ns a

nd re

spon

ses

to d

aily

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

�G

ener

ally

, the

atti

tude

by

man

agem

ent

is w

itnes

sed

by t

heir

will

ingn

ess

to a

ddre

ss s

afet

y is

sues

and

the

ir ob

viou

s in

tent

ion

to ta

ke c

are

of th

eir

staf

f. T

here

is a

n O

HS

polic

y w

hich

is c

omm

unic

ated

, wel

l writ

ten

and

the

inte

ntio

ns a

re

follo

wed

.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

�Th

e se

tting

of a

sm

all n

umbe

r of g

oals

wou

ld h

elp

focu

s at

tent

ion

on d

esire

d im

prov

emen

ts.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly. T

he a

ccou

ntab

ility

sho

uld

be c

omm

ensu

rate

with

the

auth

ority

of

the

posi

tion,

and

sha

ring

of a

ccou

ntab

ilitie

s av

oide

d to

pre

vent

resp

onsi

bilit

y fro

m b

eing

diff

used

.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

�Th

is w

as n

ot a

n is

sue

at t

his

oper

atio

n as

The

ow

ner

take

s fu

ll re

spon

sibi

lity

for

OH

S m

atte

rs, h

owev

er w

hen

the

owne

r is

not

the

re,

it is

im

port

ant

that

tho

se c

over

ing

the

owne

r’s a

bsen

ce a

lso

acce

pt t

his

func

tion.

Oth

er s

taff

mem

bers

als

o ne

ed to

und

erst

and

thei

r rol

e an

d re

spon

sibi

litie

s in

all

OH

S is

sues

, com

men

sura

te w

ith th

eir a

utho

rity.

75

3

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

. �

Are

as o

f non

-com

plia

nce

need

to b

e id

entif

ied

and

an a

ctio

n pl

an a

ssem

bled

to d

emon

stra

te d

ue d

ilige

nce.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Suf

ficie

nt re

sour

ces

have

bee

n al

loca

ted

to O

HS

issu

es to

dem

onst

rate

that

com

mitm

ent i

s re

al a

nd g

oals

are

ach

ieva

ble.

Fun

ds

are

prot

ecte

d fro

m “r

eallo

catio

n”. T

ime

is a

vaila

ble

and

suffi

cien

t to

addr

ess

OH

S is

sues

, and

has

bee

n bu

dget

ed fo

r in

proj

ects

an

d te

nder

s.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

�Pr

iorit

ies

for

OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

reco

nsid

ered

. Pl

anni

ng f

or b

udge

ts t

o ad

dres

s th

ese

item

s sh

ould

be

docu

men

ted.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

Are

as o

f con

trol a

nd r

espo

nsib

ility

ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to e

xpan

ding

the

pool

of t

rust

ed c

ontr

acto

rs.

75

4

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l new

pla

nt, e

quip

men

t, m

ater

ials

, and

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

purc

hase

d w

ith O

HS

crite

ria ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls a

re r

evie

wed

prio

r to

pur

chas

e (s

ee H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

and

Dan

gero

us G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

incl

uded

in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

Saf

ety

inst

ruct

ions

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g on

new

equ

ipm

ent,

plan

t or s

ervi

ces

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re

nece

ssar

y fo

r sa

fe o

pera

tion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r sp

ecia

list

expe

rtise

has

bee

n ac

quire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

insu

ffici

ent

or

unav

aila

ble.

The

re i

s cl

ear

delin

eatio

n of

the

poi

nt w

here

new

equ

ipm

ent

or s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n ac

cept

ed a

nd O

HS

issu

es

reso

lved

.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill b

e th

e ca

use

of O

HS

prob

lem

s an

d th

at it

can

be

very

exp

ensi

ve

to re

ctify

the

OH

S is

sues

retro

spec

tivel

y.

� A

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h to

cov

er p

oten

tial l

iabi

lity

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

A c

omm

onse

nse

appr

oach

is u

sed,

ho

wev

er a

mor

e fo

rmal

ised

app

roac

h m

ay h

elp

focu

s at

tent

ion

of e

rgon

omic

con

side

ratio

ns.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. All

serv

ices

are

sup

plie

d in

suc

h a

way

that

saf

ety

has

been

con

side

red

and

mee

ts o

rgan

isat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S du

ties.

�Th

is is

han

dled

ext

rem

ely

wel

l with

resp

ect t

o pr

oduc

ts d

ispe

nsed

and

mer

chan

dise

sol

d.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re k

ept i

n a

safe

and

sec

ure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or f

ire. T

he d

urat

ion

for w

hich

th

e re

cord

s ar

e ke

pt i

s in

acc

orda

nce

with

loc

al O

HS

reg

ulat

ions

and

the

con

fiden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds i

s en

forc

ed a

nd

resp

ecte

d. R

egul

ar b

ack

ups

of e

lect

roni

c da

ta a

re m

ade

whe

re th

eir

loss

wou

ld h

ave

an im

pact

upo

n th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f em

ploy

ees.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

�A

ctio

n to

impr

ove

reco

rd c

olle

ctio

n sy

stem

s w

ould

impr

ove

the

resu

lts in

this

are

a.

75

5

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Com

mun

icat

ion

C

omm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

to fa

cilit

ate

the

effic

ient

flow

of i

nfor

mat

ion

to p

erfo

rm w

orkp

lace

dut

ies

in a

man

ner t

hat i

s sa

fe a

nd d

oes

not

indu

ce s

tress

. Th

is m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

�Th

is r

esul

t w

as f

acili

tate

d by

the

sm

all n

atur

e of

the

ope

ratio

n an

d th

e “h

ands

on”

app

roac

h of

The

sm

all b

usin

ess

size

faci

litat

es e

ase

of c

omm

unic

atio

n w

ithin

the

stor

e. H

and-

over

info

rmat

ion

betw

een

phar

mac

ists

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed.

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

res

pect

to c

hang

es th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r he

alth

, saf

ety

or w

ell-b

eing

. Loc

al

OH

S re

gula

tions

on

the

form

atio

n of

saf

ety

com

mitt

ees

are

obse

rved

, and

the

com

mitt

ee c

hairp

erso

n ha

s un

derg

one

appr

opria

te

train

ing

to f

ulfil

the

ir ta

sks

and

dutie

s. M

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a re

gula

r ba

sis

with

par

ticip

atio

n of

a m

anag

emen

t re

pres

enta

tive

with

suf

ficie

nt a

utho

rity

to ta

ke a

ctio

n on

item

s id

entif

ied

as b

eing

in n

eed

of c

orre

ctiv

e ac

tion.

The

min

utes

of t

he

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e ac

cess

ible

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly t

ook

plac

e, w

ere

not

upda

ted

abou

t ex

istin

g O

HS

issu

es, o

r be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unifo

rmed

abo

ut O

HS

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to th

eir e

mpl

oym

ent.

�Th

is ra

ting

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

grea

ter c

onsi

dera

tion

of th

e pe

rspe

ctiv

e of

the

juni

or s

taff.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

�Th

is a

rea

is h

andl

ed e

xtre

mel

y w

ell.

Ther

e is

a h

igh

leve

l of

expe

rienc

e am

ongs

t lin

e m

anag

ers;

how

ever

thi

s re

sult

coul

d ch

ange

if th

ere

wer

e lo

sses

of k

ey s

taff

mem

bers

.

75

6

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

.S

uffic

ient

pro

cedu

res

are

in p

lace

to e

nabl

e du

ties

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to d

ocum

ent p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

to

perfo

rm th

e jo

b sa

fely

. Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs to

use

thei

r jud

gem

ent a

nd e

xper

ienc

e as

nec

essa

ry, f

or e

xam

ple

whe

re to

o st

ringe

nt

or re

stric

tive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns. T

he p

roce

dure

s sh

ould

be

regu

larly

revi

ewed

to in

corp

orat

e im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e, a

nd th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce

asse

ssed

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

� P

roce

dure

s ar

e av

aila

ble

whe

re n

eces

sary

and

are

use

r frie

ndly

. Mos

t of t

he in

form

atio

n is

dis

sem

inat

ed v

erba

lly.

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce. A

sys

tem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rec

eive

d so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rren

t.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or i

ncom

plet

e in

form

atio

n is

use

d fo

r act

ioni

ng O

HS

issu

es, s

o in

appr

opria

te a

ctio

ns o

r ill-

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

� C

onsi

der

usin

g a

legi

slat

ive

aler

t sy

stem

or

othe

r m

eans

of

bein

g in

tou

ch w

ith t

he la

test

reg

ulat

ions

. Thi

s sh

ould

in

clud

e am

endm

ents

to

the

Phar

mac

y A

ct 1

964,

Priv

acy

and

Pers

onal

Inf

orm

atio

n Pr

otec

tion

Act

199

, H

eath

Car

e Li

abili

ty A

ct 2

001,

Pha

rmac

y Pr

actic

e A

ct 2

006

as w

ell a

s re

leva

nt s

tate

OH

S re

gula

tions

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e. A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se. A

ny

obso

lete

info

rmat

ion

that

is k

ept f

or a

rchi

val p

urpo

ses

is c

lear

ly id

entif

iabl

e as

bei

ng s

uper

sede

d. T

rain

ing

on u

pdat

ed m

etho

ds

and

proc

edur

es is

pro

vide

d w

here

the

chan

ges

are

cons

ider

ed to

be

sign

ifica

nt.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

� O

nce

a ce

ntra

l tra

ckin

g sy

stem

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d, u

pdat

ing

of p

roce

dure

s w

ill b

e ea

sier

to m

anag

e. E

nsur

e th

at

ther

e is

a m

eans

of i

dent

ifyin

g th

e da

te o

f iss

ue o

n al

l inf

orm

atio

n di

spla

yed

and

set r

egul

ar ti

me

fram

es fo

r rev

isio

n.

75

7

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

The

dur

atio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r lo

ss w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty

and

heal

th o

f em

ploy

ees

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

� C

onsi

dera

tion

need

s to

be

give

n to

the

am

ount

of

info

rmat

ion

that

cou

ld b

e lo

st in

bet

wee

n ba

ck-u

ps a

nd w

heth

er

the

num

ber o

f bac

k up

s is

suf

ficie

nt.

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

docu

men

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

� T

he o

rgan

isat

ion

is v

ery

cust

omer

orie

nted

and

this

is h

andl

ed w

ell.

Cus

tom

er s

ervi

ce is

han

dled

ext

rem

ely

wel

l.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to c

aptu

re in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to a

void

sim

ilar i

ncid

ents

from

recu

rrin

g in

the

futu

re. A

ttem

pts

are

mad

e to

add

ress

und

erly

ing

caus

es, w

hils

t als

o pu

tting

in p

lace

act

ions

to e

nabl

e a

quic

k re

cove

ry fr

om th

e si

tuat

ion.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to im

prov

e ra

ther

than

to b

lam

e. N

ear m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to in

vest

igat

e ba

sed

on li

kelih

ood

or p

oten

tial f

or m

ore

serio

us c

onse

quen

ces.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te

rang

e of

kno

wle

dge

and

skills

. A

prot

ocol

for

rep

ortin

g to

ext

erna

l au

thor

ities

not

ifiab

le e

vent

s ha

s be

en e

stab

lishe

d, a

nd

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curr

ing

is lo

st a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

con

tinue

to

con

tract

illn

esse

s or

be

inju

red.

� T

he in

cide

nt r

egis

ter

is u

sed

to r

ecor

d so

me

info

rmat

ion

but

its a

pplic

atio

n co

uld

be e

xten

ded

to b

ette

r ca

ptur

e in

-st

ore

OH

S is

sues

. Whe

n in

vest

igat

ing

an in

cide

nt e

mph

asis

on

iden

tifyi

ng t

he r

oot

caus

e an

d un

ders

tand

ing

whe

ther

th

e ac

tions

add

ress

the

root

cau

se a

nd n

ot ju

st th

e sy

mpt

oms

of th

e pr

oble

m w

ould

be

help

ful.

Whe

re th

e ro

ot c

ause

(s)

cann

ot b

e de

alt w

ith, t

he re

ason

s w

hy s

houl

d be

exp

lore

d.

75

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S p

roce

dure

s ar

e be

ing

adhe

red

to in

hou

se. T

he p

urpo

se is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

ar

e su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le. S

elf-a

sses

smen

ts ta

rget

ing

parti

cula

r ar

eas

whe

re im

prov

emen

t is

soug

ht a

re c

ondu

cted

on

a fre

quen

t bas

is, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, and

item

s ar

e in

depe

nden

tly s

pot c

heck

ed to

impr

ove

the

relia

bilit

y of

the

resu

lts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

� N

o re

gula

r sp

ecifi

c se

lf-as

sess

men

t to

ols

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

This

res

ult

wou

ld b

e gr

eatly

im

prov

ed b

y co

nsid

erat

ion

of a

ctio

ns t

hat

have

the

gre

ates

t im

pact

on

safe

wor

king

and

wou

ld b

e us

eful

to

ensu

re th

at p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l str

ateg

ies

appl

ied

rem

ain

on tr

ack.

How

ever

, thi

s is

an

area

that

cou

ld b

e de

velo

ped.

Aud

itsA

rang

e of

form

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent

are

addr

esse

d. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is

avai

labl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks i

n pa

rticu

lar

area

s. T

he

frequ

ency

of a

udits

will

dep

end

on th

e le

ngth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce, a

s es

tabl

ishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay ra

nge

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. Aud

itors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c au

dits

wer

e m

ade

avai

labl

e at

the

tim

e of

ass

essm

ent.

Con

sulta

nts

are

used

to

hand

le k

ey r

isk

area

s,

how

ever

and

inte

rnal

sys

tem

may

be

of u

se a

nd e

xten

d th

e lo

cal k

now

ledg

e ba

se N

o in

tern

al o

r ex

tern

al O

HS

audi

ts

have

bee

n co

nduc

ted.

Per

iodi

c au

ditin

g of

OH

S is

sues

by

an o

bjec

tive

outs

ider

may

be

help

ful i

n m

eetin

g O

HS

lega

l ob

ligat

ions

and

pro

vidi

ng a

ltern

ativ

e pe

rspe

ctiv

es o

n is

sues

tha

t st

aff

may

hav

e be

com

e de

sens

itise

d to

or

acce

ptin

g of

..

75

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

Her

e th

e sy

stem

as

a w

hole

is e

xam

ined

to

ensu

re t

hat

it ha

s be

en s

et u

p co

rrect

ly a

nd r

emai

ns

suita

ble

in li

ght o

f any

org

anis

atio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

� N

o sp

ecifi

c sy

stem

rev

iew

s w

ere

mad

e av

aila

ble

at t

he t

ime

of a

sses

smen

t. Th

is is

impo

rtan

t du

e to

the

haz

ardo

us

natu

re o

f the

ope

ratio

n, b

ut o

ther

item

s m

ust b

e ad

dres

sed

befo

re th

is e

lem

ent w

ill p

rovi

de v

alue

.A s

yste

m r

evie

w w

ill

beco

me

mor

e im

port

ant

once

key

OH

S is

sues

hav

e be

en p

riorit

ised

, an

d an

act

ion

plan

has

bee

n do

cum

ente

d.

A

revi

ew w

ill a

lso

help

iden

tify

whe

re e

xtra

fund

ing

is n

eces

sary

and

may

ass

ist

in d

ecis

ions

reg

ardi

ng t

he f

utur

e of

the

busi

ness

.

760


761

Summary






based on evidence made available at the time of the assessments.


manufacturing operation and storage facility for dangerous goods) during

late January 2008. This study found:



(95%) with formal systems and another 3 elements (5%) informally.

The systems used to manage the safe operation of the facility

display a high level of sophistication.


risks are clearly within the hardware and operating environment

area. The obvious hazards associated with the handling of

dangerous goods tends to dominate the current thinking, however

other areas such as chemical safety and future health must be

considered as well. These areas are in need of attention.

� The organisation is well aware of hazards associated with mobile

plant, and the risks are well managed by internal auditing

processes.

� The high inherent risk associated with the nature of the operation is

managed primarily through a combination of safe person strategies

involving the application of people skills and expertise as well as a

safe systems approach. There is still a very high level of residual

risk associated with the current physical work environment and

manufacturing operation and it would take a significant amount of

762

capital investment to bring this residual risk down to a more

acceptable level.

� A careful balance needs to be achieved between the amount of

energy directed into supplying information for the electronic

systems that manage incidents, audits actions and alteration

authorities, and the energy directed towards actually following

through and implementing actions arising from such investigations.

Whilst the systems being used are highly sophisticated, this may

create a false sense of confidence, and the systems are only

helpful if the documentation is actually translating into real actions

observed on site on an ongoing basis.

� A balanced approach is necessary to ensure that the system prompts

are not narrowing the focus of the risk assessments conducted and

over steering the investigation process.

� The consultation process could be better utilised to ensure follow

through of actions. There could also be greater involvement of the

safety committee members in incident investigations.

� There is such a high level of bureaucracy and control over every day

operations that it is important to ensure that the basis for such

actions is actually appropriate and not transferring the hazards

elsewhere. An example of this is the use of PPE and the potential

for heat stress in outdoor worker.

� The organisation is has achieved a high level of success in the

areas of competent supervision, communication, health promotion,

employee assistance programs and workers’ compensation and

rehabilitation. Attention is required particularly in the areas of

hazardous substances (safe handling), plant and equipment (the

ability to perform safe isolations and obtain access for

maintenance), and personal protective equipment (appropriate

usage).

� There are a number of other areas that need to be addressed

including contractor management given the high volumes of

763

contractors used on site; UV radiation with respect to protection of

outdoor workers; site security; emergency preparedness and the

potential for toxic fumes; and receipt and despatch including the

management of heavy transport on site.


such a high risk operation and their understanding of the critical safety

issues. It was observed that all staff were well versed on the

organisations’ attitude towards safety and took this matter very seriously.

The crew were very co-operative with the study, and instilled a high level

of confidence in the ability to manage the operation competently.

764

Summary Results Framework Charts





Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



765





Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution



First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



766





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping




Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping




Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



767



and Safe Systems, scores, both before and after control strategies and

interventions hade been implemented. Where the differential between with


impact.


0 1 2 3 4

Biohazards

Housekeeping


Access/Egress

Disposal






Noise

Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Radiation


Modifications



Plant/ Equipment



Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



768


0 1 2 3 4

Health Promotion

Workers' Comp/Rehab



Equal Opportunity

Selection Criteria

Feedback Programs

Job Descriptions

Networking etc



Inductions

Training

Work Organisation

Stress Awareness

Conflict Resolution



Health Surveillance



Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



769


0 1 2 3 4


Communication


Goal Setting




Self-Assessment

OHS Policy

Accountability


Legislative Updates

Incident Management

Audits


Procedural Updates

System Rewiew




Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



770








of hazards, closely followed by those hazards associated with the need for

a systematic approach, and finally the balance comprises of those hazards

associated with people and the complexity of human nature. There is an

extremely high inherent risk associated with the nature of the operation

and a need to ensure that processes are conducted with a high level of

vigilance and expertise. Personnel need to be fully alert to ensure that

risks are well controlled.


Safe Place37%

Safe Systems34%

Safe Person 29%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person strategies have been used very

effectively to reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, a


place” aspect.


Safe Person27%

Safe Place41%

Safe Systems32%

771


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

k R

anki

ng




applied.

There is a very high level of residual risk remaining in the hardware and

operating environment. There is scope to reduce some of these inherent

physical hazards through better chemical handling, and the provision of

sufficient time and resources to ensure follow through of corrective actions

identified. Difficulties with dealing with the constraints presented by the

existing hardware and infrastructure must not be accepted at the expense

of worker safety whether long or short term and caution is advised against

tolerance of such high residual risk. Reduction of further safe place issues

will require substantial capital injection.

Finally, greater transparency of potential hazards on site needs to be

made available to visitors or contractors. Whilst this may be provided in

general terms it needs to be specific enough to enable vulnerable persons

to take the necessary actions to protect themselves and to ensure that a

sufficient and accurate exchange of information has taken place to

demonstrate due diligence.

Cas

e St

udy

6 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A g

ener

al b

road

bas

ed ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pe

rform

ed a

t som

e cr

itica

l poi

nt in

tim

e fro

m w

hich

impr

ovem

ent o

r dec

line

in

over

all O

HS

risk

pre

sent

ing

to th

e or

gani

satio

n m

ay b

e m

easu

red.

Thi

s as

sess

men

t mus

t be

reco

rded

. It

is a

ssum

ed th

at a

ll ke

y ar

eas

of s

igni

fican

t ris

k ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed.

Are

as re

quiri

ng s

peci

alis

t exp

ertis

e (in

tern

al o

r ext

erna

l) sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not b

e al

loca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill b

e re

activ

e on

ly.

� T

here

is a

mpl

e ev

iden

ce th

at b

asel

ine

risk

asse

ssm

ents

hav

e be

en c

ondu

cted

. W

heth

er o

r not

thes

e ha

ve ta

ken

into

ac

coun

t suf

ficie

ntly

all

the

heal

th is

sues

with

the

vario

us c

hem

ical

s in

volv

ed m

ay n

eed

re-e

xam

inin

g. T

he p

hysi

cal r

isks

as

soci

ated

with

dea

ling

with

dan

gero

us g

oods

are

cle

arly

und

erst

ood.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

risk

ass

essm

ent t

hat i

s co

ncer

ned

with

fitti

ng th

e ta

sk to

the

hum

an a

nd m

ay c

over

a v

ery

broa

d ra

nge

of is

sues

in

clud

ing

man

ual h

andl

ing,

wor

k or

gani

satio

n, ta

sk o

r job

des

ign,

hum

an e

rror

and

pro

blem

s w

ith in

form

atio

n pr

oces

sing

as

wel

l as

indu

stria

l hyg

iene

. H

owev

er, i

n th

e co

ntex

t of “

safe

pla

ce s

trate

gies

” the

sco

pe is

lim

ited

here

to fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e la

yout

of t

he

wor

ksta

tion,

man

ual h

andl

ing

and

exam

inat

ion

of re

petit

ive

task

s. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) with

the

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill su

stai

n a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

deb

ilita

ting

and

resu

lt in

sig

nific

ant p

erio

ds o

f los

t tim

e, in

crea

sed

wor

kers

’ com

pens

atio

n co

sts

and

the

inju

red

wor

ker m

ay n

ot

be a

ble

to re

turn

to th

e sa

me

type

of e

mpl

oym

ent.

� M

ore

emph

asis

is n

eede

d on

fatig

ue m

anag

emen

t to

ensu

re v

igila

nce

rem

ains

hig

h. T

here

are

qui

te a

num

ber o

f min

or

spra

ins,

str

ains

, and

falls

. Th

ese

shou

ld b

e ex

amin

ed fo

r thr

eads

of s

imila

rity

and

awar

enes

s of

the

pote

ntia

l for

sim

ilar

inci

dent

s to

re-o

ccur

hig

hlig

hted

. W

here

it is

impr

actic

able

or u

nlik

ely

that

the

root

cau

se(s

) of t

he in

cide

nts

will

be

elim

inat

ed, i

t is

cruc

ial t

hat o

ther

str

ateg

ies

are

in p

lace

to re

duce

the

leve

l of r

esid

ual r

isk

and

expo

sure

of o

pera

tors

and

co

ntra

ctor

s to

pot

entia

l har

m.

77

3

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loca

l bui

ldin

g re

gula

tions

, and

esc

ape

rout

es c

lear

. Th

is is

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art

from

thei

r wor

kpla

ce.

� T

he s

ite is

ext

ensi

ve a

nd in

a ru

ral l

ocat

ion.

Acc

ess/

egre

ss fo

r loc

als

pass

ing

thro

ugh

the

back

gat

e is

cum

bers

ome

as

it is

lock

ed fo

r sec

urity

pur

pose

s. In

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y it

may

take

som

e tim

e to

eva

cuat

e to

a s

afe

plac

e, s

impl

y be

caus

e of

the

dist

ance

s in

volv

ed a

nd c

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to th

e us

e of

alte

rnat

ive

safe

zon

es w

ithin

the

site

.

Plan

t/Equ

ipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m.

Whe

re th

is re

quire

s sp

ecia

list k

now

ledg

e th

is

mus

t be

purs

ued

with

the

supp

lier o

r des

igne

r, an

d en

d us

ers

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed m

ust b

e co

nsul

ted

and

thei

r opi

nion

s du

ly

cons

ider

ed.

The

haza

rds

of ro

tatin

g m

achi

nery

, pin

ch p

oint

s, a

nd c

rush

inju

ries

shou

ld b

e in

clud

ed h

ere,

as

wel

l as

the

safe

use

of

vehi

cles

(inc

ludi

ng fo

rklif

ts) a

nd w

orki

ng fr

om h

eigh

ts.

Con

fined

or d

ange

rous

spa

ces

shou

ld a

lso

be id

entif

ied.

Ref

er to

indi

vidu

al

elem

ents

for n

oise

and

/or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

� T

his

is c

lear

ly a

n in

here

ntly

hig

h ris

k op

erat

ion.

Cap

ital i

njec

tion

wou

ld g

reat

ly im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

The

age

of t

he

plan

t, co

rros

ion

issu

es, p

lant

layo

ut a

nd d

iffic

ulty

in is

olat

ing

vario

us p

iece

s of

equ

ipm

ent f

or m

aint

enan

ce a

nd c

lean

ing

all c

ontr

ibut

e to

the

high

ratin

g.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Am

eniti

es s

uch

as p

rivat

e, h

ygie

nic

toile

ts a

nd c

hang

e ro

oms;

pro

visi

on o

f drin

king

wat

er a

nd a

refri

gera

tor/

mic

row

ave

for

mea

ltim

es; i

nfan

t fee

ding

faci

litie

s an

d sh

ower

s w

here

the

need

exi

sts.

The

wor

king

env

ironm

ent f

or in

door

wor

kers

sho

uld

be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for i

ndoo

r air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sh

ould

be

cons

ider

ed, w

hich

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by h

umid

ity le

vels

. E

xpos

ure

to h

eat a

nd c

old

may

be

parti

cula

rly im

porta

nt

cons

ider

atio

ns fo

r out

door

wor

kers

(see

radi

atio

n fo

r UV

expo

sure

). T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

for d

iver

s or

air

cabi

n cr

ew s

houl

d al

so b

e co

nsid

ered

whe

re a

pplic

able

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

� T

he a

men

ities

/ env

ironm

ent a

re n

ot b

e ve

ry c

omfo

rtab

le in

hot

wea

ther

, and

this

is n

ot h

elpe

d by

the

PPE

requ

irem

ents

fo

r lon

g sl

eeve

s, b

oots

and

trou

sers

or o

vera

lls.

Con

side

r im

prov

ed c

limat

e co

ntro

l in

wor

k st

atio

ns a

nd th

e ef

fect

of

heat

on

the

abili

ty to

con

cent

rate

and

mai

ntai

n vi

gila

nce.

Be

awar

e al

so th

at c

old

wea

ther

exp

osur

e fo

r out

door

wor

kers

ca

n in

crea

se th

e ris

k of

spr

ains

and

str

ains

.

77

4

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f sup

plie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is c

ondu

cted

so

that

any

impa

cts

on h

ealth

and

saf

ety

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

prio

r to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

whe

re a

pplic

able

and

the

prod

uct i

s tra

nspo

rted

safe

ly.

Pla

ns fo

r dea

ling

with

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns in

tran

sit h

ave

been

dev

elop

ed, n

eces

sary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or h

andl

ing,

rece

ipt,

desp

atch

and

tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

� T

he ro

adw

ays

are

not i

n go

od s

hape

and

ther

e is

hig

h us

e of

hea

vy ro

ad v

ehic

les

and

tank

ers.

A c

ombi

natio

n of

poo

r co

nditi

ons,

spe

ed, p

oor v

isib

ility

and

dan

gero

us g

oods

put

s th

is a

rea

as a

mat

ter f

or c

once

rn.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. O

ther

el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e el

ectri

c sh

ock;

sta

tic e

lect

ricity

; sto

red

elec

trica

l ene

rgy,

the

incr

ease

d da

nger

s of

hig

h vo

ltage

equ

ipm

ent

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

spa

rks

in fl

amm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve te

stin

g is

nec

essa

ry, o

nly

appr

opria

tely

trai

ned

and

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e in

jure

d or

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a fi

re/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks in

a fl

amm

able

or

expl

osiv

e at

mos

pher

e.

� T

here

is d

iffic

ulty

in p

erfo

rmin

g so

und

elec

tric

al is

olat

ions

due

to th

e ag

e of

the

faci

lity

and

how

it h

as g

row

n. A

n el

ectr

ical

con

trac

tor i

s us

ed w

hich

app

ears

to b

e w

orki

ng w

ell a

lthou

gh it

is c

ruci

al th

at th

e co

ntra

ctor

use

d ha

s ex

tens

ive

expe

rienc

e an

d si

te k

now

ledg

e. T

here

is th

e po

tent

ial f

or th

is ra

ting

to b

e hi

gher

sho

uld

ther

e be

a c

hang

e in

per

sonn

el

used

to c

ondu

ct a

nd c

o-or

dina

te th

ese

activ

ities

.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hea

r a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In

som

e ca

ses

base

line

audi

omet

ry te

stin

g w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary.

Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd

atte

mpt

s to

rem

ove

the

sour

ce o

f the

pro

blem

sho

uld

be th

e fir

st li

ne o

f def

ence

. Lo

cal r

egul

ator

y re

quire

men

ts s

houl

d be

kno

wn.

C

ompa

rison

with

regu

lato

ry li

mits

sho

uld

take

into

acc

ount

the

leng

th o

f exp

osur

e es

peci

ally

if s

hifts

long

er th

an 8

hou

rs a

re u

sed.

S

ourc

es o

f vib

ratio

n th

at im

pact

on

wor

kers

sho

uld

be id

entif

ied,

incl

udin

g po

wer

tool

s, s

eats

on

mob

ile p

lant

equ

ipm

ent.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ear

dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or i

ndus

trial

ly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

� T

here

is a

n an

noyi

ng h

um a

roun

d th

e m

ain

oper

ator

s’ s

tatio

n an

d no

requ

irem

ent f

or h

earin

g pr

otec

tion

on th

e pl

ant.

W

hils

t the

exp

osur

e m

ay b

e in

suffi

cien

t to

be o

ver t

he s

tatu

tory

lim

it, th

e ef

fect

on

conc

entr

atio

n an

d fa

tigue

sho

uld

be

take

n in

to a

ccou

nt, a

s th

e ef

fect

on

vigi

lanc

e m

ay b

e m

ore

sign

ifica

nt th

an th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

earin

g lo

ss.

77

5

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s A

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

nd d

ange

rous

goo

ds (e

xplo

sive

s, p

ress

uris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

toxi

c ch

emic

als,

and

irr

itant

s) s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, li

sted

and

labe

lled

and

a re

gist

er k

ept c

onta

inin

g al

l MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. W

here

spe

cific

con

trols

are

nec

essa

ry, a

refe

renc

e to

com

ply

with

the

MS

DS

is

not

ed, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

requ

irem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

m

ay b

e ex

pose

d, In

som

e ca

ses

this

will

be

depe

nden

t on

the

quan

titie

s or

vol

umes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd in

vent

ory

of d

ange

rous

goo

ds s

houl

d co

mpl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed

by fi

re o

r exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

� T

his

is a

n ar

ea th

at n

eeds

to b

e se

rious

ly re

-con

side

red

espe

cial

ly in

ligh

t of t

he p

oten

tial f

or lo

ng te

rm h

ealth

effe

cts.

It

is s

ugge

sted

that

the

curr

ent m

ode

of h

andl

ing

and

info

rmat

ion

be u

pdat

ed a

nd a

ctua

l exp

osur

e un

der w

orst

cas

e co

nditi

ons

be re

-ass

esse

d. T

he n

eed

for a

pra

ctic

able

and

wor

kabl

e so

lutio

n th

at w

ill b

e im

plem

ente

d on

a d

aily

bas

is is

cr

ucia

l, an

d fo

r thi

s to

occ

ur th

e in

form

atio

n de

liver

ed to

exp

osed

wor

kers

mus

t be

in a

form

at th

at e

nsur

es th

at th

ey a

re

mak

ing

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns.

Bio

haza

rds

Biol

ogic

al h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

us a

gent

s, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (i

nclu

ding

blo

od) o

r oth

er s

ourc

es o

f pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s,

infe

ctio

us p

eopl

e; c

onta

min

ated

food

; con

tact

with

ani

mal

s; ro

dent

s; p

lant

s/po

llens

; ins

ects

; mite

s; li

ce; s

ewer

age;

fung

i or b

ird

drop

ping

s co

olin

g w

ater

rese

rvoi

rs a

nd a

ir co

nditi

onin

g sy

stem

s th

at m

ay c

onta

in le

gion

ella

org

anis

ms.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic re

actio

n or

dev

elop

lo

ng te

rm fl

u/as

thm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms.

� T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of b

iolo

gica

l haz

ards

in a

rura

l set

ting

such

as

this

– in

clud

ing

spid

er b

ites.

The

re s

eem

s to

be

a hi

gh le

vel o

f aw

aren

ess

of th

ese

issu

es a

nd th

e ris

ks a

re h

andl

ed fa

irly

wel

l.

77

6

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rad

iatio

n S

ourc

es o

f rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd ra

dioa

ctiv

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

ultra

viol

et ra

ys

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

skin

or e

yes;

nea

r inf

ra-r

ed ra

diat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e ey

es (w

eldi

ng, f

urna

ces,

mol

ten

met

als)

; LA

SE

R’s

; the

he

atin

g ef

fect

from

mic

row

aves

and

mob

ile p

hone

tow

ers;

and

oth

er e

xtre

mel

y lo

w fr

eque

ncy

radi

atio

n w

ith a

ssoc

iate

d m

agne

tic

field

exp

osur

e su

ch a

s po

wer

lines

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

� T

he d

egre

e of

UV

prot

ectio

n is

dep

ende

nt o

n us

er c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rovi

sion

s av

aila

ble.

Ens

ure

that

sun

scre

en is

av

aila

ble.

The

re is

a re

al ri

sk o

f hea

t str

ess/

hea

t str

oke

in h

ot w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

, esp

ecia

lly fo

r tho

se a

ttend

ing

to th

e la

wns

. C

ore

body

tem

pera

ture

sho

uld

not e

xcee

d 38

deg

rees

Cel

sius

. Hig

h ris

k w

ork

shou

ld b

e sc

hedu

led

durin

g th

e co

oler

per

iods

of t

he d

ay a

nd th

e si

gns

of h

eat s

tres

s or

hea

t str

oke

wel

l und

erst

ood.

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir c

onta

iner

s, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner t

hat c

ompl

ies

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

an

d th

at d

oes

not c

ause

har

m e

ither

thro

ugh

imm

edia

te c

onta

ct o

r as

a re

sult

of tr

ansf

errin

g th

e su

bsta

nces

/ m

ater

ials

for d

ispo

sal

or d

ispe

rsal

els

ewhe

re.

All

thos

e in

con

tact

with

the

was

te m

ater

ials

are

aw

are

of h

azar

ds a

nd p

reca

utio

ns n

eces

sary

to m

inim

ise

the

risks

(see

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

/ dan

gero

us g

oods

). A

lso

incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e ris

ks a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith h

ygie

ne a

nd th

e ha

ndlin

g of

sha

rps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

� T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed if

evi

denc

e de

mon

stra

ted

that

all

was

te s

trea

ms

coul

d be

acc

ount

ed fo

r.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

Incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e pr

esen

ce o

f asb

esto

s in

dem

olis

hed

stru

ctur

es; t

he

safe

con

nect

ion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity, a

nd te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns; p

rote

ctio

n fro

m n

oise

, deb

ris o

r ot

her p

roje

ctile

s; a

nd th

e po

ssib

ility

of fa

lling

into

exc

avat

ed a

reas

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or a

s a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

� T

here

are

pla

ns fo

r a n

ew in

stal

latio

n so

this

ele

men

t will

hav

e gr

eate

r sig

nific

ance

in th

e ne

ar fu

ture

. W

hils

t the

re is

a

high

deg

ree

of te

chni

cal e

xper

tise

appl

ied

to th

ese

plan

s, it

is c

ruci

al th

at s

uch

deci

sion

s ar

e no

t use

d to

just

ify a

co

ntin

ued

leve

l of u

nacc

epta

ble

risk

to th

ose

wor

kers

exp

osed

by

the

curr

ent o

pera

tion.

77

7

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty.

Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at

are

qual

ified

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

� In

som

e ar

eas

acce

ss to

equ

ipm

ent a

nd p

ipe

wor

k is

diff

icul

t due

to th

e pl

ant l

ayou

t and

the

amou

nt o

f lag

ging

use

d.

Ther

e is

a h

igh

degr

ee o

f pro

duct

ion

pres

sure

and

ther

e ar

e no

ded

icat

ed s

hutd

own

perio

ds a

lthou

gh th

e pl

ant i

s sh

utdo

wn

over

the

wee

kend

s. T

his

time

on w

eeke

nds

whe

n th

ere

is n

ot a

full

crew

aro

und

and

mai

nten

ance

wor

k is

be

ing

unde

rtak

en in

a m

uch

less

form

al a

tmos

pher

e m

ay c

hang

e th

e w

ay th

at ri

sks

are

perc

eive

d, e

ncou

rage

a h

ighe

r le

vel o

f ris

k ac

cept

ance

and

tole

ranc

e of

dev

iatio

ns fr

om s

tand

ard

oper

atin

g pr

actic

e.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on

exis

ting

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. M

odifi

catio

ns m

ay b

e m

inor

or m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer r

evie

wed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls a

nd k

now

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed

befo

re th

e pr

ojec

t is

hand

ed o

ver t

o th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

was

not

thou

ght t

hrou

gh.

� T

here

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f sop

hist

icat

ion

with

the

syst

ems

that

are

app

lied

to m

anag

e th

is p

roce

ss.

How

ever

, the

re is

too

muc

h em

phas

is o

f the

mec

hani

sms

of th

e sy

stem

and

not

eno

ugh

follo

w th

roug

h to

ens

ure

that

the

resu

ltant

act

ions

hav

e be

en im

plem

ente

d an

d do

cum

ente

d as

orig

inal

ly in

tend

ed.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal w

ith s

ituat

ions

suc

h as

fire

, nat

ural

dis

aste

rs, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. N

ot o

nly

shou

ld th

ese

pote

ntia

l situ

atio

ns

be id

entif

ied,

but

the

requ

ired

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter t

he d

rills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be

unab

le to

reac

t app

ropr

iate

ly (f

or e

xam

ple,

eva

cuat

e sa

fely

or

resp

ond

effe

ctiv

ely,

whi

ch m

ay le

ad to

incr

ease

d ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

� E

mer

genc

y pl

ans

exis

t, up

date

d an

d dr

ills

cond

ucte

d. A

n em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

team

is a

vaila

ble.

How

ever

ther

e is

a

som

ewha

t fat

alis

tic a

ttitu

de d

ue to

the

natu

re o

f the

ope

ratio

n, a

nd m

ore

thou

ght n

eeds

to b

e pu

t int

o pr

actic

ally

dea

ling

with

the

pote

ntia

l for

toxi

c fu

mes

.

77

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Secu

rity

– Si

te/P

erso

nal

Onl

y au

thor

ised

per

sons

who

hav

e be

en in

form

ed o

f rel

evan

t site

rule

s en

ter t

he w

orkp

lace

. P

erso

ns w

orki

ng a

lone

sho

uld

be a

ble

to c

onta

ct h

elp

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy

(med

ical

or o

ther

wis

e) a

nd p

reca

utio

nary

mea

sure

s ha

ve b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to re

duce

th

reat

s of

bod

ily h

arm

. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

� S

ecur

ity o

n si

te is

a m

ajor

con

cern

due

to th

e na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion.

How

ever

, the

site

is la

rge

and

prac

tical

ly it

is

diffi

cult

to im

plem

ent p

hysi

cal c

ontr

ols.

The

re is

a g

ateh

ouse

and

the

gate

kee

pers

do

perf

orm

thei

r che

cks

whi

lst

appl

ying

a d

egre

e of

leve

rage

whe

re th

e ris

k is

per

ceiv

ed to

be

min

imal

. Tr

ansp

ort d

river

s ar

e al

so “

lone

wor

kers

” an

d ke

en to

hav

e a

high

er le

vel o

f con

trol

s in

pla

ce in

clud

ing

GPS

. Th

e ke

y ris

k he

re is

the

pote

ntia

l for

com

plac

ency

and

the

diffi

culty

in m

aint

aini

ng h

igh

leve

ls o

f vig

ilanc

e fo

r lon

g pe

riods

.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. W

alkw

ays

shou

ld n

ot b

e bl

ocke

d. S

pilla

ges

shou

ld b

e cl

eane

d up

imm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be re

turn

ed a

nd e

mpt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns.

Unw

ante

d m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be s

orte

d an

d pu

t int

o st

orag

e or

dis

pose

d of

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

� T

he le

vel o

f hou

seke

epin

g va

ries

from

bei

ng e

xtre

mel

y m

etic

ulou

s in

som

e ar

eas

and

in n

eed

of im

prov

emen

t in

othe

rs.

This

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed b

y a

grea

ter l

evel

of c

onsi

sten

cy.

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Pro

cess

es s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to e

nsur

e th

at e

quip

men

t and

faci

litie

s ar

e be

ing

used

and

app

lied

in th

e m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for w

hich

saf

ety

prov

isio

ns h

ave

been

con

side

red

and

impl

emen

ted.

The

pro

cess

es a

re m

onito

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ey a

re o

pera

ting

with

in s

afe

limits

. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent

is u

sed

inap

prop

riate

ly le

adin

g to

dam

age

to p

rope

rty, l

oss

of p

rodu

ctio

n or

oth

er u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

.

� T

he in

here

nt ri

sk is

hig

h bu

t und

er re

ason

able

con

trol

due

to th

e im

pact

this

wou

ld h

ave

on th

e fin

al p

rodu

ct.

77

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is c

ondu

cted

that

com

pare

s th

e cu

rren

t situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a b

asel

ine

asse

ssm

ent t

o in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he

orga

nisa

tion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

� T

his

is p

erfo

rmed

in a

form

al m

anne

r and

the

oper

atio

n is

wel

l und

erst

ood.

How

ever

the

emph

asis

on

the

obvi

ous

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

the

type

of p

rodu

ct m

anuf

actu

red

appe

ars

to o

vers

hado

w s

ome

very

real

risk

s as

soci

ated

with

the

abili

ty to

isol

ate

equi

pmen

t bot

h ph

ysic

ally

and

ele

ctric

ally

; hea

t str

ess

and

the

long

term

hea

lth e

ffect

s fr

om h

andl

ing

of

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

.

78

0

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ A

nti-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith re

spec

t and

dig

nity

. Th

ere

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds b

ully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

that

the

inte

ntio

n of

thes

e po

licie

s ha

ve b

een

mad

e cl

ear t

o em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ed

ucat

ing

man

agem

ent o

n th

e fo

rms

that

di

scrim

inat

ion

or h

aras

smen

t may

take

- in

clud

ing

mor

e su

btle

man

ifest

atio

ns s

uch

as h

oldi

ng b

ack

pay

or e

ntitl

emen

ts; u

ndue

de

lays

for p

rovi

sion

of r

esou

rces

; spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer

stag

natio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m.

This

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r per

form

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

� T

here

are

form

al p

olic

ies

in p

lace

and

ane

cdot

al e

vide

nce

that

the

basi

c pr

inci

ples

are

uph

eld.

How

ever

, in

such

a

high

ly d

evel

oped

org

anis

atio

n ha

rass

men

t can

take

on

mor

e so

phis

ticat

ed a

nd s

ubtle

form

s an

d m

ore

wid

espr

ead

awar

enes

s of

the

pote

ntia

l for

this

wou

ld im

prov

e th

is re

sult.

A

ccom

mod

atin

g D

iver

sity

Th

e w

orkp

lace

pro

mot

es a

n ac

cept

ance

of d

iver

sity

. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t for

thei

r saf

e ev

acua

tion

in c

ase

of a

n em

erge

ncy.

The

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

ng w

orke

rs, p

regn

ant o

r nur

sing

mot

hers

, and

ol

der w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

car

e no

t to

plac

e su

ch e

mpl

oyee

s in

to s

ituat

ions

whe

re th

ey a

re a

t inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or o

ther

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n ar

e av

aila

ble

for t

hose

that

hav

e la

ngua

ge b

arrie

rs.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� T

here

are

no

liter

acy

issu

es o

n th

is s

ite a

nd n

o w

orke

rs u

nder

the

age

of 2

0. A

com

bina

tion

of fa

ctor

s in

clud

ing

the

natu

re o

f the

ope

ratio

n; th

e hi

gh s

kill

leve

ls re

quire

d; th

e ru

ral s

ettin

g an

d th

e na

tura

l sel

ectio

n pr

oces

ses

have

redu

ced

the

leve

l of d

iver

sity

evi

dent

on

this

site

. Th

is lo

w ra

ting

is d

ue to

the

lack

of d

iver

sity

evi

dent

rath

er th

an th

e ab

ility

to

cope

wel

l with

div

ersi

ty w

hen

pres

ente

d.

78

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(for

exa

mpl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

the

role

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied

to e

nsur

e th

at v

ulne

rabl

e pe

rson

s ar

e no

t at r

isk

by ta

king

the

posi

tion.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in

a po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� W

hils

t the

org

anis

atio

n ap

pear

s to

be

clea

r abo

ut d

esire

d pe

rson

ality

trai

ts a

nd n

eces

sary

ski

lls, m

ore

cons

ider

atio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

incl

udin

g he

alth

crit

eria

that

is re

leva

nt to

the

chem

ical

s on

site

and

ens

ures

that

thos

e pe

ople

who

m

ay b

e m

ore

gene

tical

ly v

ulne

rabl

e to

par

ticul

ar h

ealth

effe

cts

are

prot

ecte

d fr

om u

ndue

exp

osur

e.

