APA Format Slides taken from: PA_style.ppt y/APA2005.ppt .

APA Format

Slides taken from:

http://www.library.kent.edu/files/APA_style.ppt

http://www.mdc.edu/medical/library/APA2005.ppt

http://www.spcollege.edu/central/libonline/instruction/apa.ppt

Introduction to APA Style

American Psychological Association (APA) Style is an editorial method commonly used in the social & behavioral science disciplines.

The style consists of rules & guidelines for writing a paper.

References are cited in text with an author-date citation system and are listed alphabetically on the References page.

WRITING STYLE IS FORMAL AND EXPOSITORY.

Why do you have to do this?

Because learning to write means mastering an accepted and uniform writing style.

Because APA style is the most common writing style in the social studies and sciences.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of yoursources in APA style

can help you avoidplagiarism.

What Is Plagiarism

Plagiarism is using someone else's wordsor ideas without giving proper credit.

Examples of plagiarism include:Buying a paper.Turning in a paper that a friend or classmate wrote.Copying/Paraphrasing from a source without citing.

When do you cite your sources in your paper?

When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read.When you quote from something you read or heard.When you want to give the reader some other places to look for additional information.

Paraphrasing

Scott (1992) identified…

Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al., 1980) reported…

Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another work (Scott, 1992).

Citing while quoting

You need to put the author last name(s) and date, like while paraphrasing, but also the PAGE NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS (for online sources).

Example: “the research findings clearly indicate support for the hypotheses” (Douglass, 1986, p. 55).

Warning

Keep quotations to a minimum (less than 3 per paper)

Don’t forget the quotation marks and page numbers (or paragraph numbers), or you will be guilty of plagiarism!

Format of an APA Paper

Double-space.Use 1” margins.Number pages in upper right-hand corner, beginning with the title page.

Before the page number, use an abbreviated form of the title as a header.12-pt Times Roman or Courier are preferred typefaces.

Major Sections of Paper

Title Page

Text of Paper

References Page

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Basic Format for All Document Pages

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Set all margins…

All Margins = 1 inch

Click

OK

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Font…

Style:

Courier

Times New Roman

Size:

12 point

Font StyleFont Size

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Text alignment…

Flush left

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Spacing and indenting…

Spacing: Double

Paragraph:

Indent

5 spaces

or

½ inch Select: Double

Select:

First Line

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Title page…

Page Header:

2 to 3 words of your title,

five spaces,

page number

Byline:

(Centered)

Full Title

Your Name

Institution Name

Title Page

Include a “running head,” an abbreviated title, in ALL CAPS flush left at the top of the page.

Center the paper’s full title (lower & upper case).

Center the author’s name & affiliation below the title.

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Body…Page Header

Title center entire title

on the first line following the Page Header

Paragraphs Indent first line

½ inch or 5 spaces

Headings

Using headings makes it easier to navigate your paper. In a short paper, you’d probably only use the first-level heading, but this is what they look like in order:

First-Level Heading

Second-Level Heading

Third-level heading. Begin text of paragraph…

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Reference page…

Page Header

Type the wordReferences

highlight the wordclick center

Type full citation Highlight entire citation

Select FormatSelect ParagraphLocate SpecialClick Hanging

Click OKType next citation

References

Note:

When only one source is cited within the document, use the

singular form

Reference.

This is not recommended for a research paper.

In Text Citation

Provide parenthetical citations when:Paraphrasing or using ideas from a sourceQuoting directly from a sourceReferring to personal communications

Paraphrasing

Provide the author(s)* & copyright date in parentheses.

Example: An aging population plus new technologies will increase the need for health care workers in the future (McCutcheon & Phillips, 2006).

*If a source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title.

Direct Quotations: Print Sources

Provide the author(s), copyright date & page number inparentheses.

Examples: “Tremendous career opportunities exist and will continue to grow for students interested in health care delivery" (McCutcheon & Phillips, 2006, p. 1).

ORAccording to McCutcheon & Phillips (2006), “tremendous career opportunities exist and will continue to grow for students interested in health care delivery" (p. 1).

Direct Quotations: Electronic Sources

Many electronic sources do not include page numbers. If paragraph numbers are given, use them in place of page numbers, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para.

Example:According to the U.S. Department of Labor, “health care workers at all levels of education and training will continue to be in demand” (2005, ¶ 52).