Indu

ctio

ns-In

clud

ing

Con

trac

tors

/Vis

itors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w

to ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. I

nfor

mat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f the

ir pr

esen

ce a

t the

w

orkp

lace

is re

cord

ed to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to

acce

ptan

ce o

f site

saf

ety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. A

lso,

spe

cific

con

tact

s/ho

sts

are

desi

gnat

ed to

ens

ure

com

plia

nce

with

lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

� T

here

is in

suffi

cien

t det

ail a

bout

the

heal

th e

ffect

s of

spe

cific

che

mic

als

used

on

site

mad

e av

aila

ble

at th

e tim

e of

in

duct

ions

. Th

e pu

rpos

e of

iden

tifyi

ng h

azar

ds is

to m

ake

sure

vul

nera

ble

peop

le a

re a

ble

to p

rote

ct th

emse

lves

. C

onsi

der h

avin

g di

ffere

nt le

vels

of i

nduc

tions

for c

asua

l vis

itors

/con

tact

ors

and

othe

rs w

ho a

re m

ore

expo

sed

and

wor

king

in h

ighe

r ris

k ar

eas.

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

has

bee

n co

nduc

ted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

th

eir r

oles

saf

ely

and

com

pete

ntly

. A

rran

gem

ents

are

in p

lace

to a

ddre

ss a

ny g

aps

that

may

exi

st.

All

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

af

fect

ed h

ave

been

mad

e aw

are

of lo

cal p

roce

dure

s an

d pr

otoc

ols.

Ref

resh

er tr

aini

ng is

pro

vide

d at

app

ropr

iate

inte

rval

s to

m

aint

ain

skills

and

pro

vide

ong

oing

pro

tect

ion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to

the

train

ing

need

s an

alys

is.

All

pers

ons

cond

uctin

g tra

inin

g ar

e ap

prop

riate

ly q

ualif

ied

to d

o so

. Tr

aini

ng re

cord

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d.

Evi

denc

e of

com

pete

ncie

s is

ava

ilabl

e.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

� O

n th

e jo

b tr

aini

ng is

han

dled

wel

l and

it w

as n

oted

that

sta

ff ob

serv

ed to

ok p

ride

in th

eir r

oles

. Con

side

ratio

n sh

ould

be

giv

en to

the

mea

ns o

f ass

essi

ng c

ompe

tenc

ies

so th

e sk

ill le

vels

can

be

accu

rate

ly c

aptu

red

and

docu

men

ted.

Tr

aini

ng m

ater

ial s

houl

d be

revi

ewed

to e

nsur

e th

at it

cov

ers

all n

eces

sary

saf

ety

requ

irem

ents

, exp

lain

s an

y ch

ange

s to

sta

ndar

d pr

oced

ures

and

refle

cts

best

pra

ctic

e. S

kills

for t

rain

ers

prov

idin

g tr

aini

ng s

houl

d no

t be

over

look

ed.

78

2

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te th

e ro

le h

ave

been

con

side

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t in

duce

unn

eces

sary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or s

tress

, and

the

requ

ired

leve

l of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er th

e w

ork

perio

d. W

ork

brea

ks, p

ause

s or

oth

er ro

tatio

n of

dut

ies

have

bee

n in

trodu

ced

whe

re fa

tigue

indu

cing

co

nditi

ons

have

bee

n id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� G

iven

the

inhe

rent

ly h

igh

risk

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion,

it is

crit

ical

that

eve

ry e

ffort

is m

ade

to

ensu

re w

ork

cond

ition

s ar

e co

mfo

rtab

le a

nd v

igila

nce

is m

aint

aine

d. T

his

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

exam

inin

g th

e fa

ctor

s th

at m

ay b

e in

duci

ng fa

tigue

- inc

ludi

ng s

hift

arra

ngem

ents

; ove

rtim

e; h

eat;

nois

e; P

PE n

eces

sary

as

wel

l as

prod

uctio

n pr

essu

re.

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s P

erso

nal s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rran

gem

ents

, cov

erag

e of

crit

ical

abs

ence

s, re

sour

cing

leve

ls a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

empl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver w

ork

load

are

fact

ored

into

ong

oing

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts s

o as

not

to in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at

may

be

cons

ider

ed b

y th

at p

artic

ular

em

ploy

ee a

s st

ress

ful.

Pla

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

xces

sive

em

ails

and

un

wel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

saf

ely

due

to th

e pa

rticu

lar c

ircum

stan

ces.

� S

tres

s le

vels

on

site

app

ear t

o be

nor

mal

for t

he ty

pe o

f ope

ratio

n an

d th

ere

is a

goo

d gr

asp

of a

ny p

erso

nal i

ssue

s th

at m

ay b

e af

fect

ing

indi

vidu

al te

am m

embe

rs.

Ther

e w

as a

hig

h le

vel o

f exp

ecta

tion

perc

eive

d to

wor

k sa

fely

and

m

eet p

rodu

ctio

n co

mm

itmen

ts.

Car

e ne

eds

to b

e ex

erci

sed

that

the

high

leve

l of e

xpec

tatio

n is

wel

l sup

port

ed b

y th

e re

sour

ces

prov

ided

.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir o

blig

atio

ns.

Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

fulfi

l the

se e

xist

, ch

anne

ls s

houl

d be

ava

ilabl

e to

ena

ble

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on b

ehal

f of b

oth

parti

es.

Ski

lls a

nd a

utho

rity

leve

ls a

re

com

men

sura

te w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or a

utho

rity

nece

ssar

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

e co

mpe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

� T

here

are

sta

ndar

d jo

b de

scrip

tions

ava

ilabl

e fo

r all

man

agem

ent p

ositi

ons

with

in th

e gr

oup.

At t

he o

pera

tor l

evel

th

is d

ocum

enta

tion

did

not a

ppea

r to

be a

s si

gnifi

cant

and

con

side

ratio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

doc

umen

ting

key

aspe

cts

of th

ese

role

s th

at a

re c

ritic

al fo

r con

sist

ency

and

saf

ety.

78

3

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly re

info

rced

and

uns

afe

beha

viou

rs d

isco

urag

ed.

This

may

take

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

in

spec

tions

, uns

afe

act o

r obs

erva

tion

prog

ram

s, fo

llow

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or d

iscr

eet.

E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns

that

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r pos

itive

rein

forc

emen

t of s

afe

beha

viou

rs, c

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

re

war

d sc

hedu

les

so th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed.

Rew

ards

may

incl

ude

prai

se, r

ecog

nitio

n or

in

crea

sed

stat

us.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

� T

here

is a

lot o

f em

phas

is o

n sl

owin

g do

wn

and

thin

king

dec

isio

ns th

roug

h w

hich

is a

dmira

ble.

How

ever

, thi

s is

not

th

e on

ly b

ehav

iour

that

nee

ds m

odifi

catio

n, a

s it

is a

ppar

ent t

hat s

ome

curr

ent p

ract

ices

are

inap

prop

riate

and

may

ha

ve d

evel

oped

out

of c

onve

nien

ce, l

ack

of p

erce

ived

ben

efits

of a

ltern

ativ

e pr

actic

es o

r sim

ply

by h

abits

bei

ng p

asse

d do

wn.

It i

s su

gges

ted

that

em

phas

is is

pla

ced

on id

entif

ying

and

rein

forc

ing

the

corr

ect s

afe

beha

viou

rs.

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill s

uffe

r poo

r hea

lth o

r a lo

wer

ed s

tate

of w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em to

inju

ries

or

illnes

ses

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

� T

his

elem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d ex

trem

ely

wel

l and

ther

e is

a h

igh

leve

l of s

atis

fact

ion

with

the

curr

ent s

ervi

ce le

vel.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r net

wor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist p

erfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

as

sist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. P

ursu

it of

hig

her o

rder

ski

lls a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal

deve

lopm

ent a

re e

ncou

rage

d to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� T

here

was

ane

cdot

al e

vide

nce

that

a h

ighe

r lev

el o

f men

torin

g fo

r les

s ex

perie

nced

sta

ff w

ould

be

wel

com

ed.

This

w

ould

be

of g

reat

ben

efit

to n

ewer

sta

ff, e

spec

ially

if th

e in

form

atio

n co

uld

be c

aptu

red

for f

urth

er tr

aini

ng.

Enha

nced

kn

owle

dge

of th

e in

tric

acie

s of

the

part

icul

ar w

ork

proc

ess

wou

ld in

crea

se c

onfid

ence

and

boo

st m

oral

e.

78

4

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, re

latio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or is

not

icea

ble

by o

ther

col

leag

ues.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

� T

he m

anag

emen

t sty

le h

ere

is fi

rm w

ith a

lot o

f em

phas

is o

n th

e w

orke

r tak

ing

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r the

ir ac

tions

and

un

ders

tand

ing

the

cons

eque

nces

invo

lved

. Pr

ovid

ed th

at th

e in

form

atio

n th

ey a

re a

ctin

g on

is a

ccur

ate

and

inco

rpor

ates

a b

alan

ce o

f per

spec

tives

, thi

s te

chni

que

can

wor

k w

ell.

Whe

re w

orke

rs a

re e

mpo

wer

ed to

pro

vide

so

lutio

ns to

pro

blem

s id

entif

ied,

cau

tion

is a

dvis

ed to

ens

ure

that

they

are

als

o gi

ven

suffi

cien

t tim

e an

d ac

cess

to

reso

urce

s to

com

plet

e th

ese

task

s.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s P

erso

ns e

xper

ienc

ing

prob

lem

s of

a p

erso

nal n

atur

e su

ch a

s th

e br

eakd

own

of s

igni

fican

t rel

atio

nshi

ps, g

rief,

subs

tanc

e ab

use,

or

oth

er e

mot

iona

l pro

blem

s m

ay a

cces

s he

lp in

a c

onfid

entia

l env

ironm

ent a

nd re

ceiv

e th

e ne

cess

ary

supp

ort t

o en

able

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

� T

his

elem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d ve

ry w

ell,

and

agai

n th

ere

is a

hig

h de

gree

of s

atis

fact

ion

with

the

curr

ent m

echa

nism

in

plac

e.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

used

whe

re o

ther

opt

ions

to m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corr

ectly

. Th

e po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r haz

ards

by

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e PP

E s

elec

ted

has

been

car

eful

ly c

onsi

dere

d an

d th

e po

tent

ial

for s

uch

impa

cts

min

imis

ed.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE s

elec

ted

will

not

pro

vide

the

prot

ectio

n ex

pect

ed (b

ecau

se o

f poo

r sel

ectio

n, p

oor t

rain

ing,

poo

r fit

or p

oor

mai

nten

ance

) or m

ay e

ven

be th

e ca

use

of a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

� T

he re

quire

men

ts fo

r PPE

nee

d to

be

re-e

xam

ined

to e

nsur

e th

at w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed to

haz

ardo

us c

ondi

tions

are

pr

otec

ted

and

that

the

orga

nisa

tion

is fu

lfilli

ng it

s du

ty o

f car

e. A

rran

gem

ents

for P

PE n

eed

to b

e ar

rived

at i

n fu

ll co

nsul

tatio

n w

ith e

nd u

sers

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll pr

actic

al c

onsi

dera

tions

and

wor

ker c

omfo

rt h

ave

been

take

n in

to

acco

unt,

and

user

s ar

e tr

aine

d an

d ed

ucat

ed a

bout

the

corr

ect u

sage

and

the

reas

ons

for i

ts a

pplic

atio

n. W

here

the

need

for P

PE c

an b

e el

imin

ated

by

alte

rnat

ive

arra

ngem

ents

this

sho

uld

be p

ursu

ed, a

nd c

are

take

n no

t to

gene

rate

new

ha

zard

s th

roug

h th

e us

e of

PPE

sel

ecte

d.

78

5

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent q

uant

ities

of f

irst a

id m

ater

ials

. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cur

rent

and

firs

t aid

sto

cks

regu

larly

repl

enis

hed.

A re

gist

er o

f w

orkp

lace

inju

ries

is k

ept t

hat m

eets

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

and

not

ifica

tion

of in

cide

nts

to s

tatu

tory

aut

horit

ies

is o

bser

ved

as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tra

uma

asso

ciat

ed w

ith in

jurie

s an

d po

or in

jury

man

agem

ent w

ill b

e gr

eate

r and

take

lo

nger

tim

e to

hea

l, an

d O

HS

regu

latio

ns w

ill b

e br

each

ed.

� T

here

is a

hig

h de

gree

of r

epor

ting

and

first

aid

faci

litie

s ar

e av

aila

ble.

The

re is

a lo

t of e

nerg

y de

dica

ted

into

the

repo

rtin

g sy

stem

and

cap

turin

g in

form

atio

n ab

out e

vent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

. W

hils

t thi

s ge

nera

tes

awar

enes

s, it

is

also

impo

rtan

t tha

t the

re is

follo

w th

roug

h to

pre

vent

thes

e in

cide

nts

from

recu

rrin

g.

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs fo

r los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Ass

ista

nce

is p

rovi

ded

for

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to o

ffer m

eani

ngfu

l em

ploy

men

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

exis

t acc

ordi

ng to

the

follo

win

g hi

erar

chy

– sa

me

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; m

odifi

ed jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce; d

iffer

ent p

ositi

on s

ame

wor

kpla

ce; s

imila

r or m

odifi

ed p

ositi

on/ d

iffer

ent w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t po

sitio

n/ d

iffer

ent w

orkp

lace

. A

retu

rn to

wor

k co

-ord

inat

or h

as b

een

appo

inte

d ei

ther

inte

rnal

ly o

r ext

erna

lly to

mee

t loc

al O

HS

re

gula

tions

. A

ll pa

rties

are

kep

t inf

orm

ed o

f pro

gres

s an

d de

velo

pmen

ts.

Sys

tem

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

inju

red

wor

kers

are

no

t ret

urne

d to

the

unal

tere

d w

orkp

lace

that

inju

red

them

.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill be

incr

ease

d an

d th

at th

e ps

ycho

logi

cal

effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

� T

his

is u

nder

a h

igh

leve

l of c

ontr

ol a

nd a

ppea

rs to

be

man

aged

ver

y se

nsib

ly.

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t med

ical

s ha

ve b

een

unde

rtake

n to

pro

vide

bas

elin

e in

form

atio

n on

the

empl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of h

ealth

. E

xam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or u

rine

sam

ples

for b

iolo

gica

l mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-r

ays

and

audi

omet

ric

test

ing.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

wor

kpla

ce, t

his

surv

eilla

nce

may

be

subj

ect t

o co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is c

ondu

cted

from

whi

ch th

e he

alth

of w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed to

spe

cific

risk

s ca

n be

m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l stra

tegi

es m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of

curre

nt c

ontro

l mea

sure

s w

ill b

e no

t be

know

n, th

at e

mpl

oyee

s he

alth

will

be

enda

nger

ed, a

bas

elin

e fo

r cla

ims

purp

oses

will

not

ex

ist a

nd th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

� T

his

may

be

need

to b

e re

cons

ider

ed to

dea

l with

the

heal

th e

ffect

s of

som

e of

the

haza

rdou

s ch

emic

als

used

on

site

, an

d to

pro

vide

a h

ighe

r lev

el o

f ass

uran

ce to

bot

h m

anag

emen

t and

exp

osed

wor

kers

that

con

trol

mea

sure

s ar

e be

ing

effe

ctiv

e.

78

6

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

take

the

form

of s

ugge

stio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

an

d/or

per

ceiv

ed e

ffect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to e

ncou

rage

par

ticip

atio

n in

feed

back

ac

tiviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

� S

urve

ys a

re u

sed

and

man

agem

ent a

ppea

r to

be in

tune

with

wha

t is

desi

red,

alth

ough

the

abili

ty to

act

on

the

feed

back

is li

mite

d by

the

bure

aucr

acy

of th

e or

gani

satio

n.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Per

form

ance

app

rais

als

incl

ude

crite

ria fo

r saf

e w

ork

prac

tices

and

obs

erva

tion

of s

ite s

afet

y ru

les,

hou

seke

epin

g, a

nd th

e di

spla

y of

saf

e w

orki

ng a

ttitu

de.

OH

S re

spon

sibi

litie

s sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e le

vel o

f res

pons

ibilit

y an

d au

thor

ity

best

owed

. E

mpl

oyee

s an

d m

anag

emen

t set

ting

good

exa

mpl

es fo

r wor

kpla

ce s

afet

y sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd v

alue

d.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

ac

tions

may

be

enco

urag

ed w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s be

lievi

ng th

at s

uch

beha

viou

r or a

ctio

ns a

re a

ccep

tabl

e.

� T

here

app

ears

to b

e a

clea

r und

erst

andi

ng o

n si

te th

at s

afet

y is

a k

ey p

aram

eter

in p

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

rem

ent a

nd it

is

take

n ve

ry s

erio

usly

due

to th

e na

ture

of t

he o

pera

tion.

At h

ighe

r lev

els,

per

form

ance

bon

uses

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r sa

fety

per

form

ance

alth

ough

they

onl

y re

pres

ent a

sm

all p

erce

ntag

e of

the

tota

l sal

ary

pack

age.

The

pro

s an

d co

ns o

f th

is a

ppro

ach

shou

ld b

e re

-exa

min

ed, e

spec

ially

if ta

rget

s ap

pear

una

ttain

able

or a

re li

nked

to a

reas

out

side

the

site

s im

med

iate

sph

ere

of in

fluen

ce.

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Per

sonn

el tu

rn o

ver r

ates

are

revi

ewed

to u

ncov

er th

e ro

ot c

ause

for a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls, s

uch

as p

robl

ems

with

le

ader

ship

, per

sona

lity

conf

licts

, exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r w

ork

cond

ition

s. E

xit i

nter

view

s ar

e co

nduc

ted

to g

athe

r fee

dbac

k fo

r im

prov

emen

t whe

re s

uch

oppo

rtuni

ties

pres

ent.

Suc

cess

ion

plan

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

pro

vide

a s

afe

and

suffi

cien

t lev

el o

f exp

erie

nce

as o

ther

s m

ove

on a

nd c

ontin

uity

of s

afe

wor

king

arr

ange

men

ts.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

� A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ents

. Th

is c

ould

be

used

to g

reat

er e

ffect

in th

e fu

ture

.

78

7

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S p

olic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

Th

e cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

� T

he p

olic

y is

wel

l un

ders

tood

and

the

key

sen

timen

ts a

re w

ell

know

n ac

ross

the

site

. T

he s

loga

n its

elf

plac

es

perh

aps

too

muc

h em

phas

is o

n in

jurie

s an

d no

t en

ough

on

heal

th i

ssue

s.

The

abili

ty t

o pr

even

t in

cide

nts

from

re

curr

ing

is n

ot a

lway

s st

raig

htfo

rwar

d, e

spec

ially

in

situ

atio

ns w

here

hum

an f

acto

rs a

re i

nvol

ved,

res

ourc

es a

re

stre

tche

d an

d pr

oduc

tion

pres

sure

is h

igh.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e.

Thes

e go

als

shou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s O

HS

pol

icy

and

the

goal

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

C

are

shou

ld b

e ta

ken

to e

nsur

e th

at g

oals

are

rea

listic

and

ach

ieva

ble;

spe

cific

; mea

sura

ble;

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y re

sour

ced

and

unde

rgo

perio

dic

revi

ew.

Perfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

� T

he o

rgan

isat

ion

is v

ery

goal

driv

en a

nd t

hese

are

set

at

very

hig

h am

bitio

us l

evel

s fo

r de

sire

d fin

al o

utco

mes

. Th

ese

goal

s ne

ed t

o be

bro

ken

dow

n in

to a

ctio

ns t

hat

are

mor

e di

rect

and

rel

ated

to

daily

act

iviti

es w

ith m

ore

visi

ble

outp

uts.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly.

The

acco

unta

bilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e au

thor

ity

of th

e po

sitio

n, a

nd s

harin

g of

acc

ount

abili

ties

avoi

ded

to p

reve

nt re

spon

sibi

lity

from

bei

ng d

iffus

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

� R

espo

nsib

ility

is n

ot a

lway

s co

mm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y. O

n a

daily

bas

is, s

taff

are

tryi

ng to

man

age

as b

est t

hey

can

with

the

reso

urce

s av

aila

ble

and

cond

ition

s th

at a

re n

ot a

lway

s w

ithin

thei

r con

trol

.

78

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

.

� T

here

are

an

abun

danc

e of

pla

ns a

vaila

ble.

How

ever

, lon

g te

rm p

lans

for

the

site

hav

e af

fect

ed th

e w

ay in

whi

ch th

e pl

ant

is m

aint

aine

d an

d op

erat

ed.

This

cou

ld b

e ex

posi

ng w

orke

rs t

o m

ore

pote

ntia

l haz

ards

for

ext

ende

d pe

riods

of

time.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

A

dmin

istr

atio

n Su

ffici

ent

reso

urce

s ha

ve b

een

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t co

mm

itmen

t is

rea

l an

d go

als

are

achi

evab

le.

Fund

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

from

“re

allo

catio

n”.

Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

� T

here

are

suf

ficie

nt r

esou

rces

to

addr

ess

ongo

ing

perip

hera

l saf

ety

expe

nses

suc

h as

PPE

, but

fun

ding

is t

ight

for

ite

ms

requ

iring

larg

er a

lloca

tions

. Te

chni

cal r

esou

rces

are

loca

ted

off s

ite.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

A

reas

of c

ontro

l and

res

pons

ibilit

y ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

� T

here

are

a la

rge

num

ber

of c

ontr

acto

rs in

use

. A

reas

sug

gest

ed fo

r re

view

incl

ude

the

expo

sure

of c

ontr

acto

rs to

he

at s

tres

s an

d m

aint

enan

ce w

ork

cond

ucte

d on

wee

kend

s, e

spec

ially

if

hot

wor

k is

inv

olve

d.

Whe

re t

he s

ame

cont

ract

or h

as b

een

in u

se f

or lo

ng p

erio

ds o

f tim

e an

d is

wel

l acq

uain

ted

with

the

site

and

the

haz

ards

invo

lved

, the

ris

k is

les

s pr

onou

nced

, bu

t th

ose

cont

ract

ors

perf

orm

ing

smal

l jo

bs o

n an

inf

requ

ent

basi

s ar

e of

muc

h hi

gher

co

ncer

n.

78

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll ne

w p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls, a

nd s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n pu

rcha

sed

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n.

Pro

visi

ons

are

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

are

rev

iew

ed p

rior

to p

urch

ase

(see

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s an

d D

ange

rous

G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r se

rvic

es is

pr

ovid

ed w

here

nec

essa

ry fo

r saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

in

suffi

cien

t or

una

vaila

ble.

Th

ere

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of t

he p

oint

whe

re n

ew e

quip

men

t or

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

acce

pted

and

O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill b

e th

e ca

use

of O

HS

prob

lem

s an

d th

at it

can

be

very

exp

ensi

ve

to re

ctify

the

OH

S is

sues

retro

spec

tivel

y.

� T

his

is p

erfo

rmed

wel

l for

the

maj

ority

of p

rocu

rem

ent a

ctiv

ities

whe

n la

rge

volu

mes

are

invo

lved

. Th

is r

esul

t cou

ld

be im

prov

ed if

exa

mpl

es w

ere

prov

ided

whe

re th

is is

dem

onst

rate

d fo

r sm

alle

r acq

uisi

tions

.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. A

ll se

rvic

es a

re s

uppl

ied

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at s

afet

y ha

s be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d m

eets

org

anis

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S du

ties.

� A

gain

, thi

s is

per

form

ed w

ell f

or la

rger

sca

le a

ctiv

ities

. Th

is r

esul

t cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed if

exa

mpl

es w

ere

prov

ided

for

the

safe

sup

ply

of s

mal

ler s

cale

, non

rout

ine

orde

rs.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

� T

here

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f com

pete

nce

dem

onst

rate

d by

all

staf

f in

supe

rvis

ory

posi

tions

, and

a h

igh

leve

l of c

onfid

ence

in

the

safe

ope

ratio

n of

the

site

.

79

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly.

Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs to

use

thei

r jud

gem

ent a

nd e

xper

ienc

e as

nec

essa

ry,

for

exam

ple

whe

re to

o st

ringe

nt o

r re

stric

tive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

� T

his

area

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed w

ith re

spec

t to

the

leve

l of d

ocum

enta

tion

avai

labl

e.

Com

mun

icat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

ava

ilabl

e to

faci

litat

e th

e ef

ficie

nt fl

ow o

f inf

orm

atio

n to

per

form

wor

kpla

ce d

utie

s in

a m

anne

r tha

t is

safe

and

doe

s no

t in

duce

stre

ss.

Thi

s m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

� T

he o

pera

tion

is c

ondu

cted

by

a sm

all,

clos

e kn

it cr

ew a

nd t

he a

tmos

pher

e is

con

duci

ve t

o go

od c

omm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

ks.

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

resp

ect t

o ch

ange

s th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r hea

lth, s

afet

y or

wel

l-bei

ng.

Loca

l O

HS

regu

latio

ns o

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s ar

e ob

serv

ed, a

nd th

e co

mm

ittee

cha

irper

son

has

unde

rgon

e ap

prop

riate

tra

inin

g to

ful

fil t

heir

task

s an

d du

ties.

Mee

tings

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s w

ith p

artic

ipat

ion

of a

man

agem

ent

repr

esen

tativ

e w

ith s

uffic

ient

aut

horit

y to

take

act

ion

on it

ems

iden

tifie

d as

bei

ng in

nee

d of

cor

rect

ive

actio

n. T

he m

inut

es o

f the

m

eetin

gs a

re k

ept i

n a

secu

re lo

catio

n an

d m

ade

acce

ssib

le to

all

empl

oyee

s.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly t

ook

plac

e, w

ere

not

upda

ted

abou

t ex

istin

g O

HS

issu

es, o

r be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unifo

rmed

abo

ut O

HS

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to th

eir e

mpl

oym

ent.

� T

his

is s

ched

uled

to c

oinc

ide

with

pro

duct

ion

mee

tings

and

as

a re

sult

less

tim

e is

bei

ng d

edic

ated

to th

is fu

nctio

n.

Whi

lst

the

diffi

culty

in

getti

ng e

very

one

toge

ther

for

the

se m

eetin

gs i

s ap

prec

iate

d, t

his

does

not

det

ract

fro

m t

he

impo

rtan

ce o

f thi

s m

echa

nism

. M

inut

es o

f the

mee

ting

shou

ld h

ave

actio

ns p

erta

inin

g to

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y al

loca

ted

to

a pe

rson

resp

onsi

ble

for f

ollo

w u

p an

d a

date

nom

inat

ed fo

r the

act

ion

to b

e co

mpl

eted

whi

ch s

houl

d be

revi

ewed

at t

he

next

mee

ting.

Act

ions

aris

ing

from

inci

dent

s in

vest

igat

ed s

houl

d al

so b

e di

scus

sed.

79

1

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce.

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at u

pdat

es a

re re

ceiv

ed s

o th

at th

e in

form

atio

n be

ing

acte

d up

on is

alw

ays

curr

ent.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or i

ncom

plet

e in

form

atio

n is

use

d fo

r act

ioni

ng O

HS

issu

es, s

o in

appr

opria

te a

ctio

ns o

r ill-

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

� T

his

is h

andl

ed a

t a c

orpo

rate

leve

l. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed b

y gr

eate

r aw

aren

ess

of lo

cal r

equi

rem

ents

.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Pro

cedu

res

are

kept

cur

rent

to

inco

rpor

ate

less

ons

lear

nt a

nd o

ther

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble.

A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se.

Any

ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

� T

his

ratin

g re

flect

s th

e la

ck o

f doc

umen

tatio

n su

rrou

ndin

g ev

eryd

ay o

pera

tions

.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

Th

e du

ratio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. R

egul

ar b

ack

ups

of e

lect

roni

c da

ta a

re m

ade

whe

re th

eir

loss

wou

ld h

ave

an im

pact

upo

n th

e sa

fety

an

d he

alth

of e

mpl

oyee

s

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

� T

his

coul

d be

mor

e se

cure

with

resp

ect t

o ha

rd c

opie

s of

loca

l rec

ords

.

79

2

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

R

ecal

l/Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es.

Proc

edur

es a

re in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

� M

ost

of t

he c

usto

mer

s ar

e in

tern

al s

o th

is r

epre

sent

s an

are

a of

low

ris

k du

e to

the

eas

e of

acc

essi

ng in

form

atio

n an

d co

mm

unic

atio

n ch

anne

ls a

vaila

ble.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to c

aptu

re in

form

atio

n re

gard

ing

inci

dent

s th

at h

ave

occu

rred

to a

void

sim

ilar i

ncid

ents

from

recu

rrin

g in

the

futu

re.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to a

ddre

ss u

nder

lyin

g ca

uses

, whi

lst a

lso

putti

ng in

pla

ce a

ctio

ns to

ena

ble

a qu

ick

reco

very

from

the

situ

atio

n.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to

impr

ove

rath

er t

han

to b

lam

e.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to

inve

stig

ate

base

d on

like

lihoo

d or

pot

entia

l for

mor

e se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te ra

nge

of k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills.

A p

roto

col f

or re

porti

ng to

ext

erna

l aut

horit

ies

notif

iabl

e ev

ents

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d,

and

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curr

ing

is lo

st a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

con

tinue

to

con

tract

illn

esse

s or

be

inju

red.

� T

his

area

is m

anag

ed t

hrou

gh a

hig

hly

deve

lope

d el

ectr

onic

sys

tem

, with

gre

at e

mph

asis

on

info

rmat

ion

capt

urin

g an

d da

ta a

naly

sis.

The

issu

e he

re is

the

amou

nt o

f fol

low

-thro

ugh

and

the

abili

ty to

act

ually

see

the

chan

ges

disc

usse

d tr

ansf

orm

ed in

to v

isib

le a

ctio

ns o

n si

te.

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S pr

oced

ures

are

bei

ng a

dher

ed to

in h

ouse

. Th

e pu

rpos

e is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

ar

e su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le.

Self-

asse

ssm

ents

targ

etin

g pa

rticu

lar

area

s w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

frequ

ent b

asis

, for

exa

mpl

e m

onth

ly, a

nd it

ems

are

inde

pend

ently

spo

t che

cked

to im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of th

e re

sults

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

� W

ith s

o m

uch

emph

asis

on

risk

asse

ssm

ents

and

pla

nnin

g, t

here

is

less

foc

us o

n up

stre

am a

ctiv

ities

tha

t ar

e in

volv

ed in

get

ting

to th

e fin

al d

esire

d ou

tput

s. A

cha

nge

in ta

ctic

s m

ay p

rovi

de m

ore

tang

ible

evi

denc

e of

the

abili

ty to

re

mai

n on

trac

k, w

hils

t pro

vidi

ng a

num

ber o

f sm

all v

icto

ries

alon

g th

e w

ay.

79

3

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Aud

itsA

rang

e of

form

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is a

vaila

ble

to s

uppo

rt th

e fin

ding

s.

Spe

cial

ist

audi

ts m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks in

par

ticul

ar a

reas

. T

he

frequ

ency

of a

udits

will

dep

end

on th

e le

ngth

of t

ime

that

the

OH

S s

yste

ms

have

bee

n in

pla

ce, a

s es

tabl

ishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill n

eed

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

The

freq

uenc

y m

ay ra

nge

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. Au

dito

rs u

tilis

ed a

re s

uita

bly

qual

ified

and

exp

erie

nced

.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

� T

he s

yste

m is

ove

rbur

dene

d w

ith a

ctio

ns a

risin

g fr

om a

udits

and

the

high

leve

l of

bure

aucr

acy.

Th

ere

is to

o m

uch

conf

iden

ce in

the

sec

urity

pro

vide

d by

the

ele

ctro

nic

syst

ems

in p

lace

, and

the

se a

re n

ot t

rans

latin

g in

to m

eani

ngfu

l ac

tions

on

site

.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le is

exa

min

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t it

has

been

set

up

corre

ctly

and

rem

ains

su

itabl

e in

ligh

t of a

ny o

rgan

isat

iona

l cha

nges

or b

usin

ess

acqu

isiti

ons.

Con

duct

ed ty

pica

lly o

n an

ann

ual b

asis

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

� G

iven

the

info

rmat

ion

over

load

with

act

ions

aris

ing

from

inci

dent

s an

d au

dits

, it i

s cr

ucia

l tha

t a s

ucci

nct s

umm

ary

of

the

over

all

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

act

ions

and

con

trol

mea

sure

s is

rev

iew

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s, n

ot f

or t

he p

urpo

ses

of

inde

mni

fyin

g lia

bilit

y, b

ut fo

r the

obj

ectiv

e of

und

erst

andi

ng w

heth

er th

e st

rate

gies

in p

lace

are

wel

l alig

ned,

sup

port

ing

co-e

xist

ing

risk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

and

are

in f

act,

as a

who

le, a

re a

ble

to a

chie

ve u

ltim

ate

occu

patio

nal h

ealth

and

sa

fety

goa

ls.


795

Summary A framework of 60 OHS related elements has been developed to assess





based on observations, interviews and documented evidence made

available at the time of the assessments.

The application of this framework was conducted at your organisation (an

emergency services organisation whose prime business function was the

management of a large pool of volunteers) during late February/ early

March 2008. The scope of the study was limited to the direct staff within

the organisation because of the very large numbers of volunteers involved

and the difference in the nature of the activities performed by staff and

volunteers. The volunteer work was very high risk, at unpredictable times

and in variable locations. This study found:


organisation;

� Of these 60 elements applicable, your organisation had addressed

26 (43%) with formal systems and another 28 elements (47%)

informally. Six (10%) of the elements suggested by the framework

were not addressed by your organisation. These elements not

addressed were: Inductions for Contractors/ Visitors; Modifications;

Operational Review; Self Assessment; Audits; and System Review.

Almost half of the elements of the framework are handled informally

and this includes safe working procedures. A formal, documented

OHS Management System is still in the planning phase.

� The hazard profile for the staff members of the organisation suggests

that the risks lie mainly with the need for a systematic approach,

followed fairly closely by the risks associated with people, skills and

the complexity of human nature. Finally the risks associated with

796

the physical operating environment – a head office and regional

head quarters with attached stores, make up the balance of the

risks. This reflects the core business function which is to do with the

management of a large pool of volunteers through a group that is

relatively small compared with the numbers being managed.

� The prime risks associated with the nature of the operation are

managed predominantly through a combination of safe person

strategies involving the application of people skills and expertise as

well as a safe systems approach.

� The application of a safe person approach has been very successful

and achieved a high level of risk reduction. This reflects an

organisation that is very people and service oriented.

� The risks associated with the physical hardware and operating

environment for staff members has not received the same degree of

attention as for the volunteer function, and so there is still a

significant level of residual risk associated with this area. The

emphasis on risk assessments conducted by the volunteers needs

to be translated into the local environment for staff members. It is

possible that the obviously higher inherent risks associated with the

volunteer operation may make the risks perceived with the

management of the support operation appear less significant.

� The staff support operation would benefit greatly from a more

formalised and documented approach to help reduce hazards in

their physical work environment.

� Management of incidents within the staff operation would be greatly

assisted by a greater awareness of problem solving techniques and

root cause analysis.

� The consultation process could be better utilised to ensure follow

through of actions and take on a more strategic focus. This may

require a higher allocation of resources to fund these processes.

� Whilst there is great emphasis on managing the stress associated

with the volunteer operation, stress levels amongst staff members

797

should not be ignored and the reasons for this should be

investigated and addressed.

� The organisation is has achieved a high level of success in the

areas of accommodating diversity; OHS policy; employee

assistance programs; first aid and reporting; workers’

compensation/rehabilitation; supply with OHS consideration; and

customer service. Attention is required particularly in the areas of

hazardous substances (asbestos register), inductions for

contractors and visitors (not currently performed); stress awareness

and incident management (for staff incidents).

� There are a number of other areas that need to be addressed

including receipt and despatch relating to hazards with the store

and the use of forklifts and pallet jacks; the need for a more

documented approach to safe work methods; contractor control and

the need to document risk assessments for the staff operation

including the stores. Issues relating to the allocation of resources

and responsibility being commensurate with authority are also in

need of attention.


such a highly dynamic operation with the large number of volunteers

involved, their understanding of the dynamic risk assessment process and

the high quality of their training packages and critical incident support

programs.

Translation and application of the knowledge used for the management of

volunteers to the OHS management of the support staff in combination

with the realisation of their plans for a formal OHS Management System

will go a long way towards reducing the residual risk levels for this

important organisation that provides a most valuable service to the wider

community.

The organisation is very fortunate to have a team of such highly dedicated

staff.

798

Summary Results

Framework Charts





Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



799





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Emergency PreparednessHousekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Emergency PreparednessHousekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



800





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability




CriteriaSupply with OHS

ConsiderationCompetent Supervision


Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training and Skills


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability




CriteriaSupply with OHS

ConsiderationCompetent Supervision


Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



801






impact.


0 1 2 3 4

Biohazards

Disposal


Noise

Radiation


Modifications

Housekeeping


Access/Egress

Electrical


Receipt/Despatch





Plant/ Equipment




Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



802


0 1 2 3 4



Workers' Comp/Rehab


Selection Criteria

Conflict Resolution

Training


Equal Opportunity

Feedback Programs


Job Descriptions

Networking etc


Work Organisation


Health Promotion

Health Surveillance

Inductions

Stress Awareness


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



803


0 1 2 3 4

OHS Policy




Goal Setting

Accountability


Legislative Updates


Consultation


Procedural Updates

Self-Assessment

Audits

System Rewiew




Communication

Incident Management


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



804







that the need for a systematic approach and the need for safe person

strategies are where the majority of the risks lie, followed lastly by the risks

of the physical hardware and operating environment. This hazard profile

relates to the activities conducted by support staff and does not include

those activities conducted by the volunteers on the field.


Safe Systems35%

Safe Place32%

Safe Person 33%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person strategies have been used very

effectively to reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, a


place” aspect.


Safe Person27%

Safe Place38%

Safe Systems35%

805


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ris

k R

anki

ng


Legend WithoutIntervention With Intervention


applied.

The significant level of residual risk remaining in the hardware and

operating environment is perhaps related to the differences in perceived

risk of the activities carried out by support staff when compared with the

very high risks associated with the volunteer operation. There is scope to

reduce some of the hazards inherent to the support staff operation through

a more documented approach and the use of generic risk assessments for

store activities; the initiation of an incident management system for

support specifically for staff, the provision of sufficient time and resources

to ensure follow through of OHS actions identified, and greater awareness

of stress levels amongst direct employees.

It is clear that the strong focus on looking after the OHS needs of the

volunteers has helped the organisation to provide a very worthwhile

service, however the organisation needs also to be mindful of looking after

their direct employees so they can continue to provide such a high level of

service.

80

6

Cas

e St

udy

7 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A ge

nera

l bro

ad b

ased

risk

ass

essm

ent h

as b

een

perfo

rmed

at s

ome

criti

cal p

oint

in ti

me

from

whi

ch im

prov

emen

t or d

eclin

e in

ov

eral

l OH

S ri

sk p

rese

ntin

g to

the

orga

nisa

tion

may

be

mea

sure

d. T

his

asse

ssm

ent m

ust b

e re

cord

ed.

It is

ass

umed

that

all

key

area

s of

sig

nific

ant r

isk

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

. A

reas

requ

iring

spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

(inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill be

reac

tive

only

.

�W

hils

t thi

s is

han

dled

ver

y w

ell f

or th

e vo

lunt

eers

that

are

man

aged

, the

sam

e pr

oces

s th

at h

as b

een

appl

ied

to v

olun

teer

s ne

eds

to b

e pe

rfor

med

for t

he d

irect

em

ploy

ees.

A s

erie

s of

gen

eric

risk

ass

essm

ents

for s

taff

activ

ities

incl

udin

g th

e st

ores

ne

eds

to b

e de

velo

ped

and

docu

men

ted.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A sp

ecia

lised

risk

ass

essm

ent t

hat i

s co

ncer

ned

with

fitti

ng th

e ta

sk to

the

hum

an a

nd m

ay c

over

a v

ery

broa

d ra

nge

of is

sues

in

clud

ing

man

ual h

andl

ing,

wor

k or

gani

satio

n, ta

sk o

r job

des

ign,

hum

an e

rror

and

pro

blem

s w

ith in

form

atio

n pr

oces

sing

as

wel

l as

indu

stria

l hyg

iene

. H

owev

er, i

n th

e co

ntex

t of “

safe

pla

ce s

trate

gies

” the

sco

pe is

lim

ited

here

to fo

cusi

ng o

n th

e la

yout

of t

he

wor

ksta

tion,

man

ual h

andl

ing

and

exam

inat

ion

of re

petit

ive

task

s. S

uch

asse

ssm

ents

sho

uld

be p

erfo

rmed

by

pers

on(s

) with

the

appr

opria

te q

ualif

icat

ions

and

com

pete

ncie

s to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill s

usta

in a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r may

not

be

able

to re

turn

to th

e sa

me

type

of e

mpl

oym

ent.

�W

hils

t the

nee

d fo

r erg

onom

ic e

valu

atio

ns in

clud

ing

man

ual h

andl

ing

asse

ssm

ents

has

bee

n id

entif

ied,

thes

e ne

ed to

be

cond

ucte

d fo

rmal

ly a

nd d

ocum

ente

d. O

nce

thes

e ha

ve b

een

form

alis

ed, a

ser

ies

of a

ctio

ns s

houl

d be

dev

elop

ed, w

ith

pers

ons

resp

onsi

ble

iden

tifie

d an

d co

mpl

etio

n da

tes

set.

Thi

s lis

t sho

uld

be re

view

ed o

n a

regu

lar b

asis

and

pro

gres

s ag

ains

t set

task

s no

ted.

80

7

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loca

l bui

ldin

g re

gula

tions

, and

esc

ape

rout

es c

lear

. Th

is is

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

� T

he c

urre

nt w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

for s

taff

mak

e cl

ear p

rovi

sion

for g

ood

acce

ss/ e

gres

s. T

his

ratin

g w

ould

be

impr

oved

if

insp

ectio

ns to

ens

ure

all c

ritic

al e

xits

wer

e no

t blo

cked

whe

re b

eing

und

erta

ken

on a

regu

lar b

asis

.

Plan

t/ Eq

uipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m.

Whe

re th

is re

quire

s sp

ecia

list k

now

ledg

e th

is m

ust

be p

ursu

ed w

ith th

e su

pplie

r or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir o

pini

ons

duly

con

side

red.

Th

e ha

zard

s of

rota

ting

mac

hine

ry, p

inch

poi

nts,

and

cru

sh in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f veh

icle

s (in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

hei

ghts

. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts

for n

oise

and

/or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

�W

hils

t the

pla

nt a

nd e

quip

men

t bei

ng u

sed

by s

taff

may

not

app

ear a

s hi

gh ri

sk a

s th

at u

sed

by th

e vo

lunt

eers

, cor

rect

us

e of

fork

lifts

and

pal

let j

acks

by

staf

f in

stor

es is

stil

l ver

y im

port

ant a

nd th

e st

ore

area

s st

ill n

eed

to b

e as

sess

ed. T

his

shou

ld b

e co

nduc

ted

form

ally

to e

nsur

e al

l act

iviti

es a

re p

erfo

rmed

saf

ely

and

corr

ectiv

e ac

tions

are

iden

tifie

d an

d im

plem

ente

d as

nec

essa

ry.

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Amen

ities

suc

h as

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c to

ilets

and

cha

nge

room

s; p

rovi

sion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

a re

frige

rato

r/ m

icro

wav

e fo

r mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt fe

edin

g fa

cilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re th

e ne

ed e

xist

s. T

he w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for i

ndoo

r air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls.

Exp

osur

e to

hea

t and

col

d m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

con

side

ratio

ns fo

r out

door

w

orke

rs (s

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. Th

e sp

ecia

l nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

�Th

e am

eniti

es a

nd w

ork

envi

ronm

ent p

rovi

ded

for s

taff

are

plea

sant

and

wel

l mai

ntai

ned.

Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

impr

oved

by

a m

ore

form

alis

ed a

ppro

ach

to th

e se

t wor

k en

viro

nmen

t, cl

imat

e co

ntro

l and

faci

litie

s pr

ovid

ed.

80

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f sup

plie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is c

ondu

cted

so

that

any

impa

cts

on h

ealth

and

saf

ety

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

prio

r to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. P

lans

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or h

andl

ing,

rece

ipt,

desp

atch

and

tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�Th

e st

ore

area

s ar

e in

nee

d of

eva

luat

ion

and

cont

rols

in th

ese

area

s fo

r saf

e w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

cou

ld b

e tig

hten

ed. S

ee

also

the

com

men

t for

pla

nt a

nd e

quip

men

t.

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. O

ther

el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e el

ectri

c sh

ock;

sta

tic e

lect

ricity

; sto

red

elec

trica

l ene

rgy,

the

incr

ease

d da

nger

s of

hig

h vo

ltage

equ

ipm

ent

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

spa

rks

in fl

amm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve te

stin

g is

nec

essa

ry, o

nly

appr

opria

tely

trai

ned

and

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e in

jure

d or

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a fi

re/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks in

a fl

amm

able

or

expl

osiv

e at

mos

pher

e.

�Th

e ris

ks a

risin

g fr

om e

lect

rical

haz

ards

and

por

tabl

e el

ectr

ical

equ

ipm

ent a

re w

ell u

nder

stoo

d. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be

impr

oved

by

mor

e rig

orou

s do

cum

enta

tion

and

revi

ew.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In

som

e ca

ses

base

line

audi

omet

ry te

stin

g w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary.

Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd a

ttem

pts

to re

mov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce.

Loca

l reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

w

ith re

gula

tory

lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt th

e le

ngth

of e

xpos

ure

espe

cial

ly if

shi

fts lo

nger

than

8 h

ours

are

use

d. S

ourc

es o

f vi

brat

ion

that

impa

ct o

n w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ear

dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or i

ndus

trial

ly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

�Fo

r sta

ff, n

oise

pre

sent

s le

ss o

f a h

azar

d as

they

are

typi

cally

in a

n of

fice

or s

tore

env

ironm

ent.

Whi

st n

oise

leve

ls a

re

unlik

ely

to e

xcee

d pr

escr

ibed

leve

ls; n

uisa

nce

back

grou

nd n

oise

leve

ls m

ay in

terf

ere

with

con

cent

ratio

n an

d in

duce

fatig

ue.

80

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s Al

l haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s an

d da

nger

ous

good

s (e

xplo

sive

s, p

ress

uris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

toxi

c ch

emic

als,

and

irr

itant

s) s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, li

sted

and

labe

lled

and

a re

gist

er k

ept c

onta

inin

g al

l MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. W

here

spe

cific

con

trols

are

nec

essa

ry, a

refe

renc

e to

com

ply

with

the

MS

DS

is

note

d, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

requ

irem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

may

be

exp

osed

, In

som

e ca

ses

this

will

be

depe

nden

t on

the

quan

titie

s or

vol

umes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd in

vent

ory

of

dang

erou

s go

ods

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�W

hils

t the

re a

re n

ot la

rge

volu

mes

of h

azar

dous

che

mic

als

bein

g ha

ndle

d, th

ere

is s

till a

nee

d fo

r an

accu

rate

asb

esto

s re

gist

er a

nd th

is m

atte

r sho

uld

be g

iven

due

atte

ntio

n.

Bio

haza

rds

Biol

ogic

al h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

us a

gent

s, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (i

nclu

ding

blo

od) o

r oth

er s

ourc

es o

f pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s, in

fect

ious

pe

ople

; con

tam

inat

ed fo

od; c

onta

ct w

ith a

nim

als;

rode

nts;

pla

nts/

polle

ns; i

nsec

ts; m

ites;

lice

; sew

erag

e; fu

ngi o

r bird

dro

ppin

gs

cool

ing

wat

er re

serv

oirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic re

actio

n or

dev

elop

lo

ng te

rm fl

u/as

thm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms.

�Fo

r sta

ff in

an

offic

e en

viro

nmen

t and

in th

e st

ores

this

is n

ot a

n ar

ea o

f maj

or c

once

rn, a

lthou

gh th

is w

ould

be

diffe

rent

fo

r the

vol

unte

ers

who

ope

rate

pre

dom

inan

tly o

utdo

ors.

.

Rad

iatio

n S

ourc

es o

f rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd ra

dioa

ctiv

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

ultra

viol

et ra

ys

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

skin

or e

yes;

nea

r inf

ra-r

ed ra

diat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e ey

es (w

eldi

ng, f

urna

ces,

mol

ten

met

als)

; LA

SE

R’s

; the

hea

ting

effe

ct fr

om m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne to

wer

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

freq

uenc

y ra

diat

ion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fiel

d ex

posu

re s

uch

as p

ower

lines

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

�A

s fo

r bio

haza

rds,

for s

taff

this

is a

muc

h lo

wer

risk

, alth

ough

ther

e is

som

e ou

tdoo

rs w

ork

for t

hose

con

duct

ing

trai

ning

in

the

field

. The

nee

d fo

r sun

pro

tect

ion

has

been

rein

forc

ed, h

owev

er it

s ef

fect

iven

ess

relie

s on

use

r com

plia

nce.

81

0

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Dis

posa

lA

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir c

onta

iner

s, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner t

hat c

ompl

ies

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

an

d th

at d

oes

not c

ause

har

m e

ither

thro

ugh

imm

edia

te c

onta

ct o

r as

a re

sult

of tr

ansf

errin

g th

e su

bsta

nces

/ m

ater

ials

for d

ispo

sal o

r di

sper

sal e

lsew

here

. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (s

ee h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls/ d

ange

rous

goo

ds).

Als

o in

clud

ed h

ere

are

the

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

hyg

iene

and

the

hand

ling

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

�Th

is is

und

er fa

irly

good

con

trol

and

the

proc

edur

es fo

r dis

posa

l are

form

alis

ed.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

Pl

anni

ng fo

r the

saf

e in

stal

latio

n of

new

bui

ldin

gs o

r war

ehou

ses

as w

ell a

s th

e de

mol

ition

of t

hese

stru

ctur

es to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

ped

estri

ans

and

othe

rs in

the

wor

kpla

ce.

Incl

uded

her

e ar

e th

e pr

esen

ce o

f asb

esto

s in

dem

olis

hed

stru

ctur

es; t

he s

afe

conn

ectio

n or

dis

conn

ectio

n of

ser

vice

s su

ch a

s ga

s, e

lect

ricity

, and

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

; pro

tect

ion

from

noi

se, d

ebris

or o

ther

pr

ojec

tiles

; and

the

poss

ibilit

y of

fallin

g in

to e

xcav

ated

are

as.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or a

s a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

�A

read

ily a

vaila

ble

asbe

stos

regi

ster

wou

ld b

e of

use

her

e, a

nd th

is ra

ting

wou

ld b

e lo

wer

if s

uch

a re

gist

er w

as a

vaila

ble.

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty.

Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at a

re q

ualif

ied

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

�Pr

even

tive

mai

nten

ance

and

repa

ir w

ork

is c

ritic

al fo

r equ

ipm

ent s

uppl

ied

to v

olun

teer

s. A

mor

e he

avily

doc

umen

ted

and

syst

emat

ic a

ppro

ach

is n

eede

d to

ens

ure

cont

rol o

f thi

s el

emen

t.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. M

odifi

catio

ns m

ay b

e m

inor

or m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer r

evie

wed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

han

ded

over

to th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

wer

e th

ough

t thr

ough

.

�Th

is e

lem

ent c

ould

be

give

n m

ore

focu

s fo

r any

cha

nges

mad

e to

sto

re a

rran

gem

ents

.

81

1

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal w

ith s

ituat

ions

suc

h as

fire

, nat

ural

dis

aste

rs, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. N

ot o

nly

shou

ld th

ese

pote

ntia

l situ

atio

ns

be id

entif

ied,

but

the

requ

ired

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter t

he d

rills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be

unab

le to

reac

t app

ropr

iate

ly (f

or e

xam

ple,

eva

cuat

e sa

fely

or

resp

ond

effe

ctiv

ely,

whi

ch m

ay le

ad to

incr

ease

d ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

�A

n ev

acua

tion

plan

is a

vaila

ble,

trai

ning

has

bee

n co

nduc

ted

and

floor

and

are

a w

arde

ns id

entif

ied.

Atte

ntio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

cla

rifyi

ng th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

unde

r whi

ch a

n al

arm

is ra

ised

to e

nsur

e th

at s

omeo

ne is

alw

ays

read

ily a

vaila

ble

to

carr

y ou

t thi

s fir

st c

ritic

al s

tep.

Secu

rity

– Si

te/

Pers

onal

O

nly

auth

oris

ed p

erso

ns w

ho h

ave

been

info

rmed

of r

elev

ant s

ite ru

les

ente

r the

wor

kpla

ce.

Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

con

tact

hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r oth

erw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

plac

e to

redu

ce th

reat

s of

bod

ily h

arm

. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�A

rran

gem

ents

in th

e re

gion

al h

eadq

uart

ers

coul

d be

tigh

tene

d to

ens

ure

that

wor

kers

feel

saf

e w

hen

they

are

on

the

prem

ised

by

them

selv

es. S

taff

are

ofte

n re

quire

d to

trav

el a

lone

on

coun

try

road

s an

d th

e ar

eas

man

aged

are

qui

te v

ast.

Atte

ntio

n is

nee

ded

to e

nsur

e th

at e

mpl

oyee

saf

ety

can

be g

uara

ntee

d w

hils

t tra

velli

ng a

lone

in re

mot

e ar

eas.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. W

alkw

ays

shou

ld n

ot b

e bl

ocke

d. S

pilla

ges

shou

ld b

e cl

eane

d up

imm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be re

turn

ed a

nd e

mpt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns.

Unw

ante

d m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be s

orte

d an

d pu

t int

o st

orag

e or

dis

pose

d of

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�H

ouse

keep

ing

in th

e st

ore

area

s co

uld

be im

prov

ed. S

afe

stac

king

arr

ange

men

ts s

houl

d be

agr

eed

upon

and

follo

wed

.

81

2

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Proc

esse

s sh

ould

be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to e

nsur

e th

at e

quip

men

t and

faci

litie

s ar

e be

ing

used

and

app

lied

in th

e m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for w

hich

saf

ety

prov

isio

ns h

ave

been

con

side

red

and

impl

emen

ted.

The

pro

cess

es a

re m

onito

red

to

ensu

re th

at th

ey a

re o

pera

ting

with

in s

afe

limits

. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

�A

gree

men

t on

wha

t act

iviti

es s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d on

a re

gula

r bas

is th

at p

erta

in to

sta

ff fu

nctio

ns w

ould

ass

ist i

n th

e sm

ooth

man

agem

ent o

f the

vol

unte

er o

pera

tion.

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is c

ondu

cted

that

com

pare

s th

e cu

rren

t situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a b

asel

ine

asse

ssm

ent t

o in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

� T

he ri

sks

rela

ting

dire

ctly

to s

taff

need

to b

e id

entif

ied

and

sepa

rate

d fr

om th

ose

risks

pre

sent

ing

to v

olun

teer

s th

at a

re

clea

rly u

nder

stoo

d an

d w

ell m

anag

ed. T

hese

sho

uld

be re

view

ed o

n a

regu

lar b

asis

.

81

3

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ A

nti-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith re

spec

t and

dig

nity

. Th

ere

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

that

the

inte

ntio

n of

thes

e po

licie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear t

o em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ed

ucat

ing

man

agem

ent o

n th

e fo

rms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pro

visi

on

of re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer s

tagn

atio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m.

This

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r per

form

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

� T

here

are

form

al p

olic

ies

in p

lace

suc

h as

EEO

and

ant

i-bul

lyin

g as

a re

sult

of th

e la

rge

corp

orat

e fr

amew

ork

that

this

sm

alle

r org

anis

atio

n is

par

t of.

A

ccom

mod

atin

g D

iver

sity

Th

e w

orkp

lace

pro

mot

es a

n ac

cept

ance

of d

iver

sity

. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r the

ir sa

fe e

vacu

atio

n in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y. T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

of y

oung

wor

kers

, pre

gnan

t or n

ursi

ng m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

ca

re n

ot to

pla

ce s

uch

empl

oyee

s in

to s

ituat

ions

whe

re th

ey a

re a

t inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or o

ther

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n ar

e av

aila

ble

for t

hose

that

hav

e la

ngua

ge b

arrie

rs.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� T

here

are

no

repo

rted

lite

racy

issu

es o

n th

is s

ite. T

his

elem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d pa

rtic

ular

ly w

ell a

nd p

rovi

sion

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s an

d th

ose

with

mob

ility

issu

es h

ave

been

inco

rpor

ated

into

the

emer

genc

y pl

ans.

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(for

exa

mpl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�Se

lect

ion

crite

ria is

han

dled

ver

y fo

rmal

ly a

nd th

e bl

end

of s

taff

in p

lace

sug

gest

that

this

is w

orki

ng w

ell.

81

4

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Indu

ctio

ns-C

ontr

acto

rs/

Visi

tors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w to

ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. I

nfor

mat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f the

ir pr

esen

ce a

t the

wor

kpla

ce is

re

cord

ed to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to a

ccep

tanc

e of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. Al

so, s

peci

fic c

onta

cts/

host

s ar

e de

sign

ated

to e

nsur

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

�A

rran

gem

ents

to in

duct

con

trac

tors

and

vis

itors

are

not

in p

lace

, and

this

are

a sh

ould

rece

ive

atte

ntio

n.

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

has

bee

n co

nduc

ted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

thei

r ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly.

Arr

ange

men

ts a

re in

pla

ce to

add

ress

any

gap

s th

at m

ay e

xist

. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed

have

bee

n m

ade

awar

e of

loca

l pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

trai

ning

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te in

terv

als

to m

aint

ain

skills

an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

. A

ll pe

rson

s co

nduc

ting

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so.

Trai

ning

reco

rds

are

mai

ntai

ned.

Evi

denc

e of

co

mpe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

�Th

e co

re fu

nctio

n of

the

orga

nisa

tion

is th

e sa

fe m

anag

emen

t of v

olun

teer

s an

d as

suc

h th

ey h

ave

beco

me

part

icul

arly

go

od a

t tra

inin

g, a

nd ju

st n

eeds

to e

nsur

e th

at ro

utin

e st

aff a

ctiv

ities

als

o re

ceiv

e th

e sa

me

leve

l of a

ttent

ion.

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te th

e ro

le h

ave

been

con

side

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t ind

uce

unne

cess

ary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or s

tress

, and

the

requ

ired

leve

l of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pau

ses

or o

ther

rota

tion

of d

utie

s ha

ve b

een

intro

duce

d w

here

fatig

ue in

duci

ng c

ondi

tions

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

will

pre

disp

ose

empl

oyee

s to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� A

flex

ible

atti

tude

to w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

was

not

ed. T

here

is s

till t

he p

oten

tial f

or s

tres

s le

vels

to in

duce

fatig

ue a

nd

this

sho

uld

be g

iven

con

side

ratio

n.

81

5

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s P

erso

nal s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rran

gem

ents

, cov

erag

e of

crit

ical

abs

ence

s, re

sour

cing

leve

ls a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver w

ork

load

are

fact

ored

into

ong

oing

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts s

o as

not

to in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

by

that

par

ticul

ar e

mpl

oyee

as

stre

ssfu

l. P

lans

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r dea

ling

with

exc

essi

ve e

mai

ls a

nd u

nwel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

safe

ly d

ue to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n se

emed

to b

e ve

ry a

war

e of

the

pote

ntia

l for

str

ess

and

post

trau

mat

ic s

yndr

ome

to d

evel

op in

the

volu

ntee

rs, y

et th

e ex

iste

nce

of s

tres

s w

ithin

its

own

staf

f mem

bers

is n

ot g

iven

the

sam

e le

vel o

f atte

ntio

n. T

his

may

be

in p

art t

o du

e to

the

cultu

re re

late

d to

dea

ling

with

em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns, t

he n

eed

to b

e ca

lm u

nder

pre

ssur

e an

d ap

pear

ing

to b

e in

con

trol

at a

ll tim

es. R

espo

nsib

ility

that

is n

ot c

omm

ensu

rate

with

aut

horit

y, m

inim

al re

sour

ces

and

lack

of

con

trol

ove

r wor

kloa

ds c

an a

ll co

ntrib

ute

to h

igh

stre

ss le

vels

am

ongs

t sta

ff. T

he c

ause

s of

this

sho

uld

be in

vest

igat

ed

and

mea

sure

s to

add

ress

this

situ

atio

n ac

ted

upon

as

a m

atte

r of p

riorit

y.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir o

blig

atio

ns.

Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

fulfi

l the

se e

xist

, ch

anne

ls s

houl

d be

ava

ilabl

e to

ena

ble

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on b

ehal

f of b

oth

parti

es.

Ski

lls a

nd a

utho

rity

leve

ls a

re

com

men

sura

te w

ith re

spon

sibi

litie

s al

loca

ted.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or a

utho

rity

nece

ssar

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

e co

mpe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

� T

hese

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r sta

ff in

key

role

s an

d sh

ould

be

exte

nded

to c

over

all

staf

f with

the

leve

l of d

etai

l com

men

sura

te

with

the

role

s.

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly re

info

rced

and

uns

afe

beha

viou

rs d

isco

urag

ed.

This

may

take

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

in

spec

tions

, uns

afe

act o

r obs

erva

tion

prog

ram

s, fo

llow

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or d

iscr

eet.

E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns th

at

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r pos

itive

rein

forc

emen

t of s

afe

beha

viou

rs, c

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

rew

ard

sche

dule

s so

th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed.

Rew

ards

may

incl

ude

prai

se, r

ecog

nitio

n or

incr

ease

d st

atus

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�Th

e us

e of

“Ta

ke F

ive”

for t

he p

urpo

se o

f con

duct

ing

dyna

mic

risk

ass

essm

ents

is w

ell p

rom

oted

. Thi

s ta

rget

s co

rrec

ting

the

beha

viou

r whe

re p

eopl

e m

ay ru

sh in

to a

task

with

out t

hink

ing

it th

roug

h. T

his

is v

ery

wel

l don

e, a

nd th

is

tech

niqu

e of

targ

etin

g ch

ange

cou

ld b

e ap

plie

d m

ore

wid

ely

to c

orre

ct a

ny b

ad h

abits

that

hav

e de

velo

ped

over

tim

e or

be

en p

asse

d do

wn

durin

g on

the

job

trai

ning

.

81

6

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill s

uffe

r poo

r hea

lth o

r a lo

wer

ed s

tate

of w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em to

inju

ries

or il

lnes

ses

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

�Pr

omot

ion

of h

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

nd m

eans

of r

elax

atio

n to

redu

ce s

tres

s w

ould

be

of a

ssis

tanc

e he

re.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r net

wor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist p

erfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. P

ursu

it of

hig

her o

rder

ski

lls a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� T

here

is e

vide

nce

of n

etw

orki

ng a

vaila

ble.

Thi

s co

uld

be e

xten

ded

furt

her t

o ob

tain

eve

n gr

eate

r ben

efits

.

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or

is n

otic

eabl

e by

oth

er c

olle

ague

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

ere

are

form

al m

echa

nism

s fo

r dea

ling

with

con

flict

and

the

oper

atio

n w

orks

wel

l as

a te

am.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s Pe

rson

s ex

perie

ncin

g pr

oble

ms

of a

per

sona

l nat

ure

such

as

the

brea

kdow

n of

sig

nific

ant r

elat

ions

hips

, grie

f, su

bsta

nce

abus

e, o

r ot

her e

mot

iona

l pro

blem

s m

ay a

cces

s he

lp in

a c

onfid

entia

l env

ironm

ent a

nd re

ceiv

e th

e ne

cess

ary

supp

ort t

o en

able

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n ha

s a

very

goo

d em

ploy

ee a

ssis

tanc

e pr

ogra

m a

vaila

ble.

81

7

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t P

erso

nal P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (P

PE

) is

used

whe

re o

ther

opt

ions

to m

inim

ise

the

risk

are

unav

aila

ble

or in

adeq

uate

. A

ll P

PE

su

pplie

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

sel

ecte

d to

ens

ure

that

it m

eets

any

sta

ndar

ds a

pplic

able

, is

fit fo

r pur

pose

and

is fi

tted

corr

ectly

. Th

e po

tent

ial f

or c

reat

ing

othe

r haz

ards

by

the

appl

icat

ion

of th

e P

PE

sel

ecte

d ha

s be

en c

aref

ully

con

side

red

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

suc

h im

pact

s m

inim

ised

.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE

sel

ecte

d w

ill n

ot p

rovi

de th

e pr

otec

tion

expe

cted

(bec

ause

of p

oor s

elec

tion,

poo

r tra

inin

g, p

oor f

it or

poo

r m

aint

enan

ce) o

r may

eve

n be

the

caus

e of

add

ition

al w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n is

ver

y go

od a

t ide

ntify

ing

PPE

nece

ssar

y as

par

t of i

ts ro

le in

man

agin

g vo

lunt

eers

. Aga

in, a

ctiv

ities

co

nduc

ted

by s

taff

that

app

ear l

ess

haza

rdou

s st

ill n

eed

to re

ceiv

e at

tent

ion.

Firs

t Aid

/ Rep

ortin

g

Pro

visi

ons

for f

irst a

id a

re a

vaila

ble

that

mee

t loc

al re

gula

tions

incl

udin

g th

e nu

mbe

rs o

f sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed fi

rst a

ider

s an

d su

ffici

ent

quan

titie

s of

firs

t aid

mat

eria

ls.

Qua

lific

atio

ns a

re k

ept c

urre

nt a

nd fi

rst a

id s

tock

s re

gula

rly re

plen

ishe

d. A

regi

ster

of w

orkp

lace

in

jurie

s is

kep

t tha

t mee

ts lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns a

nd n

otifi

catio

n of

inci

dent

s to

sta

tuto

ry a

utho

ritie

s is

obs

erve

d as

requ

ired.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tra

uma

asso

ciat

ed w

ith in

jurie

s an

d po

or in

jury

man

agem

ent w

ill b

e gr

eate

r and

take

long

er

time

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be

brea

ched

.

� T

his

elem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d pa

rtic

ular

ly w

ell.

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs fo

r los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Ass

ista

nce

is p

rovi

ded

for

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to

offe

r mea

ning

ful e

mpl

oym

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; sim

ilar o

r mod

ified

pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce; d

iffer

ent p

ositi

on/

diffe

rent

wor

kpla

ce.

A re

turn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or e

xter

nally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. A

ll pa

rties

are

kep

t inf

orm

ed o

f pro

gres

s an

d de

velo

pmen

ts.

Sys

tem

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

inju

red

wor

kers

are

not

retu

rned

to

the

unal

tere

d w

orkp

lace

that

inju

red

them

.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill b

e in

crea

sed

and

that

the

psyc

holo

gica

l effe

cts

of th

e in

jury

and

loss

of c

onfid

ence

will

be

heig

hten

ed.

� A

hig

h de

gree

of s

atis

fact

ion

was

repo

rted

with

this

func

tion.

81

8

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t med

ical

s ha

ve b

een

unde

rtake

n to

pro

vide

bas

elin

e in

form

atio

n on

the

empl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of h

ealth

. E

xam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or u

rine

sam

ples

for b

iolo

gica

l mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-r

ays

and

audi

omet

ric

test

ing.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

wor

kpla

ce, t

his

surv

eilla

nce

may

be

subj

ect t

o co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is c

ondu

cted

from

whi

ch th

e he

alth

of w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed to

spe

cific

risk

s ca

n be

m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l stra

tegi

es m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for c

laim

s pu

rpos

es w

ill n

ot e

xist

and

th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

�Th

e ne

ed fo

r hea

lth s

urve

illan

ce w

ill b

e cl

eare

r onc

e th

e as

best

os re

gist

er is

ava

ilabl

e.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

take

the

form

of s

ugge

stio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

and

/or

perc

eive

d ef

fect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to e

ncou

rage

par

ticip

atio

n in

feed

back

act

iviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

�Th

e us

e of

feed

back

pro

gram

s m

ay a

ssis

t with

und

erst

andi

ng c

ause

s of

str

ess

with

in th

e st

aff w

ork

envi

ronm

ent.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for s

afe

wor

k pr

actic

es a

nd o

bser

vatio

n of

site

saf

ety

rule

s, h

ouse

keep

ing,

and

the

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

leve

l of r

espo

nsib

ility

and

aut

horit

y be

stow

ed.

Em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent s

ettin

g go

od e

xam

ples

for w

orkp

lace

saf

ety

shou

ld b

e en

cour

aged

and

val

ued.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

act

ions

m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

�Pe

rfor

man

ce re

view

s sh

ould

ens

ure

that

OH

S is

sues

are

em

bedd

ed in

to th

e as

sess

men

t for

all

staf

f mem

bers

.

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Per

sonn

el tu

rn o

ver r

ates

are

revi

ewed

to u

ncov

er th

e ro

ot c

ause

for a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls, s

uch

as p

robl

ems

with

lead

ersh

ip,

pers

onal

ity c

onfli

cts,

exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r wor

k co

nditi

ons.

Exi

t int

ervi

ews

are

cond

ucte

d to

gat

her f

eedb

ack

for i

mpr

ovem

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s pr

esen

t. S

ucce

ssio

n pl

ans

are

in p

lace

to p

rovi

de a

saf

e an

d su

ffici

ent l

evel

of e

xper

ienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f saf

e w

orki

ng a

rran

gem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

� A

naly

sis

of in

form

atio

n ob

tain

ed a

t exi

t int

ervi

ews

wou

ld p

rovi

de o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ents

.

81

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

OH

S Po

licy

An O

HS

polic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

The

cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

no d

irect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S,

or w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

� T

he O

HS

polic

y is

ver

y w

ell w

orde

d.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

dete

rmin

e w

heth

er O

HS

issu

es a

re im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e. T

hese

goa

ls s

houl

d be

con

sist

ent t

he o

rgan

isat

ion’

s O

HS

polic

y an

d th

e go

als

shou

ld b

e re

view

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s.

Car

e sh

ould

be

take

n to

ens

ure

that

goa

ls a

re r

ealis

tic a

nd a

chie

vabl

e; s

peci

fic; m

easu

rabl

e; h

ave

been

ade

quat

ely

reso

urce

d an

d un

derg

o pe

riodi

c re

view

. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r too

ove

rwhe

lmin

g to

add

ress

sys

tem

atic

ally

and

that

lack

of f

eedb

ack

on re

cent

effo

rts

may

lead

to a

path

y.

� T

he g

oals

sta

ted

in t

he c

orpo

rate

pla

n ar

e fo

cuse

d ar

ound

the

man

agem

ent

of t

he v

olun

teer

s, a

nd a

s th

eir

mai

n bu

sine

ss f

unct

ion,

thi

s is

per

form

ed e

xtre

mel

y w

ell.

How

ever

a k

ey g

oal

for

OH

S pe

rtai

ning

to

staf

f w

as t

he

deve

lopm

ent o

f a fo

rmal

ised

OH

S M

anag

emen

t Sys

tem

. Thi

s is

a v

ery

big

task

whi

ch w

ould

be

of g

reat

ben

efit

to s

taff.

Th

is g

oal w

ould

ben

efit

from

bei

ng b

roke

n do

wn

into

sm

alle

r ac

tiviti

es th

at c

an b

e re

view

ed a

nd tr

acke

d m

ore

easi

ly.

Goa

ls a

naly

sed

and

rank

ed in

ord

er o

f prio

rity.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r OH

S is

sues

has

bee

n al

loca

ted

and

ther

e is

suf

ficie

nt fo

llow

thro

ugh

and

cons

eque

nces

in p

lace

if th

ese

are

not m

et to

ens

ure

that

thes

e re

spon

sibi

litie

s ar

e ta

ken

serio

usly

. Th

e ac

coun

tabi

lity

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

auth

ority

of

the

posi

tion,

and

sha

ring

of a

ccou

ntab

ilitie

s av

oide

d to

pre

vent

resp

onsi

bilit

y fro

m b

eing

diff

used

.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

� A

ccou

ntab

ility

for

OH

S m

atte

rs is

wel

l acc

epte

d at

all

leve

ls o

f lin

e m

anag

emen

t. H

owev

er, i

t app

ears

that

aut

horit

y is

not

alw

ays

com

men

sura

te th

e hi

gh le

vels

of r

espo

nsib

ility

exp

ecte

d.

82

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to re

gula

tory

com

plia

nce,

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d an

d tim

e fra

mes

for c

ompl

etio

n id

entif

ied.

The

list

is re

view

ed o

n a

regu

lar b

asis

and

dem

onst

rabl

e pr

ogre

ss is

evi

dent

.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a re

sult

of

brea

ches

.

� A

due

dili

genc

e pl

an n

eeds

to b

e co

mpi

led

as a

cen

tral

doc

umen

t to

addr

ess

area

s w

here

full

com

plia

nce

with

OH

S re

gula

tions

and

cod

es o

f pra

ctic

e ha

s no

t bee

n ac

hiev

ed.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

A

dmin

istr

atio

n S

uffic

ient

res

ourc

es h

ave

been

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t co

mm

itmen

t is

rea

l and

goa

ls a

re a

chie

vabl

e.

Fund

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

from

“rea

lloca

tion”

. Ti

me

is a

vaila

ble

and

suffi

cien

t to

addr

ess

OH

S is

sues

, and

has

bee

n bu

dget

ed fo

r in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

�R

esou

rce

allo

catio

n ap

pear

s to

be

an a

rea

of c

once

rn a

nd a

pos

sibl

e co

ntrib

utor

to w

ork

plac

e st

ress

.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for s

uita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pre

senc

e do

es

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir a

ctiv

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

Are

as o

f con

trol a

nd re

spon

sibi

lity

are

clea

rly d

elin

eate

d.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

� A

mor

e fo

rmal

, con

trol

led

appr

oach

to c

ontr

acto

r man

agem

ent w

ould

be

of b

enef

it.

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll ne

w p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls, a

nd s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n pu

rcha

sed

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n.

Pro

visi

ons

are

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

are

rev

iew

ed p

rior

to p

urch

ase

(see

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s an

d D

ange

rous

G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r se

rvic

es is

pr

ovid

ed w

here

nec

essa

ry fo

r saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

in

suffi

cien

t or

unav

aila

ble.

Th

ere

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of th

e po

int w

here

new

equ

ipm

ent o

r se

rvic

es h

ave

been

acc

epte

d an

d O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S pr

oble

ms

and

that

it c

an b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to

rect

ify th

e O

HS

issu

es re

trosp

ectiv

ely.

� T

his

task

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed th

roug

h th

e us

e of

an

OH

S ch

eckl

ist f

or p

urch

asin

g ac

tiviti

es.

82

1

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll pr

oduc

ts s

uppl

ied

are

prov

ided

in a

saf

e st

ate

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n to

ens

ure

that

the

clie

nt/c

usto

mer

is

not e

xpos

ed to

har

m w

hen

the

prod

ucts

or s

ervi

ces

are

used

acc

ordi

ng to

the

supp

liers

inst

ruct

ions

with

all

due

war

ning

s be

ing

heed

ed.

All

serv

ices

are

sup

plie

d in

suc

h a

way

that

saf

ety

has

been

con

side

red

and

mee

ts o

rgan

isat

iona

l sta

ndar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S d

utie

s.

�Th

is is

per

form

ed p

artic

ular

ly w

ell.

The

man

agem

ent

of t

he v

olun

teer

s is

ver

y w

ell s

uppo

rted

by

a st

rong

tra

inin

g pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ritic

al in

cide

nt s

uppo

rt te

am.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

res

pons

ibilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls

and

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is t

hat

empl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inj

ury

or i

llnes

s be

caus

e th

e pe

ople

sup

ervi

sing

the

m d

id h

ave

the

skills

ne

cess

ary

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

� C

ompe

tenc

e le

vels

are

hig

h in

key

sup

port

role

s.

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly.

Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs to

use

thei

r jud

gem

ent a

nd e

xper

ienc

e as

nec

essa

ry,

for e

xam

ple

whe

re to

o st

ringe

nt o

r res

trict

ive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

�W

ork

met

hods

for

task

s un

dert

aken

by

staf

f are

han

dled

on

a co

mpl

etel

y in

form

al b

asis

. Cap

turin

g th

is in

form

atio

n w

ould

ens

ure

cons

iste

ncy

and

assi

st in

bus

ines

s co

ntin

uity

pla

nnin

g. S

afe

wor

k pr

oced

ures

sho

uld

incl

ude

refe

renc

e to

a g

ener

ic ri

sk a

sses

smen

t for

the

part

icul

ar ta

sk a

nd a

ny n

eed

to p

erfo

rm o

ngoi

ng d

ynam

ic ri

sk a

sses

smen

ts w

here

re

leva

nt.

Com

mun

icat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

ava

ilabl

e to

faci

litat

e th

e ef

ficie

nt fl

ow o

f inf

orm

atio

n to

per

form

wor

kpla

ce d

utie

s in

a m

anne

r tha

t is

saf

e an

d do

es n

ot i

nduc

e st

ress

. T

his

may

inc

lude

suf

ficie

nt c

onta

ct w

ith s

uper

viso

rs o

r co

lleag

ues,

the

pro

visi

on o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n eq

uipm

ent

such

as

tele

phon

es,

inte

rnet

acc

ess,

loca

l int

rane

ts,

radi

os,

acce

ss t

o no

ticeb

oard

s or

new

slet

ter,

mee

tings

and

oth

er fo

rum

s fo

r exc

hang

e w

heth

er th

ey b

e fo

rmal

or i

nfor

mal

.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

� O

ngoi

ng c

omm

unic

atio

ns a

nd u

pdat

ing

with

in th

e st

aff e

nviro

nmen

t cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed.

82

2

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

resp

ect t

o ch

ange

s th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r hea

lth, s

afet

y or

wel

l-bei

ng.

Loca

l O

HS

reg

ulat

ions

on

the

form

atio

n of

saf

ety

com

mitt

ees

are

obse

rved

, an

d th

e co

mm

ittee

cha

irper

son

has

unde

rgon

e ap

prop

riate

tra

inin

g to

ful

fil t

heir

task

s an

d du

ties.

Mee

tings

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s w

ith p

artic

ipat

ion

of a

m

anag

emen

t rep

rese

ntat

ive

with

suf

ficie

nt a

utho

rity

to ta

ke a

ctio

n on

item

s id

entif

ied

as b

eing

in n

eed

of c

orre

ctiv

e ac

tion.

The

m

inut

es o

f the

mee

tings

are

kep

t in

a se

cure

loca

tion

and

mad

e ac

cess

ible

to a

ll em

ploy

ees.

At

tem

pts

are

mad

e to

res

olve

di

sput

es in

-hou

se b

efor

e ou

tsid

e au

thor

ities

are

bro

ught

in.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly to

ok p

lace

, wer

e no

t upd

ated

abo

ut e

xist

ing

OH

S is

sues

, or

beca

use

they

wer

e un

iform

ed a

bout

OH

S in

form

atio

n re

leva

nt to

thei

r em

ploy

men

t.

� T

here

is a

saf

ety

com

mitt

ee a

nd r

egul

ar m

eetin

gs a

re c

ondu

cted

acc

ordi

ng t

o th

eir

cons

titut

ion.

How

ever

act

ions

ap

pear

to fa

ll m

ainl

y on

to o

ne p

erso

n an

d ar

e no

t eve

nly

dist

ribut

ed. A

lso,

the

focu

s co

uld

be m

ore

stra

tegi

c.

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

cod

es o

f pra

ctic

e av

aila

ble

for

refe

renc

e.

A s

yste

m is

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at u

pdat

es a

re r

ecei

ved

so th

at th

e in

form

atio

n be

ing

acte

d up

on is

alw

ays

curre

nt.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or

inco

mpl

ete

info

rmat

ion

is u

sed

for

actio

ning

OH

S is

sues

, so

inap

prop

riate

act

ions

or

ill-in

form

ed d

ecis

ions

are

mad

e.

�Th

ere

is c

lear

und

erst

andi

ng o

f re

leva

nt r

egul

atio

ns a

nd c

ode.

The

se s

houl

d be

list

ed a

nd c

olla

ted

to f

acili

tate

the

up

datin

g pr

oces

s.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Proc

edur

es a

re k

ept

curre

nt t

o in

corp

orat

e le

sson

s le

arnt

and

oth

er im

prov

emen

ts a

s th

ese

beco

me

avai

labl

e.

A m

eans

of

rem

ovin

g ou

t of d

ate

info

rmat

ion

is in

pla

ce s

o th

at th

ere

is c

onfid

ence

that

onl

y th

e m

ost c

urre

nt p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

use

. An

y ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

�Th

is w

ill b

e ab

le to

be

addr

esse

d on

ce s

afe

wor

k m

etho

ds fo

r sta

ff ar

e do

cum

ente

d an

d fo

rmal

ised

.

82

3

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or f

ire.

The

dura

tion

for

whi

ch th

e re

cord

s ar

e ke

pt is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd re

spec

ted.

Reg

ular

bac

k up

s of

ele

ctro

nic

data

are

mad

e w

here

thei

r los

s w

ould

hav

e an

impa

ct u

pon

the

safe

ty

and

heal

th o

f em

ploy

ees

The

risk

is t

hat

criti

cal r

ecor

ds o

f em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

eve

nt o

f lit

igat

ion

or f

or p

urpo

ses

rela

ted

to im

prov

ing

or re

solv

ing

OH

S is

sues

.

� W

hils

t han

dled

info

rmal

ly, t

his

shou

ld b

e m

ore

secu

re a

nd ri

goro

us.

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

Rec

all/

Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s. P

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or s

ervi

ces

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is t

hat

the

safe

ty a

nd h

ealth

of

a cu

stom

er,

clie

nt o

r co

nsum

er is

thr

eate

ned

beca

use

they

wer

e un

able

to

acce

ss

criti

cal i

nfor

mat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

�Th

e or

gani

satio

n is

ver

y cu

stom

er s

ervi

ce fo

cuse

d an

d pe

ople

orie

nted

.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A sy

stem

is in

pla

ce to

cap

ture

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g in

cide

nts

that

hav

e oc

curre

d to

avo

id s

imila

r inc

iden

ts fr

om re

curri

ng in

the

futu

re.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to a

ddre

ss u

nder

lyin

g ca

uses

, whi

lst a

lso

putti

ng in

pla

ce a

ctio

ns to

ena

ble

a qu

ick

reco

very

from

th

e si

tuat

ion.

R

oot c

ause

s ar

e pu

rsue

d to

the

poin

t whe

re th

ey a

re w

ithin

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s co

ntro

l or

influ

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to

impr

ove

rath

er t

han

to b

lam

e.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to

inve

stig

ate

base

d on

like

lihoo

d or

pot

entia

l for

mor

e se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te r

ange

of

know

ledg

e an

d sk

ills.

A p

roto

col

for

repo

rting

to

exte

rnal

aut

horit

ies

notif

iabl

e ev

ents

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d, a

nd c

omm

unic

ated

.

The

risk

is t

hat

info

rmat

ion

that

cou

ld p

reve

nt i

ncid

ents

fro

m r

ecur

ring

is l

ost

and

empl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at

the

wor

kpla

ce

cont

inue

to c

ontra

ct il

lnes

ses

or b

e in

jure

d.

�A

form

alis

ed s

yste

m fo

r inv

estig

atin

g in

cide

nts

rela

ted

to s

taff

shou

ld b

e in

itiat

ed. W

hils

t the

re is

muc

h em

phas

is o

n ris

k as

sess

men

t and

con

trol

s fo

r vo

lunt

eers

in th

e fie

ld, i

nfor

mat

ion

need

s to

be

capt

ured

with

in th

e st

aff s

ettin

g an

d pr

oble

m s

olvi

ng s

kills

rei

nfor

ced.

Thi

s w

ill a

ssis

t in

prev

entin

g in

cide

nts

from

rec

urrin

g by

not

onl

y m

akin

g su

re th

at

cont

rols

are

in p

lace

, but

that

the

cont

rols

or

actio

ns id

entif

ied

are

actu

ally

add

ress

ing

the

root

cau

se o

f the

situ

atio

n an

d no

t jus

t the

sym

ptom

s.

82

4

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S p

roce

dure

s ar

e be

ing

adhe

red

to i

n ho

use.

Th

e pu

rpos

e is

to

dete

rmin

e th

e le

vel

of c

ompl

ianc

e; w

heth

er t

he

requ

irem

ents

are

sui

tabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t the

situ

atio

n is

stil

l rec

over

able

. S

elf-a

sses

smen

ts ta

rget

ing

parti

cula

r are

as w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

co

nduc

ted

on a

freq

uent

bas

is, f

or e

xam

ple

mon

thly

, and

item

s ar

e in

depe

nden

tly s

pot c

heck

ed to

impr

ove

the

relia

bilit

y of

the

resu

lts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

act

ions

are

not

test

ed a

nd O

HS

goe

s of

f tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

�O

nce

larg

er g

oals

are

bro

ken

dow

n in

to s

mal

ler

task

s, t

he u

se o

f a

regu

lar

self

asse

ssm

ent

tool

will

hel

p ke

ep

proj

ects

iden

tifie

d on

tra

ck. S

ee t

he e

lem

ent

for

goal

set

ting.

A t

arge

ted,

prio

ritis

ed a

ppro

ach

wou

ld b

e of

gre

at u

se

here

.

Aud

its

A ra

nge

of fo

rmal

revi

ews

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S re

quire

men

t are

add

ress

ed.

Obj

ectiv

e ev

iden

ce is

ava

ilabl

e to

sup

port

the

findi

ngs.

S

peci

alis

t aud

its m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to d

eter

min

e ris

ks in

par

ticul

ar a

reas

. Th

e fre

quen

cy o

f aud

its w

ill de

pend

on

the

leng

th o

f tim

e th

at t

he O

HS

syst

ems

have

bee

n in

pla

ce,

as e

stab

lishe

d sy

stem

s w

ill

need

less

freq

uent

aud

its th

an s

yste

ms

that

are

just

bei

ng in

trodu

ced.

Th

e fre

quen

cy m

ay r

ange

from

a y

early

bas

is to

onc

e ev

ery

3-5

year

s fo

r spe

cial

ist a

udits

. A

udito

rs u

tilis

ed a

re s

uita

bly

qual

ified

and

exp

erie

nced

.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

req

uire

men

ts fo

r go

od O

HS

will

not b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S o

utco

mes

are

unk

now

n.

�B

efor

e th

is e

lem

ent c

an w

ork

smoo

thly

, a fo

rmal

ly d

ocum

ente

d O

HS

Man

agem

ent S

yste

m is

nec

essa

ry a

nd id

eally

sh

ould

be

in p

lace

for

a pe

riod

of a

t lea

st s

ix m

onth

s. T

he c

urre

nt s

et u

p is

not

rea

dy to

impl

emen

t thi

s ye

t as

mos

t of

the

curr

ent a

rran

gem

ents

are

info

rmal

.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le is

exa

min

ed to

ens

ure

that

it h

as b

een

set u

p co

rrect

ly a

nd r

emai

ns

suita

ble

in li

ght o

f any

org

anis

atio

nal c

hang

es o

r bus

ines

s ac

quis

ition

s. C

ondu

cted

typi

cally

on

an a

nnua

l bas

is.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es re

mai

ns u

nkno

wn,

an

d th

ere

is n

o in

put f

or fu

ture

dire

ctio

ns in

OH

S.

�Th

e m

anag

emen

t of

OH

S is

sues

rel

ated

to

spec

ifica

lly t

o st

aff

wou

ld b

enef

it fr

om a

reg

ular

ove

rvie

w.

Sepa

ratin

g st

aff a

ctiv

ities

from

vol

unte

er a

ctiv

ities

will

be

nece

ssar

y to

pro

vide

the

focu

s ne

eded

.

825


826

Summary






based on observations, interviews and documented evidence made

available at the time of the assessments.

The application of this framework was conducted at your organisation (a

rural utility operation with a small office, a few remote service sites and

extensive supply networks) during early March 2008. The background to

the context of this assessment was that of a relatively small, close knit

enterprise that had become part of a much larger corporation. This study

found:


operation;


(55%) with formal systems and another 23 elements (38%)

informally.

� The mix of systems and work practices in place were a hybrid

between the remnants of the smaller organisation and the customs

and culture of the larger corporation. The assessment focused on

actual work methods observed, regardless of where the practice

originated.

� There was a level of unsettledness noted, which may be due to the

merging of the two cultures or concern with future job security.

Management of this situation and any transitionary phase should

receive consideration as it could have impacts of an OHS nature.

� Whilst most of the obvious potential hazards are related to the

physical work environment and plant, the local organisation is

providing an essential service to the surrounding community, so

827

ensuring reliability through a systematic approach, sound

management decisions and safe work methods is essential.

� A significant proportion of the physical hazards are of an

unpredictable, non-routine nature. The management of these

requires a very high level of skill and expertise that has taken many

years to develop and this knowledge is crucial to the continued safe

running of the local organisation.

� It would take a vast amount of documentation to capture the local

knowledge that exists and years of mentoring of newer staff to even

attempt to replicate the current level of expertise currently

demonstrated. This needs to be appreciated and valued by the

larger corporation.

� The organisation is very customer service oriented, however other

areas such as chemical safety and future health must be

considered as well. These areas are in need of attention.

� The hardware managed by the local organisation covers a very large

physical area. This can create difficulties in supervising contractors.

� The local organisation would strongly benefit from the use of a

dynamic risk assessment program with reference of its use

embedded into the generic risk assessments due to the amount of

work required at variable locations with unique conditions.

� In cases where there were some non-compliances with local OHS

regulations, this may have been related to a misinterpretation of the

exact requirements. Local management made it clear that it was

their intention to be in compliance wherever reasonably practicable.

� When conducting a risk assessment where the outcomes affect

others in the workplace, those affected need to be consulted. The

risk assessment should not be performed in isolation or without

review.

� The organisation has achieved a high level of success in the areas of

competent supervision; communication; workers’ compensation/

828

rehabilitation; inductions for contractors and visitors; and OHS

Policy. Attention is required particularly in the areas of hazardous

substances, health surveillance, emergency preparedness (for the

local office and workshop) and formalising contingency

arrangements for electrical failures impacting dosing equipment.


such an intricate operation. It was observed that the larger organisations’

attitude towards safety was well promoted and staff understood that safety

was taken very seriously. Whilst more emphasis may be needed in the

area of health, the crew instilled a high level of confidence in their ability to

manage the operation competently.

829

Summary Results Framework charts





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution





Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability







Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



830





Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal







Housekeeping


High Risk

Medium-High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Not Applicable

Well Done



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



831





Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits







Access/Egress


Receipt/Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal






Housekeeping


Formal

Informal



Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution


First Aid/Reporting


Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultations

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits






Access/ Egress


Receipt/ Despatch

Electrical

Noise


Biohazards

Radiation

Disposal





Housekeeping





Selection Criteria


Training


Stress Awareness



Health Promotion


Conflict Resolution




Health Surveillance

Feedback Programs

Plant/ Equipment


OHS Policy

Goal Setting

Accountability






Communication

Consultation

Legislative Updates

Procedural Updates



Incident Management

Self Assessment

Audits



832






impact.