Long Quotations

Quotations of 40 or more words are formatted differently:

Start on a new lineBlock Indent the full quote 5 spaces from left margin Omit quotation marksDouble-space

Long Quotations

Example:

According to Merrell, Viadero & Mosser (2006):

No matter how the jobs and their settings change, though,

one thing remains the same: each member of the health

care team brings a unique combination of skills, knowledge,

and experience as the group works together for a common

goal--to improve the quality of life for patients. (¶ 3)

Personal Communications

Personal communications include:

LettersMemosE-mailsPersonal InterviewsTelephone Conversations

Personal Communications

Cite only within the text.

They are not included on the

references page.

Example: (J. D. Smith, personal communication, May 1, 2006).

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Parenthetical citations…Paraphrase from

a brochure

Quote from a book with no

author

Quote from a book with

three authors

Paraphrase from a

newspaper article

Second reference for three authors

Quote from book with one author

(40 words or more)

Block

Indent ½ inch

(APA, 2001, pp. 117-118, 119-121)

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In text citation for a work with…

Six or more authors

All citations:

first author’s last name

et al.

year

Winn et al. (2006) found

(APA, 2001, p. 209)

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For a work by a…

Government AgencyOrganization

First citation:Agency nameabbreviation in bracketsyear

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1990)

Subsequent citations: abbreviation

year(NIMH, 1990)

(APA, 2001, p. 210)

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Sample Reference page…

Book with one author…Author – Last name, initials of first and middle names if availableDate of publication in parentheses (YYYY)Title of book in italicsEdition (only when given)Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly knownPublisher name

Lavin, L. (2003). Radiography in veterinary technology.

Philadelphia: Saunders.

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2001, p. 223)

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Book with two authors…Author – Last name, initials of first and middle names of both authorsDate of publication in parentheses (YYYY)Title of book in italicsEdition (only when given)Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly knownPublisher name

Cooper, M. D., & Wiechmann, L. (2006). Essentials of dental

hygiene: Clinical skills. Fort Wayne, IN: Prentice Hall.

(APA, 2001, p. 248)

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Book with three to six authors…Authors – Last name, initials of first and middle names of each author

Date of publication (YYYY)

Title of book in italics

Edition (only when given)

Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly known

Publisher name

Hamric, A. B., Hanson, C. M., & Spross, J. A. (2005). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

(APA, 2001, p. 224)

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Book with more than six authors…Authors – Last name, initials of first and middle names of first six authors, et al. for remaining authors Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)Title of book in italicsEdition (only when given)Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly knownPublisher name

Winn, W. C., Jr., Allen, S. D., Janda, W. M., Koneman, E. W.,

Procop, G. W., Schreckenberger, P. C., et al. (2006).

Koneman’s color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology

(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

(APA, 2001, p. 224)

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Book with a group or corporate author…

Author – name of group or corporationDate of publication in parentheses (YYYY)Title of book in italicsEdition (only when given)Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly knownPublisher name

Agency for Healthcare Administration. (2005). Hospital-based

skilled nursing unit utilization. Tallahassee, FL: Author.

(APA, 2001, p. 248)

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Book with an editor…Author – List the editor as author: Last name, initials of first and middle name

Ed. (abbreviation for editor. Multiple editors, Eds.)

Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)

Title of book in italics

Edition (only when given)

Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly known

Publisher name

Parker, M. E. (Ed.). (2006). Nursing theories and nursing

practice (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

(APA, 2001, p. 249)

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Book with no author…

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Title of book in italicsEdition (only when given)Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly knownPublisher name

(APA, 2001, p. 249)

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Journal article…Author – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available

Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)

Article title

Journal name in italics

volume number in italics, (issue number), page numbers

Meeker, J. A., & Miller, S. M. (2005). Hereditary

hemochromatosis. Medical Laboratory Observer, 37(10),

10-18.

(APA, 2001, p. 240)

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Newspaper article…Author – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available

• Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY, Month day)

• Article title

• Newspaper name in italics

• Section and page number

Krugman, P. (2005, December 26). Medicine: Who

decides? The New York Times, p. E5.

(APA, 2001, p. 243)

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Government publication…• Author – Name of government agency

• Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)

• Document title in italics

• Publication number

• Publisher location

• Publisher name

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in

serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-

1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

(APA, 2001, p. 257)

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Brochure…• Author – Name (Corporation, Governmental Agency, Association)

• Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY)• Document title in italics• [Brochure] • Publisher location-name of city, include state if not commonly known• Publisher name

American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics for nurses

with interpretive statements [Brochure]. Silver Spring, MD:

Author.