0 1 2 3 4

Noise


Housekeeping

Receipt/Despatch


Access/Egress

Biohazards

Radiation





Disposal

Plant/ Equipment


Modifications


Electrical




0Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



833


0 1 2 3 4

Workers' Comp/Rehab

Inductions


Selection Criteria

Training


Health Promotion


Feedback Programs

Work Organisation

Job Descriptions





Equal Opportunity

Stress Awareness

Networking etc

Conflict Resolution

Health Surveillance


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



834


0 1 2 3 4

OHS Policy


Communication


Accountability


Self-Assessment

Goal Setting


Legislative Updates




Procedural Updates


Audits

System Rewiew


Consultation

Incident Management


Risk Ranking Scores

4 3 2 1 0



835








of hazards, closely followed by those hazards associated with the need for

a systematic approach, and finally the balance comprises of those hazards

associated with people and the complexity of human nature.


Safe Person 30%

Safe Systems34%

Safe Place36%

Figure 5 demonstrates how safe person and safe system strategies have

been used to reduce the overall risk rating of the operation. However, a


place” aspect and this is a function of the extensive amount of physical

hardware that is being managed.


Safe Person31%

Safe Place40%

Safe Systems29%

836


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ris

k R

anki

ng




applied.

The options available for reducing the level of residual risk remaining in

the hardware and operating environment are likely to be constrained by

the large amounts of capital that would be involved in the replacement of

the works and a practical need to manage the existing infrastructure.

There is potential to increase the risk reduction even further in the safe

person and safe system areas by gaining a greater appreciation of health

issues and not just the need to avoid injuries; by encouraging a higher

level of documentation and formalised, systematic reporting; through the

promotion of problem solving skills so that the organisation can learn from

past incidents and put in place measures to prevent their recurrence in the

future; and finally by using the mechanism of consultation to promote a

greater atmosphere of transparency and participation in all decisions that

affect the safety, health and well-being of staff and others affected by the

business undertakings.

83

7

Cas

e St

udy

8 M

ain

Find

ings

- El

emen

t by

Elem

ent

Safe

Pla

ce S

trat

egie

s

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Bas

elin

e R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

A ge

nera

l bro

ad b

ased

risk

ass

essm

ent h

as b

een

perfo

rmed

at s

ome

criti

cal p

oint

in ti

me

from

whi

ch im

prov

emen

t or d

eclin

e in

ov

eral

l OH

S ri

sk p

rese

ntin

g to

the

orga

nisa

tion

may

be

mea

sure

d. T

his

asse

ssm

ent m

ust b

e re

cord

ed.

It is

ass

umed

that

all

key

area

s of

sig

nific

ant r

isk

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

. A

reas

requ

iring

spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

(inte

rnal

or e

xter

nal)

shou

ld b

e id

entif

ied.

The

risk

is th

at th

e or

gani

satio

n do

es n

ot k

now

wha

t OH

S is

sues

nee

d to

be

addr

esse

d or

how

urg

ent t

hey

are

so re

sour

ces

can

not

be a

lloca

ted

effe

ctiv

ely

acco

rdin

g to

prio

ritie

s, a

nd th

e re

spon

se w

ill be

reac

tive

only

.

� A

num

ber o

f bas

elin

e lin

e ris

k as

sess

men

ts h

ave

been

con

duct

ed a

t var

ious

sta

ges.

How

ever

key

poi

nts

from

thes

e va

rious

sou

rces

nee

ds to

be

brou

ght t

oget

her i

nto

a ce

ntra

l doc

umen

t to

enab

le th

e ris

ks to

be

revi

ewed

with

gre

ater

eas

e an

d to

ens

ure

all a

reas

of s

igni

fican

t ris

k ha

ve b

een

addr

esse

d sh

ould

the

busi

ness

gro

w o

r its

func

tions

cha

nge.

Gen

eric

ris

k as

sess

men

ts s

houl

d re

fere

nce

the

use

of d

ynam

ic ri

sk a

sses

smen

ts in

the

field

, the

com

pete

ncie

s of

thos

e pe

rfor

min

g th

e dy

nam

ic ri

sk a

sses

smen

ts a

nd th

e si

tuat

ions

whe

n w

ork

shou

ld b

e st

oppe

d or

oth

er s

peci

alis

t ass

ista

nce

soug

ht.

Ergo

nom

ic E

valu

atio

ns

A s

peci

alis

ed ri

sk a

sses

smen

t tha

t is

conc

erne

d w

ith fi

tting

the

task

to th

e hu

man

and

may

cov

er a

ver

y br

oad

rang

e of

issu

es

incl

udin

g m

anua

l han

dlin

g, w

ork

orga

nisa

tion,

task

or j

ob d

esig

n, h

uman

err

or a

nd p

robl

ems

with

info

rmat

ion

proc

essi

ng a

s w

ell a

s in

dust

rial h

ygie

ne.

How

ever

, in

the

cont

ext o

f “sa

fe p

lace

stra

tegi

es” t

he s

cope

is li

mite

d he

re to

focu

sing

on

the

layo

ut o

f the

w

orks

tatio

n, m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ex

amin

atio

n of

repe

titiv

e ta

sks.

Suc

h as

sess

men

ts s

houl

d be

per

form

ed b

y pe

rson

(s) w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

qua

lific

atio

ns a

nd c

ompe

tenc

ies

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at a

n em

ploy

ee w

ill su

stai

n a

stra

in/s

prai

n in

jury

or c

umul

ativ

e tra

uma.

Whi

lst t

he in

jury

may

not

be

fata

l, it

may

be

very

de

bilit

atin

g an

d re

sult

in s

igni

fican

t per

iods

of l

ost t

ime,

incr

ease

d w

orke

rs’ c

ompe

nsat

ion

cost

s an

d th

e in

jure

d w

orke

r may

not

be

able

to re

turn

to th

e sa

me

type

of e

mpl

oym

ent.

�Th

e er

gono

mic

s of

the

offic

e en

viro

nmen

t are

wel

l con

side

red

and

a ch

eckl

ist i

s av

aila

ble

for r

evie

w.

How

ever

on

vario

us

site

s th

e ta

sks

are

muc

h m

ore

varie

d an

d th

ere

is a

hig

h de

gree

of m

anua

l han

dlin

g an

d ph

ysic

ally

taxi

ng w

ork

in d

ay to

day

ac

tiviti

es.

Thes

e w

ould

ben

efit

from

a m

ore

deta

iled

ergo

nom

ic e

valu

atio

n to

iden

tify

any

oppo

rtun

ities

to re

mov

e th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

prai

n, s

trai

n or

bac

k in

jurie

s.

83

8

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Acc

ess/

Egre

ss

This

con

side

rs th

e qu

ick

and

effic

ient

ent

ranc

e or

dep

artu

re o

f per

sonn

el to

and

from

the

phys

ical

wor

kpla

ce, i

nclu

ding

thos

e w

ith

spec

ial n

eeds

suc

h as

dis

able

d em

ploy

ees.

Em

erge

ncy

exit

sign

age,

wal

kway

s, h

andr

ails

, sta

irway

s an

d fir

e do

ors

shou

ld b

e in

ac

cord

ance

with

loca

l bui

ldin

g re

gula

tions

, and

esc

ape

rout

es c

lear

. Th

is is

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in th

e ca

se o

f em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

ns.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e un

able

to e

scap

e in

an

emer

genc

y si

tuat

ion

or m

ay b

e in

jure

d w

hils

t try

ing

to a

cces

s or

dep

art f

rom

th

eir w

orkp

lace

.

� W

hils

t the

org

anis

atio

n co

nsis

ts o

f a n

umbe

r of s

mal

l site

s w

ith s

mal

l num

bers

of s

taff,

the

area

s m

anag

ed b

y th

ese

empl

oyee

s ar

e ve

ry e

xten

sive

and

in ru

ral l

ocat

ions

. Per

sonn

el in

volv

ed o

ften

have

a lo

ng h

isto

ry w

ith th

e or

gani

satio

n an

d th

ere

is a

gre

at d

eal o

f loc

al k

now

ledg

e w

hich

goe

s to

war

ds re

duci

ng th

e ris

ks.

Pick

up

poin

ts a

nd a

cces

s w

ays

for

emer

genc

y ve

hicl

es s

houl

d be

agr

eed

upon

, esp

ecia

lly in

the

mor

e re

mot

e lo

catio

ns, a

nd th

e de

cisi

ons

docu

men

ted.

Plan

t/ Eq

uipm

ent

This

requ

ires

that

all

exis

ting

equi

pmen

t or p

lant

ope

rate

s w

ithou

t cau

sing

har

m.

Whe

re th

is re

quire

s sp

ecia

list k

now

ledg

e th

is m

ust

be p

ursu

ed w

ith th

e su

pplie

r or d

esig

ner,

and

end

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

mus

t be

cons

ulte

d an

d th

eir o

pini

ons

duly

con

side

red.

Th

e ha

zard

s of

rota

ting

mac

hine

ry, p

inch

poi

nts,

and

cru

sh in

jurie

s sh

ould

be

incl

uded

her

e, a

s w

ell a

s th

e sa

fe u

se o

f veh

icle

s (in

clud

ing

fork

lifts

) and

wor

king

from

hei

ghts

. C

onfin

ed o

r dan

gero

us s

pace

s sh

ould

als

o be

iden

tifie

d. R

efer

to in

divi

dual

ele

men

ts

for n

oise

and

/or e

lect

rical

for t

he p

oten

tial o

f pla

nt/e

quip

men

t to

caus

e no

ise,

vib

ratio

n an

d el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

crus

hed,

cut

, im

pale

d, h

it or

ent

rapp

ed b

y th

e m

achi

nery

� T

here

are

a v

arie

ty o

f pla

nt a

nd e

quip

men

t in

use,

rang

ing

from

typi

cal e

quip

men

t in

wor

ksho

ps to

pro

cess

pla

nts.

C

ritic

al it

ems

such

as

hois

ts a

nd c

rane

s w

ould

ben

efit

from

bei

ng o

n a

regi

ster

. Har

ness

es a

nd ro

pes

or la

nyar

ds fo

r w

orki

ng a

t hei

ghts

nee

d to

be

regu

larly

insp

ecte

d. G

iven

the

rem

ote

natu

re o

f som

e of

the

wor

k lo

catio

ns a

regi

ster

of

conf

ined

spa

ces

or d

ange

rous

spa

ces

may

mak

e th

e sa

fe m

anag

emen

t of t

hese

are

as m

ore

cons

iste

nt a

nd re

liabl

e. R

isk

asse

ssm

ents

reco

rds

rela

ted

to c

onfin

ed s

pace

s ne

ed to

be

kept

for 5

yea

rs a

fter t

he d

ate

of p

repa

ratio

n. C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to w

heth

er th

ere

are

suffi

cien

t per

sonn

el a

nd/o

r tim

e re

sour

ces

avai

labl

e to

man

age

thes

e ta

sks.

83

9

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Am

eniti

es/

Envi

ronm

ent

Amen

ities

suc

h as

priv

ate,

hyg

ieni

c to

ilets

and

cha

nge

room

s; p

rovi

sion

of d

rinki

ng w

ater

and

a re

frige

rato

r/ m

icro

wav

e fo

r mea

ltim

es;

infa

nt fe

edin

g fa

cilit

ies

and

show

ers

whe

re th

e ne

ed e

xist

s. T

he w

orki

ng e

nviro

nmen

t for

indo

or w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

com

forta

ble

and

mee

t rel

evan

t sta

ndar

ds a

nd c

odes

for i

ndoo

r air

qual

ity, v

entil

atio

n an

d lig

htin

g. T

he p

oten

tial f

or h

eat s

tress

sho

uld

be c

onsi

dere

d,

whi

ch m

ay b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

hum

idity

leve

ls.

Exp

osur

e to

hea

t and

col

d m

ay b

e pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

con

side

ratio

ns fo

r out

door

w

orke

rs (s

ee ra

diat

ion

for U

V e

xpos

ure)

. Th

e sp

ecia

l nee

ds fo

r div

ers

or a

ir ca

bin

crew

sho

uld

also

be

cons

ider

ed w

here

app

licab

le.

The

risk

is th

at a

n un

com

forta

ble

wor

k en

viro

nmen

t will

affe

ct th

eir j

udge

men

t or w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f ot

her i

njur

ies

or il

lnes

ses

or im

pair

thei

r per

form

ance

and

put

oth

ers

at ri

sk.

� T

he o

ffice

env

ironm

ents

are

ver

y pl

easa

nt a

nd c

omfo

rtab

le. T

he w

orks

hops

wou

ld b

e ve

ry h

ot in

sum

mer

, col

d in

win

ter

and

are

of th

e W

W2

vint

age,

with

con

cret

e flo

ors

and

met

al s

pann

ing

an a

rch

to fo

rm th

e ro

of a

nd s

ide

wal

ls. L

ocal

exh

aust

ve

ntila

tion

need

s to

be

avai

labl

e fo

r wel

ding

act

iviti

es. H

ere

it is

crit

ical

that

fum

es a

re n

ot d

raw

n pa

st th

e fa

ce. T

he u

se o

f la

rge

pede

stal

fans

blo

win

g pa

st to

war

ds th

e ou

tsid

e of

the

build

ing

may

be

used

as

a co

ntin

genc

y m

easu

re a

nd c

are

mus

t be

take

n w

here

the

fum

es a

re b

eing

dire

cted

. Thi

s sh

ould

be

chec

ked

in a

ll w

orks

hop

area

s.

Rec

eipt

/Des

patc

h R

ecei

pt o

f sup

plie

s an

d ra

w m

ater

ials

is c

ondu

cted

so

that

any

impa

cts

on h

ealth

and

saf

ety

have

bee

n co

nsid

ered

prio

r to

orde

ring/

purc

hase

; Saf

e de

spat

ch e

nsur

es th

at lo

adin

g of

fini

shed

goo

ds d

oes

not r

esul

t in

harm

, inc

ludi

ng a

ny e

arth

ing

requ

irem

ents

w

here

app

licab

le a

nd th

e pr

oduc

t is

trans

porte

d sa

fely

. P

lans

for d

ealin

g w

ith e

mer

genc

y si

tuat

ions

in tr

ansi

t hav

e be

en d

evel

oped

, ne

cess

ary

info

rmat

ion

and

cont

acts

are

ava

ilabl

e an

d tra

inin

g ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

for a

ffect

ed p

artie

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s or

oth

ers

may

be

harm

ed d

urin

g re

ceip

t of m

ater

ials

bei

ng d

eliv

ered

, or h

andl

ing,

rece

ipt,

desp

atch

and

tra

nspo

rt of

sup

plie

s an

d fin

ishe

d go

ods.

�N

o re

ceip

t/ de

spat

ch a

ctiv

ities

whe

re b

eing

und

erta

ken

durin

g th

e tim

e of

the

asse

ssm

ent a

lthou

gh th

is is

repo

rted

to b

e un

der a

reas

onab

le le

vel o

f con

trol

. The

re w

ere

no re

cord

s of

inju

ries

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

ese

task

s, b

ut th

e na

ture

of t

he

oper

atio

ns s

ugge

sts

that

a h

igh

degr

ee o

f man

ual h

andl

ing

wou

ld b

e in

volv

ed a

t som

e st

age,

esp

ecia

lly o

n th

e m

ore

rem

ote

site

s. T

hese

act

iviti

es s

houl

d be

furt

her e

xam

ined

on

a si

te b

y si

te b

asis

to e

xclu

de th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

prai

n/st

rain

s an

d ba

ck

inju

ries.

The

revi

ews

shou

ld b

e do

cum

ente

d.

84

0

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Elec

tric

al

All

elec

trica

l equ

ipm

ent s

houl

d be

han

dled

app

ropr

iate

ly b

y th

ose

who

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd k

ept i

n go

od w

orki

ng o

rder

. O

ther

el

ectri

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e el

ectri

c sh

ock;

sta

tic e

lect

ricity

; sto

red

elec

trica

l ene

rgy,

the

incr

ease

d da

nger

s of

hig

h vo

ltage

equ

ipm

ent

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

spa

rks

in fl

amm

able

/exp

losi

ve a

tmos

pher

es.

Whe

re li

ve te

stin

g is

nec

essa

ry, o

nly

appr

opria

tely

trai

ned

and

qual

ified

per

sonn

el s

houl

d do

so

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith re

leva

nt le

gisl

atio

n an

d co

des.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

e in

jure

d or

fata

lly e

lect

rocu

ted

or c

ause

a fi

re/e

xplo

sion

by

crea

ting

spar

ks in

a fl

amm

able

or

expl

osiv

e at

mos

pher

e.

� A

n el

ectr

ical

con

trac

tor i

s in

use

and

this

app

ears

to b

e w

orki

ng w

ell.

The

high

ratin

g is

due

to th

e ne

ed to

form

alis

e an

d do

cum

ent c

ontin

genc

y ar

rang

emen

ts w

here

a lo

ss o

f pow

er a

ffect

s do

sing

equ

ipm

ent o

n re

mot

e si

tes.

The

impa

ct o

f the

se

scen

ario

s m

ust b

e th

ough

t thr

ough

and

the

use

of a

n an

alys

is to

ol s

uch

as H

AZO

P is

sug

gest

ed.

Noi

se

Noi

se le

vels

or n

oise

map

s ha

ve b

een

docu

men

ted

whe

re th

e po

tent

ial f

or h

arm

exi

sts,

for e

xam

ple

if a

rais

ed v

oice

is n

eces

sary

to

hear

a c

onve

rsat

ion.

In

som

e ca

ses

base

line

audi

omet

ry te

stin

g w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary.

Spe

cial

ist a

dvic

e sh

ould

be

soug

ht a

nd a

ttem

pts

to re

mov

e th

e so

urce

of t

he p

robl

em s

houl

d be

the

first

line

of d

efen

ce.

Loca

l reg

ulat

ory

requ

irem

ents

sho

uld

be k

now

n. C

ompa

rison

w

ith re

gula

tory

lim

its s

houl

d ta

ke in

to a

ccou

nt th

e le

ngth

of e

xpos

ure

espe

cial

ly if

shi

fts lo

nger

than

8 h

ours

are

use

d. S

ourc

es o

f vi

brat

ion

that

impa

ct o

n w

orke

rs s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, in

clud

ing

pow

er to

ols,

sea

ts o

n m

obile

pla

nt e

quip

men

t.

The

risk

is th

at w

orke

rs w

ill s

uffe

r ear

dru

m d

amag

e, ti

nnitu

s (r

ingi

ng in

the

ears

) or i

ndus

trial

ly in

duce

d pe

rman

ent h

earin

g lo

ss;

vibr

atio

n m

ay c

ause

dis

turb

ed b

lood

circ

ulat

ion

to th

e ha

nds

and

tingl

ing

or b

ack

pain

whe

n as

soci

ated

with

sea

ts.

�Th

ere

are

som

e in

divi

dual

item

s th

at g

ener

ate

high

noi

se le

vels

suc

h as

com

pres

sors

and

grin

ders

. Exp

osur

e to

thes

e ite

ms

is c

onsi

dere

d to

be

for s

hort

per

iods

onl

y an

d in

the

case

of t

he w

orks

hop

equi

pmen

t, he

arin

g pr

otec

tion

is re

quire

d.

As

this

is th

e lo

wes

t mea

ns o

f pro

tect

ion

acco

rdin

g to

the

hier

arch

y of

con

trol

s, th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

is c

ontr

ol s

trat

egy

will

dep

end

on u

ser c

ompl

ianc

e. T

his

will

als

o be

the

case

for m

aint

enan

ce w

ork

arou

nd c

ompr

esso

rs e

tc. T

he s

eats

on

all

exca

vatio

n eq

uipm

ent s

uch

as b

ackh

oes

shou

ld b

e ch

ecke

d to

ens

ure

that

they

are

in g

ood

cond

ition

and

are

not

tr

ansf

errin

g hi

gh le

vels

of v

ibra

tion

to p

reve

nt b

ack

prob

lem

s.

84

1

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s Al

l haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s an

d da

nger

ous

good

s (e

xplo

sive

s, p

ress

uris

ed c

hem

ical

s, c

orro

sive

s, o

xida

nts,

toxi

c ch

emic

als,

and

irr

itant

s) s

houl

d be

iden

tifie

d, li

sted

and

labe

lled

and

a re

gist

er k

ept c

onta

inin

g al

l MS

DS

. W

here

the

use

of a

che

mic

al d

oes

not

requ

ire s

peci

fic c

ontro

ls th

is is

not

ed in

the

regi

ster

. W

here

spe

cific

con

trols

are

nec

essa

ry, a

refe

renc

e to

com

ply

with

the

MS

DS

is

note

d, a

nd w

here

this

is in

adeq

uate

a ri

sk a

sses

smen

t has

bee

n pr

epar

ed; t

hese

requ

irem

ents

are

mad

e kn

own

to a

ll th

ose

who

may

be

exp

osed

, In

som

e ca

ses

this

will

be

depe

nden

t on

the

quan

titie

s or

vol

umes

sto

red.

Sto

rage

arr

ange

men

ts a

nd in

vent

ory

of

dang

erou

s go

ods

shou

ld c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

DG

legi

slat

ion.

Tra

inin

g fo

r the

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry d

urin

g us

e, h

andl

ing

and

stor

age

shou

ld g

iven

to th

ose

at ri

sk.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay b

ecom

e ill

from

exp

osur

e to

a h

azar

dous

sub

stan

ce w

heth

er it

is im

med

iate

or l

ong

term

, or h

arm

ed b

y fir

e or

exp

losi

on d

ue to

inad

equa

te s

tora

ge a

nd in

vent

ory

arra

ngem

ents

.

�N

ot a

ll ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es in

use

app

ear o

n th

e ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es re

gist

er, a

lthou

gh th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of

chem

ical

s lis

ted

with

MSD

S an

d it

is c

lear

that

effo

rts

have

bee

n m

ade

in th

is a

rea

and

man

agem

ent h

as in

tend

ed to

com

ply

with

this

requ

irem

ent.

For

exa

mpl

e, m

olte

n le

ad is

use

d is

som

e re

pair

wor

k, a

nd th

is is

not

list

ed.

An

insp

ectio

n of

the

chem

ical

s in

the

wor

ksho

ps o

n al

l site

s w

ould

be

a va

luab

le e

xerc

ise

that

cou

ld b

e un

dert

aken

by

a sa

fety

com

mitt

ee

repr

esen

tativ

e. In

som

e ca

ses,

the

diffi

culty

with

com

plia

nce

may

be

due

to a

mis

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

wha

t is

actu

ally

ca

tego

rised

as

a ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

e. T

here

is a

n op

port

unity

her

e to

tie

this

requ

irem

ent i

n w

ith p

rocu

rem

ent a

ctiv

ities

, an

d gi

ven

that

man

y of

the

site

s us

e th

e sa

me

chem

ical

s, re

plic

atio

n co

uld

be a

void

ed if

info

rmat

ion

was

ava

ilabl

e on

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s in

tran

et. I

n ge

nera

l, be

tter c

ontr

ol to

exp

osur

e of

haz

ardo

us c

hem

ical

s is

nee

ded.

Bio

haza

rds

Bio

logi

cal h

azar

ds in

clud

e ex

posu

re to

infe

ctio

us a

gent

s, c

onta

giou

s di

seas

es, b

odily

flui

ds (i

nclu

ding

blo

od) o

r oth

er s

ourc

es o

f pr

otei

n th

at m

ay c

ause

an

alle

rgic

resp

onse

– fo

r exa

mpl

e m

ould

or d

ust m

ites.

The

sou

rce

may

incl

ude

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s, in

fect

ious

pe

ople

; con

tam

inat

ed fo

od; c

onta

ct w

ith a

nim

als;

rode

nts;

pla

nts/

polle

ns; i

nsec

ts; m

ites;

lice

; sew

erag

e; fu

ngi o

r bird

dro

ppin

gs

cool

ing

wat

er re

serv

oirs

and

air

cond

ition

ing

syst

ems

that

may

con

tain

legi

onel

la o

rgan

ism

s.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay c

ontra

ct a

fata

l inf

ectio

n, b

ecom

e ill

from

an

infe

ctio

us d

isea

se, h

ave

an a

llerg

ic re

actio

n or

dev

elop

lo

ng te

rm fl

u/as

thm

a-lik

e sy

mpt

oms.

� T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of b

iolo

gica

l haz

ards

in a

rura

l set

ting

such

as

this

– in

clud

ing

spid

er a

nd s

nake

bite

s. T

here

see

ms

to b

e a

high

leve

l of a

war

enes

s of

thes

e is

sues

and

the

risks

are

han

dled

fairl

y w

ell.

Bird

dro

ppin

gs c

an a

lso

caus

e re

spira

tory

pro

blem

s in

sen

sitiv

e in

divi

dual

s, a

nd th

is is

als

o a

mat

ter o

f goo

d hy

gien

e. T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed b

y bi

rd-p

roof

ing

the

nece

ssar

y ar

eas,

esp

ecia

lly w

here

ong

oing

acc

ess

is re

quire

d.

84

2

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rad

iatio

n S

ourc

es o

f rad

iatio

n m

ay in

clud

e io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

x-ra

ys a

nd ra

dioa

ctiv

ity; n

on-io

nisi

ng ra

diat

ion

such

as

ultra

viol

et ra

ys

whi

ch m

ay a

ffect

the

skin

or e

yes;

nea

r inf

ra-r

ed ra

diat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e ey

es (w

eldi

ng, f

urna

ces,

mol

ten

met

als)

; LA

SE

R’s

; the

hea

ting

effe

ct fr

om m

icro

wav

es a

nd m

obile

pho

ne to

wer

s; a

nd o

ther

ext

rem

ely

low

freq

uenc

y ra

diat

ion

with

ass

ocia

ted

mag

netic

fiel

d ex

posu

re s

uch

as p

ower

lines

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

get

radi

atio

n po

ison

ing

or d

amag

e th

eir e

yes

or s

kin

or d

evel

op s

kin

burn

s or

ski

n ca

ncer

.

� T

he d

egre

e of

UV

prot

ectio

n is

dep

ende

nt o

n us

er c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rovi

sion

s av

aila

ble.

Ens

ure

that

sun

scre

en is

av

aila

ble.

Cor

e bo

dy te

mpe

ratu

re s

houl

d no

t exc

eed

38 d

egre

es C

elsi

us to

avo

id h

eat s

trok

e/st

ress

. It a

ppea

rs th

at s

taff

are

very

fam

iliar

and

use

d to

the

som

etim

es e

xtre

me

wea

ther

con

ditio

ns, a

nd c

lear

ly u

nder

stan

d th

e ne

ed to

kee

p up

wat

er a

nd

this

fact

or h

as s

ubst

antia

lly re

duce

d th

e ris

k ra

ting.

How

ever

, if p

erso

nnel

wer

e to

cha

nge

or a

con

trac

tor w

as u

sed

who

w

as n

ot a

loca

l and

not

fam

iliar

with

the

heat

ther

e w

ould

be

the

pote

ntia

l for

hea

t str

oke/

str

ess

so th

is p

oint

mus

t be

emph

asis

ed in

indu

ctio

n m

ater

ial.

Dis

posa

l A

ll m

ater

ials

and

was

te p

rodu

cts,

incl

udin

g th

eir c

onta

iner

s, s

houl

d be

dis

pose

d of

in a

man

ner t

hat c

ompl

ies

with

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

an

d th

at d

oes

not c

ause

har

m e

ither

thro

ugh

imm

edia

te c

onta

ct o

r as

a re

sult

of tr

ansf

errin

g th

e su

bsta

nces

/ m

ater

ials

for d

ispo

sal o

r di

sper

sal e

lsew

here

. A

ll th

ose

in c

onta

ct w

ith th

e w

aste

mat

eria

ls a

re a

war

e of

haz

ards

and

pre

caut

ions

nec

essa

ry to

min

imis

e th

e ris

ks (s

ee h

azar

dous

mat

eria

ls/ d

ange

rous

goo

ds).

Als

o in

clud

ed h

ere

are

the

risks

ass

ocia

ted

with

hyg

iene

and

the

hand

ling

of

shar

ps.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

or g

et il

l fro

m c

onta

ct w

ith o

r exp

osur

e to

was

te c

hem

ical

s or

mat

eria

ls.

� T

his

resu

lt co

uld

be im

prov

ed if

evi

denc

e de

mon

stra

ted

that

all

was

te c

ould

be

acco

unte

d fo

r, in

clud

ing

brok

en A

C

pipi

ng.

Inst

alla

tions

/ D

emol

ition

P

lann

ing

for t

he s

afe

inst

alla

tion

of n

ew b

uild

ings

or w

areh

ouse

s as

wel

l as

the

dem

oliti

on o

f the

se s

truct

ures

to e

nsur

e th

e pr

otec

tion

of p

edes

trian

s an

d ot

hers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. In

clud

ed h

ere

are

the

pres

ence

of a

sbes

tos

in d

emol

ishe

d st

ruct

ures

; the

saf

e co

nnec

tion

or d

isco

nnec

tion

of s

ervi

ces

such

as

gas,

ele

ctric

ity, a

nd te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns; p

rote

ctio

n fro

m n

oise

, deb

ris o

r oth

er

proj

ectil

es; a

nd th

e po

ssib

ility

of fa

lling

into

exc

avat

ed a

reas

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne c

ould

be

inju

red

as a

resu

lt of

pro

xim

ity to

inst

alla

tion/

dem

oliti

on a

ctiv

ities

or a

s a

resu

lt of

uni

nten

tiona

lly

brea

king

into

ser

vice

line

s

�A

read

ily a

vaila

ble

asbe

stos

regi

ster

wou

ld b

e of

use

her

e. T

his

risk

rank

ing

wou

ld b

e hi

gher

if a

ny n

ew in

stal

latio

ns o

r de

mol

ition

wor

k w

as b

eing

pla

nned

alth

ough

this

was

not

app

aren

t dur

ing

the

time

of th

e as

sess

men

t.

84

3

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Prev

entiv

e M

aint

enan

ce/R

epai

rs

Reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

of e

quip

men

t ess

entia

l for

saf

e op

erat

ion

is p

lann

ed a

nd c

ritic

al s

pare

s ar

e re

adily

ava

ilabl

e to

kee

p pr

oduc

tion

runn

ing

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

safe

ty.

Rep

air w

ork

is c

arrie

d ou

t on

faile

d eq

uipm

ent i

n a

timel

y fa

shio

n by

thos

e th

at a

re q

ualif

ied

and

com

pete

nt to

do

so.

The

risk

is th

at a

n eq

uipm

ent f

ailu

re re

sults

in a

n in

jury

.

� T

he n

atur

e of

the

oper

atio

ns s

ugge

st th

at m

uch

of th

e re

pair

wor

k m

ay b

e no

n-ro

utin

e an

d hi

ghly

spe

cial

ised

. It w

ould

be

a us

eful

exe

rcis

e to

diff

eren

tiate

bet

wee

n th

ose

task

s th

at a

re ro

utin

e an

d pr

even

tive

and

to h

ave

a m

ore

syst

emat

ic

appr

oach

to th

eir m

anag

emen

t. Th

is in

form

atio

n w

ould

als

o cr

eate

bet

ter u

nder

stan

ding

of t

he s

heer

vol

ume

of e

quip

men

t th

at w

as b

eing

man

aged

by

the

loca

l org

anis

atio

n, a

nd h

ow d

iffic

ult t

his

mig

ht b

e w

ith th

e ex

istin

g st

affin

g le

vels

. Cle

arly

th

ose

invo

lved

in th

e ta

sks

have

a v

ery

high

leve

l of t

he c

ompe

tenc

e to

hav

e m

anag

ed a

s w

ell a

s th

ey h

ave

to d

ate

with

su

ch g

ood

inju

ry re

cord

s.

Mod

ifica

tions

– P

eer

Rev

iew

/C

omm

issi

onin

g

Cha

nges

to e

xist

ing

infra

stru

ctur

e an

d pl

ant/e

quip

men

t are

car

eful

ly c

ontro

lled

to m

inim

ise

the

impa

ct th

at th

is m

ay h

ave

on e

xist

ing

user

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

. M

odifi

catio

ns m

ay b

e m

inor

or m

ajor

, and

sho

uld

be p

eer r

evie

wed

by

othe

rs w

ith th

e ap

prop

riate

ski

lls

and

know

ledg

e. N

ew p

lant

or e

quip

men

t is

com

mis

sion

ed to

ens

ure

that

all

safe

ty im

pact

s ha

ve b

een

cons

ider

ed b

efor

e th

e pr

ojec

t is

han

ded

over

to th

e re

gula

r use

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e m

odifi

catio

ns re

sult

in a

n in

jury

bec

ause

the

full

impa

ct o

f the

cha

nges

wer

e th

ough

t thr

ough

.

� C

ompl

etin

g th

is ta

sk w

ith fu

ll en

d us

er in

put a

nd c

onsu

ltatio

n m

ay b

e di

fficu

lt un

der t

he c

urre

nt s

taffi

ng le

vels

.

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

Con

tinge

ncy

plan

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to d

eal w

ith s

ituat

ions

suc

h as

fire

, nat

ural

dis

aste

rs, e

xplo

sion

s, b

omb

thre

ats,

and

hos

tage

si

tuat

ions

; vap

our c

loud

s, s

abot

age,

med

ical

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ot

her u

nwel

com

e ev

ents

. N

ot o

nly

shou

ld th

ese

pote

ntia

l situ

atio

ns

be id

entif

ied,

but

the

requ

ired

actio

ns d

ocum

ente

d an

d pr

actic

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s. D

ebrie

fing

sess

ions

are

hel

d af

ter t

he d

rills

to

iden

tify

area

s in

nee

d of

impr

ovem

ent.

Crit

ical

em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t, su

ch a

s al

arm

s, s

mok

e de

tect

ors,

fire

spr

inkl

ers,

the

corr

ect

type

of e

xtin

guis

hers

, bac

k up

gen

erat

ors

(whe

re a

pplic

able

) are

pro

vide

d an

d m

aint

aine

d.

The

risk

is th

at in

the

even

t of a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n pe

ople

will

be

unab

le to

reac

t app

ropr

iate

ly (f

or e

xam

ple,

eva

cuat

e sa

fely

or

resp

ond

effe

ctiv

ely,

whi

ch m

ay le

ad to

incr

ease

d ca

sual

ties,

pan

ic a

nd tr

aum

a.

� E

mer

genc

y pl

ans

are

spec

ific

for t

he lo

cal o

ffice

. A

gree

men

t on

loca

l ale

rt/ a

nd o

r eva

cuat

ion

sign

als

shou

ld re

ceiv

e hi

gh p

riorit

y. C

onsi

der t

he u

se o

f a s

impl

e flo

wch

art t

o as

sist

the

docu

men

tatio

n pr

oces

s an

d tr

aini

ng e

xerc

ises

. Pla

ns n

eed

to c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal r

egul

atio

ns a

nd c

odes

of p

ract

ice.

84

4

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Secu

rity

– Si

te/

Pers

onal

O

nly

auth

oris

ed p

erso

ns w

ho h

ave

been

info

rmed

of r

elev

ant s

ite ru

les

ente

r the

wor

kpla

ce.

Per

sons

wor

king

alo

ne s

houl

d be

abl

e to

con

tact

hel

p in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y (m

edic

al o

r oth

erw

ise)

and

pre

caut

iona

ry m

easu

res

have

bee

n pu

t in

plac

e to

redu

ce th

reat

s of

bod

ily h

arm

. P

rovi

sion

s ex

ist f

or re

mov

ing

unau

thor

ised

per

sons

or u

nwel

com

e vi

sito

rs.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pe

rson

al a

nd p

hysi

cal s

afet

y of

em

ploy

ees

is c

ompr

omis

ed b

y th

e en

try o

f una

utho

rised

per

sons

ont

o th

e si

te o

r be

caus

e th

ey a

re is

olat

ed fr

om e

mer

genc

y as

sist

ance

.

�Th

e ar

ea m

anag

ed b

y th

e lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion

is q

uite

vas

t and

pra

ctic

ally

it is

diff

icul

t to

impl

emen

t phy

sica

l con

trol

s.

Man

y of

the

staf

f ope

rate

as

lone

wor

kers

at s

ome

time.

In th

e of

fice

a du

ress

sw

itch

was

inst

alle

d an

d co

nsid

erat

ion

shou

ld

be g

iven

to w

heth

er o

r not

this

cou

ld b

e ap

plie

d in

oth

er w

ork

area

s. R

adio

s ar

e in

use

and

the

smal

l num

bers

of s

taff

appe

ar to

be

happ

y w

ith th

e co

mm

unic

atio

n ar

rang

emen

ts. E

nsur

e th

at lo

ne w

orke

rs re

port

to s

omeo

ne a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s to

min

imis

e th

e tim

e th

at w

ould

ela

pse

in c

ase

of a

med

ical

em

erge

ncy.

Hou

seke

epin

g Th

e w

orkp

lace

sho

uld

be k

ept i

n a

clea

n an

d tid

y st

ate

to a

void

trip

s, s

lips

and

falls

. W

alkw

ays

shou

ld n

ot b

e bl

ocke

d. S

pilla

ges

shou

ld b

e cl

eane

d up

imm

edia

tely

. Fi

re e

xtin

guis

hers

sho

uld

be c

heck

ed a

nd m

aint

aine

d. H

oses

sho

uld

be re

turn

ed a

nd e

mpt

y co

ntai

ners

and

pal

lets

sto

red

in a

ppro

pria

te lo

catio

ns.

Unw

ante

d m

ater

ials

sho

uld

be s

orte

d an

d pu

t int

o st

orag

e or

dis

pose

d of

.

The

risk

is th

at s

omeo

ne m

ay tr

ip/s

lip o

r fal

l or t

hat t

here

is in

crea

sed

pote

ntia

l for

a fi

re.

�Th

ere

are

a nu

mbe

r of “

grav

eyar

ds”

on th

e si

tes

whi

ch c

ould

be

clea

red

up a

nd th

e co

nten

ts d

ispo

sed

of a

ppro

pria

tely

.

Insp

ectio

ns/

Mon

itorin

g

Pro

cess

es s

houl

d be

mon

itore

d an

d in

spec

ted

regu

larly

to e

nsur

e th

at e

quip

men

t and

faci

litie

s ar

e be

ing

used

and

app

lied

in th

e m

anne

r tha

t was

inte

nded

and

for w

hich

saf

ety

prov

isio

ns h

ave

been

con

side

red

and

impl

emen

ted.

The

pro

cess

es a

re m

onito

red

to

ensu

re th

at th

ey a

re o

pera

ting

with

in s

afe

limits

. C

ause

s of

abn

orm

al o

pera

tions

are

inve

stig

ated

and

rect

ified

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pr

oces

s op

erat

es o

utsi

de o

f des

igna

ted

safe

lim

its w

hich

may

lead

to in

jury

or o

ther

ill e

ffect

s, o

r tha

t equ

ipm

ent i

s us

ed in

appr

opria

tely

lead

ing

to d

amag

e to

pro

perty

, los

s of

pro

duct

ion

or o

ther

unw

elco

me

even

ts.

�D

ue to

the

impa

ct th

is w

ould

hav

e on

cus

tom

er s

ervi

ce th

is is

und

er a

fairl

y tig

ht le

vel o

f con

trol

. Thi

s re

sult

coul

d be

im

prov

ed w

ith a

hig

her l

evel

of d

ocum

enta

tion

and

reco

rd k

eepi

ng.

84

5

Safe

Pla

ce E

lem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Ope

ratio

nal R

isk

Rev

iew

A

per

iodi

c re

view

is c

ondu

cted

that

com

pare

s th

e cu

rren

t situ

atio

n ag

ains

t a b

asel

ine

asse

ssm

ent t

o in

dica

te w

heth

er s

trate

gies

im

plem

ente

d fo

r ris

k re

duct

ion

have

bee

n ef

fect

ive

or o

ther

wis

e, a

nd w

heth

er th

ere

have

bee

n an

y ch

ange

s to

pla

nt, t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

or le

gisl

atio

n th

at m

ay im

pact

on

the

risk

pres

ente

d by

the

oper

atio

n. A

ny a

dver

se fi

ndin

gs a

re d

ealt

with

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l stra

tegi

es is

unk

now

n, s

o ef

forts

and

reso

urce

s m

ay h

ave

been

w

aste

d, a

nd th

e im

pact

of c

hang

es o

n th

e op

erat

ions

.

� T

his

has

been

per

form

ed in

a fo

rmal

man

ner a

nd th

e op

erat

ion

is w

ell u

nder

stoo

d by

the

loca

l org

anis

atio

n. A

n op

erat

iona

l rev

iew

che

cklis

t exi

sts.

How

ever

, mor

e em

phas

is is

nee

ded

on c

hem

ical

saf

ety

and

the

iden

tifie

d pr

ojec

ts n

eed

to b

e br

oken

dow

n in

to s

mal

ler,

mor

e ac

hiev

able

task

s.

84

6

Safe

Per

son

Stra

tegi

es

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Equa

l Opp

ortu

nity

/ A

nti-H

aras

smen

t P

olic

ies

are

in p

lace

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

re tr

eate

d w

ith re

spec

t and

dig

nity

. Th

ere

is z

ero

tole

ranc

e to

war

ds

bully

ing

and

dive

rsity

is a

ccep

ted

in th

e w

orkp

lace

. A

war

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

have

ens

ured

that

the

inte

ntio

n of

thes

e po

licie

s ha

ve

been

mad

e cl

ear t

o em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent,

as w

ell a

s ed

ucat

ing

man

agem

ent o

n th

e fo

rms

that

dis

crim

inat

ion

or

hara

ssm

ent m

ay ta

ke -

incl

udin

g m

ore

subt

le m

anife

stat

ions

suc

h as

hol

ding

bac

k pa

y or

ent

itlem

ents

; und

ue d

elay

s fo

r pro

visi

on

of re

sour

ces;

spr

eadi

ng m

alic

ious

gos

sip;

soc

ial e

xclu

sion

; hid

ing

belo

ngin

gs; r

ole

ambi

guity

; and

car

eer s

tagn

atio

n or

unc

erta

inty

.

The

risk

is o

f lon

g or

sho

rt te

rm p

sych

olog

ical

har

m.

This

may

indi

rect

ly p

lace

them

at g

reat

er ri

sk o

f phy

sica

l har

m b

y af

fect

ing

thei

r per

form

ance

or j

udge

men

t or p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

wor

kpla

ce v

iole

nce.

� T

here

are

form

al p

olic

ies

in p

lace

suc

h as

EEO

and

ant

i-bul

lyin

g as

a re

sult

of th

e la

rge

corp

orat

e fr

amew

ork

that

this

lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion

has

beco

me

part

of.

Ant

i-har

assm

ent ,

and

the

vario

us fo

rms

this

can

take

, stil

l nee

ds a

ttent

ion.

C

onsi

der i

nclu

sion

of t

his

info

rmat

ion

in th

e in

duct

ion

mat

eria

l to

visi

tors

/ con

trac

tors

. A

ccom

mod

atin

g D

iver

sity

Th

e w

orkp

lace

pro

mot

es a

n ac

cept

ance

of d

iver

sity

. A

cces

s fo

r dis

able

d pe

rson

s ha

s be

en p

rovi

ded,

and

spe

cial

pro

visi

ons

exis

t fo

r the

ir sa

fe e

vacu

atio

n in

cas

e of

an

emer

genc

y. T

he s

peci

al n

eeds

of y

oung

wor

kers

, pre

gnan

t or n

ursi

ng m

othe

rs, a

nd o

lder

w

orke

rs a

re ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n. W

here

wor

kers

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

a pr

e-ex

istin

g ps

ycho

logi

cal c

ondi

tion,

em

ploy

ers

take

ca

re n

ot to

pla

ce s

uch

empl

oyee

s in

to s

ituat

ions

whe

re th

ey a

re a

t inc

reas

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity.

Tra

nsla

tions

or o

ther

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n ar

e av

aila

ble

for t

hose

that

hav

e la

ngua

ge b

arrie

rs.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ith s

peci

al n

eeds

are

not

cat

ered

for a

nd s

o ar

e m

ore

pron

e to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess.

� T

here

are

no

repo

rted

lite

racy

issu

es o

n th

is s

ite. D

iver

sity

was

obs

erve

d ac

ross

the

vario

us s

ites.

The

org

anis

atio

n ne

eds

to b

e m

indf

ul o

f the

spe

cial

nee

ds o

f you

nger

wor

kers

suc

h as

thei

r sus

cept

ibili

ty to

spr

ains

, str

ains

, cut

s an

d bu

rns

whe

n ta

king

on

new

sta

ff.

84

7

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Sele

ctio

n C

riter

ia

A li

st o

f the

ski

lls, c

ompe

tenc

ies

and

traits

con

side

red

nece

ssar

y to

dis

char

ge th

e du

ties

of a

pos

ition

com

pete

ntly

and

effe

ctiv

ely

has

been

doc

umen

ted

and

form

s pa

rt of

the

sele

ctio

n cr

iteria

(for

exa

mpl

e in

pos

ition

des

crip

tions

). A

ny p

re-e

xist

ing

cond

ition

s th

at

may

be

exac

erba

ted

by th

e ro

le h

ave

been

iden

tifie

d to

ens

ure

that

vul

nera

ble

pers

ons

are

not a

t ris

k by

taki

ng th

e po

sitio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay n

ot b

e ca

pabl

e of

doi

ng th

e jo

bs th

ey a

re s

elec

ted

for,

and

vuln

erab

le p

erso

ns m

ay b

e pl

aced

in a

po

sitio

n w

hich

they

wou

ld b

e pr

one

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� W

hils

t the

loca

l org

anis

atio

n ap

pear

s to

be

clea

r abo

ut th

e de

sira

ble

skill

s an

d tr

aits

they

are

see

king

and

a c

autio

us

appr

oach

is ta

ken

to th

e hi

ring

of n

ew s

taff

thro

ugh

a pr

obat

ion

syst

em, m

ore

cons

ider

atio

n sh

ould

be

give

n to

the

incl

usio

n of

hea

lth c

riter

ia, g

iven

the

natu

re o

f som

e of

the

chem

ical

s us

ed o

n th

e va

rious

site

s. T

he o

rgan

isat

ion

shou

ld

give

con

side

ratio

n to

the

use

of p

re-e

mpl

oym

ent m

edic

als.

Indu

ctio

ns-C

ontr

acto

rs/

Visi

tors

A

ll vi

sito

rs a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s to

the

wor

kpla

ce a

re m

ade

awar

e of

any

haz

ards

that

they

are

like

ly to

enc

ount

er a

nd u

nder

stan

d ho

w to

ta

ke th

e ne

cess

ary

prec

autio

ns to

avo

id a

ny a

dver

se e

ffect

s. I

nfor

mat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e tim

es o

f the

ir pr

esen

ce a

t the

wor

kpla

ce is

re

cord

ed to

allo

w a

ccou

ntin

g fo

r all

pers

ons

shou

ld a

n em

erge

ncy

situ

atio

n ar

ise.

Ent

ry o

n si

te is

sub

ject

to a

ccep

tanc

e of

site

sa

fety

rule

s w

here

this

is a

pplic

able

. Al

so, s

peci

fic c

onta

cts/

host

s ar

e de

sign

ated

to e

nsur

e co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith lo

cal r

ules

.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e un

fam

iliar

with

the

site

may

be

inju

red

beca

use

they

wer

e un

awar

e of

pot

entia

l haz

ards

.

� T

his

was

con

duct

ed p

artic

ular

ly w

ell d

urin

g th

e as

sess

men

t and

it s

houl

d be

not

ed th

at p

erso

nnel

on

one

of th

e re

mot

e si

tes

wen

t to

grea

t len

gths

to m

ake

sure

that

any

phy

sica

l haz

ards

that

wer

e pr

esen

t at t

hat t

ime

wer

e id

entif

ied

and

prec

autio

ns ta

ken.

Trai

ning

and

Ski

lls

A tr

aini

ng n

eeds

ana

lysi

s ha

s be

en c

ondu

cted

to d

eter

min

e w

hat s

kills

em

ploy

ees

have

and

wha

t ski

lls a

re n

eede

d to

per

form

thei

r ro

les

safe

ly a

nd c

ompe

tent

ly.

Arr

ange

men

ts a

re in

pla

ce to

add

ress

any

gap

s th

at m

ay e

xist

. A

ll em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

ffect

ed

have

bee

n m

ade

awar

e of

loca

l pro

cedu

res

and

prot

ocol

s. R

efre

sher

trai

ning

is p

rovi

ded

at a

ppro

pria

te in

terv

als

to m

aint

ain

skill

s an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g pr

otec

tion

from

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds.

Com

pete

ncy

train

ing

has

been

sch

edul

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e tra

inin

g ne

eds

anal

ysis

. A

ll pe

rson

s co

nduc

ting

train

ing

are

appr

opria

tely

qua

lifie

d to

do

so.

Trai

ning

reco

rds

are

mai

ntai

ned.

Evi

denc

e of

co

mpe

tenc

ies

is a

vaila

ble.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry to

per

form

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly a

nd s

afel

y.

� O

n th

e jo

b tr

aini

ng is

han

dled

wel

l and

it w

as n

oted

that

sta

ff ob

serv

ed to

ok g

reat

prid

e in

thei

r rol

es.

A tr

aini

ng

regi

ster

was

kep

t and

upd

ated

. Som

e th

ough

t sho

uld

be g

iven

to d

ocum

entin

g th

e ra

nge

of s

kills

nec

essa

ry in

som

e m

ore

deta

il an

d ho

w c

ompe

tenc

ies

coul

d be

ass

esse

d on

an

ongo

ing

basi

s to

impr

ove

this

resu

lt.

84

8

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Wor

k O

rgan

isat

ion

-Fa

tigue

Th

e in

divi

dual

arr

ange

men

t of j

ob ta

sks

that

con

stitu

te th

e ro

le h

ave

been

con

side

red

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e w

ork

load

doe

s no

t ind

uce

unne

cess

ary

man

ual h

andl

ing,

ove

ruse

, und

ue fa

tigue

or s

tress

, and

the

requ

ired

leve

l of v

igila

nce

is a

ble

to b

e m

aint

aine

d ov

er

the

wor

k pe

riod.

Wor

k br

eaks

, pau

ses

or o

ther

rota

tion

of d

utie

s ha

ve b

een

intro

duce

d w

here

fatig

ue in

duci

ng c

ondi

tions

hav

e be

en id

entif

ied.

Fat

igue

may

be

of a

phy

sica

l or m

enta

l nat

ure.

The

risk

is th

at th

e pa

rticu

lar s

eque

ncin

g, ti

min

g or

arra

ngem

ent o

f job

task

s w

ill p

redi

spos

e em

ploy

ees

to in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

�So

me

of th

e le

adin

g ro

les

on th

e re

mot

e si

tes

and

in th

e m

ain

oper

atio

ns ro

le re

quire

bei

ng o

n st

andb

y 24

hrs/

7 d

ays

a w

eek.

Thi

s co

uld

be a

sou

rce

of o

ngoi

ng s

tres

s an

d co

nsid

erat

ion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to e

nsur

ing

that

bac

k-up

s ar

e av

aila

ble

to c

over

thes

e pe

riods

on

a re

gula

r bas

is to

pro

vide

som

e re

lief f

rom

this

nee

d to

be

on c

onst

ant a

lert

.

Stre

ss A

war

enes

s P

erso

nal s

kills

, per

sona

lity,

fam

ily a

rran

gem

ents

, cov

erag

e of

crit

ical

abs

ence

s, re

sour

cing

leve

ls a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

hav

e so

me

cont

rol o

ver w

ork

load

are

fact

ored

into

ong

oing

wor

k ar

rang

emen

ts s

o as

not

to in

duce

con

ditio

ns th

at m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

by

that

par

ticul

ar e

mpl

oyee

as

stre

ssfu

l. P

lans

are

ava

ilabl

e fo

r dea

ling

with

exc

essi

ve e

mai

ls a

nd u

nwel

com

e co

ntac

ts.

The

risk

is th

at th

e em

ploy

ee b

ecom

es o

verw

helm

ed b

y th

e pa

rticu

lar w

ork

arra

ngem

ents

, and

is u

nabl

e to

per

form

com

pete

ntly

or

safe

ly d

ue to

the

parti

cula

r circ

umst

ance

s.

� A

hig

h le

vel o

f str

ess

was

obs

erve

d ac

ross

the

loca

l org

anis

atio

n, p

ossi

bly

due

to u

ncer

tain

ty o

f the

futu

re d

irect

ion

of

the

busi

ness

and

the

pote

ntia

l for

sta

ff re

duct

ions

. Thi

s ap

pear

ed to

be

the

caus

e of

som

e co

ncer

n an

d sh

ould

be

addr

esse

d in

a m

ore

form

al m

anne

r so

that

thos

e un

der t

he im

pres

sion

that

they

may

be

affe

cted

kno

w w

ith s

ome

auth

ority

the

larg

er c

orpo

ratio

ns in

tent

ions

.

Job

Des

crip

tions

-Tas

k St

ruct

ure

Jo

b de

scrip

tions

and

dai

ly ta

sks

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d so

that

the

empl

oyee

has

a c

lear

idea

of t

he e

xpec

tatio

ns o

f the

role

and

w

heth

er th

ey a

re a

ble

to fu

lfil a

ll th

eir o

blig

atio

ns.

Whe

re a

diff

eren

ce b

etw

een

wor

k ex

pect

atio

ns a

nd a

bilit

y to

fulfi

l the

se e

xist

, ch

anne

ls s

houl

d be

ava

ilabl

e to

ena

ble

fair

and

equi

tabl

e ne

gotia

tion

on b

ehal

f of b

oth

parti

es.

Skill

s an

d au

thor

ity le

vels

are

co

mm

ensu

rate

with

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

allo

cate

d.

The

risk

is th

at p

eopl

e w

ill n

ot h

ave

the

dire

ctio

n, s

kills

or a

utho

rity

nece

ssar

y to

con

duct

thei

r rol

e co

mpe

tent

ly, e

ffect

ivel

y an

d sa

fely

.

� T

here

are

sta

ndar

d jo

b de

scrip

tions

ava

ilabl

e fo

r all

seni

or p

ositi

ons

with

in th

e gr

oup,

and

all

othe

r sta

ff ha

ve s

ome

form

of j

ob d

escr

iptio

n ev

en if

it is

ver

y br

oadl

y st

ated

. It i

s su

gges

ted

that

som

e tim

e is

inve

sted

in c

aptu

ring

with

mor

e de

tail

the

spec

ifics

of t

he k

ey ro

les

to e

nsur

e bu

sine

ss c

ontin

uity

and

to a

ssis

t with

trai

ning

of b

ack

ups

to c

over

crit

ical

ab

senc

es.

84

9

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Beh

avio

ur M

odifi

catio

n

Crit

ical

saf

e w

orki

ng p

ract

ices

are

pos

itive

ly re

info

rced

and

uns

afe

beha

viou

rs d

isco

urag

ed.

This

may

take

the

form

of i

nfor

mal

in

spec

tions

, uns

afe

act o

r obs

erva

tion

prog

ram

s, fo

llow

ed b

y su

itabl

e fe

edba

ck.

Obs

erva

tions

may

be

over

t or d

iscr

eet.

E

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

cour

aged

to re

cogn

ise

haza

rds

and

take

sui

tabl

e pr

ecau

tions

- in

clud

ing

the

ackn

owle

dgem

ent o

f situ

atio

ns th

at

they

are

not

suf

ficie

ntly

ski

lled

to d

eal w

ith w

hils

t als

o w

atch

ing

out f

or th

e sa

fety

of t

heir

colle

ague

s. W

here

rew

ard

prog

ram

s ar

e us

ed fo

r pos

itive

rein

forc

emen

t of s

afe

beha

viou

rs, c

onsi

dera

tion

is g

iven

to th

e us

e of

var

iabl

e, u

npre

dict

able

rew

ard

sche

dule

s so

th

at th

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d w

hen

the

rew

ard

is re

mov

ed.

Rew

ards

may

incl

ude

prai

se, r

ecog

nitio

n or

incr

ease

d st

atus

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nsaf

e w

ork

habi

ts w

ill le

ad to

an

incr

ease

in in

jurie

s or

illn

esse

s.

�C

onsi

dera

tion

shou

ld b

e gi

ven

to th

e us

e of

dyn

amic

risk

ass

essm

ent s

trat

egie

s th

at e

mph

asis

e th

e ne

ed to

sto

p an

d th

ink

befo

re ru

shin

g in

to a

hig

h ris

k si

tuat

ions

, giv

en th

e va

riabl

e na

ture

of t

he w

ork

and

the

rang

e of

situ

atio

ns

enco

unte

red

on a

dai

ly b

asis

.

Hea

lth P

rom

otio

n H

ealth

y lif

esty

le c

hoic

es a

re p

rom

oted

and

an

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m e

xist

s to

edu

cate

per

sonn

el o

n th

ese

issu

es.

Topi

cs m

ay

incl

ude

good

nut

ritio

n, e

xerc

ise,

wor

k-lif

e ba

lanc

e, s

ympt

oms

of s

ubst

ance

add

ictio

n, q

uit c

ampa

igns

, med

ical

che

cks

(pro

stat

e,

bow

el, b

reas

t, ce

rvic

al) a

nd h

ome

or o

ff-si

te s

afet

y tip

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill s

uffe

r poo

r hea

lth o

r a lo

wer

ed s

tate

of w

ell-b

eing

whi

ch m

ay p

redi

spos

e th

em to

inju

ries

or il

lnes

ses

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

� T

his

elem

ent i

s co

nsid

ered

to b

e ad

dres

sed

by th

e lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion.

Atte

ntio

n in

this

are

a m

ay h

elp

prom

ote

mor

ale

in li

ght o

f the

uns

ettle

d at

mos

pher

e ob

serv

ed.

Net

wor

king

, Men

torin

g,

Furt

her E

duca

tion

Cha

nnel

s fo

r net

wor

king

hav

e be

en e

stab

lishe

d to

ass

ist p

erfo

rman

ce in

pos

ition

s, e

spec

ially

whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

on s

ite h

elp

avai

labl

e. O

n si

te m

ento

ring

or b

uddy

pro

gram

s ha

ve b

een

esta

blis

hed

whe

re m

ore

expe

rienc

ed p

erso

nnel

are

ava

ilabl

e to

ass

ist

new

em

ploy

ees

adju

st to

thei

r rol

e an

d pr

ovid

e on

goin

g su

ppor

t. P

ursu

it of

hig

her o

rder

ski

lls a

nd p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent a

re

enco

urag

ed to

gro

w jo

b po

sitio

ns a

nd in

crea

se w

orkp

lace

sat

isfa

ctio

n.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill lo

se m

otiv

atio

n or

bec

ome

apat

hetic

whi

ch m

ay p

lace

them

selv

es o

r oth

ers

at in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

in

jury

or i

llnes

s.

� T

here

is a

nee

d to

est

ablis

h ne

twor

ks th

at a

re s

een

to b

e he

lpfu

l and

enc

oura

ging

. Thi

s m

ay a

ssis

t in

brea

king

dow

n so

me

barr

iers

bet

wee

n th

e la

rger

cor

pora

tion

and

the

loca

l div

isio

n. N

etw

orki

ng s

houl

d be

con

duct

ed in

an

atm

osph

ere

of

equa

lity

and

mut

ual r

espe

ct.

85

0

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Con

flict

Res

olut

ion

Med

iatio

n ch

anne

ls a

re a

vaila

ble

and/

or s

uper

viso

rs h

ave

rece

ived

spe

cial

trai

ning

to d

eal w

ith d

iffer

ence

s of

opi

nion

, rel

atio

nshi

p br

eakd

owns

or p

erso

nalit

y cl

ashe

s be

fore

the

situ

atio

n re

ache

s th

e po

int w

here

wor

kpla

ce p

erfo

rman

ce h

as b

een

impa

ired

and/

or

is n

otic

eabl

e by

oth

er c

olle

ague

s.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e un

able

to w

ork

as p

art o

f a te

am a

nd th

is m

ay a

ffect

thei

r abi

lity

to c

arry

out

thei

r rol

es c

ompe

tent

ly

and

safe

ly.

�Th

ere

are

form

al m

echa

nism

s fo

r dea

ling

with

con

flict

s bu

t in

prac

tice

it is

mor

e ab

out m

anag

ing

thes

e is

sues

on

an

info

rmal

bas

is. T

he lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion

has

lost

leve

rage

due

to th

e lo

w s

taffi

ng le

vels

and

intr

icac

ies

of th

e ro

les

that

are

pa

ssed

on

by w

ord

of m

outh

and

not

doc

umen

ted.

A m

ore

form

al re

cogn

ition

of t

he h

igh

leve

l of c

ompe

tenc

y th

at

curr

ently

exi

sts

may

hel

p ea

se s

ome

of th

e te

nsio

n no

ted.

Empl

oyee

Ass

ista

nce

Prog

ram

s Pe

rson

s ex

perie

ncin

g pr

oble

ms

of a

per

sona

l nat

ure

such

as

the

brea

kdow

n of

sig

nific

ant r

elat

ions

hips

, grie

f, su

bsta

nce

abus

e, o

r ot

her e

mot

iona

l pro

blem

s m

ay a

cces

s he

lp in

a c

onfid

entia

l env

ironm

ent a

nd re

ceiv

e th

e ne

cess

ary

supp

ort t

o en

able

them

to

cont

inue

thei

r wor

k du

ties

with

out c

ompr

omis

ing

the

safe

ty o

r hea

lth o

f oth

ers

in th

e w

orkp

lace

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

’s p

erso

nal p

robl

ems

inte

rfere

with

thei

r abi

lity

to c

ondu

ct th

eir r

oles

com

pete

ntly

and

saf

ely.

� T

his

elem

ent i

s ha

ndle

d by

the

larg

er c

orpo

ratio

n, a

nd is

com

plet

ely

conf

iden

tial.

Ther

e m

ay b

e so

me

relu

ctan

ce to

ut

ilise

this

ser

vice

, so

grea

ter a

war

enes

s of

its

avai

labi

lity

and

rein

forc

emen

t of t

he c

onfid

entia

l nat

ure

of th

e se

rvic

e m

ay

be n

eces

sary

.

Pers

onal

Pro

tect

ive

Equi

pmen

t Pe

rson

al P

rote

ctiv

e E

quip

men

t (PP

E) is

use

d w

here

oth

er o

ptio

ns to

min

imis

e th

e ris

k ar

e un

avai

labl

e or

inad

equa

te.

All P

PE

supp

lied

has

been

car

eful

ly s

elec

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at it

mee

ts a

ny s

tand

ards

app

licab

le, i

s fit

for p

urpo

se a

nd is

fitte

d co

rrec

tly.

The

pote

ntia

l for

cre

atin

g ot

her h

azar

ds b

y th

e ap

plic

atio

n of

the

PP

E s

elec

ted

has

been

car

eful

ly c

onsi

dere

d an

d th

e po

tent

ial f

or s

uch

impa

cts

min

imis

ed.

The

risk

is th

at P

PE

sel

ecte

d w

ill n

ot p

rovi

de th

e pr

otec

tion

expe

cted

(bec

ause

of p

oor s

elec

tion,

poo

r tra

inin

g, p

oor f

it or

poo

r m

aint

enan

ce) o

r may

eve

n be

the

caus

e of

add

ition

al w

orkp

lace

haz

ards

.

�PP

E is

ava

ilabl

e fo

r use

, but

it n

eeds

to b

e em

phas

ised

that

this

is a

wea

k le

vel o

f con

trol

and

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

this

st

rate

gy w

ill d

epen

d on

use

r com

plia

nce.

Thi

s m

ay b

e ha

rder

to re

info

rce

whe

n w

orke

rs a

re o

n jo

bs a

lone

, so

it is

cru

cial

th

at a

ll w

orke

rs u

sing

PPE

und

erst

and

the

cons

eque

nces

of a

ny d

ecis

ions

not

to u

se it

. It i

s im

port

ant t

hat t

hey

are

in a

po

sitio

n to

mak

e a

wel

l inf

orm

ed d

ecis

ion,

so

refr

eshe

r tra

inin

g se

ssio

ns m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary.

85

1

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Firs

t Aid

/Rep

ortin

g

Prov

isio

ns fo

r firs

t aid

are

ava

ilabl

e th

at m

eet l

ocal

regu

latio

ns in

clud

ing

the

num

bers

of s

uita

bly

qual

ified

firs

t aid

ers

and

suffi

cien

t qu

antit

ies

of fi

rst a

id m

ater

ials

. Q

ualif

icat

ions

are

kep

t cur

rent

and

firs

t aid

sto

cks

regu

larly

repl

enis

hed.

A re

gist

er o

f wor

kpla

ce

inju

ries

is k

ept t

hat m

eets

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

and

not

ifica

tion

of in

cide

nts

to s

tatu

tory

aut

horit

ies

is o

bser

ved

as re

quire

d.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s an

d tra

uma

asso

ciat

ed w

ith in

jurie

s an

d po

or in

jury

man

agem

ent w

ill b

e gr

eate

r and

take

long

er

time

to h

eal,

and

OH

S re

gula

tions

will

be b

reac

hed.

� A

hig

her l

evel

of f

orm

alis

ed re

port

ing

is n

eede

d. T

his

coul

d be

ass

iste

d by

hav

ing

mor

e re

port

ing

form

s/bo

okle

ts

avai

labl

e in

pro

min

ent l

ocat

ions

. Whe

re th

ere

is a

low

leve

l of i

njur

ies

bein

g ex

perie

nced

, con

side

r the

use

of a

form

alis

ed

near

mis

s re

port

ing

syst

em.

Wor

kers

’ Com

pens

atio

n/

Reh

abili

tatio

n P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to c

ompe

nsat

e in

jure

d w

orke

rs fo

r los

t tim

e an

d m

edic

al/re

late

d ex

pens

es.

Ass

ista

nce

is p

rovi

ded

for

retu

rnin

g in

jure

d or

ill e

mpl

oyee

s ba

ck to

the

wor

kpla

ce in

an

agre

ed ti

mef

ram

e w

ithou

t exa

cerb

atin

g th

eir c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion

and

to

offe

r mea

ning

ful e

mpl

oym

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s ex

ist a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing

hier

arch

y –

sam

e jo

b/ s

ame

wor

kpla

ce;

mod

ified

job/

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; diff

eren

t pos

ition

sam

e w

orkp

lace

; sim

ilar o

r mod

ified

pos

ition

/ diff

eren

t wor

kpla

ce; d

iffer

ent p

ositi

on/

diffe

rent

wor

kpla

ce.

A re

turn

to w

ork

co-o

rdin

ator

has

bee

n ap

poin

ted

eith

er in

tern

ally

or e

xter

nally

to m

eet l

ocal

OH

S re

gula

tions

. A

ll pa

rties

are

kep

t inf

orm

ed o

f pro

gres

s an

d de

velo

pmen

ts.

Sys

tem

s ar

e in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

inju

red

wor

kers

are

not

retu

rned

to

the

unal

tere

d w

orkp

lace

that

inju

red

them

.

The

risk

is th

at in

jurie

s w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d, th

at ti

me

away

from

the

wor

kpla

ce w

ill be

incr

ease

d an

d th

at th

e ps

ycho

logi

cal e

ffect

s of

the

inju

ry a

nd lo

ss o

f con

fiden

ce w

ill b

e he

ight

ened

.

� A

hig

h de

gree

of s

atis

fact

ion

was

repo

rted

with

this

func

tion

on a

loca

l lev

el.

85

2

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Hea

lth S

urve

illan

ce

Pre

-em

ploy

men

t med

ical

s ha

ve b

een

unde

rtake

n to

pro

vide

bas

elin

e in

form

atio

n on

the

empl

oyee

’s c

urre

nt s

tate

of h

ealth

. E

xam

inat

ions

may

incl

ude

lung

func

tion

test

s, b

lood

or u

rine

sam

ples

for b

iolo

gica

l mon

itorin

g, c

hest

x-r

ays

and

audi

omet

ric

test

ing.

Whe

re k

now

n ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es a

re p

rese

nt in

the

wor

kpla

ce, t

his

surv

eilla

nce

may

be

subj

ect t

o co

mpl

ianc

e w

ith

loca

l OH

S re

gula

tions

. H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

is c

ondu

cted

from

whi

ch th

e he

alth

of w

orke

rs e

xpos

ed to

spe

cific

risk

s ca

n be

m

onito

red

(incl

udin

g bi

olog

ical

mon

itorin

g) a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt c

ontro

l stra

tegi

es m

ay b

e ev

alua

ted

The

risk

is th

at (i

) em

ploy

ees

may

be

plac

ed in

situ

atio

ns w

here

thei

r hea

lth m

ay b

e da

mag

ed; a

nd (i

i) th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt

cont

rol m

easu

res

will

be

not b

e kn

own,

that

em

ploy

ees

heal

th w

ill b

e en

dang

ered

, a b

asel

ine

for c

laim

s pu

rpos

es w

ill n

ot e

xist

and

th

at lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns m

ay b

e br

each

ed.

� H

ealth

sur

veill

ance

to c

over

the

use

of m

olte

n le

ad m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary

to c

ompl

y w

ith lo

cal O

HS

regu

latio

ns; h

owev

er

this

will

dep

end

on in

divi

dual

exp

osur

e le

vels

. Whe

ther

or n

ot th

is is

nec

essa

ry s

houl

d be

det

erm

ined

and

the

resu

lts

docu

men

ted

stat

ing

the

cond

ition

s th

at w

ere

in e

xist

ence

at t

he ti

me

the

deci

sion

was

mad

e. T

he d

ecis

ion

shou

ld b

e re

gula

rly re

view

ed, e

spec

ially

if e

xpos

ure

leve

ls o

r tec

hniq

ues

used

for h

eatin

g w

ere

to c

hang

e. T

he o

rgan

isat

ion

shou

ld

also

giv

e co

nsid

erat

ion

to a

udio

met

ric te

stin

g an

d su

rvei

llanc

e fo

r mai

nten

ance

wor

kers

any

per

sonn

el e

xpos

ed to

noi

sy

equi

pmen

t on

an o

ngoi

ng b

asis

. Aud

iom

etric

test

ing

for n

ew e

mpl

oyee

s w

ould

pro

vide

an

impo

rtan

t bas

elin

e fo

r fut

ure

com

paris

on. A

ny w

orke

rs in

volv

ed w

ith A

C p

ipin

g sh

ould

be

iden

tifie

d an

d th

e po

ssib

ility

of o

ngoi

ng s

urve

illan

ce

esta

blis

hed

with

spe

cial

ist i

nput

.

Feed

back

Pro

gram

s F

eedb

ack

may

take

the

form

of s

ugge

stio

n bo

xes,

per

cept

ion

surv

eys

(que

stio

nnai

res

to g

auge

em

ploy

ee a

ttitu

des,

mor

ale,

and

/or

perc

eive

d ef

fect

iven

ess

of s

afet

y ca

mpa

igns

). R

ewar

d pr

ogra

ms

may

be

used

to e

ncou

rage

par

ticip

atio

n in

feed

back

act

iviti

es.

The

risk

is th

at o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

mpr

ovem

ent a

re lo

st a

nd th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of c

urre

nt s

trate

gies

is u

nkno

wn,

and

poo

r mor

ale

or

othe

r wor

kpla

ce is

sues

con

tinue

unr

esol

ved.

�Em

ploy

ee s

atis

fact

ion

surv

eys

are

cond

ucte

d on

a c

orpo

rate

leve

l but

it is

sug

gest

ed th

at m

ore

loca

l fee

dbac

k m

ight

be

usef

ul g

iven

the

leve

l of u

nset

tledn

ess.

Perf

orm

ance

App

rais

als

Perfo

rman

ce a

ppra

isal

s in

clud

e cr

iteria

for s

afe

wor

k pr

actic

es a

nd o

bser

vatio

n of

site

saf

ety

rule

s, h

ouse

keep

ing,

and

the

disp

lay

of s

afe

wor

king

atti

tude

. O

HS

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

shou

ld b

e co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

leve

l of r

espo

nsib

ility

and

aut

horit

y be

stow

ed.

Em

ploy

ees

and

man

agem

ent s

ettin

g go

od e

xam

ples

for w

orkp

lace

saf

ety

shou

ld b

e en

cour

aged

and

val

ued.

The

risk

is th

at d

esira

ble

OH

S w

ork

beha

viou

rs a

nd a

ttitu

des

will

not

be

rein

forc

ed, a

nd th

at in

appr

opria

te O

HS

atti

tude

s or

act

ions

m

ay b

e en

cour

aged

with

em

ploy

ees

belie

ving

that

suc

h be

havi

our o

r act

ions

are

acc

epta

ble.

�Th

ese

are

cond

ucte

d at

mor

e se

nior

leve

ls. P

erfo

rman

ce re

view

s sh

ould

ens

ure

that

OH

S is

sues

are

em

bedd

ed in

to th

e as

sess

men

t, an

d th

ere

are

clea

r con

sequ

ence

s fo

r und

esira

ble

OH

S at

titud

es o

r pra

ctic

es.

85

3

Safe

Per

son

Elem

ent

Def

initi

on C

riter

ia, C

ritic

al R

isks

and

Act

ions

Req

uire

d

Rev

iew

of P

erso

nnel

Tu

rnov

er

Per

sonn

el tu

rn o

ver r

ates

are

revi

ewed

to u

ncov

er th

e ro

ot c

ause

for a

ny a

bnor

mal

ly h

igh

leve

ls, s

uch

as p

robl

ems

with

lead

ersh

ip,

pers

onal

ity c

onfli

cts,

exc

essi

ve w

orkl

oads

, unr

easo

nabl

e de

adlin

es, u

nple

asan

t phy

sica

l wor

king

env

ironm

ent a

nd/o

r wor

k co

nditi

ons.

Exi

t int

ervi

ews

are

cond

ucte

d to

gat

her f

eedb

ack

for i

mpr

ovem

ent w

here

suc

h op

portu

nitie

s pr

esen

t. S

ucce

ssio

n pl

ans

are

in p

lace

to p

rovi

de a

saf

e an

d su

ffici

ent l

evel

of e

xper

ienc

e as

oth

ers

mov

e on

and

con

tinui

ty o

f saf

e w

orki

ng a

rran

gem

ents

.

The

risk

is th

at v

alua

ble

expe

rienc

e is

lost

whi

ch m

ay in

dire

ctly

impa

ct o

n th

e ab

ility

of t

he o

rgan

isat

ion

to c

ondu

ct it

s ac

tiviti

es

safe

ly, a

nd th

e op

portu

nity

to c

orre

ct p

robl

ems

or o

ther

und

erly

ing

issu

es is

lost

.

� T

urno

ver l

evel

s ar

e re

view

ed o

n a

corp

orat

e le

vel.

Ana

lysi

s of

info

rmat

ion

obta

ined

at e

xit i

nter

view

s w

ould

pro

vide

op

port

uniti

es fo

r im

prov

emen

ts.

This

cou

ld b

e us

ed to

gre

ater

effe

ct in

the

futu

re.

85

4

Safe

Sys

tem

s St

rate

gies

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

OH

S Po

licy

An

OH

S p

olic

y is

in

plac

e th

at c

onve

ys m

anag

emen

t’s i

nten

tion

and

attit

ude

tow

ards

saf

ety.

It

is o

ne e

xpre

ssio

n of

m

anag

emen

t’s w

ill w

hich

may

be

used

to m

otiv

ate

all e

mpl

oyee

s to

beh

ave

in a

cer

tain

way

and

uph

old

certa

in a

ttitu

des.

Th

e cr

edib

ility

of th

e po

licy

is w

itnes

sed

by th

e co

nsis

tenc

y of

man

agem

ent’s

act

ions

and

resp

onse

s to

dai

ly s

ituat

ions

.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be n

o di

rect

ion

on O

HS

issu

es a

nd e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill no

t kno

w th

e or

gani

satio

n’s

attit

ude

tow

ards

OH

S, o

r w

hat i

s ex

pect

ed fr

om th

em.

� T

he lo

cal O

HS

polic

y is

an

exam

ple

of b

est p

ract

ice

and

very

wel

l wor

ded.

Goa

l Set

ting

G

oals

and

mile

ston

es s

houl

d be

set

with

suf

ficie

nt d

etai

l to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

OH

S is

sues

are

im

prov

ing,

unc

hang

ed o

r in

de

clin

e.

Thes

e go

als

shou

ld b

e co

nsis

tent

the

orga

nisa

tion’

s O

HS

polic

y an

d th

e go

als

shou

ld b

e re

view

ed a

t reg

ular

inte

rval

s.

Car

e sh

ould

be

take

n to

ens

ure

that

goa

ls a

re r

ealis

tic a

nd a

chie

vabl

e; s

peci

fic; m

easu

rabl

e; h

ave

been

ade

quat

ely

reso

urce

d an

d un

derg

o pe

riodi

c re

view

. P

erfo

rman

ce m

easu

res

are

alig

ned

with

goa

ls a

nd p

olic

ies.

The

risk

is th

at O

HS

issu

es m

ay a

ppea

r to

o ov

erw

helm

ing

to a

ddre

ss s

yste

mat

ical

ly a

nd th

at la

ck o

f fee

dbac

k on

rec

ent e

fforts

m

ay le

ad to

apa

thy.

� T

he la

rger

cor

pora

tion

is v

ery

goal

driv

en a

nd th

ese

are

docu

men

ted

in th

e co

rpor

ate

plan

. The

se g

oals

nee

d to

be

brok

en d

own

into

sm

all s

ized

pro

ject

s or

ong

oing

act

iviti

es w

ith m

ore

visi

ble

outp

uts

on a

loca

l lev

el.

Acc

ount

abili

ty

Acco

unta

bilit

y fo

r O

HS

issu

es h

as b

een

allo

cate

d an

d th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

follo

w th

roug

h an

d co

nseq

uenc

es in

pla

ce if

thes

e ar

e no

t met

to e

nsur

e th

at th

ese

resp

onsi

bilit

ies

are

take

n se

rious

ly.

The

acco

unta

bilit

y sh

ould

be

com

men

sura

te w

ith th

e au

thor

ity

of th

e po

sitio

n, a

nd s

harin

g of

acc

ount

abilit

ies

avoi

ded

to p

reve

nt re

spon

sibi

lity

from

bei

ng d

iffus

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

o on

e w

ill ta

ke re

spon

sibi

lity

for O

HS

act

ions

and

so

OH

S d

utie

s w

ill b

e ig

nore

d.

� A

ccou

ntab

ility

for O

HS

mat

ters

is w

ell a

ccep

ted

at a

ll le

vels

of l

ine

man

agem

ent.

How

ever

, it a

ppea

rs th

at a

utho

rity

is

not a

lway

s co

mm

ensu

rate

with

the

high

leve

ls o

f res

pons

ibili

ty e

xpec

ted.

85

5

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Due

Dili

genc

e R

evie

w/ G

ap

Ana

lysi

s A

list

of p

roje

cts

has

been

iden

tifie

d th

at w

ould

brin

g th

e or

gani

satio

n in

to r

egul

ator

y co

mpl

ianc

e, w

ith r

espo

nsib

ilitie

s al

loca

ted

and

time

fram

es fo

r com

plet

ion

iden

tifie

d. T

he li

st is

revi

ewed

on

a re

gula

r bas

is a

nd d

emon

stra

ble

prog

ress

is e

vide

nt.

The

risk

is th

at le

gal c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith O

HS

dut

ies

will

be ig

nore

d w

ith th

e po

tent

ial f

or fi

nes,

pen

altie

s or

litig

atio

n as

a r

esul

t of

brea

ches

.

�D

ue d

ilige

nce

exer

cise

s ha

ve b

een

cond

ucte

d in

the

pas

t. Th

ese

shou

ld b

e ca

ptur

ed i

n on

e ce

ntra

l do

cum

ent

and

tran

slat

ed in

to a

pro

gram

of

OH

S pr

ojec

ts t

o co

ver

gaps

iden

tifie

d. F

or e

ach

proj

ect

or a

ctiv

ity, a

res

pons

ible

per

son

shou

ld b

e al

loca

ted

and

a re

view

dat

e fo

r com

plet

ion

spec

ified

.

Res

ourc

e A

lloca

tion/

A

dmin

istr

atio

n Su

ffici

ent

reso

urce

s ha

ve b

een

allo

cate

d to

OH

S is

sues

to

dem

onst

rate

tha

t co

mm

itmen

t is

rea

l an

d go

als

are

achi

evab

le.

Fund

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

from

“re

allo

catio

n”.

Tim

e is

ava

ilabl

e an

d su

ffici

ent t

o ad

dres

s O

HS

issu

es, a

nd h

as b

een

budg

eted

for

in

proj

ects

and

tend

ers.

The

risk

is th

at th

ere

will

be

insu

ffici

ent f

undi

ng to

rect

ify O

HS

issu

es id

entif

ied.

� T

here

are

suf

ficie

nt r

esou

rces

to a

ddre

ss s

mal

l to

med

ium

siz

ed O

HS

issu

es a

s th

ey a

rise.

How

ever

, sta

ffing

leve

ls

may

not

be

adeq

uate

to a

chie

ve a

hig

her s

trat

egic

leve

l of O

HS

com

plia

nce

and

this

sho

uld

rece

ive

due

cons

ider

atio

n.

Con

trac

tor M

anag

emen

t C

ontra

cts

are

revi

ewed

for

suita

bilit

y to

the

OH

S pr

ogra

m a

nd c

ontra

ctor

s ar

e m

anag

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

thei

r pr

esen

ce d

oes

not

crea

te a

dditi

onal

wor

kpla

ce h

azar

ds d

ue t

o la

ck o

f fa

milia

rity

and

loca

l kn

owle

dge;

and

all

thos

e pe

rson

s w

ho m

ay b

e im

pact

ed b

y th

eir

activ

ities

are

info

rmed

and

aw

are

of a

ny p

oten

tial h

azar

ds th

at m

ay a

rise.

A

reas

of c

ontro

l and

res

pons

ibilit

y ar

e cl

early

del

inea

ted.

The

risk

is th

at c

ontra

ctor

s m

ay in

jure

or h

arm

em

ploy

ees

or o

ther

s at

the

wor

k pl

ace

as a

resu

lt of

thei

r bus

ines

s un

derta

king

s.

�Th

ere

are

five

maj

or c

ontr

acto

r or

gani

satio

ns in

use

and

this

sm

all n

umbe

r is

usef

ul in

con

trol

ling

the

risk

asso

ciat

ed

with

lack

of l

ocal

kno

wle

dge.

The

key

con

cern

her

e is

mon

itorin

g of

con

trac

tor

activ

ities

whe

n th

ey a

re b

eing

use

d on

re

mot

e lo

catio

ns a

nd b

eing

abl

e to

ver

ify if

they

are

ope

ratin

g ac

cord

ing

to th

eir o

wn

OH

S pr

oced

ures

. Con

side

r the

use

of

an

OH

S bo

okle

t for

con

trac

tors

.

85

6

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Proc

urem

ent w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

A

ll ne

w p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls, a

nd s

ervi

ces

have

bee

n pu

rcha

sed

with

OH

S c

riter

ia ta

ken

into

con

side

ratio

n.

Pro

visi

ons

are

mad

e to

ens

ure

that

haz

ardo

us m

ater

ials

are

rev

iew

ed p

rior

to p

urch

ase

(see

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s an

d D

ange

rous

G

oods

). P

rovi

sion

s ar

e m

ade

to e

nsur

e th

at p

lant

and

equ

ipm

ent a

re in

stal

led

safe

ly (s

ee m

odifi

catio

ns).

End

use

rs h

ave

been

in

clud

ed in

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess.

S

afet

y in

stru

ctio

ns a

re a

vaila

ble

and

train

ing

on n

ew e

quip

men

t, pl

ant o

r se

rvic

es is

pr

ovid

ed w

here

nec

essa

ry fo

r saf

e op

erat

ion.

Tec

hnic

al o

r spe

cial

ist e

xper

tise

has

been

acq

uire

d w

here

writ

ten

inst

ruct

ions

are

in

suffi

cien

t or

una

vaila

ble.

Th

ere

is c

lear

del

inea

tion

of t

he p

oint

whe

re n

ew e

quip

men

t or

ser

vice

s ha

ve b

een

acce

pted

and

O

HS

issu

es re

solv

ed.

The

risk

is th

at n

ew p

lant

, equ

ipm

ent,

mat

eria

ls o

r ser

vice

s w

ill be

the

caus

e of

OH

S pr

oble

ms

and

that

it c

an b

e ve

ry e

xpen

sive

to

rect

ify th

e O

HS

issu

es re

trosp

ectiv

ely.

� T

his

task

cou

ld b

e im

prov

ed th

roug

h th

e us

e of

an

OH

S ch

eckl

ist o

n pu

rcha

sing

act

iviti

es.

Supp

ly w

ith O

HS

Crit

eria

Al

l pro

duct

s su

pplie

d ar

e pr

ovid

ed in

a s

afe

stat

e w

ith O

HS

crit

eria

take

n in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e cl

ient

/cus

tom

er is

no

t exp

osed

to h

arm

whe

n th

e pr

oduc

ts o

r ser

vice

s ar

e us

ed a

ccor

ding

to th

e su

pplie

rs in

stru

ctio

ns w

ith a

ll du

e w

arni

ngs

bein

g he

eded

. A

ll se

rvic

es a

re s

uppl

ied

in s

uch

a w

ay th

at s

afet

y ha

s be

en c

onsi

dere

d an

d m

eets

org

anis

atio

nal s

tand

ards

.

The

risk

is th

at u

nche

cked

or

unre

view

ed p

rodu

cts

or s

ervi

ces

supp

lied

are

the

caus

e of

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

as w

ell a

s po

tent

ially

ex

posi

ng th

e or

gani

satio

n to

litig

atio

n fo

r bre

ache

s of

OH

S d

utie

s.

� T

his

is p

erfo

rmed

wel

l for

the

mai

n bu

sine

ss f

unct

ion,

how

ever

sup

ply

invo

lves

the

use

of

mat

eria

ls a

nd p

rope

rty

that

are

acc

essi

ble

by th

e pu

blic

. The

larg

e di

stan

ces

and

area

s in

volv

ed m

ake

this

pra

ctic

ally

qui

te d

iffic

ult t

o re

gula

rly

insp

ect w

ith th

e cu

rren

t sta

ffing

leve

ls.

Com

pete

nt S

uper

visi

on

Pers

ons

that

are

pla

ced

in a

pos

ition

of a

utho

rity

and

supe

rvis

ion

have

the

resp

onsi

bilit

y, ta

lent

/ tec

hnic

al a

bilit

y, s

ocia

l ski

lls a

nd

expe

rienc

e ne

cess

ary

to d

o so

.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

inju

ry o

r illn

ess

beca

use

the

peop

le s

uper

visi

ng th

em d

id h

ave

the

skills

nec

essa

ry

to k

now

how

to p

rote

ct th

em fr

om O

HS

issu

es.

� T

here

is a

hig

h le

vel o

f com

pete

nce

dem

onst

rate

d, e

spec

ially

by

thos

e in

key

role

s.

85

7

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Safe

Wor

king

Pro

cedu

res

Suffi

cien

t sa

fe w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s ar

e in

pla

ce t

o en

able

dut

ies

to b

e co

nduc

ted

cons

iste

ntly

and

to

docu

men

t co

ntro

ls a

nd

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

nece

ssar

y to

per

form

the

job

safe

ly.

Con

side

ratio

n is

giv

en to

the

leve

l of d

etai

l inc

orpo

rate

d so

that

ther

e is

a b

alan

ce b

etw

een

prov

idin

g su

ffici

ent i

nfor

mat

ion

and

allo

win

g w

orke

rs to

use

thei

r jud

gem

ent a

nd e

xper

ienc

e as

nec

essa

ry,

for

exam

ple

whe

re to

o st

ringe

nt o

r re

stric

tive

rule

s m

ay e

ncou

rage

vio

latio

ns.

The

proc

edur

es s

houl

d be

reg

ular

ly r

evie

wed

to

inco

rpor

ate

impr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble,

and

the

leve

l of c

ompl

ianc

e as

sess

ed.

The

risk

is th

at e

mpl

oyee

s w

ill n

ot k

now

how

to p

erfo

rm th

eir j

ob ta

sks

safe

ly.

�Th

ere

are

som

e ve

ry c

ompr

ehen

sive

saf

e w

orki

ng p

roce

dure

s av

aila

ble

for m

ajor

task

s.

Com

mun

icat

ion

Com

mun

icat

ion

chan

nels

are

ava

ilabl

e to

faci

litat

e th

e ef

ficie

nt fl

ow o

f inf

orm

atio

n to

per

form

wor

kpla

ce d

utie

s in

a m

anne

r tha

t is

safe

and

doe

s no

t in

duce

stre

ss.

Thi

s m

ay i

nclu

de s

uffic

ient

con

tact

with

sup

ervi

sors

or

colle

ague

s, t

he p

rovi

sion

of

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t su

ch a

s te

leph

ones

, in

tern

et a

cces

s, l

ocal

intra

nets

, ra

dios

, ac

cess

to

notic

eboa

rds

or n

ewsl

ette

r, m

eetin

gs a

nd o

ther

foru

ms

for e

xcha

nge

whe

ther

they

be

form

al o

r inf

orm

al.

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al in

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to c

reat

e a

safe

wor

king

env

ironm

ent i

s av

aila

ble,

but

may

be

lost

or u

nava

ilabl

e.

� T

he o

pera

tion

is c

ondu

cted

by

a sm

all,

clos

e kn

it cr

ew a

nd t

he a

tmos

pher

e is

con

duci

ve t

o go

od c

omm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

ks.

Con

sulta

tion

Em

ploy

ees’

opi

nion

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

and

val

ued

with

resp

ect t

o ch

ange

s th

at m

ay a

ffect

thei

r hea

lth, s

afet

y or

wel

l-bei

ng.

Loca

l O

HS

regu

latio

ns o

n th

e fo

rmat

ion

of s

afet

y co

mm

ittee

s ar

e ob

serv

ed, a

nd th

e co

mm

ittee

cha

irper

son

has

unde

rgon

e ap

prop

riate

tra

inin

g to

ful

fil t

heir

task

s an

d du

ties.

Mee

tings

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

regu

lar

basi

s w

ith p

artic

ipat

ion

of a

man

agem

ent

repr

esen

tativ

e w

ith s

uffic

ient

aut

horit

y to

take

act

ion

on it

ems

iden

tifie

d as

bei

ng in

nee

d of

cor

rect

ive

actio

n. T

he m

inut

es o

f the

m

eetin

gs a

re k

ept i

n a

secu

re lo

catio

n an

d m

ade

acce

ssib

le to

all

empl

oyee

s.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to r

esol

ve d

ispu

tes

in-h

ouse

be

fore

out

side

aut

horit

ies

are

brou

ght i

n.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

, hea

lth a

nd w

ell-b

eing

of e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

at t

he w

orkp

lace

may

be

jeop

ardi

sed

beca

use

they

w

ere

unifo

rmed

of c

hang

es b

efor

e th

e ch

ange

s ac

tual

ly t

ook

plac

e, w

ere

not

upda

ted

abou

t ex

istin

g O

HS

issu

es, o

r be

caus

e th

ey w

ere

unifo

rmed

abo

ut O

HS

info

rmat

ion

rele

vant

to th

eir e

mpl

oym

ent.

� T

here

is a

saf

ety

com

mitt

ee b

ut it

is n

ot o

pera

ting

at a

str

ateg

ic le

vel.