(APA, 2001, p. 251)

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Sample Reference page…

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Web site: with an author…• Author – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available

• Date of publication or last revised in parentheses (YYYY, Month day)

• Document title (or description) in italics

• Organization/individual responsible for Web site

• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from

• URL address (http://)

Wilson, B. (2005, November 3). Developing countries see health care ‘brain drain’. National Public Radio. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=4987628

(APA, 2007, p. 22)

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Web site: Fact sheet…• Author – Name of organization or agency

• Date of publication or last revised (YYYY, Month day)

• Document title (or description) in italics

• [Fact sheet]

• Retrieved from

• URL address (http://)

United States National Library of Medicine. (2007, January 23). The National Library of Medicine [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/nlm.html

(APA, 2007, p. 19)

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Web site: without an author…

• Document title (or description)• Date of publication or last revised in parentheses (YYYY, Month day)• Organization/individual responsible for Web site• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from• URL address (http://)

Welcome to health privacy 101. (2007). Health Privacy Project

(HPP.org). Retrieved December 8, 2008, from

http://www.healthprivacy.org/infourl_nocat2302/

infourl_nocat.htm

(APA, 2009c)

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Web site: without author, date, page #...

• Document title (or description)

• (n.d.) - for no date

• Organization/individual responsible for Web site

• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from

• URL address (http://)

Community health: Against the odds: Making a difference in global health. (n.d.). United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://apps.nlm.nih.gov/ againsttheodds/exhibit/community_health/ community_health.cfm

(APA, 2009b)

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Images accessed through a Web site…

• Artist – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available• Date in parentheses (YYYY)• Title in italics• [Type of work (i.e. Painting, Drawing, etc.)]• Holding institution, location (city and country if not well known) in italics• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from• URL address (http://)

Carlucho. (2003). Health care-money-medicine-dollar [Cartoon]. EL Economista: Mexico City, Mexico. Retrieved January 9, 2009, from http://www.cartoons.nytimages.com/ wieck_preview_page_004963

(“Images,” n.d.)

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Article accessed through a database…• Author – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available• Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY, Month day)• Article title• Journal name in italics • Volume number in italics, (issue number), page numbers• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from• Database name

Yamin, A. (2005, July). The right to health under international law and its relevance to the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1156-1161. Retrieved October 24, 2008, from Academic Search Complete database.

(APA, 2001, p. 278)

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Article accessed through a Web site…

• Author – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available• Date of publication in parentheses (YYYY, Month day)• Article title• Journal name in italics • Volume number in italics, (issue number), page numbers• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from• URL address (http://)

Kian, N., Ali, A. H., Bagher, M. S. S., Eysa, M., & Gholamreza, B. (2006). The development of a community-based care system model for senior citizens in Tehran. Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice, 8(1). Retrieved November 10, 2008, from http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath= journals/ijanp/vol8n1/iran.xml

(APA, 2001, p. 272)

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Images accessed through a database…

• Artist – Last name, initial of first and middle names if available• Date in parentheses (YYYY)• Title of work in italics• [Type of work (Painting, Drawing, etc.)]• Holding institution, location (city and country if not well known)• Retrieved date (date you accessed the site), from• Database name

Dali, S. (1937). Metamorphosis of Narcissus [Oil on canvas]. Tate Gallery,

London; Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvador Dali Foundation/Artists Rights

Society (ARS), New York, photo credit: Tate Gallery, London/Art

Resource, NY. Retrieved January 5, 2009, from Grove Art Online

database.

(“Images,” n.d.)

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Sample Reference page…

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Enter the complete

site address in

the text

Do not list in

Reference

list

Web site: citing an entire site…

(APA, 2009a)

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Web site: citing a Fact sheet…

List the government agency or corporate author

and year.

(APA, 2001, p. 209)

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Web site: without author…

Title of Web site as listed in Reference List: Welcome to health privacy 101

In text citation:

• Use first several words of title

• year

(“Welcome to health,” 2007).

(APA, 2009c )

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Web site: without author, date, page #…

Step 1: Paragraph numbersa. Use paragraph numbers if given.b. Otherwise, count paragraphs from beginning of site.

Step 2: If there are section titlesEnclose in quotes the first few words

of the heading, section title, or phrase in which the information is located.

Count paragraphs within section.

Step 3: Indicate daten.d. for no date.

(APA, 2009b)

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Citing a journal article with one author…

Quote from a journal

article with one author accessed

through a database

Include author, year,

and page number

(APA, 2001, p. 120)

Citing a journal article with five authors …

Paraphrase from a

journal article with

five authors

accessed through a

Web site

Subsequent references to an article with 3, 4, or 5 authors

would list:

(First author’s last name, et al., yyyy)

(Kian, et al., 2006)

(APA, 2001, p. 208)

For Additional Help

• http://apastyle.org/• http://citationmachine.net/index.php• http://www.noodletools.com/• http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/

templates/TC100763231033.aspx?pid=CT101172711033