Ther

e is

a d

uty

to c

onsu

lt on

all

chan

ges

that

m

ay a

ffect

hea

lth,

safe

ty a

nd w

elfa

re i

nclu

ding

cha

nges

to

the

syst

ems

or m

etho

ds o

f w

ork

or t

o th

e pl

ant

or

subs

tanc

es u

sed

for w

ork

and

on

any

deci

sion

s m

ade

abou

t the

ade

quac

y of

faci

litie

s fo

r the

wel

fare

of e

mpl

oyee

s.

85

8

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Legi

slat

ive

Upd

ates

A

list

of r

elev

ant O

HS

legi

slat

ion

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

stan

dard

s ha

s be

en c

ompl

ied

and

acce

ss to

thes

e do

cum

ents

has

be

en m

ade

avai

labl

e so

the

orga

nisa

tion

know

s w

hat l

egal

obl

igat

ions

exi

st a

nd h

as s

uppo

rting

info

rmat

ion

such

as

stan

dard

s or

co

des

of p

ract

ice

avai

labl

e fo

r ref

eren

ce.

A sy

stem

is in

pla

ce to

ens

ure

that

upd

ates

are

rece

ived

so

that

the

info

rmat

ion

bein

g ac

ted

upon

is a

lway

s cu

rren

t.

The

risk

is th

at o

ut-o

f-dat

e or

inco

rrect

or i

ncom

plet

e in

form

atio

n is

use

d fo

r act

ioni

ng O

HS

issu

es, s

o in

appr

opria

te a

ctio

ns o

r ill-

info

rmed

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

�M

uch

of t

he g

roun

dwor

k fo

r th

is h

as a

lread

y be

en d

one,

it

is j

ust

a m

atte

r of

col

latin

g th

e va

rious

ref

eren

ces

and

supp

ortin

g co

des

and

usin

g an

ale

rt s

yste

m th

at w

ill n

otify

of c

hang

es to

the

legi

slat

ion

and

code

s th

at a

re o

f int

eres

t.

Proc

edur

al U

pdat

es

Proc

edur

es a

re k

ept

curre

nt t

o in

corp

orat

e le

sson

s le

arnt

and

oth

er i

mpr

ovem

ents

as

thes

e be

com

e av

aila

ble.

A

mea

ns o

f re

mov

ing

out o

f dat

e in

form

atio

n is

in p

lace

so

that

ther

e is

con

fiden

ce th

at o

nly

the

mos

t cur

rent

pro

cedu

res

are

in u

se.

Any

ob

sole

te in

form

atio

n th

at is

kep

t for

arc

hiva

l pur

pose

s is

cle

arly

iden

tifia

ble

as b

eing

sup

erse

ded.

Tra

inin

g on

upd

ated

met

hods

an

d pr

oced

ures

is p

rovi

ded

whe

re th

e ch

ange

s ar

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e si

gnifi

cant

.

The

risk

is t

hat

out-o

f-dat

e pr

oced

ures

are

use

d th

at d

o no

t in

clud

e th

e la

test

inf

orm

atio

n on

how

to

avoi

d un

safe

wor

king

co

nditi

ons.

�So

me

safe

wor

king

pro

cedu

res

have

not

bee

n re

view

ed fo

r ten

yea

rs.

Rec

ord

Kee

ping

/Arc

hive

s R

ecor

ds a

re a

rchi

ved

in a

saf

e an

d se

cure

loca

tion,

pro

tect

ed fr

om d

eter

iora

tion

and

dam

age

by w

ater

or

fire.

Th

e du

ratio

n fo

r w

hich

the

rec

ords

are

kep

t is

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith lo

cal O

HS

and

Priv

acy

legi

slat

ion

and

the

conf

iden

tialit

y of

hea

lth r

ecor

ds is

en

forc

ed a

nd r

espe

cted

. R

egul

ar b

ack

ups

of e

lect

roni

c da

ta a

re m

ade

whe

re th

eir

loss

wou

ld h

ave

an im

pact

upo

n th

e sa

fety

an

d he

alth

of e

mpl

oyee

s

The

risk

is th

at c

ritic

al re

cord

s of

em

ploy

ees’

hea

lth a

nd s

afet

y w

ill b

e un

avai

labl

e in

the

even

t of l

itiga

tion

or fo

r pur

pose

s re

late

d to

impr

ovin

g or

reso

lvin

g O

HS

issu

es.

� T

his

coul

d be

mor

e se

cure

with

resp

ect t

o ha

rd c

opie

s of

loca

l rec

ords

.

85

9

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Cus

tom

er S

ervi

ce –

Rec

all/

Hot

lines

In

form

atio

n is

mad

e av

aila

ble

to e

nd u

sers

to

addr

ess

any

heal

th o

r sa

fety

con

cern

s en

coun

tere

d du

ring

the

use

of t

he

orga

nisa

tion’

s pr

oduc

ts o

r se

rvic

es.

Proc

edur

es a

re in

pla

ce to

rec

all g

oods

or

serv

ices

in a

tim

ely

man

ner

whe

re a

dan

ger

or

thre

at m

ay p

lace

end

use

rs a

t ris

k af

ter

purc

hase

. A

doc

umen

t tra

il is

ava

ilabl

e to

rec

ord

the

deci

sion

mak

ing

proc

ess

that

pr

eced

ed th

e re

call.

The

risk

is th

at th

e sa

fety

and

hea

lth o

f a c

usto

mer

, clie

nt o

r con

sum

er is

thre

aten

ed b

ecau

se th

ey w

ere

unab

le to

acc

ess

criti

cal

info

rmat

ion

in a

tim

ely

man

ner r

egar

ding

the

orga

nisa

tions

goo

ds o

r ser

vice

s.

�Th

e lo

cal o

rgan

isat

ion

is v

ery

cust

omer

ser

vice

focu

sed.

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

A sy

stem

is in

pla

ce to

cap

ture

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g in

cide

nts

that

hav

e oc

curre

d to

avo

id s

imila

r inc

iden

ts fr

om re

curri

ng in

the

futu

re.

Atte

mpt

s ar

e m

ade

to a

ddre

ss u

nder

lyin

g ca

uses

, whi

lst a

lso

putti

ng in

pla

ce a

ctio

ns to

ena

ble

a qu

ick

reco

very

from

the

situ

atio

n.

Roo

t ca

uses

are

pur

sued

to

the

poin

t w

here

the

y ar

e w

ithin

the

org

anis

atio

n’s

cont

rol

or i

nflu

ence

. R

epor

ting

of

inci

dent

s is

enc

oura

ged

with

a v

iew

to

impr

ove

rath

er t

han

to b

lam

e.

Nea

r m

iss/

hits

are

als

o re

porte

d an

d de

cisi

ons

to

inve

stig

ate

base

d on

like

lihoo

d or

pot

entia

l for

mor

e se

rious

con

sequ

ence

s.

Inve

stig

atio

ns a

re c

arrie

d ou

t by

pers

ons

with

the

appr

opria

te ra

nge

of k

now

ledg

e an

d sk

ills.

A p

roto

col f

or re

porti

ng to

ext

erna

l aut

horit

ies

notif

iabl

e ev

ents

has

bee

n es

tabl

ishe

d,

and

com

mun

icat

ed.

The

risk

is th

at in

form

atio

n th

at c

ould

pre

vent

inci

dent

s fro

m re

curri

ng is

lost

and

em

ploy

ees

and

othe

rs a

t the

wor

kpla

ce c

ontin

ue

to c

ontra

ct il

lnes

ses

or b

e in

jure

d.

�A

s on

ly i

njur

ies

of a

ser

ious

nat

ure

are

repo

rted

and

the

se a

re f

ew a

nd f

ar b

etw

een

ther

e is

litt

le o

ppor

tuni

ty f

or

orga

nisa

tiona

l le

arni

ng.

In t

hese

situ

atio

ns r

epor

ting

of m

inor

inj

urie

s an

d ne

ar m

isse

s sh

ould

be

enco

urag

ed a

nd

prom

oted

. Pro

blem

sol

ving

ski

lls n

eed

to b

e fu

rthe

r de

velo

ped

so th

at in

vest

igat

ions

of r

epor

ts c

an b

e us

ed to

impr

ove

the

loca

l con

ditio

ns.

Self

Ass

essm

ent

A lis

t of q

uest

ions

has

bee

n co

mpi

led

to e

nsur

e th

at o

utco

mes

are

bei

ng a

chie

ved

on a

regu

lar b

asis

and

the

key

requ

irem

ents

of

OH

S pr

oced

ures

are

bei

ng a

dher

ed to

in h

ouse

. Th

e pu

rpos

e is

to d

eter

min

e th

e le

vel o

f com

plia

nce;

whe

ther

the

requ

irem

ents

ar

e su

itabl

e an

d re

ason

able

; and

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ny p

ract

ical

pro

blem

s w

ith th

e da

ily w

orki

ng o

f pro

cedu

res

are

unco

vere

d w

hils

t th

e si

tuat

ion

is s

till r

ecov

erab

le.

Self-

asse

ssm

ents

targ

etin

g pa

rticu

lar

area

s w

here

impr

ovem

ent i

s so

ught

are

con

duct

ed o

n a

frequ

ent b

asis

, for

exa

mpl

e m

onth

ly, a

nd it

ems

are

inde

pend

ently

spo

t che

cked

to im

prov

e th

e re

liabi

lity

of th

e re

sults

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e re

ason

able

ness

and

pra

ctic

ality

of a

gree

d O

HS

actio

ns a

re n

ot te

sted

and

OH

S go

es o

ff tra

ck a

nd is

diff

icul

t to

get

bac

k on

trac

k.

�C

urre

ntly

the

re a

re a

num

ber

of b

imon

thly

rep

orts

and

OH

S is

an

agen

da i

tem

for

rep

ortin

g to

the

exe

cutiv

e. T

he

natu

re o

f the

sel

f ass

essm

ent a

ctiv

ities

cou

ld b

e st

retc

hed

to in

clud

e m

ore

risk

redu

ctio

n ex

erci

ses.

.

86

0

Safe

Sys

tem

s El

emen

t D

efin

ition

Crit

eria

, Crit

ical

Ris

ks a

nd A

ctio

ns R

equi

red

Aud

its

A r

ange

of f

orm

al r

evie

ws

of m

easu

res

impl

emen

ted

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e pr

ime

inte

ntio

n of

the

proc

edur

es is

bei

ng m

et a

nd th

at

spec

ific

crite

rion

such

as

com

plia

nce

with

a r

egul

atio

n, s

tand

ard

or o

rgan

isat

iona

l OH

S r

equi

rem

ent a

re a

ddre

ssed

. O

bjec

tive

evid

ence

is a

vaila

ble

to s

uppo

rt th

e fin

ding

s.

Spec

ialis

t au

dits

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

det

erm

ine

risks

in p

artic

ular

are

as.

The

fre

quen

cy o

f aud

its w

ill d

epen

d on

the

leng

th o

f tim

e th

at th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s ha

ve b

een

in p

lace

, as

esta

blis

hed

syst

ems

will

nee

d le

ss fr

eque

nt a

udits

than

sys

tem

s th

at a

re ju

st b

eing

intro

duce

d. T

he fr

eque

ncy

may

rang

e fro

m a

yea

rly b

asis

to o

nce

ever

y 3-

5 ye

ars

for s

peci

alis

t aud

its.

Audi

tors

util

ised

are

sui

tabl

y qu

alifi

ed a

nd e

xper

ienc

ed.

The

risk

is th

at p

rede

term

ined

requ

irem

ents

for g

ood

OH

S w

ill n

ot b

e m

et, a

nd th

e ac

tions

nec

essa

ry to

ach

ieve

the

desi

red

OH

S

outc

omes

are

unk

now

n.

�Th

ere

was

no

prog

ram

for

int

erna

l O

HS

audi

ts a

t th

e tim

e of

the

ass

essm

ent.

The

orga

nisa

tion

shou

ld c

onsi

der

deve

lopi

ng a

pro

gram

to im

plem

ent t

his.

Syst

em R

evie

w

A re

view

of a

ll th

e O

HS

sys

tem

s in

pla

ce to

ena

ble

the

orga

nisa

tion

to fu

lfil i

ts d

uty

of c

are

to e

mpl

oyee

s an

d ot

hers

affe

cted

by

its b

usin

ess

unde

rtaki

ngs.

H

ere

the

syst

em a

s a

who

le is

exa

min

ed t

o en

sure

tha

t it

has

been

set

up

corre

ctly

and

rem

ains

su

itabl

e in

ligh

t of a

ny o

rgan

isat

iona

l cha

nges

or b

usin

ess

acqu

isiti

ons.

Con

duct

ed ty

pica

lly o

n an

ann

ual b

asis

.

The

risk

is th

at th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

tire

com

bina

tion

of e

xist

ing

OH

S pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol s

trate

gies

rem

ains

unk

now

n,

and

ther

e is

no

inpu

t for

futu

re d

irect

ions

in O

HS.

�Th

e la

rger

cor

pora

tion

need

s to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

it

is p

ossi

ble

to s

uppo

rt t

he b

road

er O

HS

goal

s st

ated

in

the

corp

orat

e pl

an w

ith th

e cu

rren

t com

bina

tion

of O

HS

activ

ities

in p

lace

.

86

1

App

endi

x 23

: Mon

thly

Sel

f Ass

essm

ents

Not

e: W

here

info

rmat

ion

was

rece

ived

that

may

hav

e in

adve

rtent

ly d

iscl

osed

the

iden

tity

of th

e pa

rtici

patin

g or

gani

satio

n ei

ther

dire

ctly

or i

ndire

ctly

, “XX

X” w

as in

serte

d to

rem

ove

such

refe

renc

es.

86

2

Pilo

t Stu

dy

86

3

1st M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Purch

ase

Noise

mon

itorin

g eq

uipme

nt an

d me

asur

e no

ise Le

vel a

cross

Plan

t.

�Yes

� No

Instru

ction

s: W

here

no ha

s bee

n sele

cted p

lease

inclu

de an

expla

natio

n

Yes -

Pur

chas

ed so

und l

evel

meter

2 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Estab

lish

Plan

t mo

nitor

ing p

oints

(Nois

e Ma

p –

Stati

c poin

ts) an

d mea

sure

mon

thly.

�Yes

� No

PDF

draw

ing of

site

avail

able

but te

st po

ints y

et to

be fin

alise

d

3 DJ

C W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Analy

sis of

incid

ents

in re

lation

to tim

e of S

hift o

r tim

e of D

ay.

�Yes

� No

No

4 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Fully

revie

w tw

o inc

idents

per

mon

th, u

sing

5 ST

EP

PROC

ESS

(rear

of In

ciden

t form

).

�Yes

� No

??No

6 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Ensu

re t

hat

actio

ns f

rom

Incide

nt Re

views

are

ca

rried

out.

�Yes

� No

Instru

ction

s: W

here

no ha

s bee

n sele

cted p

lease

inclu

de an

expla

natio

n

??No

7 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Deve

lop P

lan fo

r Dep

artm

ent &

Mac

hine i

nspe

ction

.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– sc

hedu

le dr

awn

up to

cov

er p

lant m

achin

es, a

dmin

and

gene

ral s

ite. I

nspe

ction

ch

eckli

sts ar

e cur

rentl

y bein

g rev

iewed

86

4

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

8 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Inspe

ct Pl

ant /

Depa

rtmen

ts via

abov

e plan

.

�Yes

� No

No

9 GR

B AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Safe

ty Au

dits

are

carri

ed

out.

�Yes

� No

Not y

et

86

5

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Purch

ase

Noise

mon

itorin

g eq

uipme

nt an

d me

asur

e no

ise Le

vel a

cross

Plan

t.

�Yes

� No

Yes -

Pur

chas

ed so

und l

evel

meter

2 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Estab

lish

Plan

t mon

itorin

g po

ints

(Nois

e Ma

p –

Stati

c po

ints)

and m

easu

re m

onthl

y.

�Yes

� No

No -

PDF

draw

ing o

f site

ava

ilable

but

test p

oints

yet t

o be

fina

lised

– F

inalis

ed in

Ex

trusio

n, bu

t wait

ing on

confi

rmati

on fr

om O

H&S

chair

man a

s to p

oints

in PL

C

3 DJ

C W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Analy

sis of

incid

ents

in re

lation

to tim

e of S

hift o

r tim

e of

Day.

�Yes

� No

No –

DV

instig

ating

new

data

coll

ectio

n vis

PC

in Fir

st Ai

d ro

om, b

ut ex

perie

ncing

pr

oblem

s wi

th IT

dep

t in

firstly

insta

lling

PC a

nd s

econ

dly g

etting

netw

ork

acce

ss

(use

less)

4 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Fully

revie

w tw

o inc

idents

per

mon

th, u

sing

5 ST

EP

PROC

ESS

(rear

of In

ciden

t form

).

�Yes

� No

Yes

5 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Comm

unica

te fin

dings

from

eac

h at

OHS&

E me

eting

s an

d at M

onthl

y Shif

t mee

tings

.

�Yes

� No

No –

last m

eetin

g not

held

due t

o poo

r atte

ndan

ce, b

ut fin

ds av

ailab

le.

6 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Incid

ent R

eview

s are

carri

ed

out.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– ma

inten

ance

doc

kets

to be

raise

d for

any

mod

ificati

ons

requ

ired

from

incide

nt re

ports

and o

utstan

ding i

ssue

s to b

e rev

iewed

durin

g OH&

S co

mmitte

e mee

tings

86

6

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

7 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Deve

lop P

lan fo

r Dep

artm

ent &

Mac

hine i

nspe

ction

.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– sc

hedu

le dr

awn

up to

cov

er p

lant m

achin

es, a

dmin

and

gene

ral s

ite. I

nspe

ction

ch

eckli

sts ar

e cur

rentl

y bein

g rev

iewed

8 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Inspe

ct Pl

ant /

Depa

rtmen

ts via

abov

e plan

.

�Yes

� No

Yes –

Aud

it che

cklis

t han

ded o

ut as

per s

ched

ule

9 GR

B AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Safe

ty Au

dits a

re ca

rried

out.

�Yes

� No

No –

Wait

ing fo

r com

pleted

chec

klists

86

7

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Purch

ase

Noise

mon

itorin

g eq

uipme

nt an

d me

asur

e no

ise Le

vel a

cross

Plan

t.

�Yes

� No

Yes -

Pur

chas

ed so

und l

evel

meter

2 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Estab

lish

Plan

t mon

itorin

g po

ints

(Nois

e Ma

p –

Stati

c po

ints)

and m

easu

re m

onthl

y.

�Yes

� No

Yes –

Site

map

crea

ted an

d fixe

d poin

ts no

w fin

alise

d and

first

audit

carri

ed ou

t

3 DJ

C W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Analy

sis of

incid

ents

in re

lation

to tim

e of S

hift o

r tim

e of

Day.

�Yes

� No

No –

DV in

stiga

ting

new

data

colle

ction

vis P

C in

First

Aid

room

, but

expe

rienc

ing pr

oblem

s wi

th IT

dept

in firs

tly in

stallin

g PC

and s

econ

dly ge

tting n

etwor

k acc

ess (

usele

ss).

PC da

ta co

llecti

on w

ent li

ve fr

om th

e 1/10

/07

4 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Fully

revie

w tw

o inc

idents

per

mon

th, u

sing

5 ST

EP

PROC

ESS

(rear

of In

ciden

t form

).

�Yes

� No

Yes

5 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Comm

unica

te fin

dings

from

eac

h at

OHS&

E me

eting

s an

d at M

onthl

y Shif

t mee

tings

.

�Yes

� No

No –

we

are

curre

ntly r

eview

ing th

e str

uctur

e of

the O

HS&E

comm

ittee

and

it is p

lanne

d to

revie

w the

findin

gs of

accid

ent in

vesti

gatio

n dur

ing th

e mee

ting.

86

8

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

6 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Incid

ent R

eview

s are

carri

ed

out.

�Yes

� No

Yes –

main

tenan

ce do

ckets

to be

raise

d for

any m

odific

ation

s req

uired

from

incid

ent r

epor

ts an

d outs

tandin

g iss

ues t

o be r

eview

ed du

ring O

H&S

comm

ittee m

eetin

gs

7 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Deve

lop P

lan fo

r Dep

artm

ent &

Mac

hine i

nspe

ction

.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– sc

hedu

le dr

awn

up to

cov

er p

lant m

achin

es, a

dmin

and

gene

ral s

ite. I

nspe

ction

ch

eckli

sts co

mplet

e for

PL&

C bu

t are

curre

ntly b

eing r

eview

ed fo

r Extr

usion

8 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Inspe

ct Pl

ant /

Depa

rtmen

ts via

abov

e plan

.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– Au

dit c

heck

list h

ande

d ou

t as

per s

ched

ule fo

r PL&

C bu

t pro

blems

with

the

audit

s be

ing ca

rried

out.

9 GR

B AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Safe

ty Au

dits a

re ca

rried

out.

�Yes

� No

No –

Wait

ing fo

r com

pleted

chec

klists

86

9

4th M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Purch

ase

Noise

mon

itorin

g eq

uipme

nt an

d me

asur

e no

ise Le

vel a

cross

Plan

t.

�Yes

� No

Yes -

Pur

chas

ed so

und l

evel

meter

2 DC

V W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Estab

lish

Plan

t mon

itorin

g po

ints

(Nois

e Ma

p –

Stati

c po

ints)

and m

easu

re m

onthl

y.

�Yes

� No

Yes –

Site

map

crea

ted an

d fixe

d poin

ts no

w fin

alise

d and

first

audit

carri

ed ou

t

3 DJ

C W

ORK

ORGA

NISA

TION

Analy

sis of

incid

ents

in re

lation

to tim

e of S

hift o

r tim

e of

Day.

�Yes

� No

No –

PC

data

colle

ction

wen

t live

from

the

1/10/0

7. Ne

ed to

dela

y ana

lysis

until

a mi

nimum

of

6 mon

ths da

ta is

avail

able

4 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Fully

revie

w tw

o inc

idents

per

mon

th, u

sing

5 ST

EP

PROC

ESS

(rear

of In

ciden

t form

).

�Yes

� No

Yes –

ongo

ing.

5 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Comm

unica

te fin

dings

from

eac

h at

OHS&

E me

eting

s an

d at M

onthl

y Shif

t mee

tings

.

�Yes

� No

No –

incid

ent i

nves

tigati

on re

quire

ments

bein

g re

viewe

d to

refle

ct cu

rrent

struc

ture.

Then

mo

nthly

SH&E

mee

tings

.

87

0

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

6 DJ

C IN

CIDE

NT M

ANAG

EMEN

T

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Incid

ent R

eview

s are

carri

ed

out.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– ma

inten

ance

doc

kets

to be

rais

ed fo

r an

y mo

difica

tions

req

uired

from

incid

ent

repo

rts.

Safet

y inc

idents

are

rec

orde

d in

daily

pro

ducti

on m

eetin

gs d

ata b

ase

and

outst

andin

g “Sa

fety”

dock

ets ar

e to b

e pre

sente

d in m

onthl

y S&H

E me

eting

s

7 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Deve

lop P

lan fo

r Dep

artm

ent &

Mac

hine i

nspe

ction

.

�Yes

� No

Yes

– sc

hedu

le dr

awn

up to

cov

er p

lant m

achin

es, a

dmin

and

gene

ral s

ite. I

nspe

ction

ch

eckli

sts be

ing re

viewe

d by a

rea s

uper

visor

s with

a vie

w to

comm

ence

1/12

/07

8 DC

V AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Inspe

ct Pl

ant /

Depa

rtmen

ts via

abov

e plan

.

�Yes

� No

No –

as ab

ove

9 GR

B AC

CESS

/EGR

ESS

Ensu

re th

at ac

tions

from

Safe

ty Au

dits a

re ca

rried

out.

�Yes

� No

No –

Wait

ing fo

r com

pleted

chec

klists

87

1

Inju

ry a

nd In

cide

nt S

tatis

tics

Ove

r the

Pilo

t Stu

dy P

erio

d

02468101214

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

LTI'

sM

edic

al t

reat

men

tsFi

rst

Aid

tre

atm

ents

Rep

orts

Nea

r m

iss

872

Case Study 1

87

3

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

1 KS

KS

TK

1) A

sto

rage

rack

con

tain

ing

sepa

rate

bin

s to

be

inst

alle

d in

Man

ufac

turin

g A

rea

to h

old

the

pow

ders

use

d in

pro

duct

ion.

To

be d

one

by e

nd F

ebru

ary.

2) B

ins

are

to b

e cl

early

labe

lled

by p

owde

r na

me.

3) O

pera

tors

to b

e tra

ined

on

how

to u

se b

in

syst

em a

nd k

eep

it tid

y. C

ompl

etio

n by

end

of

Feb

ruar

y.

Has

rack

bee

n in

stal

led,

bin

s la

belle

d an

d tr

aini

ng p

rovi

ded

to o

pera

tors

?

X N

o

J, K

and

M h

eld

disc

ussi

on o

n be

st d

esig

n fo

r sto

rage

are

a. N

eeds

to b

e pr

actic

al a

nd a

cces

sibl

e. K

has

ask

ed X

X to

com

e in

and

des

ign

a st

orag

e ra

ck.

2 MK

1)

Asb

esto

s re

gist

ers

to b

e co

mpi

led,

re

cord

ing

loca

tion

of a

ny a

sbes

tos

iden

tifie

d on

site

.

2) A

sbes

tos

type

and

con

ditio

n to

be

clea

rly

iden

tifie

d by

sig

nage

.

3) T

imet

able

impl

emen

ted

to m

ake

regu

lar

quar

terly

insp

ectio

ns o

f asb

esto

s an

d co

nditi

on re

cord

ed.

Com

plet

ion

by e

nd

Mar

ch 2

008

Has

asb

esto

s re

gist

er b

een

com

pile

d,

asbe

stos

iden

tifie

d an

d la

belle

d an

d in

spec

tion

timet

able

impl

emen

ted?

X N

o

Mi w

ill in

vest

igat

e le

gal r

equi

rem

ents

the

n di

scus

s w

ith J

the

mos

t ap

prop

riate

m

etho

d of

com

plet

ing

regi

ster

87

4

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

3 MK

P

repa

re a

n em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist f

or a

ll em

ploy

ees

show

ing

next

of k

in a

nd

emer

genc

y co

ntac

t num

bers

. M

ust b

e ac

cess

ible

and

upd

ated

regu

larly

. C

ompl

ete

by e

nd J

anua

ry.

Has

em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist b

een

com

plet

ed?

X N

o

An

‘Info

rmat

ion

Upd

ate

Form

’ w

as i

ssue

d to

all

empl

oyee

s on

23/

01/0

8.

All

empl

oyee

s co

mpl

eted

the

form

, eg.

Nam

e, A

ddre

ss, E

mer

genc

y C

onta

ct D

etai

ls

and

from

thes

e, M

YO

B e

mpl

oyee

car

d fil

es w

ere

upda

ted.

The

info

rmat

ion

was

th

en u

sed

to m

ake

a co

nven

ient

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Lis

t on

one

A4

page

.

We

have

ask

ed e

mpl

oyee

s to

not

ify u

s of

any

cha

nges

to

pers

onal

det

ails

, so

th

at w

e m

ay u

pdat

e th

e lis

t as

requ

ired.

4 MK

1)

Fin

alis

e E

mer

genc

y P

lan

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith N

SW

Fire

Brig

ade

Gui

delin

es

2) Im

plem

ent E

mer

genc

y D

rill t

imet

able

for

quar

terly

fire

dril

ls.

Eva

cuat

ion

times

and

an

y he

sita

ncy

or c

onfu

sion

to b

e re

cord

ed

and

train

ing

give

n to

add

ress

. C

ompl

ete

by

end

Feb

08

Has

em

erge

ncy

plan

bee

n fin

alis

ed a

nd

emer

genc

y dr

ill ti

met

able

bee

n co

mpl

eted

?

X N

o

X N

o

Com

men

ced

Em

erge

ncy

Pla

n pr

evio

usly

but

stil

l re

quire

s a

good

dea

l of

st

ruct

ure

and

info

rmat

ion

to c

ompl

ete.

Kee

p J

upda

ted

on p

rogr

ess.

87

5

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n/R

ehab

ilita

tion

5 MK

1)

Sel

ect a

loca

l GP

with

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

exp

ertis

e to

wor

k w

ith th

e co

mpa

ny

and

empl

oyee

s in

cas

e of

inju

ry.

2) D

evel

op p

acka

ge fo

r em

ploy

ees

to ta

ke

to G

P s

how

ing

loca

tion

of M

edic

al

Cen

tre/E

mer

genc

y R

oom

, inc

lude

lette

r fro

m C

ompa

ny a

nd a

ny fo

rms

requ

ired.

C

ompl

ete

by e

nd M

arch

08

Has

a G

P be

en s

elec

ted

to w

ork

with

us

in c

ase

of e

mpl

oyee

inju

ry a

nd a

pa

ckag

e pu

t tog

ethe

r for

em

ploy

ees

to

take

to G

P?

X N

o

Vis

it lo

cal M

edic

al C

entre

s in

Jan

uary

/Feb

ruar

y to

sel

ect s

uita

ble

GP

6 MK

1)

Sou

rce

a R

ehab

ilita

tion

Pro

vide

r to

ensu

re in

jure

d em

ploy

ees

rece

ive

assi

stan

ce a

nd g

uida

nce,

ena

blin

g th

em to

re

turn

to w

ork.

2) N

omin

ate

a R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Co-

ordi

nato

r fro

m th

e w

orkp

lace

, to

cons

ult w

ith T

reat

ing

Doc

tor a

nd R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Pro

vide

r.

Has

a R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

ider

and

R

ehab

ilita

tion

Co-

ordi

nato

r bee

n se

lect

ed?

X N

o

Onc

e G

P is

sel

ecte

d th

ey m

ay re

com

men

d a

Reh

ab P

rovi

der t

hey

alre

ady

wor

k w

ith

87

6

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

ker H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

7 MK

S

elec

t tw

o em

ploy

ees

from

the

Fact

ory

area

to

un

derg

o co

mpl

ete

heal

th

chec

ks.

Occ

upat

iona

l he

alth

GP

may

be

able

to

cond

uct h

ealth

che

cks.

H

ave

two

empl

oyee

s be

en s

elec

ted

and

unde

rgon

e he

alth

che

cks

X N

o

Onc

e lo

cal G

P w

ith O

ccup

atio

nal H

ealth

exp

erie

nce

is s

elec

ted

as o

ur d

octo

r, I

will

arra

nge

for 2

em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

com

plet

e he

alth

che

cks.

Prev

enta

tive

OH

S

8 MK

1)

Mon

thly

wor

kpla

ce a

udits

to b

e co

nduc

ted

by 2

em

ploy

ees

each

mon

th.

Pre

pare

che

cklis

t or a

udit

form

to re

cord

un

safe

situ

atio

ns.

2) A

naly

se fi

ndin

gs a

nd im

plem

ent

proc

edur

e to

redu

ce o

r elim

inat

e ha

zard

s.

Impl

emen

t by

end

Feb

08

Hav

e m

onth

ly w

orkp

lace

aud

its

com

men

ced

and

chec

klis

t or a

udit

form

pr

epar

ed?

X N

o

Hav

e to

dec

ide

best

met

hod

of r

ecor

ding

aud

it –

chec

klis

t or

audi

t for

m?

Loo

k fo

r ide

as b

est s

uite

d to

our

wor

kpla

ce.

Hop

eful

ly c

omm

ence

aud

it in

Feb

08

87

7

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

9 MK

P

repa

re C

ontra

ctor

s ag

reem

ent t

o be

si

gned

by

cont

ract

or w

hen

they

com

e on

si

te.

To in

clud

e a

list o

f haz

ards

eg:

S

olve

nts,

Asb

esto

s. R

ules

– N

o lig

hter

s,

mat

ches

, mob

ile p

hone

s. C

ontra

ctor

’s n

ame

at to

p an

d si

gnat

ure

pane

l for

them

to s

ign

ackn

owle

dgin

g th

eir a

war

enes

s of

risk

s an

d ag

reei

ng to

com

ply

with

our

OH

S p

olic

y.

Com

plet

e Fe

b 08

Has

Con

trac

tors

agr

eem

ent

been

dra

wn

up?

X N

o

M w

ill p

repa

re C

ontra

ctor

s A

gree

men

t on

ret

urn

from

leav

e la

te J

anua

ry,

early

Fe

b 08

87

8

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

1 KS

KS

TK

1) A

sto

rage

rack

con

tain

ing

sepa

rate

bin

s to

be

inst

alle

d in

Man

ufac

turin

g A

rea

to h

old

the

pow

ders

use

d in

pro

duct

ion.

To

be d

one

by e

nd F

ebru

ary.

2) B

ins

are

to b

e cl

early

labe

lled

by p

owde

r na

me.

3) O

pera

tors

to b

e tra

ined

on

how

to u

se

bin

syst

em a

nd k

eep

it tid

y. C

ompl

etio

n by

en

d of

Feb

ruar

y.

Has

rack

bee

n in

stal

led,

bin

s la

belle

d an

d tr

aini

ng p

rovi

ded

to o

pera

tors

?

X N

o

K h

as h

ad d

iscu

ssio

ns X

X re

ques

ting

them

to d

esig

n a

suita

ble

stor

age

rack

for m

anuf

actu

ring

area

. D

ue to

XX

curre

nt w

orkl

oad,

they

ha

ve a

dvis

ed u

s it

will

be to

war

d th

e en

d of

Mar

ch b

efor

e th

ey c

an

begi

n th

is jo

b.

2 MK

1)

Asb

esto

s re

gist

ers

to b

e co

mpi

led,

re

cord

ing

loca

tion

of a

ny a

sbes

tos

iden

tifie

d on

site

.

2) A

sbes

tos

type

and

con

ditio

n to

be

clea

rly

iden

tifie

d by

sig

nage

.

3) T

imet

able

impl

emen

ted

to m

ake

regu

lar

quar

terly

insp

ectio

ns o

f asb

esto

s an

d co

nditi

on re

cord

ed.

Com

plet

ion

by e

nd

Mar

ch 2

008

Has

asb

esto

s re

gist

er b

een

com

pile

d,

asbe

stos

iden

tifie

d an

d la

belle

d an

d in

spec

tion

timet

able

impl

emen

ted?

X N

o

M w

ill in

vest

igat

e le

gal r

equi

rem

ents

then

dis

cuss

the

mos

t app

ropr

iate

m

etho

d of

com

plet

ing

regi

ster

87

9

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

3 MK

P

repa

re a

n em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist f

or a

ll em

ploy

ees

show

ing

next

of k

in a

nd

emer

genc

y co

ntac

t num

bers

. M

ust b

e ac

cess

ible

and

upd

ated

regu

larly

. C

ompl

ete

by e

nd J

anua

ry.

Has

em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist b

een

com

plet

ed?

� Y

es

An

‘Info

rmat

ion

Upd

ate

Form

’ w

as

issu

ed

to

all

empl

oyee

s on

23

/01/

08.

All

empl

oyee

s co

mpl

eted

the

for

m,

eg.

Nam

e, A

ddre

ss,

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Det

ails

and

from

thes

e, M

YO

B e

mpl

oyee

car

d fil

es

wer

e up

date

d.

The

info

rmat

ion

was

then

use

d to

mak

e a

conv

enie

nt

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Lis

t on

one

A4

page

.

We

have

ask

ed e

mpl

oyee

s to

not

ify u

s of

any

cha

nges

to

pers

onal

de

tails

, so

that

we

may

upd

ate

the

list a

s re

quire

d.

4 MK

1)

Fin

alis

e E

mer

genc

y P

lan

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith N

SW

Fire

Brig

ade

Gui

delin

es.

2) Im

plem

ent E

mer

genc

y D

rill t

imet

able

for

quar

terly

fire

dril

ls.

Eva

cuat

ion

times

and

an

y he

sita

ncy

or c

onfu

sion

to b

e re

cord

ed

and

train

ing

give

n to

add

ress

. C

ompl

ete

by

end

Feb

08

Has

em

erge

ncy

plan

bee

n fin

alis

ed a

nd

emer

genc

y dr

ill ti

met

able

bee

n co

mpl

eted

?

X N

o

X N

o

Com

men

ced

Em

erge

ncy

Pla

n pr

evio

usly

but

stil

l req

uire

s a

good

dea

l of

stru

ctur

e an

d in

form

atio

n to

com

plet

e. K

eep

J up

date

d on

pro

gres

s.

88

0

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n/R

ehab

ilita

tion

5 MK

1)

Sel

ect a

loca

l GP

with

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

exp

ertis

e to

wor

k w

ith th

e co

mpa

ny

and

empl

oyee

s in

cas

e of

inju

ry.

2) D

evel

op p

acka

ge fo

r em

ploy

ees

to ta

ke

to G

P s

how

ing

loca

tion

of M

edic

al

Cen

tre/E

mer

genc

y R

oom

, inc

lude

lette

r fro

m C

ompa

ny a

nd a

ny fo

rms

requ

ired.

C

ompl

ete

by e

nd M

arch

08

Has

a G

P be

en s

elec

ted

to w

ork

with

us

in c

ase

of e

mpl

oyee

inju

ry a

nd a

pa

ckag

e pu

t tog

ethe

r for

em

ploy

ees

to

take

to G

P?

X N

o

M h

as p

hone

d ap

prox

ten

loca

l med

ical

cen

tres

and

GP

pra

ctic

es a

nd

spok

en w

ith t

he r

ecep

tioni

sts

as t

he d

octo

rs a

re t

oo b

usy

to t

ake

phon

e ca

lls.

I h

ave

rece

ived

no

enth

usia

sm w

hats

oeve

r an

d in

fac

t, se

nsed

a r

eluc

tanc

e to

bec

ome

invo

lved

. I

dec

ided

to

cont

act

a R

ehab

ilita

tion

Pro

vide

r in

stea

d,

hopi

ng

for

bette

r re

spon

se.

(see

be

low

)

Wor

ker H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

7 MK

S

elec

t tw

o em

ploy

ees

from

the

Fact

ory

area

to

un

derg

o co

mpl

ete

heal

th

chec

ks.

Occ

upat

iona

l he

alth

GP

may

be

able

to

cond

uct h

ealth

che

cks.

Hav

e tw

o em

ploy

ees

been

sel

ecte

d an

d un

derg

one

heal

th c

heck

s

X N

o

Onc

e lo

cal G

P w

ith O

ccup

atio

nal H

ealth

exp

erie

nce

is s

elec

ted

as o

ur

Doc

tor,

I will

arra

nge

for 2

em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

com

plet

e he

alth

che

cks.

88

1

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Prev

enta

tive

OH

S

8 M

K

1) M

onth

ly w

orkp

lace

aud

its to

be

cond

ucte

d by

2 e

mpl

oyee

s ea

ch m

onth

. P

repa

re c

heck

list o

r aud

it fo

rm to

reco

rd

unsa

fe s

ituat

ions

.

2) A

naly

se fi

ndin

gs a

nd im

plem

ent

proc

edur

e to

redu

ce o

r elim

inat

e ha

zard

s.

Impl

emen

t by

end

Feb

08

Hav

e m

onth

ly w

orkp

lace

aud

its

com

men

ced

and

chec

klis

t or a

udit

form

pr

epar

ed?

X N

o

Mon

thly

aud

its w

ill c

omm

ence

on

Tues

day

11th M

arch

, 20

08.

As

disc

usse

d at

our

OH

S m

eetin

g, tw

o em

ploy

ees

from

the

fact

ory

will

be

chos

en to

con

duct

the

audi

t, w

ith g

uida

nce

if re

quire

d.

An

audi

t for

m

has

been

sel

ecte

d, b

ut m

ay e

volv

e if

requ

ired.

9 M

K

Pre

pare

C

ontra

ctor

s ag

reem

ent

to

be

sign

ed b

y co

ntra

ctor

whe

n th

ey c

ome

on

site

.

To

incl

ude

a lis

t of

ha

zard

s eg

: S

olve

nts,

Asb

esto

s.

Rul

es –

No

light

ers,

m

atch

es,

mob

ile

phon

es.

C

ontra

ctor

’s

nam

e at

top

and

sign

atur

e pa

nel f

or th

em to

si

gn a

ckno

wle

dgin

g th

eir a

war

enes

s of

risk

s an

d ag

reei

ng

to

com

ply

with

ou

r O

HS

po

licy.

Com

plet

e Fe

b 08

Has

Con

trac

tors

agr

eem

ent

been

dra

wn

up?

� Y

es

A C

ON

TRA

CTO

R/V

ISIT

OR

AG

REE

MEN

T ha

s be

en d

raw

n up

to

fit

behi

nd o

ur V

isito

rs P

ass.

Th

is w

ill b

e si

gned

by

all c

ontra

ctor

s an

d vi

sito

rs (

we

will

als

o co

ntin

ue t

o us

e th

e vi

sito

r’s r

egis

ter)

Thes

e w

ill

then

be

filed

by

mon

th.

We

com

men

ced

usin

g th

is a

gree

men

t on

22/2

/08,

88

2

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

1 KS

KS

TK

1) A

sto

rage

rack

con

tain

ing

sepa

rate

bin

s to

be

inst

alle

d in

Man

ufac

turin

g A

rea

to h

old

the

pow

ders

use

d in

pro

duct

ion.

To

be d

one

by e

nd F

ebru

ary.

2) B

ins

are

to b

e cl

early

labe

lled

by p

owde

r na

me.

3) O

pera

tors

to b

e tra

ined

on

how

to u

se b

in

syst

em a

nd k

eep

it tid

y. C

ompl

etio

n by

end

of

Feb

ruar

y.

Has

rack

bee

n in

stal

led,

bin

s la

belle

d an

d tr

aini

ng p

rovi

ded

to o

pera

tors

?

X N

o

TRIA

L

K h

as h

ad d

iscu

ssio

ns w

ith X

X re

ques

ting

them

to d

esig

n a

suita

ble

stor

age

rack

for m

anuf

actu

ring

area

. D

ue to

GS

R c

urre

nt w

orkl

oad,

th

ey h

ave

advi

sed

us it

will

be

tow

ard

the

end

of M

ay b

efor

e th

ey c

an

begi

n th

is jo

b.

In th

e m

eant

ime,

we

have

inst

alle

d an

old

lock

er u

nit (

min

us th

e do

ors)

as

a te

mpo

rary

mea

sure

, to

see

if it

is p

ract

ical

, and

impr

oves

the

tidin

ess

of th

e ar

ea a

nd e

asy

acce

ss to

the

pow

ders

. E

arly

tria

ls h

ave

the

empl

oyee

s in

Man

ufac

turin

g co

mpl

aini

ng a

nd s

ayin

g it’

s a

hind

ranc

e. T

ime

may

cha

nge

thei

r opi

nion

. Th

e ar

ea c

erta

inly

look

s m

ore

orga

nise

d.

88

3

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

2 MK

1)

Asb

esto

s re

gist

er to

be

com

pile

d,

reco

rdin

g lo

catio

n of

any

asb

esto

s id

entif

ied

on s

ite.

2) A

sbes

tos

type

and

con

ditio

n to

be

clea

rly

iden

tifie

d by

sig

nage

.

3) T

imet

able

impl

emen

ted

to m

ake

regu

lar

quar

terly

insp

ectio

ns o

f asb

esto

s an

d co

nditi

on re

cord

ed. C

ompl

etio

n by

end

M

arch

200

8

Has

asb

esto

s re

gist

er b

een

com

pile

d,

asbe

stos

iden

tifie

d an

d la

belle

d an

d in

spec

tion

timet

able

impl

emen

ted?

� Y

es

An

asbe

stos

reg

iste

r ha

s be

en p

repa

red

and

will

be

furth

er d

iscu

ssed

ov

er th

e ne

xt fe

w m

onth

s

88

4

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

3 MK

P

repa

re a

n em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist f

or a

ll em

ploy

ees

show

ing

next

of k

in a

nd

emer

genc

y co

ntac

t num

bers

. M

ust b

e ac

cess

ible

and

upd

ated

regu

larly

. C

ompl

ete

by e

nd J

anua

ry.

Has

em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist b

een

com

plet

ed?

� Y

es

An

‘Info

rmat

ion

Upd

ate

Form

’ w

as

issu

ed

to

all

empl

oyee

s on

23

/01/

08.

All

empl

oyee

s co

mpl

eted

the

for

m,

eg.

Nam

e, A

ddre

ss,

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Det

ails

and

from

thes

e, M

YO

B e

mpl

oyee

car

d fil

es

wer

e up

date

d.

The

info

rmat

ion

was

then

use

d to

mak

e a

conv

enie

nt

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Lis

t on

one

A4

page

.

We

have

ask

ed e

mpl

oyee

s to

not

ify u

s of

any

cha

nges

to

pers

onal

de

tails

, so

that

we

may

upd

ate

the

list a

s re

quire

d.

4 MK

1)

Fin

alis

e E

mer

genc

y P

lan

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith N

SW

Fire

Brig

ade

Gui

delin

es.

2) Im

plem

ent E

mer

genc

y D

rill t

imet

able

for

quar

terly

fire

dril

ls. E

vacu

atio

n tim

es a

nd

any

hesi

tanc

y or

con

fusi

on to

be

reco

rded

an

d tra

inin

g gi

ven

to a

ddre

ss. C

ompl

ete

by

end

Feb

08

Has

em

erge

ncy

plan

bee

n fin

alis

ed a

nd

emer

genc

y dr

ill ti

met

able

bee

n co

mpl

eted

?

X N

o

X N

o

Com

men

ced

Em

erge

ncy

Pla

n pr

evio

usly

but

stil

l req

uire

s a

good

dea

l of

stru

ctur

e an

d in

form

atio

n to

com

plet

e. K

eep

J up

date

d on

pro

gres

s.

88

5

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n/R

ehab

ilita

tion

5 MK

1)

Sel

ect a

loca

l GP

with

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

exp

ertis

e to

wor

k w

ith th

e co

mpa

ny

and

empl

oyee

s in

cas

e of

inju

ry.

2) D

evel

op p

acka

ge fo

r em

ploy

ees

to ta

ke

to G

P s

how

ing

loca

tion

of M

edic

al

Cen

tre/E

mer

genc

y R

oom

, inc

lude

lette

r fro

m C

ompa

ny a

nd a

ny fo

rms

requ

ired.

C

ompl

ete

by e

nd M

arch

08

Has

a G

P be

en s

elec

ted

to w

ork

with

us

in c

ase

of e

mpl

oyee

inju

ry a

nd a

pa

ckag

e pu

t tog

ethe

r for

em

ploy

ees

to

take

to G

P?

�Yes

X N

o

In c

ase

of i

njur

y, e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

title

d to

atte

nd t

heir

own

GP

. W

here

ther

e is

no

pref

eren

ce, w

e ha

ve n

omin

ated

to a

ttend

a M

edic

al

Cen

tre. T

hey

offe

r a w

ide

rang

e of

ser

vice

s an

d ar

e lo

cal.

Wor

king

on

pack

age

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

take

to G

P.

6 MK

1)

Sou

rce

a R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Pro

vide

r to

ensu

re in

jure

d em

ploy

ees

rece

ive

assi

stan

ce a

nd g

uida

nce,

ena

blin

g th

em to

re

turn

to w

ork.

2) N

omin

ate

a R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Co-

ordi

nato

r fro

m th

e w

orkp

lace

, to

cons

ult w

ith T

reat

ing

Doc

tor a

nd R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Pro

vide

r.

Has

a R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

ider

and

R

ehab

ilita

tion

Co-

ordi

nato

r bee

n se

lect

ed?

� Y

es

We

have

sel

ecte

d X

X a

s th

e R

ehab

ilita

tion

Pro

vide

r w

e w

ill u

se i

f ne

cess

ary.

88

6

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

ker H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

7 MK

S

elec

t tw

o em

ploy

ees

from

the

Fact

ory

area

to

und

ergo

com

plet

e he

alth

che

cks.

O

ccup

atio

nal h

ealth

GP

may

be

able

to

cond

uct h

ealth

che

cks.

Hav

e tw

o em

ploy

ees

been

sel

ecte

d an

d un

derg

one

heal

th c

heck

s

X N

o

Onc

e lo

cal G

P w

ith O

ccup

atio

nal H

ealth

exp

erie

nce

is s

elec

ted

as o

ur

Doc

tor,

I will

arra

nge

for 2

em

ploy

ees

to h

ave

com

plet

e he

alth

che

cks.

Prev

enta

tive

OH

S

8 MK

1)

Mon

thly

wor

kpla

ce a

udits

to b

e co

nduc

ted

by 2

em

ploy

ees

each

mon

th.

Pre

pare

che

cklis

t or a

udit

form

to re

cord

un

safe

situ

atio

ns.

2) A

naly

se fi

ndin

gs a

nd im

plem

ent

proc

edur

e to

redu

ce o

r elim

inat

e ha

zard

s.

Impl

emen

t by

end

Feb

08

Hav

e m

onth

ly w

orkp

lace

aud

its

com

men

ced

and

chec

klis

t or a

udit

form

pr

epar

ed?

X N

o

Mon

thly

au

dits

w

ill co

mm

ence

on

Fr

iday

13

th

June

, 20

08.

A

s di

scus

sed

at o

ur O

HS

mee

ting,

tw

o em

ploy

ees

will

be c

hose

n to

co

nduc

t th

e au

dit,

with

gui

danc

e if

requ

ired.

Th

ere

are

five

sepa

rate

ar

eas

to b

e au

dite

d an

d ea

ch a

rea

will

hav

e its

ow

n ch

eckl

ist.

1.P

rodu

ctio

n–M

anuf

actu

ring

Are

a,

2.P

rodu

ctio

n–Fi

lling

Are

a,

3.D

espa

tch,

4.

Labo

rato

ries,

5.

Adm

inis

tratio

n.

88

7

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

9 MK

P

repa

re C

ontra

ctor

s ag

reem

ent t

o be

si

gned

by

cont

ract

or w

hen

they

com

e on

si

te.

To in

clud

e a

list o

f haz

ards

eg:

S

olve

nts,

Asb

esto

s. R

ules

– N

o lig

hter

s,

mat

ches

, mob

ile p

hone

s. C

ontra

ctor

’s

nam

e at

top

and

sign

atur

e pa

nel f

or th

em to

si

gn a

ckno

wle

dgin

g th

eir a

war

enes

s of

risk

s an

d ag

reei

ng to

com

ply

with

our

OH

S

polic

y. C

ompl

ete

Feb

08

Has

Con

trac

tors

agr

eem

ent

been

dra

wn

up?

� Y

es

A C

ON

TRA

CTO

R /

VISI

TOR

AG

REE

MEN

T ha

s be

en d

raw

n up

to fi

t be

hind

our

Vis

itors

Pas

s.

This

will

be

sign

ed b

y al

l con

tract

ors

and

visi

tors

(w

e w

ill a

lso

cont

inue

to

use

the

visi

tor’s

reg

iste

r) Th

ese

will

th

en b

e fil

ed b

y m

onth

.

We

com

men

ced

usin

g th

is a

gree

men

t on

22/2

/08.

88

8

4th M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

1 KS

KS

TK

1) A

sto

rage

rack

con

tain

ing

sepa

rate

bin

s to

be

inst

alle

d in

Man

ufac

turin

g A

rea

to h

old

the

pow

ders

use

d in

pro

duct

ion.

To b

e do

ne b

y en

d Fe

brua

ry.

2) B

ins

are

to b

e cl

early

labe

lled

by p

owde

r na

me.

3) O

pera

tors

to b

e tra

ined

on

how

to u

se

bin

syst

em a

nd k

eep

it tid

y. C

ompl

etio

n by

en

d of

Feb

ruar

y.

Has

rack

bee

n in

stal

led,

bin

s la

belle

d an

d tr

aini

ng p

rovi

ded

to o

pera

tors

?

X No

TRIA

L

K h

as h

ad d

iscu

ssio

ns w

ith X

X re

ques

ting

them

to d

esig

n a

suita

ble

stor

age

rack

for m

anuf

actu

ring

area

. D

ue to

XX

curre

nt w

orkl

oad,

they

ha

ve a

dvis

ed u

s it

will

be to

war

d th

e en

d of

May

bef

ore

they

can

beg

in

this

job.

In th

e m

eant

ime,

we

have

inst

alle

d an

old

lock

er u

nit (

min

us th

e do

ors)

as

a te

mpo

rary

mea

sure

, to

see

if it

is p

ract

ical

, and

impr

oves

the

tidin

ess

of th

e ar

ea a

nd e

asy

acce

ss to

the

pow

ders

. E

arly

tria

ls h

ave

the

empl

oyee

s in

Man

ufac

turin

g co

mpl

aini

ng a

nd s

ayin

g it’

s a

hind

ranc

e.

Tim

e m

ay c

hang

e th

eir o

pini

on.

The

area

cer

tain

ly lo

oks

mor

e or

gani

sed.

88

9

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

2 MK

1)

Asb

esto

s re

gist

er to

be

com

pile

d,

reco

rdin

g lo

catio

n of

any

asb

esto

s id

entif

ied

on s

ite.

2) A

sbes

tos

type

and

con

ditio

n to

be

clea

rly

iden

tifie

d by

sig

nage

.

3) T

imet

able

impl

emen

ted

to m

ake

regu

lar

quar

terly

insp

ectio

ns o

f asb

esto

s an

d co

nditi

on re

cord

ed.

Com

plet

ion

by e

nd

Mar

ch 2

008

Has

asb

esto

s re

gist

er b

een

com

pile

d,

asbe

stos

iden

tifie

d an

d la

belle

d an

d in

spec

tion

timet

able

impl

emen

ted?

� Y

es

An

asbe

stos

reg

iste

r ha

s be

en p

repa

red

and

will

be

furth

er d

iscu

ssed

ov

er th

e ne

xt fe

w m

onth

s.

89

0

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Emer

genc

y Pr

epar

edne

ss

3 MK

P

repa

re a

n em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist f

or a

ll em

ploy

ees

show

ing

next

of k

in a

nd

emer

genc

y co

ntac

t num

bers

. M

ust b

e ac

cess

ible

and

upd

ated

regu

larly

. C

ompl

ete

by e

nd J

anua

ry.

Has

em

erge

ncy

cont

act l

ist b

een

com

plet

ed?

� Y

es

An

‘Info

rmat

ion

Upd

ate

Form

’ w

as

issu

ed

to

all

empl

oyee

s on

23

/01/

08.

All

empl

oyee

s co

mpl

eted

the

for

m,

eg.

Nam

e, A

ddre

ss,

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Det

ails

and

from

thes

e, M

YO

B e

mpl

oyee

car

d fil

es

wer

e up

date

d.

The

info

rmat

ion

was

then

use

d to

mak

e a

conv

enie

nt

Em

erge

ncy

Con

tact

Lis

t on

one

A4

page

.

We

have

ask

ed e

mpl

oyee

s to

not

ify u

s of

any

cha

nges

to

pers

onal

de

tails

, so

that

we

may

upd

ate

the

list a

s re

quire

d.

4 MK

1)

Fin

alis

e E

mer

genc

y P

lan

in a

ccor

danc

e w

ith N

SW

Fire

Brig

ade

Gui

delin

es.

2) Im

plem

ent E

mer

genc

y D

rill t

imet

able

for

quar

terly

fire

dril

ls.

Eva

cuat

ion

times

and

an

y he

sita

ncy

or c

onfu

sion

to b

e re

cord

ed

and

train

ing

give

n to

add

ress

. C

ompl

ete

by

end

Feb

08

Has

em

erge

ncy

plan

bee

n fin

alis

ed a

nd

emer

genc

y dr

ill ti

met

able

bee

n co

mpl

eted

?

X N

o

� Y

es

Con

tinui

ng to

wor

k on

Em

erge

ncy

Pla

n. A

lread

y ha

ve lo

ts o

f in

form

atio

n; ju

st h

ave

to p

ut it

toge

ther

in a

n or

gani

sed

man

ner.

Em

erge

ncy

Dril

l tim

etab

le h

as b

een

impl

emen

ted

89

1

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

kers

Com

pens

atio

n/R

ehab

ilita

tion

5 MK

1)

Sel

ect a

loca

l GP

with

Occ

upat

iona

l H

ealth

exp

ertis

e to

wor

k w

ith th

e co

mpa

ny

and

empl

oyee

s in

cas

e of

inju

ry.

2)

Dev

elop

pac

kage

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

take

to

GP

sho

win

g lo

catio

n of

Med

ical

C

entre

/Em

erge

ncy

Roo

m, i

nclu

de le

tter

from

Com

pany

and

any

form

s re

quire

d.

Com

plet

e by

end

Mar

ch 0

8

Has

a G

P be

en s

elec

ted

to w

ork

with

us

in c

ase

of e

mpl

oyee

inju

ry a

nd a

pa

ckag

e pu

t tog

ethe

r for

em

ploy

ees

to

take

to G

P?

� Y

es

In c

ase

of i

njur

y, e

mpl

oyee

s ar

e en

title

d to

atte

nd t

heir

own

GP

. W

here

ther

e is

no

pref

eren

ce, X

X h

ave

nom

inat

ed to

atte

nd a

Med

ical

C

entre

. The

y of

fer a

wid

e ra

nge

of s

ervi

ces

and

are

loca

l.

Wor

king

on

pack

age

for e

mpl

oyee

s to

take

to G

P is

und

erw

ay a

nd w

ill

be c

ompl

eted

Jul

y 08

.

6 MK

1)

Sou

rce

a R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Pro

vide

r to

ensu

re in

jure

d em

ploy

ees

rece

ive

assi

stan

ce a

nd g

uida

nce,

ena

blin

g th

em to

re

turn

to w

ork.

2) N

omin

ate

a R

ehab

ilitat

ion

Co-

ordi

nato

r fro

m th

e w

orkp

lace

, to

cons

ult w

ith T

reat

ing

Doc

tor a

nd R

ehab

ilita

tion

Pro

vide

r.

Has

a R

ehab

ilita

tion

Prov

ider

and

R

ehab

ilita

tion

Co-

ordi

nato

r bee

n se

lect

ed?

� Y

es

We

have

sel

ecte

d X

X as

the

Reh

abilit

atio

n P

rovi

der w

e w

ill us

e if

nece

ssar

y.

89

2

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Wor

ker H

ealth

Sur

veill

ance

7 MK

S

elec

t tw

o em

ploy

ees

from

the

Fact

ory

area

to

un

derg

o co

mpl

ete

heal

th

chec

ks

Occ

upat

iona

l he

alth

GP

may

be

able

to

cond

uct h

ealth

che

cks.

Hav

e tw

o em

ploy

ees

been

sel

ecte

d an

d un

derg

one

heal

th c

heck

s?

X N

o

Two

empl

oyee

s ha

ve b

een

sele

cted

to u

nder

go h

ealth

che

cks,

one

fro

m th

e fa

ctor

y an

d on

e fro

m th

e la

bora

tory

. Th

is w

ill b

e do

ne J

uly

or

Aug

ust.

Prev

enta

tive

OH

S

8 MK

1)

Mon

thly

wor

kpla

ce a

udits

to b

e co

nduc

ted

by 2

em

ploy

ees

each

mon

th.

Pre

pare

che

cklis

t or a

udit

form

to re

cord

un

safe

situ

atio

ns.

2) A

naly

se fi

ndin

gs a

nd im

plem

ent

proc

edur

e to

redu

ce o

r elim

inat

e ha

zard

s.

Impl

emen

t by

end

Feb

08.

Hav

e m

onth

ly w

orkp

lace

aud

its

com

men

ced

and

chec

klis

t or a

udit

form

pr

epar

ed?

�Yes

Mon

thly

aud

its c

omm

ence

d on

Tue

sday

24th

Jun

e. T

wo

empl

oyee

s w

ere

sele

cted

to c

heck

the

five

area

s of

our

wor

kpla

ce u

sing

H

ouse

keep

ing

chec

klis

ts (o

ne fo

r eac

h ar

ea).

This

was

don

e en

thus

iast

ical

ly a

nd th

orou

ghly

by

the

two

empl

oyee

s an

d hi

ghlig

hted

a

num

ber o

f con

cern

s w

hich

are

now

regi

ster

ed to

be

rect

ified

.

1.P

rodu

ctio

n–M

anuf

actu

ring

Are

a 2.

Pro

duct

ion–

Fillin

g A

rea

3.D

espa

tch

& La

belli

ng

4.La

bora

torie

s 5

.Adm

inis

tratio

n

89

3

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

9 MK

P

repa

re C

ontra

ctor

s ag

reem

ent t

o be

si

gned

by

cont

ract

or w

hen

they

com

e on

si

te.

To in

clud

e a

list o

f haz

ards

eg:

S

olve

nts,

Asb

esto

s. R

ules

– N

o lig

hter

s,

mat

ches

, mob

ile p

hone

s. C

ontra

ctor

’s

nam

e at

top

and

sign

atur

e pa

nel f

or th

em to

si

gn a

ckno

wle

dgin

g th

eir a

war

enes

s of

risk

s an

d ag

reei

ng to

com

ply

with

our

OH

S

polic

y. C

ompl

ete

Feb

08

Has

Con

trac

tors

agr

eem

ent

been

dra

wn

up?

� Ye

s

A C

ON

TRA

CTO

R/V

ISIT

OR

AG

REE

MEN

T ha

s be

en d

raw

n up

to

fit

behi

nd o

ur V

isito

rs P

ass.

Th

is w

ill b

e si

gned

by

all c

ontra

ctor

s an

d vi

sito

rs (

we

will

als

o co

ntin

ue t

o us

e th

e vi

sito

r’s r

egis

ter)

Thes

e w

ill

then

be

filed

by

mon

th.

We

com

men

ced

usin

g th

is a

gree

men

t on

22/2

/08.

894

Case Study 2

89

5

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 OH

S H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Does

XXX

stor

e or h

andle

haza

rdou

s sub

stanc

es?

�Yes

2 OH

S H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Does

XXX

mee

t all

regu

lator

y re

quire

ments

to h

old

and h

andle

haza

rdou

s sub

stanc

es?

� Ye

s

3 OH

S H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has

XXX

looke

d at

a re

place

ment

chem

ical

non-

haza

rdou

s che

mica

ls?

� Ye

s

Nex

t Ste

p

Trial

s will

conti

nue u

ntil th

e pro

cess

until

the pr

oces

s is p

erfec

ted.

89

6

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 OH

S N

oise

:

Has

the m

ain s

ource

of n

oise

been

iden

tified

and

do

cume

nted.

� Ye

s

Most

curre

nt No

ise su

rvey s

hows

the X

XX to

be th

e high

est c

ontrib

utor t

o ove

rall n

oise.

2 OH

S N

oise

:

Does

the

busin

ess

have

inter

im c

ontro

ls to

prote

ct em

ploye

es w

orkin

g in t

he ar

ea?

� Ye

s

Admi

nistra

tive c

ontro

ls in

place

3 OH

S N

oise

:

Does

the

busin

ess

have

a n

oise

redu

ction

plan

witc

h foc

uses

on

of re

ducin

g no

ise in

the

high

risk

area

firs

t?

X No

No fo

rmal

noise

redu

ction

plan

in pl

ace.

Con

sider

ation

to no

ise gi

ven w

hen m

aking

proc

ess

impr

ovem

ents.

Nex

t Ste

p

Form

alise

a no

ise re

ducti

on pl

an in

cons

ultati

on w

ith en

ginee

rs an

d nois

e hyg

ienist

s

89

7

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 OH

S C

ontr

acto

r m

anag

emen

t

Have

contr

actor

s bee

n ide

ntifie

d as a

risk t

o XXX

�

Yes

2 OH

S C

ontr

acto

r m

anag

emen

t

Is the

re a

forma

l con

tracto

r man

agem

ent p

roce

ss in

pla

ce th

at de

termi

nes c

ontra

ctor s

uitab

ility t

o car

ryout

work?

� Ye

s

XXX

contr

actor

man

agem

ent in

plac

e

3 OH

S C

ontr

acto

r m

anag

emen

t

Do a

ll con

tracto

rs tha

t wor

k on s

ite m

eet th

e mini

mum

criter

ia to

perfo

rm w

ork?

i.e. L

icens

es, in

sura

nces

, tra

ining

of st

aff, b

efore

been

give

n con

sent

to wo

rk?

X No

Corp

orate

contr

actor

s are

not c

aptur

ed as

part

of sit

e con

tracto

r man

agem

ent p

roce

ss.

Nex

t Ste

p

Form

alise

are

as o

f res

pons

ibility

with

cor

pora

te re

pres

entat

ives

to en

sure

all

area

s re

quire

ment

are m

et pr

ior to

contr

actor

being

give

n con

sent

to wo

rk

89

8

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

3.1

OHS

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Have

timeli

ne fo

r tria

ls on

XXX

I bee

n set?

X N

o

Set s

pecif

ic tim

eline

s for

the c

omple

tion o

f XXX

I con

versi

on. In

clude

;

� Tr

ial da

tes w

ith sp

ecific

area

s of r

esea

rch.

� Co

mplet

ion da

tes fo

r pro

cess

and e

ngine

ering

chan

ges.

� Tr

aining

of em

ploye

es on

all c

hang

es an

d mod

ificati

ons.

� Fin

al pr

oduc

t tests

and i

ntrod

uctio

n into

the m

arke

t.

3.2

OHS

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Has t

he tr

ial be

en co

nduc

ted as

per t

he sc

hedu

le/

prog

ram?

X N

o

Nil to

repo

rt at

pres

ent.

3.3

OHS

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

s

Has i

nform

ation

from

the t

rial b

een a

cted u

pon a

nd

docu

mente

d, an

d a ne

w tria

l date

been

set to

mov

e clo

ser t

o a so

lution

?

X N

o

Nil to

repo

rt at

pres

ent.

89

9

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

3.1

OHS

Noi

se:

Have

the n

oise e

ngine

ers a

nd /o

r hyg

ienist

s bee

n ide

ntifie

d to a

ssist

in fo

rmula

ting t

he no

ise

redu

ction

plan

?

X N

o

Contr

act a

suita

bly qu

alifie

d eng

ineer

to as

sist w

ith fo

rmula

ting a

nd im

pleme

nting

a no

ise

redu

ction

plan

.

3.2

OHS

Noi

se:

Has t

he no

ise re

ducti

on pl

an be

en fo

rmula

ted?

X N

o

A no

ise m

anag

emen

t plan

exits

that

will n

eed t

o be u

pgra

ded t

o an a

noise

impr

ovem

ent p

lan

3.3

OHS

Noi

se:

Have

acti

ons

relat

ing t

o on

e ite

m on

the

nois

e re

ducti

on be

en im

pleme

nted?

X N

o

Nil to

repo

rt

90

0

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

3.1

OHS

Con

trac

tor

man

agem

ent

Have

area

s of r

espo

nsibi

lity w

ith co

rpor

ate

repr

esen

tative

s bee

n for

malis

ed?

X No

XXX

to se

ek c

larific

ation

from

XX

X OH

SE M

ange

r wi

th re

lation

to c

orpo

rate

contr

acts.

Po

ints o

f clar

ificati

on ar

e;

� Do

the

corp

orate

con

tract

mana

gers

unde

rstan

d the

requ

ireme

nts u

nder

XXX

con

tracto

r ma

nagin

g pro

cedu

re

� Do

es th

e con

tracto

r mee

t mini

mum

criter

ia to

work

for X

XX co

mpan

y?

� W

ill the

mini

mum

requ

ireme

nts be

revie

wed b

y cor

pora

te an

d wha

t inter

nals?

Can t

he si

te ha

ve in

put in

to the

tend

ering

proc

ess?

3.2

OHS

Con

trac

tor

man

agem

ent

Have

requ

ireme

nts fo

r con

tracto

rs, in

cludin

g ide

ntific

ation

of al

l haz

ards

they

may

enco

unter

, be

en fo

rmall

y doc

umen

ted?

X N

o

Only

for si

te en

gage

d and

ongo

ing co

ntrac

tors?

3.3

OHS

Con

trac

tor

man

agem

ent

Do co

rpor

ate re

pres

entat

ives u

nder

stand

co

ntrac

tor co

ntrol

requ

ireme

nts an

d is t

here

mea

ns

of en

surin

g the

proc

ess i

s bein

g foll

owed

?

X N

o

Corp

orate

contr

actor

s are

not c

aptur

ed as

part

of sit

e con

tracto

r man

agem

ent p

roce

ss.

901

Case Study 3

90

2

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

N.

Item

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

HA

ZA

RD

OU

S S

UB

ST

AN

CE

S

1 TG

Has

a li

st o

f unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es b

een

com

pile

d an

d a

suita

ble

cont

ract

or b

een

foun

d an

d

utili

sed

to d

ispo

se o

f the

unw

ante

d st

ock?

X No

Contr

actor

sour

ced.

2 JC

Are

all

the

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

in th

e w

orkp

lace

appr

opria

tely

labe

lled

and

stor

ed?

X No

Temp

lates

read

y for

labe

ls; b

ulk st

orag

e ar

ea to

be

orga

nised

; inter

media

tes st

orag

e ar

ea co

mplet

e.

3 JC

Has

a c

ompl

ete

list o

f all

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

on

site

bee

n co

mpi

led,

hav

e an

y ris

k as

sess

men

ts

been

und

erta

ken

and

are

all t

he M

SD

S’s

up

to

date

?

X No

Not c

omple

ted, b

ut pr

ogre

ss m

ade o

n upd

ating

and i

mpro

ving M

SDS’

s

Que

stio

n 1

Que

stio

n 2

Que

stio

n 3

�

Obt

ain

full

list o

f haz

ardo

us

subs

tanc

es

�

Liai

se w

ith e

mpl

oyee

s on

unw

ante

d pr

oduc

t �

D

eter

min

e sa

fe h

andl

ing

and

safe

di

spos

al re

quire

men

ts

�

Find

con

tract

or fo

r was

te d

ispo

sal

�

Rem

ove

stoc

k fro

m s

tora

ge

�

Tran

spor

t unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es to

was

te d

ispo

sal f

acili

ty

�

Det

erm

ine

labe

ling

requ

irem

ents

for

each

sub

stan

ce

�

Res

earc

h pr

oper

sto

rage

re

quire

men

ts fo

r all

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

�

P

rodu

ce la

bels

for h

azar

dous

su

bsta

nces

�

E

nsur

e al

l haz

ardo

us s

ubst

ance

s in

th

e w

orkp

lace

are

labe

led

�

Pre

pare

full

list o

f all

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

that

are

kep

t on

site

�

S

ourc

e M

SD

S fo

r eac

h su

bsta

nce

�

Und

erta

ke ri

sk a

sses

smen

t to

dete

rmin

e sa

fe h

andl

ing

requ

irem

ents

for e

ach

�

Com

pile

all

info

rmat

ion

into

a d

atab

ase/

m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

that

is e

asy

to u

se

and

can

be a

cces

sed

by a

ll em

ploy

ees

90

3

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y P

RE

PA

RE

DN

ES

S

4 JH

Has

the

list o

f fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs a

nd fi

re b

lank

ets

been

upd

ated

to s

uit l

ocat

ions

and

are

all

extin

guis

hers

test

ed a

ccor

ding

to s

tand

ard

and

func

tioni

ng?

� Ye

s

Comp

lete

5 TG

/ GW

H

as a

n em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n dr

ill a

nd fi

re

trai

ning

ses

sion

bee

n co

nduc

ted

in th

e pa

st 6

mon

ths?

X No

Date

set fo

r drill

next

month

.

6 TG

H

as a

n ev

acua

tion

alar

m a

nd te

stin

g si

ren

been

inst

alle

d an

d ha

ve a

ll em

ploy

ees

been

trai

ned

in

the

use

and

awar

enes

s of

this

equ

ipm

ent?

X N

o

Not y

et

Que

stio

n 4

Que

stio

n 5

Que

stio

n 6

�

Che

ck a

ll ex

tingu

ishe

r loc

atio

ns a

nd u

pdat

e lis

t �

Te

st a

ll ex

tingu

ishe

rs in

acc

orda

nce

with

st

anda

rd

�

Sen

d an

y ex

tingu

ishe

rs a

way

for r

epai

r if

requ

ired

�

File

test

ing

repo

rt an

d up

date

pro

cedu

re

�

Upd

ate

emer

genc

y ev

acua

tion

proc

edur

e do

cum

ent a

nd fi

re tr

aini

ng

sylla

bus

�

Con

tact

trai

ner t

o or

gani

se tr

aini

ng

sess

ion

�

Con

duct

trai

ning

ses

sion

�

Fo

llow

up

eval

uatio

ns n

eed

to b

e ca

rried

out

to te

st th

e sk

ills ta

ught

�

Con

tact

ala

rm c

ontra

ctor

to d

eter

min

e di

ffere

nt ty

pes

of s

irens

�

D

ecid

e up

on a

met

hod

of in

stal

latio

n (P

ABX

or w

irele

ss)

�

Inst

all s

yste

m a

nd c

ondu

ct

fam

iliariz

atio

n w

ith a

ll em

ploy

ees

�

Upd

ate

all p

roce

dure

s w

ith n

ew s

yste

m

90

4

Ite

m

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

IND

UC

TIO

NS

– IN

CL

UD

ING

CO

NT

RA

CT

OR

S/ V

ISIT

OR

S

7 TG

Has

the

indu

ctio

n pr

oced

ure

been

upd

ated

to s

uit

the

diffe

rent

type

s of

indu

ctio

ns th

at a

re

cond

ucte

d at

the

man

ufac

turin

g si

te?

� Ye

s

Comp

leted

8 TG

/ PW

H

as s

igna

ge b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to in

form

all

cont

ract

ors/

vis

itors

of t

he s

ite r

ules

and

the

area

s

they

are

allo

wed

to a

cces

s?

X No

Quote

s org

anise

d. Fu

nds b

eing a

rrang

ed.

9 VF

Has

a li

st o

f con

trac

tors

/ sup

plie

rs b

een

deve

lope

d th

at c

onta

ins

all d

etai

ls in

clud

ing

indu

ctio

n da

tes

and

freq

uenc

y of

wor

k?

X No

Not y

et. B

eing s

cope

d.

Q

uest

ion

7 Q

uest

ion

8 Q

uest

ion

9 �

S

plit

indu

ctio

n pr

oced

ure

into

3 a

reas

(c

ontra

ctor

s, e

scor

ted

visi

tors

, un

esco

rted

visi

tors

) �

U

pdat

e th

e pr

oced

ure

to e

nsur

e th

at th

e ne

w in

duct

ion

proc

ess

is in

pla

ce

�

Rea

rrang

e fil

ing

syst

em to

be

in li

ne w

ith

the

new

pro

cedu

re

�

Dec

ide

upon

the

sign

age

that

nee

ds to

be

dis

play

ed a

nd th

e m

ost p

rom

inen

t pl

ace

to p

ut th

em

�

Liai

se w

ith s

ign

writ

er to

pro

duce

ar

twor

k �

P

rint s

igns

and

inst

all i

n w

orkp

lace

�

Re

desi

gn c

urre

nt c

ontra

ctor

s/

supp

liers

dat

abas

e to

incl

ude

the

deta

ils o

f OH

&S

requ

irem

ents

�

D

ivid

e th

e da

taba

se in

to

cont

ract

ors

and

supp

liers

for

ease

of f

indi

ng in

form

atio

n �

D

evel

op p

roce

dure

to u

pdat

e th

e lis

t of c

ontra

ctor

s/ s

uppl

iers

and

th

e O

H&S

requ

irem

ents

90

5

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

N.

Item

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

HA

ZA

RD

OU

S S

UB

ST

AN

CE

S

1 TG

Has

a li

st o

f unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es

been

com

pile

d an

d a

suita

ble

cont

ract

or b

een

foun

d an

d ut

ilise

d to

dis

pose

of t

he u

nwan

ted

stoc

k?

X No

Contr

actor

sour

ced.

2 JC

Are

all

the

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

in th

e

wor

kpla

ce a

ppro

pria

tely

labe

lled

and

stor

ed?

X No

Temp

lates

read

y for

labe

ls; b

ulk st

orag

e ar

ea to

be

orga

nised

; inter

media

tes st

orag

e ar

ea

comp

lete.

3 JC

Has

a c

ompl

ete

list o

f all

haza

rdou

s

subs

tanc

es o

n si

te b

een

com

pile

d, h

ave

any

risk

asse

ssm

ents

bee

n un

dert

aken

and

are

all

the

MS

DS

’s u

p to

dat

e?

X No

Not c

omple

ted, b

ut pr

ogre

ss m

ade o

n upd

ating

and i

mpro

ving M

SDS’

s

90

6

Item

No.

Item

Ow

ne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y P

RE

PA

RE

DN

ES

S

4 JH

Has

the

list o

f fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs a

nd fi

re b

lank

ets

been

upd

ated

to s

uit l

ocat

ions

and

are

all

extin

guis

hers

test

ed a

ccor

ding

to s

tand

ard

and

func

tioni

ng?

� Ye

s

Comp

lete

5 TG

/ GW

H

as a

n em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n dr

ill a

nd fi

re

trai

ning

ses

sion

bee

n co

nduc

ted

in th

e pa

st 6

mon

ths?

X No

Date

set fo

r drill

next

month

.

6 TG

H

as a

n ev

acua

tion

alar

m a

nd te

stin

g si

ren

been

inst

alle

d an

d ha

ve a

ll em

ploy

ees

been

trai

ned

in

the

use

and

awar

enes

s of

this

equ

ipm

ent?

X N

o

Not y

et

90

7

Ite

m

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

IND

UC

TIO

NS

– IN

CL

UD

ING

CO

NT

RA

CT

OR

S/ V

ISIT

OR

S

7 TG

Has

the

indu

ctio

n pr

oced

ure

been

upd

ated

to

suit

the

diffe

rent

type

s of

indu

ctio

ns th

at a

re

cond

ucte

d at

the

man

ufac

turin

g si

te?

� Ye

s

Comp

leted

8 TG

/ PW

H

as s

igna

ge b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to in

form

all

cont

ract

ors/

vis

itors

of t

he s

ite r

ules

and

the

area

s th

ey a

re a

llow

ed to

acc

ess?

X No

Quote

s org

anise

d. Fu

nds b

eing a

rrang

ed.

9 VF

Has

a li

st o

f con

tract

ors/

sup

plie

rs b

een

deve

lope

d th

at c

onta

ins

all d

etai

ls in

clud

ing

indu

ctio

n da

tes

and

freq

uenc

y of

wor

k?

X No

Not y

et. B

eing s

cope

d.

90

8

3rd

Mon

th’s

Res

ults

Ite

m

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

HA

ZA

RD

OU

S S

UB

ST

AN

CE

S

1 TG

Has

a li

st o

f unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es

been

com

pile

d an

d a

suita

ble

cont

ract

or b

een

foun

d an

d ut

ilise

d to

dis

pose

of t

he u

nwan

ted

stoc

k?

� Ye

s

Com

pleted

2 JC

Are

all

the

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

in th

e

wor

kpla

ce a

ppro

pria

tely

labe

lled

and

stor

ed?

X No

Temp

lates

rea

dy fo

r lab

els; b

ulk s

torag

e ar

ea to

be

orga

nised

; inte

rmed

iates

stor

age

area

co

mplet

e.

In pr

ogre

ss

3 JC

Has

a c

ompl

ete

list o

f all

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

on s

ite b

een

com

pile

d, h

ave

any

risk

asse

ssm

ents

bee

n un

derta

ken

and

are

all t

he

MS

DS

’s u

p to

dat

e?

X No

Not c

omple

ted, s

ome M

SDS’

s hav

e bee

n rev

ised a

nd im

prov

ed. N

o fur

ther p

rogr

ess t

his m

onth.

90

9

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y P

RE

PA

RE

DN

ES

S

4 JH

Has

the

list o

f fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs a

nd fi

re b

lank

ets

been

upd

ated

to s

uit l

ocat

ions

and

are

all

extin

guis

hers

test

ed a

ccor

ding

to s

tand

ard

and

func

tioni

ng?

� Ye

s

Comp

leted

5 TG

/ GW

H

as a

n em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n dr

ill a

nd fi

re

trai

ning

ses

sion

bee

n co

nduc

ted

in th

e pa

st 6

mon

ths?

� Y

es

Comp

leted

6 TG

H

as a

n ev

acua

tion

alar

m a

nd te

stin

g si

ren

been

inst

alle

d an

d ha

ve a

ll em

ploy

ees

been

trai

ned

in

the

use

and

awar

enes

s of

this

equ

ipm

ent?

X No

No fu

rther

prog

ress

this

month

.

91

0

Item

No.

Item

Ow

n

er

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

IND

UC

TIO

NS

– IN

CL

UD

ING

CO

NT

RA

CT

OR

S/ V

ISIT

OR

S

7 TG

Has

the

indu

ctio

n pr

oced

ure

been

upd

ated

to

suit

the

diffe

rent

type

s of

indu

ctio

ns th

at a

re

cond

ucte

d at

the

man

ufac

turin

g si

te?

� Ye

s

Comp

leted

8 TG

/ PW

H

as s

igna

ge b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to in

form

all

cont

ract

ors/

vis

itors

of t

he s

ite r

ules

and

the

area

s th

ey a

re a

llow

ed to

acc

ess?

X No

No fu

rther

prog

ress

.

9 VF

Has

a li

st o

f con

trac

tors

/ sup

plie

rs b

een

deve

lope

d th

at c

onta

ins

all d

etai

ls in

clud

ing

indu

ctio

n da

tes

and

freq

uenc

y of

wor

k?

X No

Not y

et,

91

1

4th M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

HA

ZA

RD

OU

S S

UB

ST

AN

CE

S

1 TG

Has

a li

st o

f unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es

been

com

pile

d an

d a

suita

ble

cont

ract

or b

een

foun

d an

d ut

ilise

d to

dis

pose

of t

he u

nwan

ted

stoc

k?

Yes

Partia

l

List o

f haz

ardo

us su

bstan

ces h

as be

en co

mpile

d Su

itable

contr

actor

has b

een s

ource

d (co

st to

be de

termi

ned)

All u

nwan

ted ha

zard

ous s

ubsta

nces

have

been

sepa

rated

from

norm

al sto

rage

2 JC

Are

all

the

haza

rdou

s su

bsta

nces

in th

e

wor

kpla

ce a

ppro

pria

tely

labe

lled

and

stor

ed?

Yes

All i

nterm

ediat

e sto

rage

com

pleted

. Bulk

stor

age

been

tran

sferre

d to

new

site

and

labell

ed an

d stor

ed co

rrectl

y acc

ordin

g to t

he st

anda

rd an

d cod

e of p

racti

ce.

3 JC

Has

a c

ompl

ete

list o

f all

haza

rdou

s

subs

tanc

es o

n si

te b

een

com

pile

d, h

ave

any

risk

asse

ssm

ents

bee

n un

derta

ken

and

are

all

the

MS

DS

’s u

p to

dat

e?

Yes

Partia

l

Comp

lete l

ist an

d stoc

ktake

has b

een c

ompil

ed

New

signa

ge o

n bu

ilding

s to

indica

te lev

el of

haza

rd a

nd m

inimu

m PP

E re

quire

d (se

e att

achm

ent)

Risk

asse

ssme

nts st

ill ne

ed to

be up

dated

Q

uest

ion

1 Q

uest

ion

2 Q

uest

ion

3 �

D

eter

min

e sa

fe h

andl

ing

and

safe

di

spos

al re

quire

men

ts

�

Find

con

tract

or fo

r was

te d

ispo

sal

�

Rem

ove

stoc

k fro

m s

tora

ge

�

Tran

spor

t unw

ante

d ha

zard

ous

subs

tanc

es to

was

te d

ispo

sal f

acilit

y

�

U

nder

take

risk

ass

essm

ent t

o de

term

ine

safe

han

dlin

g re

quire

men

ts fo

r eac

h �

C

ompi

le a

ll in

form

atio

n in

to a

da

taba

se/ m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

th

at is

eas

y to

use

and

can

be

acce

ssed

by

all e

mpl

oyee

s

91

2

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

EM

ER

GE

NC

Y P

RE

PA

RE

DN

ES

S

4 JH

Has

the

list o

f fire

ext

ingu

ishe

rs a

nd fi

re b

lank

ets

been

upd

ated

to s

uit l

ocat

ions

and

are

all

extin

guis

hers

test

ed a

ccor

ding

to s

tand

ard

and

func

tioni

ng?

YES

For b

oth co

mplet

e

New

signa

ge in

stalle

d in t

he ar

eas t

hat n

eede

d it. A

ll buil

dings

up to

date

5 TG

/ GW

H

as a

n em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n dr

ill a

nd fi

re tr

aini

ng

sess

ion

been

con

duct

ed in

the

past

6 m

onth

s?

YES

All s

taff h

ave b

een i

nvolv

ed an

d it is

up to

date

6 TG

H

as a

n ev

acua

tion

alar

m a

nd te

stin

g si

ren

been

inst

alle

d an

d ha

ve a

ll em

ploy

ees

been

trai

ned

in th

e

use

and

awar

enes

s of

this

equ

ipm

ent?

NO

($40

0 for

sire

n)

Car a

larm

an a

ltern

ative

. Nois

e is

loud

enou

gh a

nd c

ost e

ffecti

ve. N

eed

to so

urce

testi

ng

siren

(two t

one s

iren n

eede

d to s

uit ne

eds)

Que

stio

n 4

Que

stio

n 5

Que

stio

n 6

�

Dec

ide

upon

a m

etho

d of

in

stal

latio

n (P

ABX

or

wire

less

) �

In

stal

l sys

tem

and

con

duct

fa

mili

ariz

atio

n w

ith a

ll em

ploy

ees

�

Upd

ate

all p

roce

dure

s w

ith

new

sys

tem

91

3

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

IND

UC

TIO

NS

– IN

CL

UD

ING

CO

NT

RA

CT

OR

S/ V

ISIT

OR

S

7 TG

Has

the

indu

ctio

n pr

oced

ure

been

upd

ated

to s

uit t

he

diffe

rent

type

s of

indu

ctio

ns th

at a

re c

ondu

cted

at t

he

man

ufac

turin

g si

te?

YES

5 main

type

s of in

ducti

on an

d the

y hav

e bee

n coll

ated i

nto 1

proc

edur

e. FI

P-00

7 ind

uctio

ns

8 TG

/ PW

H

as s

igna

ge b

een

put i

n pl

ace

to in

form

all

cont

ract

ors/

vis

itors

of t

he s

ite r

ules

and

the

area

s

they

are

allo

wed

to a

cces

s?

YES

- ph

oto o

f site

has

not

been

app

rove

d (to

o low

reso

lution

imag

e, blu

rred)

nee

d a

bette

r pho

to

- vis

ual w

arnin

g sig

nage

has

bee

n ap

prov

ed a

nd d

elive

ry ex

pecte

d by

late

June

20

08

9 VF

Has

a li

st o

f con

trac

tors

/ sup

plie

rs b

een

deve

lope

d

that

con

tain

s al

l det

ails

incl

udin

g in

duct

ion

date

s an

d

freq

uenc

y of

wor

k?

NO

Star

ted bu

t still

being

amen

ded

Que

stio

n 7

Que

stio

n 8

Que

stio

n 9

�

P

rint s

igns

and

inst

all i

n w

orkp

lace

�

R

e de

sign

cur

rent

con

tract

ors/

su

pplie

rs d

atab

ase

to in

clud

e th

e de

tails

of O

H&

S re

quire

men

ts

�

Div

ide

the

data

base

into

co

ntra

ctor

s an

d su

pplie

rs fo

r eas

e of

find

ing

info

rmat

ion

�

Dev

elop

pro

cedu

re to

upd

ate

the

list o

f con

tract

ors/

sup

plie

rs a

nd

the

OH

&S

requ

irem

ents

914

Case Study 4

91

5

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Bas

e lin

e ri

sk a

sses

smen

t

1 DG

Ha

ve f

ield

crews

bee

n inf

orme

d/con

tribute

d to

the

idea o

f cre

ating

OH&

S ma

terial

Have

exp

erien

ced

crew

been

iden

tified

to a

ssist

in

this p

roce

ss?

Has

appr

opria

te foo

tage

been

ga

there

d an

d/or

create

d for

comp

iling i

nto vi

deo?

�Yes

� No

�Y

es

� No

�Yes

�

No

Instru

ction

s: W

here

no ha

s bee

n sele

cted p

lease

inclu

de an

expla

natio

n

Ind

uct

ion

s, t

rain

ing

an

d a

war

enes

s;

2 DG

Ha

ve ty

pical

scen

arios

been

iden

tified

and c

ompil

ed

Has v

ideo b

een a

ppro

ved f

or tr

aining

sess

ions

Have

crew

s and

prog

rams

view

ed th

e OH&

S vid

eo

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

91

6

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Fee

db

ack

and

co

nsu

ltat

ion

3 AN

Ha

s a fo

rum

been

estab

lishe

d?

Have

field

crews

disc

usse

d mate

rial?

Have

crew

s ide

ntifie

d and

disc

usse

d fur

ther in

ciden

ts (1

-2 /m

onth)

Have

crew

s con

sider

ed ot

her O

H&S

issue

s

�Yes

� No

�Yes

� No

�Yes

� No

�Yes

� No

91

7

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Item

Ow

ne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

Bas

e lin

e ri

sk a

sses

smen

t

1 DG

Ha

ve fi

eld c

rews

bee

n inf

orme

d/con

tribute

d to

the

idea o

f cre

ating

OH&

S ma

terial

Have

exp

erien

ced

crew

been

iden

tified

to a

ssist

in

this p

roce

ss?

Has

appr

opria

te foo

tage

been

gath

ered

and

/or

create

d for

comp

iling i

nto vi

deo?

�Yes

�Yes

X

No

Staff

have

been

iden

tified

to ga

ther f

ootag

e fro

m vid

eo ar

chive

s. Fo

otage

in vi

deo a

rchive

s is

yet to

be re

sear

ched

. This

is du

e to c

urre

nt dis

rupti

ons i

n New

s Fiel

d. Ne

w eq

uipme

nt ro

le ou

t, and

crew

room

reloc

ation

. Tim

e has

been

set a

side f

or w

eek 2

6 for

this

task.

Ind

uct

ion

s, t

rain

ing

an

d a

war

enes

s;

2 DG

Ha

ve

typica

l sc

enar

ios

been

ide

ntifie

d an

d co

mpile

d

Has v

ideo b

een a

ppro

ved f

or tr

aining

sess

ions

Have

crew

s and

prog

rams

view

ed th

e OH&

S vid

eo

X No

X No

X No

Typic

al Sc

enar

ios ha

ve be

en id

entifi

ed bu

t not

comp

iled.

91

8

Item

No.

Item

Ow

ne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

Fee

db

ack

and

co

nsu

ltat

ion

3 AN

Ha

s a fo

rum

been

estab

lishe

d?

Have

field

crews

disc

usse

d mate

rial?

Have

crew

s ide

ntifie

d and

disc

usse

d fur

ther

incide

nts (1

-2 /m

onth)

Have

crew

s con

sider

ed ot

her O

H&S

issue

s

X No

�Yes

�Yes

�Yes

Foru

m is

yet t

o be

form

alise

d. Al

l staf

f are

awa

re o

f the

disc

ussio

ns b

ut no

staf

f hav

e be

en

selec

ted to

coor

dinate

disc

ussio

ns/ a

ction

s/fee

dbac

k.

91

9

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Bas

e lin

e ri

sk a

sses

smen

t

1 DG

Ha

ve fi

eld c

rews

bee

n inf

orme

d/con

tribute

d to

the

idea o

f cre

ating

OH&

S ma

terial

Have

exp

erien

ced

crew

been

iden

tified

to a

ssist

in

this p

roce

ss?

Has

appr

opria

te foo

tage

been

gath

ered

and

/or

create

d for

comp

iling i

nto vi

deo?

�Yes

�Yes

�Yes

Selec

ted st

aff w

ill ga

ther n

ew fo

otage

in th

e fiel

d. Th

is wi

ll be u

sed t

o dem

onstr

ate co

rrect

and i

ncor

rect

metho

d of S

PC F

ield N

ews g

ather

ing.

Arch

ive fo

otage

has b

een i

denti

fied a

nd is

curre

ntly b

eing c

ompil

ed.

Ind

uct

ion

s, t

rain

ing

an

d a

war

enes

s;

2 DG

Ha

ve

typica

l sc

enar

ios

been

ide

ntifie

d an

d co

mpile

d

Has v

ideo b

een a

ppro

ved f

or tr

aining

sess

ions

Have

crew

s and

prog

rams

view

ed th

e OH&

S vid

eo

� Ye

s

X No

X No

Typic

al Sc

enar

ios ha

ve be

en id

entifi

ed an

d are

being

comp

iled.

Vide

o pac

kage

has n

ot be

en co

mplet

ed

92

0

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

Fee

db

ack

and

co

nsu

ltat

ion

3 AN

Ha

s a fo

rum

been

estab

lishe

d?

Have

field

crews

disc

usse

d mate

rial?

Have

crew

s ide

ntifie

d and

disc

usse

d fur

ther

incide

nts (1

-2 /m

onth)

Have

crew

s con

sider

ed ot

her O

H&S

issue

s

X No

�Yes

�Yes

�Yes

We

are

all a

ware

of S

PC is

sues

. Disc

ussio

ns h

appe

n on

a ve

ry re

gular

bas

is; th

e for

um is

in

a loo

se co

nfigu

ratio

n wh

ere

staff d

iscus

s top

ical is

sues

as t

hey a

re ab

le …

rathe

r tha

n ca

lling

staff t

o a ve

nue a

t a sp

ecific

time.

921

Case Study 5

92

2

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 a. b. c

AC

AC

AC

Acc

ess/

Egr

ess:

Arra

ngem

ents

chan

ged

so t

hat

back

doo

r ca

n be

op

ened

by an

yone

in an

emer

genc

y.

Prac

tice d

rill co

nduc

ted on

ce pe

r mon

th

Tim

e to g

et ou

t the b

ack d

oor d

ocum

ented

.

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

Instru

ction

s: W

here

no ha

s bee

n sele

cted p

lease

inclu

de an

expla

natio

n

2 AC

AC

AC

Erg

onom

ics:

Fa

tigue

mat

place

d beh

ind co

unter

Fo

ot sto

ol ac

quire

d for

pres

cripti

ons a

rea

Days

with

sore

legs

noted

and

mon

itore

d

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

3 AC

AC

AC

Sec

urity

:

Days

with

pote

ntial

for tr

ouble

per m

onth

noted

Ideas

for in

creas

ed se

curity

durin

g wi

nter m

onths

dis

cuss

ed

Incre

ased

secu

rity m

easu

res i

mplem

ented

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

�Yes

�

No

92

3

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 a b. c

AC

AC

AC

Acc

ess/

Eg

ress

:

Arra

ngem

ents

chan

ged

so t

hat

back

doo

r ca

n be

op

ened

by an

yone

in an

emer

genc

y. Pr

actic

e drill

cond

ucted

once

ever

y 3 m

onths

Tim

e to g

et ou

t the b

ack d

oor d

ocum

ented

.

Yes

Yes

No

Time i

n futu

re to

be do

cume

nted i

n minu

tes

2 AC

AC

AC

Erg

on

om

ics:

Fatig

ue m

at pla

ced b

ehind

coun

ter

Foot

stool

acqu

ired f

or pr

escri

ption

s are

a Da

ys w

ith so

re le

gs no

ted a

nd m

onito

red

Yes

Yes

Yes

3 AC

AC

AC

Sec

uri

ty:

Exten

d fro

nt be

nch a

rea t

o lim

it acc

ess t

o disp

ensa

ry

Ideas

for in

creas

ed se

curity

durin

g wi

nter m

onths

dis

cuss

ed

Incre

ased

secu

rity m

easu

res i

mplem

ented

Yes

Yes

Yes

92

4

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 a b. c

AC

AC

AC

Acc

ess/

Eg

ress

:

Arra

ngem

ents

chan

ged

so t

hat

back

doo

r ca

n be

op

ened

by an

yone

in an

emer

genc

y. Pr

actic

e drill

cond

ucted

once

ever

y 3 m

onths

Tim

e to g

et ou

t the b

ack d

oor d

ocum

ented

.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Docu

mente

d in m

inutes

2 AC

AC

AC

Erg

on

om

ics:

Fatig

ue m

at pla

ced b

ehind

coun

ter

Foot

stool

acqu

ired f

or pr

escri

ption

s are

a Da

ys w

ith so

re le

gs no

ted a

nd m

onito

red

No

Yes

Yes

Fatig

ue m

at pla

ced

back

in th

e dis

pens

ary

since

an

incre

ase

in da

ys w

ith s

ore

legs w

as n

otice

d. Ot

her s

taff a

lso fe

lt the

re w

as a

differ

ence

.

3 AC

AC

AC

Sec

uri

ty:

Exten

d fro

nt be

nch a

rea t

o lim

it acc

ess t

o disp

ensa

ry

Ideas

for in

creas

ed se

curity

durin

g wi

nter m

onths

dis

cuss

ed

Incre

ased

secu

rity m

easu

res i

mplem

ented

Yes

Yes

Yes

925

Case Study 6

92

6

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1

Ope

ratin

g In

stru

ctio

ns U

p to

dat

e.

Proc

ess

desc

riptio

n co

mplet

e. W

ork

instru

ction

co

mplet

e. JS

ERA

comp

lete.

Comp

etenc

y ass

essm

ent

comp

lete.

�Yes

� No

2

Haz

ardo

us S

ubst

ance

Rev

iew

Com

plet

e:

Subs

tance

risk r

eview

ed w

ithin

last 1

2 mo

nths (

revie

w of

PPE,

han

dling

exp

osur

es, h

ealth

risk

s).

Revie

w co

mmun

icated

to te

am as

tool

box t

alk.

�Yes

� No

3

Con

trac

tor

pass

port

s im

plem

ente

d:

All c

ontra

ctors

who h

ave b

een o

n site

for m

ore t

han

16hr

s in a

mon

th ha

ve co

mplet

ed a

contr

actor

ind

uctio

n.

�Yes

� No

92

7

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has

an

ergo

nom

ic a

sses

smen

t ta

ken

plac

e of

yo

ur w

ork

stat

ion?

.

� No

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Have

the

top th

ree

items

that

caus

e co

ncer

n be

en p

rioriti

sed

and

identi

fied

after

end

use

r inp

ut int

o the

disc

ussio

n?

� No

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has a

n imp

lemen

tation

prog

ram

been

de

velop

ed w

ith tim

e line

s and

perso

ns

resp

onsib

le ide

ntifie

d, an

d res

ource

s sec

ured

?

� No

92

8

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

tA

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

Tak

e 5

asse

ssme

nts b

een

perfo

rmed

– o

ne pe

r per

son p

er da

y?

.

� No

Sign

ifican

t impr

ovem

ent in

volum

e 2x l

ast m

onth

at 65

.

Targ

et wi

ll be 3

00

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

they

bee

n re

viewe

d at

tool b

ox ta

lks

and n

ew in

forma

tion c

ommu

nicate

d?

� No

Not r

eview

ed at

mee

ting.

Shift

tool b

ox ta

lks no

t

Yet r

ecor

ded.

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Has t

he te

am ag

reed

to an

y cha

nges

to

curre

nt wo

rk pr

actic

es as

a re

sult o

f dis

cuss

ions a

t tool

box t

alks:

� No

Not r

eview

ed at

mee

ting

92

9

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has a

curre

nt ha

zard

ous s

ubsta

nces

as

sess

ment

been

cond

ucted

in yo

ur w

ork

area

?

� No

Last

comp

leted

Nov

05. N

o new

chem

icals

on si

te

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Have

wor

kable

contr

ols be

en id

entifi

ed an

d tra

ining

cond

ucted

for c

hemi

cals

of co

ncer

n?

� No

We b

eliev

e this

is so

but it

requ

ires t

he re

view

of 3

Train

ing ha

s bee

n com

pleted

for k

ey ch

emica

ls

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has i

mplem

entat

ion of

contr

ols be

en va

lidate

d so

that

contr

ols ar

e bein

g app

lied a

s inte

nded

?

� No

Requ

ires r

eview

of cu

rrent

prac

tise

93

0

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has a

n er

gono

mic

asse

ssme

nt tak

en p

lace

of yo

ur w

ork s

tation

?

.

� No

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Have

the

top th

ree

items

that

caus

e co

ncer

n be

en p

rioriti

sed

and

identi

fied

after

end

use

r inp

ut int

o the

disc

ussio

n?

� No

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has a

n imp

lemen

tation

prog

ram

been

de

velop

ed w

ith tim

e line

s and

perso

ns

resp

onsib

le ide

ntifie

d, an

d res

ource

s sec

ured

?

� No

93

1

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

tA

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

Tak

e 5

asse

ssme

nts b

een

perfo

rmed

– o

ne pe

r per

son p

er da

y?

.

� No

Less

Tak

e 5 (3

5) bu

t mor

e acti

ons (

80)

Targ

et wi

ll be 3

00

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

they

bee

n re

viewe

d at

tool b

ox ta

lks

and n

ew in

forma

tion c

ommu

nicate

d?

� No

Not c

omple

ted at

ever

y too

l box

talk

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Has t

he te

am ag

reed

to an

y cha

nges

to

curre

nt wo

rk pr

actic

es as

a re

sult o

f dis

cuss

ions a

t tool

box t

alks:

� No

Nothi

ng sp

ecific

ally f

rom

tool b

ox ta

lks

93

2

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has a

curre

nt ha

zard

ous s

ubsta

nces

as

sess

ment

been

cond

ucted

in yo

ur w

ork

area

?

� No

Last

comp

leted

Nov

05. N

o new

chem

icals

on si

te

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Have

wor

kable

contr

ols be

en id

entifi

ed an

d tra

ining

cond

ucted

for c

hemi

cals

of co

ncer

n?

� No

We b

eliev

e this

is so

but it

requ

ires t

he re

view

of 3

Train

ing ha

s bee

n com

pleted

for k

ey ch

emica

ls

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has i

mplem

entat

ion of

contr

ols be

en va

lidate

d so

that

contr

ols ar

e bein

g app

lied a

s inte

nded

?

� No

Requ

ires r

eview

of cu

rrent

prac

tise

93

3

4th M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has

an e

rgon

omic

asse

ssme

nt tak

en p

lace

of yo

ur w

ork s

tation

?

.

� No

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Have

the

top

thr

ee it

ems

that

caus

e co

ncer

n be

en p

rioriti

sed

and

identi

fied

after

end

use

r inp

ut int

o the

disc

ussio

n?

� No

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r E

rgon

omic

s:

Has a

n imp

lemen

tation

prog

ram

been

deve

loped

wi

th tim

e line

s and

perso

ns re

spon

sible

identi

fied,

and r

esou

rces s

ecur

ed?

� No

Comp

leted

Gen

eric

JSRA

for u

nload

ing of

XXX

at cu

stome

r site

s. P

lan in

plac

e to a

udit a

ll site

s to

custo

mise

risk a

sses

smen

t. Will

involv

e cus

tomer

and o

pera

tors.

93

4

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

Tak

e 5

asse

ssme

nts b

een

perfo

rmed

–

one p

er pe

rson p

er da

y?

.

� No

Drop

ped a

way i

n July

to 29

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Have

they

bee

n re

viewe

d at

tool b

ox ta

lks a

nd

new

infor

matio

n com

munic

ated?

� No

Shift

tool b

ox ta

lks no

t yet

reco

rded

.

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r B

ehav

iour

Mod

ifica

tion

Has t

he te

am ag

reed

to an

y cha

nges

to

curre

nt wo

rk pr

actic

es as

a re

sult o

f dis

cuss

ions a

t tool

box t

alks:

� No

Chan

ged h

ose

coup

ling

proc

edur

es to

redu

ce le

akag

e an

d re

move

need

to u

se sh

ims o

n ca

mloc

k ar

ms.

93

5

Item

No.

Ite

m O

wne

r C

ontr

olle

d Se

lf-A

sses

smen

t A

nsw

er

Com

men

ts

1 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has a

curre

nt ha

zard

ous s

ubsta

nces

as

sess

ment

been

cond

ucted

in yo

ur w

ork

area

?

� No

Last

comp

leted

Nov

05. N

o new

chem

icals

on si

te

2 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Have

wor

kable

contr

ols be

en id

entifi

ed an

d tra

ining

cond

ucted

for c

hemi

cals

of co

ncer

n?

� No

We b

eliev

e this

is so

but it

requ

ires t

he re

view

of 3

Train

ing ha

s bee

n com

pleted

for k

ey ch

emica

ls

3 W

orkp

lace

Supe

rviso

r H

azar

dous

Sub

stan

ces

Has i

mplem

entat

ion of

contr

ols be

en va

lidate

d so

that

contr

ols ar

e bein

g app

lied a

s inte

nded

?

� No

Requ

ires r

eview

of cu

rrent

prac

tise

936

Case Study 7

93

7

No

Res

ults

Ret

urne

d Th

is p

age

has

been

left

inte

ntio

nally

bla

nk.

938

Case Study 8

93

9

1st M

onth

s R

esul

ts

Asb

esto

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.1.13

ET

An

asbe

stos r

egist

er ha

s bee

n dev

elope

d?

�Yes

� No

ET: D

evelo

p an a

sbes

tos re

gister

.

4.1.13

ET

Tr

aining

in

Asbe

stos

conta

ined

mater

ial

has

been

pr

ovide

d?

�Yes

� No

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te the

asbe

stos i

denti

ficati

on an

d tes

ting t

raini

ng.

4.1.13

XX

X Ide

ntify

and r

egist

er al

l incid

ence

of as

besto

s con

taine

d ma

terial

(ACM

) at a

ll XXX

owne

d or c

ontro

lled s

ites.

�Yes

� No

XXX:

To

conti

nuall

y inv

estig

ate a

nd/or

test

for A

CM a

nd e

stabli

sh a

nd u

pdate

the

Asbe

stos R

egist

er.

4.1.13

XX

X AC

M av

ailab

le to

inter

ested

partie

s. �Y

es

� No

XXX:

Dev

elop

a sy

stem

to re

view

proje

cts to

ens

ure

the A

CM R

egist

er is

pro

vided

to

all pr

oject

plann

ers/d

esign

ers e

mploy

ees a

nd co

ntrac

tors.

94

0

Job

Des

crip

tion

& T

rain

ing/

Skill

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X ET

Ga

ps

identi

fy in

the

job

desc

riptio

ns

and/o

r tas

k sp

ecific

ation

s. �Y

es

� No

XXX:

Iden

tify th

e gap

s in t

he st

anda

rd jo

b des

cripti

ons o

r tas

k spe

cifica

tions

.

�Yes

� No

Part

A:XX

X: W

here

gap

s ha

ve b

een

identi

fied,

prior

itise

in the

job

and

task

from

a he

alth

and

safet

y ha

zard

per

spec

tive.

Job

and

task

desc

riptio

ns d

evelo

ped

wher

e a

gap h

as be

en id

entifi

ed.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Jo

b or

tas

k de

scrip

tions

and

mini

mum

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

for a

ll stan

dard

jobs

or ta

sks.

�Yes

� No

Part

A:XX

X: Jo

b and

task

desc

riptio

ns, m

inimu

m co

mpete

ncies

deve

loped

whe

re a

gap

has b

een i

denti

fied.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Me

asur

able

job

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

an

d do

cume

nted.

Job c

ompe

tency

asse

ssme

nt too

l dev

elope

d.

�Yes

� No

XXX/

ET: In

vesti

gate

job co

mpete

ncies

and d

evelo

p com

peten

cy as

sess

ment

tool.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Tr

aining

Reg

ister

curre

nt wi

th em

ploye

e tra

ining

co

mpete

ncies

. �Y

es

� No

XXX/

ET:

Train

ing r

egist

er u

pdate

d wi

th all

stan

dard

job

or

task

comp

etenc

y as

sess

ment

detai

ls.

94

1

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.3.17

XX

X Al

l hea

lth or

safet

y inc

idents

(or n

ear m

isses

) are

repo

rted.

�Yes

� No

ET: R

eaffir

m the

XXX

(& N

SW O

HS R

egula

tions

) req

uirem

ent to

repo

rt mi

nor

injur

ies an

d nea

r miss

es.

4.3.17

ET

Se

lected

sup

ervis

or &

man

ager

s tra

ined

in inc

ident

and

accid

ent in

vesti

gatio

n.

�Yes

� No

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

train

ing.

4.3.17

XX

X Ma

nage

ment

and E

mploy

ees h

ave a

dopte

d the

XXX

Ha

zard

, Incid

ent, N

ear-M

iss an

d Inju

ry re

portin

g for

ms an

d co

rrecti

ve ac

tion s

ign-o

ff rec

ords

man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art

and s

ystem

s. .

�Yes

� No

XXX

Mana

geme

nt: T

o re

view

and

direc

t XXX

em

ploye

es a

nd m

anag

emen

t to

adop

t the

esta

blish

ed X

XX H

azar

d, Inc

ident,

Nea

r-Miss

and

Injur

y rep

ortin

g for

ms

and c

orre

ctive

actio

n sign

-off r

ecor

d man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

.

94

2

2nd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Asb

esto

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.1.13

ET

An

asbe

stos r

egist

er ha

s bee

n dev

elope

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p an a

sbes

tos re

gister

.

Asbe

stos R

egist

er no

w av

ailab

le ke

pt un

der c

entra

l con

trol w

ith in

put fr

om m

anag

ers

and t

eam

leade

rs

4.1.13

ET

Tr

aining

in

Asbe

stos

conta

ined

mater

ial

has

been

pr

ovide

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te the

asbe

stos i

denti

ficati

on an

d tes

ting t

raini

ng.

Orga

nised

train

ing fo

r emp

loyee

to u

nder

take

Asbe

stos

awar

enes

s tra

ining

in J

uly

2008

4.1.13

XX

X Ide

ntify

and r

egist

er al

l incid

ence

of as

besto

s con

taine

d ma

terial

(ACM

) at a

ll XXX

owne

d or c

ontro

lled s

ites.

No

XXX:

To

conti

nuall

y inv

estig

ate a

nd/or

test

for A

CM a

nd e

stabli

sh a

nd u

pdate

the

Asbe

stos R

egist

er.

4.1.13

XX

X AC

M av

ailab

le to

inter

ested

partie

s. Ye

s

XXX:

Dev

elop a

syste

m to

revie

w pr

ojects

to en

sure

the A

CM R

egist

er is

prov

ided t

o all

proje

ct pla

nner

s/des

igner

s emp

loyee

s and

contr

actor

s.

94

3

Job

Des

crip

tion

& T

rain

ing/

Skill

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X/E

T Ga

ps

identi

fy in

the

job

desc

riptio

ns

and/o

r tas

k sp

ecific

ation

s. N

o

XXX:

Iden

tify th

e gap

s in t

he st

anda

rd jo

b des

cripti

ons o

r tas

k spe

cifica

tions

.

No

Part

A:XX

X: W

here

gap

s ha

ve b

een

identi

fied,

prior

itise

in the

job

and

task

from

a he

alth

and

safet

y haz

ard

persp

ectiv

e. Jo

b an

d tas

k des

cripti

ons d

evelo

ped

wher

e a

gap h

as be

en id

entifi

ed.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Jo

b or

tas

k de

scrip

tions

and

mini

mum

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

for a

ll stan

dard

jobs

or ta

sks.

�Y

es

� No

Part

A:XX

X: J

ob a

nd ta

sk d

escri

ption

s, mi

nimum

com

peten

cies

deve

loped

whe

re a

ga

p has

been

iden

tified

.

The

posit

ion d

escri

ption

s for

XXX

are

bein

g re

-dev

elope

d as

par

t of X

XX n

ew

arra

ngem

ents.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Me

asur

able

job

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

an

d do

cume

nted.

Job c

ompe

tency

asse

ssme

nt too

l dev

elope

d.

No

XXX/

ET: In

vesti

gate

job co

mpete

ncies

and d

evelo

p com

peten

cy as

sess

ment

tool.

In de

velop

ment

as pa

rt of

XXX

new

arra

ngem

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Tr

aining

Reg

ister

curre

nt wi

th em

ploye

e tra

ining

co

mpete

ncies

. Ye

s

XXX/

ET:

Train

ing r

egist

er u

pdate

d wi

th all

stan

dard

job

or

task

comp

etenc

y as

sess

ment

detai

ls.

Train

ing re

gister

imple

mente

d, ho

weve

r cur

rent

traini

ng co

mpete

ncies

still

to co

nfirm

94

4

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.3.17

XX

X Al

l hea

lth o

r safe

ty inc

idents

(or n

ear m

isses

) are

re

porte

d. N

o

ET: R

eaffir

m the

XXX

(& N

SW O

HS R

egula

tions

) req

uirem

ent to

repo

rt mi

nor in

juries

and n

ear

miss

es.

No ne

ar m

isses

or ha

zard

s rep

orted

for M

ay

4.3.17

ET

Se

lected

sup

ervis

or &

man

ager

s tra

ined

in inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

.

No

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

train

ing.

No ye

t atte

mpted

4.3.17

XX

X Ma

nage

ment

and E

mploy

ees h

ave a

dopte

d the

XX

X Ha

zard

, Incid

ent, N

ear-M

iss an

d Inju

ry re

portin

g for

ms an

d cor

recti

ve ac

tion s

ign-o

ff re

cord

s man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

. .

No

XXX

Mana

geme

nt: T

o re

view

and

direc

t XXX

emp

loyee

s an

d ma

nage

ment

to ad

opt t

he

estab

lishe

d XX

X Ha

zard

, Inc

ident,

Nea

r-Miss

and

Injur

y rep

ortin

g for

ms a

nd co

rrecti

ve a

ction

sig

n-off

reco

rd m

anag

emen

t flow

char

t and

syste

ms.

Incide

nts a

re n

ot be

ing re

porte

d wi

thin

the tim

e fra

me re

quire

d an

d ha

zard

s and

incid

ents

are

kept

in ho

use

94

5

3rd M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Asb

esto

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.1.13

ET

An

asbe

stos r

egist

er ha

s bee

n dev

elope

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p an a

sbes

tos re

gister

.

Asbe

stos R

egist

er se

nt to

all si

tes w

ith a

54%

rece

ived t

o 30 J

une 2

008

4.1.13

ET

Tr

aining

in

Asbe

stos

conta

ined

mater

ial

has

been

pr

ovide

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te the

asbe

stos i

denti

ficati

on an

d tes

ting t

raini

ng.

Train

ing ro

ad s

how

for A

sbes

tos a

ware

ness

and

iden

tifica

tion

traini

ng n

ow w

ell

unde

r way

with

5 ou

t of 1

1 com

pleted

4.1.13

XX

X Ide

ntify

and r

egist

er al

l incid

ence

of as

besto

s con

taine

d ma

terial

(ACM

) at a

ll XXX

owne

d or c

ontro

lled s

ites.

Yes

XXX:

To

conti

nuall

y inv

estig

ate a

nd/or

test

for A

CM a

nd e

stabli

sh a

nd u

pdate

the

Asbe

stos R

egist

er.

Asbe

stos

regis

ter o

n ce

ntral

file w

ith O

HS C

oord

inator

54%

resp

onse

rate

to 30

Ju

ne 20

08

4.1.13

XX

X AC

M av

ailab

le to

inter

ested

partie

s. Ye

s

XXX

Deve

lop a

syste

m to

revie

w pr

ojects

to e

nsur

e the

ACM

Reg

ister

is p

rovid

ed

to all

proje

ct pla

nner

s/des

igner

s emp

loyee

s and

contr

actor

s.

94

6

Job

Des

crip

tion

& T

rain

ing/

Skill

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X/E

T Ga

ps

identi

fy in

the

job

desc

riptio

ns

and/o

r tas

k sp

ecific

ation

s. No

XXX:

Iden

tify th

e gap

s in t

he st

anda

rd jo

b des

cripti

ons o

r tas

k spe

cifica

tions

.

No

Part

A: X

XX: W

here

gap

s hav

e be

en id

entifi

ed, p

rioriti

se in

the

job a

nd ta

sk fr

om a

he

alth

and

safet

y haz

ard

persp

ectiv

e. Jo

b an

d tas

k des

cripti

ons d

evelo

ped

wher

e a

gap h

as be

en id

entifi

ed.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Jo

b or

tas

k de

scrip

tions

and

mini

mum

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

for a

ll stan

dard

jobs

or ta

sks.

�Y

es

� No

Part

A: X

XX: J

ob a

nd ta

sk d

escri

ption

s, mi

nimum

comp

etenc

ies d

evelo

ped

wher

e a

gap h

as be

en id

entifi

ed.

The

posit

ions

Desc

riptio

ns fo

r XXX

are

bein

g re

-dev

elope

d as

par

t of X

XX’s

new

arra

ngem

ents.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Me

asur

able

job

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

an

d do

cume

nted.

Job c

ompe

tency

asse

ssme

nt too

l dev

elope

d.

No

XXX/

ET: In

vesti

gate

job co

mpete

ncies

and d

evelo

p com

peten

cy as

sess

ment

tool.

In de

velop

ment

as pa

rt of

XXX’

new

arra

ngem

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Tr

aining

Reg

ister

curre

nt wi

th em

ploye

e tra

ining

co

mpete

ncies

. Y

es

XXX/

ET:

Train

ing r

egist

er u

pdate

d wi

th all

stan

dard

job

or

task

comp

etenc

y as

sess

ment

detai

ls.

Train

ing re

gister

imple

mente

d, ho

weve

r cur

rent

traini

ng co

mpete

ncies

still

to co

nfirm

94

7

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent -

Cus

tom

ised

Sel

f -A

sses

smen

t Too

l

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.3.17

XX

X Al

l hea

lth o

r safe

ty inc

idents

(or n

ear m

isses

) are

re

porte

d. Ye

s

ET: R

eaffir

m the

XXX

(& N

SW O

HS R

egula

tions

) req

uirem

ent to

repo

rt mi

nor in

juries

and n

ear

miss

es.

One n

ear m

isses

or ha

zard

s rep

orted

for J

une i

nvolv

ing po

tentia

l injur

y to h

and

4.3.17

ET

Se

lected

sup

ervis

or &

man

ager

s tra

ined

in inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

.

No

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

train

ing.

No ye

t atte

mpted

4.3.17

XX

X Ma

nage

ment

and E

mploy

ees h

ave a

dopte

d the

XX

X Ha

zard

, Incid

ent, N

ear-M

iss an

d Inju

ry re

portin

g for

ms an

d cor

recti

ve ac

tion s

ign-o

ff re

cord

s man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

. .

Yes

XXX

Mana

geme

nt: T

o re

view

and

direc

t XXX

to e

mploy

ees

and

mana

geme

nt to

adop

t the

es

tablis

hed

XXX

Haza

rd, I

ncide

nt, N

ear-M

iss a

nd In

jury r

epor

ting

forms

and

corre

ctive

acti

on

sign-

off re

cord

man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

.

Incide

nts a

re n

ow b

eing

repo

rted

withi

n the

time

fram

e re

quire

d an

d inc

idents

are

bein

g for

ward

ed to

OHS

Coo

rdina

tor

94

8

4th M

onth

’s R

esul

ts

Asb

esto

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.1.13

ET

An

asbe

stos r

egist

er ha

s bee

n dev

elope

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p an a

sbes

tos re

gister

.

Asbe

stos R

egist

er se

nt to

all si

tes w

ith a

80%

rece

ived t

o 30 J

uly 20

08

4.1.13

ET

Tr

aining

in

Asbe

stos

conta

ined

mater

ial

has

been

pr

ovide

d?

Yes

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te the

asbe

stos i

denti

ficati

on an

d tes

ting t

raini

ng.

Train

ing ro

ad s

how

for A

sbes

tos a

ware

ness

and

iden

tifica

tion

traini

ng n

ow w

ell u

nder

wa

y with

9 ou

t of 1

1 com

pleted

4.1.13

XX

X Ide

ntify

and r

egist

er al

l incid

ence

of as

besto

s con

taine

d ma

terial

(ACM

) at a

ll XXX

owne

d or c

ontro

lled s

ites.

Yes

XXX:

To

conti

nuall

y inv

estig

ate a

nd/or

test

for A

CM a

nd e

stabli

sh a

nd u

pdate

the

Asbe

stos R

egist

er.

Asbe

stos

regis

ter o

n ce

ntral

file w

ith O

HS C

oord

inator

80%

resp

onse

rate

to 30

Jun

e 20

08

4.1.13

XX

X AC

M av

ailab

le to

inter

ested

partie

s. Ye

s

XXX:

Dev

elop

a sy

stem

to re

view

proje

cts to

ens

ure

the A

CM R

egist

er is

pro

vided

to

all pr

oject

plann

ers/d

esign

ers e

mploy

ees a

nd co

ntrac

tors.

94

9

Job

Des

crip

tion

& T

rain

ing/

Skill

s R

egis

ter

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X /E

T Ga

ps

identi

fy in

the

job

desc

riptio

ns

and/o

r tas

k sp

ecific

ation

s. Ye

s

XXX:

Iden

tify th

e gap

s in t

he st

anda

rd jo

b des

cripti

ons o

r tas

k spe

cifica

tions

.

Job d

escri

ption

s upd

ated t

o refl

ect th

e futu

re di

recti

on of

XXX

. Las

t upd

ate

22/7/

08

No

Part

A: X

XX: W

here

gaps

have

been

iden

tified

, prio

ritise

in th

e job

and t

ask f

rom

a he

alth

and

safet

y haz

ard

persp

ectiv

e. Jo

b an

d tas

k des

cripti

ons d

evelo

ped

wher

e a g

ap ha

s bee

n ide

ntifie

d.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Jo

b or

tas

k de

scrip

tions

and

mini

mum

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

for a

ll stan

dard

jobs

or ta

sks.

Ye

s

Part

A: X

XX: J

ob a

nd ta

sk d

escri

ption

s, mi

nimum

comp

etenc

ies d

evelo

ped

wher

e a g

ap ha

s bee

n ide

ntifie

d.

Posit

ion D

escri

ption

s now

comp

leted

unde

r new

arra

ngem

ents

for X

XX.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Me

asur

able

job

comp

etenc

ies

deve

loped

an

d do

cume

nted.

Job c

ompe

tency

asse

ssme

nt too

l dev

elope

d.

No

XXX

ET: In

vesti

gate

job co

mpete

ncies

and d

evelo

p com

peten

cy as

sess

ment

tool.

Posit

ion D

escri

ption

s now

comp

leted

unde

r new

arra

ngem

ents

for X

XX.

4.2.05

&

4.2.08

XX

X Tr

aining

Reg

ister

curre

nt wi

th em

ploye

e tra

ining

co

mpete

ncies

. Ye

s

XXX/

ET:

Train

ing r

egist

er u

pdate

d wi

th all

stan

dard

job

or t

ask

comp

etenc

y as

sess

ment

detai

ls.

Train

ing r

egist

er im

pleme

nted,

howe

ver

curre

nt tra

ining

com

peten

cies

still

to co

nfirm

95

0

Inci

dent

Man

agem

ent -

Cus

tom

ised

Sel

f -A

sses

smen

t Too

l

Item

No.

Ite

m

Ow

ner

Con

trol

led

Self-

Ass

essm

ent

Ans

wer

C

omm

ents

4.3.17

XX

X Al

l hea

lth o

r safe

ty inc

idents

(or n

ear m

isses

) are

re

porte

d. Ye

s

ET: R

eaffir

m the

XXX

(& N

SW O

HS R

egula

tions

) req

uirem

ent to

repo

rt mi

nor in

juries

an

d nea

r miss

es.

One n

ear m

isses

or ha

zard

s rep

orted

for J

une i

nvolv

ing po

tentia

l injur

y to h

and

4.3.17

ET

Se

lected

supe

rviso

r & m

anag

ers t

raine

d in

incide

nt an

d acc

ident

inves

tigati

on.

No

ET: D

evelo

p and

co-o

rdina

te inc

ident

and a

ccide

nt inv

estig

ation

train

ing.

No ye

t atte

mpted

4.3.17

XX

X Ma

nage

ment

and E

mploy

ees h

ave a

dopte

d the

XX

X Ha

zard

, Incid

ent, N

ear-M

iss an

d Inju

ry re

portin

g for

ms an

d cor

recti

ve ac

tion s

ign-o

ff re

cord

s man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

. .

Yes

XXX

Mana

geme

nt: T

o re

view

and

direc

t XXX

to e

mploy

ees a

nd m

anag

emen

t to

adop

t the

esta

blish

ed X

XX H

azar

d, Inc

ident,

Nea

r-Miss

and

Inju

ry re

portin

g for

ms a

nd

corre

ctive

actio

n sign

-off r

ecor

d man

agem

ent fl

ow ch

art a

nd sy

stems

.

Incide

nts a

re n

ow b

eing

repo

rted

withi

n the

time

frame

requ

ired

and

incide

nts a

re b

eing

forwa

rded

to O

HS C

oord

inator

951

Appendix 24: Follow-Up Evaluation Surveys

Note: Where information was received that may have inadvertently

disclosed the identity of the participating organisation either directly or

indirectly, “XXX” was inserted to remove such references.

952

Follow Up Evaluation - Pilot Study


Reviewing our concepts of safety systems against the approach provided by Pilot assessment method.


The magnitude of the total task, considering the resources available.

Question 3: Was this study of benefit to your organisation? Would you recommend this type of study to another organisation and why or why not?

Yes, would recommend as we believe it simplified the process down to Person, Place and Systems. It supplied a simple self evaluation process and simple definition criteria for each element.

Question 4: What do you think are the 5 most important elements of an OHS Management System? Please give your answer rankings from 1 to 5 with 1 being the most important.

� Base line Risk Assessment (Current Situation)

� Resource Allocation

� Hazardous Substances (know what you have within the business)

� Emergency Preparedness (Know what to do)

� Communications

� Training


Yes, however see response for question two.


953

Follow-Up Evaluation Case Study 1


Implementing the “Self Assessment Tool”, as it encourages you to look at the overall picture (Building Blocks) of your OHS Systems and methodically select elements in need of improvement from the Framework Charts.


Recognising the mammoth task of formalising all systems, procedures and policies.

Question 3: Was this study of benefit to your organisation? Would you recommend this type of study to another organization and why or why not?

Yes, the study was definitely of benefit to our organisation and I would recommend it to others. The Management Assessment Tool is easy to follow covering three areas Safe Place, Safe Person and Safe System. Each area has a list of elements which have a simple definition criteria. Using the Self Assessment Tool, you can methodically improve or implement OHS systems and procedures allocating responsibility and time frames for completion.

Question 4: What do you think are the 5 most important elements of an OHS Management System? Please give your answer rankings from 1 to 5 with 1 being the most important.

1. Baseline Risk Assessment (identify what risks you have and how serious they are)

2. Systems and Procedures (control the risk)

3. Hazardous Substances (labelled, stored and used correctly)

4. Emergency Preparedness (what to do)

5. Training & Communication (knowledge)


Yes, we will continue to use the “Self Assessment Tool” and methodically increase safety awareness and culture.


954



We found the 60 safety elements component to be a comprehensive tool for identifying gaps, it provides greater scope and flexibility than the one currently being used by XXX. XXX’s Risk Profile is base on “Safe Place” only.


We found the self assessment tool difficult to implement into our current system. XXX is driven by risk score and control and its prescriptive nature does not allow for action to be implemented with out a risk assessment to qualify/quantify. We chose to stay within the confines of XXX.


type of study to another organization and why or why not?

I did not find the study a benefit for XXX purely because we have a “mature” OHMS on site and proper implementation would have meant doubling up on work. I would however recommend this study to other companies because I found it to be comprehensive and detailed.



Risk Assessment Training Consultation Objectives and Targets Measurement and Evaluation


Element by element findings have given me feedback to act upon. Risk assessments on findings will have to be completed to ensure XXX requirements are met. I can recommend to our SHEQ “people” through our coordinator elements that I found useful and practical. It is their decision change entrenched costumes.

955


956

Follow-Up Evaluation - Case Study 4


� Simplifying the way for a supervisor to look at the OHS “mumbo jumbo”. Charts / Colours etc made it more understandable and useable. It led to control solutions being commenced / developed to address highlighted issues of concern.

� Formal external evaluation and feedback across a range of audit elements from a reputable organization and its representatives.

� Staff realized that we (including their local supervisor and his managers) were more actively pursuing solutions to issues that have been around for a long time.

� Having to think about the results, particularly the (poor) ones you don’t like and which pertain to regular parts of the work.

� Getting the attention of managers and supervisors to address the issues.


Our own lack of time to in a busy work environment linked to news / story deadlines to complete the exercise properly.



� Yes. We used it to focus on a long-term problematic operational area (newsgathering) with a mobile workforce of both permanents and contractors in non-fixed work locations and environments. They attend a variety of work locations to gather the news every day.

� Yes. All auditing is a complex mix of measurement and views of the systems / operations in place. This system is an attempt to simplify the process and the reporting and is also highly visible in terms of report colours etc. It led to easier engagement of the supervisors and managers.

957


System? Please give your answer rankings from 1 to 5 with 1being the most important.

� Leadership / Visible Commitment / Organizational values – Values based OHS/ Integration into mainstream activities and appropriate Resourcing to match.

� Defined responsibilities and accountabilities, particularly for safety critical roles.

� Training – particularly risk management training (using the hierarch of controls) so that everyone sings from the same page. In this case dynamic risk assessment and supervisor training in risk assessment.

� Incident and hazard reporting, investigation and appropriate control responses.

� Measurement against targets – both lag indicators and Positive Performance Indicators.


� Yes but not necessarily on its own. We have been “lucky” that the internal environment (changes in personnel, particularly a new manager and a willing supervisor). This made it a bit easier than before to attempt to measure and address some long-standing issues in this area. Management commitment to the process has been felt and more incident reporting encouraged.

� Induction – we will develop, through consultation, induction / refresher materials to address domestic in-the-field safety hazards and hazardous operations. Our responses to the study will help speed up the induction process.

� The involvement of the crews themselves means that they help develop the video and safety ideas to be used in the induction and other ‘field dynamic risk management’ training that we will develop. They are using their own craft skills (video) to identify problems and possible solutions.

� Using the video footage of the crews themselves will help personalize and internalize their responses to safer operation. Consequences and near misses are highly visible and available to remind crews of the field safety issues. It gets buy-

958

in. They become part of the solution – creating safe work practices. They are creating / developing more responsibility for their own actions.


959


960

Follow-Up Evaluation - Case Study 6


Having an external party review the process with a fresh perspective


Getting more actions to manage. May not be a problem for all participants but I am

currently overwhelmed by actions from various sources.



Yes it was of benefit, if only to get an external perspective. My business is very inward

looking and this often blinds us to issues. I would recommend this process to a company

as a useful benchmarking tool or as a demonstration of duty of care.


System? Please give your answer rankings from 1 to 5 with 1being the most important.

2 Consistency. Most system fail because as businesses we fail to walk the talk and allow

too many exceptions to occur. The standard should apply to all, always and everywhere.

4 Clarity. We have often built in conflicting priorities within the business (ie profitability vs

speed) All personnel need 1 set of priorities that cant be misinterpreted.

3 Simplicity. If you have to explain it – it is too complex. Systems need to be easy to read

– focused to the reader and provide a consistent message (ie the same question gets the

same answer – whoever you ask)

5 Continuous review. Most documented processes fail due to their inability to keep pace

with change in the operational world – usually linked to being overly complex.

1 Alignment. All processes must be aligned with the business vision and values. Safety

cannot be seen as a functional add on – it is part of risk management which is what doing

business is about.

961

As a general statement most of the OHS system is focused on being a defensive

document (ie being able to prove your not to blame) rather than being a process to

continually improve safety. For me there are 2 main components to a safe operation: the

safety you can build into a process (ie Layers of protection) and the safe behaviours we

bring to the operation. In the XXX business we focus heavily on the individual

responsibility as we have variable uncontrolled environments with low levels of supervision,

whereas a major chemical plant is focused more on process safety. The ideal system

would be a balance of both of these philosophies.


Yes, we need to reduce chemical exposure to the point that the most sensitive employee

has no adverse impact rather than ensuring we are below the maximum exposure

standards listed in the MSDS.


962

Follow Up Evaluation – Case Study 7


The ability to look at a new system and evaluate our current practice against it.


The monthly assessments as they proved time consuming, however this was due to internal resourcing issues within our organisation.



The study has been very beneficial not just only the system itself, the risk assessments but also the presentation which was given to our OHS committee which has driven our OHS program for the coming 2 years. Yes I would recommend this type of study to other organisations as it requires minimal involvement from the organisation but provides high impact results which can be used to talk to Senior Managers.



1 Risk Assessment

2 - Reporting

3 - Corrective Actions

4 - Authority and Accountability

5 - Consultation and Communication


Yes it will and already has in particular with regard to stress management and awareness.


963

Follow-Up Evaluation – Case Study 8


� A third party assessment of our OH&S management system.

� The assessment used a comprehensive, 60 element assessment tool which had application to all areas of our “field” activities.

� We were very fortunate (and such a coincidence) to have the assessment conducted by someone who understood the very specialised (and some seldom used) techniques that are still currently used (eg XXX ).

� The report risk ranking of data, including “with intervention and without intervention”,

table has and will make it very easy to focus of areas of concern which in itself makes it a very valuable tool/report.

� As above the Element by Element triangulated assessment and such comprehensive findings give my ongoing argument greater impact with gaining XXX and/or resources approval and for relevant improvements, suggestions or corrective actions.


There was not a component of the assessment that we “liked the least”. The assessment was conducted by someone (Anne-Marie Makin) who by a fortunate coincidence had knowledge and a working background in many of our specialised activities. I found the sixty element preliminary results and summary (Case Study #8) a little overwhelming but that is more a compliment than a “liked least”.



The study has already been of immediate benefit to us. I would imagine, now that it has been reviewed by management, that it will be an ongoing benefit for quite some time to come.

964

Would I recommend it, unquestionably.

Are we recommending the OH&S Management Assessment study, yes, and selling it’s praises at every opportunity.



1. Developing strategies, guidelines, procedures and inspection/audit tools that ensure XXXs activities are safe, user friendly, easily understood and have a practical application irrespective of current legislation.

2. Ensuring the above corporate documents meet the minimum legislative requirements.

3. Focuses on hazard identification and risk assessment in a consultative manner that includes all level of employees.

4. Identifies minimum skill levels to ensure all activities are carried out safely and includes a system to evaluate and identify training.

5. The management system is measurable and includes a system to inspect, audit and recommend improvements and identify non-conformances.


Absolutely, the comprehensive nature of the Definition Criteria, Critical Risks and Actions

Required will add weight to pro safety employee focus on continually enhancing all safety aspects of our OH&S Management System. The study will subtly assist the same pro safety employees win the battle over the “we’ve been doing this, this way for 30 years why

should we change” brigade.


965

Appendix 25: Sharing Good Practice

966

Case Study 1

Figure 1: PPE poster for use with multiple chemicals and language barriers

967

Case Study 3

Figure 1: Ground Testing Station Figure 2: Conductive Flooring

Figure 3: Intrinsically Safe Lighting Figure 4: PPE to Reduce Static

968

Case Study 6: -Management Style

Quote from Participant

“Good team management is about the following:

1. Select the right personnel - check they have aligned values

2. Provide them with the skill and knowledge they require before they

need it. Constantly grow the ability of the team.

3. Support them with adequate resources and clear direction.

4. Provide them with feedback, positive and negative to help align with

the business goals. This should constant, consistent and 2 way.”

Case Study 7 - Training: A DVD was specially produced for training purposes. This was on the use

of dynamic risk assessments. The DVD was made for their own use, and

features members of their own organisation.

969

Case Study 8

Occupational Health Safety and Rehabilitation Policy XXX accepts the responsibility to develop and maintain a working

environment that is safe and without risk to the health of all employees,

contractors and visitors.

All Managers, Supervisors, Employees and Contractors are required to

observe and work within the following standards;

Managers and Team Leaders will be responsible at all times to ensure that

all persons within the area of their control, work in a safe manner and

ensure compliance with XXX OHS&R policies and procedures.

All employees will be involved in positive programs to minimise risks, and

be accountable for the correct use and maintenance of tools, plant and

safety equipment.

Plant, equipment and processes will be designed, purchased, installed,

monitored and maintained to ensure high standards of health and safety

are provided.

All persons working on XXX contracts / projects shall receive appropriate

and adequate training to enable them to carry out the work safely and

efficiently.

Decisions and changes being made which may affect the health and

safety of employees will be discussed during staff meetings. Staff

meetings will provide opportunities for discussion between employees and

management with regard to occupational health and safety.

970

Each supervisor and manager is responsible for ensuring there is

opportunity for subordinates to directly discuss health and safety issues.

In the event of an accident / incident occurring, the circumstances must

and will be thoroughly investigated and recorded by the Operations

Manager or Team Leader in charge of the area, and the appropriate

corrective measures taken to prevent any recurrences.

Effective health and rehabilitation services shall and will be provided.

All operations within the XXX shall comply with both the letter and spirit of

the 2000 Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations, Guides,

Codes of Practice and XXX own policies and procedures.

Commitment and involvement by everyone is required to ensure the

success of this policy and sufficient resources will be allocated where

required to assist in this commitment.

Operations Manager:

Date:___/___/___ Review Date: ___/___/___

Applying the “safe place, safe person, safe systems ...

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