AP BIOLOGY – Exploring the Diversity of Life (Kingdom Plantae excluded… for now!) Complete the questions using the chapters of your textbook Campbell’s Biology. Adapted from assignments prepared by Dave Knuffle and by Kim Foglia, modified by Lisa Marcos. CHAPTER 25: The History of Life on Earth 1. What is the earliest date for which we have clear evidence of life on Earth? ___________________________________________________________________________ __ ___________________________________________________________________________ __ 2. In your own words, how did eukaryotes arise from prokaryotes? Include the term serial endosymbiosis in your answer. ___________________________________________________________________________ __ ___________________________________________________________________________ __ 3. What happened in the “Cambrian explosion”? ___________________________________________________________________________ __ ___________________________________________________________________________ __ Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the tree of life 1. Why do we want our taxonomy to reflect phylogeny? 1
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AP BIOLOGY – Exploring the Diversity of Life(Kingdom Plantae excluded… for now!)
Complete the questions using the chapters of your textbook Campbell’s Biology.Adapted from assignments prepared by Dave Knuffle and by Kim Foglia, modified by Lisa Marcos.
CHAPTER 25: The History of Life on Earth1. What is the earliest date for which we have clear evidence of life on Earth? _____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the tree of life1. Why do we want our taxonomy to reflect phylogeny? _____________________________________________________________________________
4. Use of molecular clocks relies on what assumption? Is that a reasonable assumption? _____________________________________________________________________________
5. Some have argued that it’s misleading to divide all life into two groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it implies a close relationship between Archae and Bacteria. Does such a relationship seem to exist, based on the history of the groups?
Bacteria and Archaea – Part 2. Directions: Using Table 27.2 on page 567 and the information in the text, outline the key characteristics that distinguish thethree domains. Include examples oforganisms in each domain.
DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
DOMAIN CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
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CHAPTER 28 – Protists – Part 1
1. Why are Protists said to be the most diverse of all eukaryotes?
3. Why do most systematists currently working on eukaryotic relationships consider Kingdom Protista and the five kingdom system obsolete?_____________________________________________________________________________
Protists - Part 2. Directions: Using the diagram below and information in the text, outline thekey characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the Domain Eukarya identified onthe diagram.
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BRANCH POINT - CHARACTERISTICS
1. Autotroph / Heterotroph & Decomposers
- Autotroph: organisms that can make their own food using different sources of energy
- Alveolata, Stramenopila, Euglenozoans, Chlorophyta, Plantae, and Rhodophyta
- Heterotroph: organisms that obtain food molecules by eating other organisms- Animalia: Euglenozoans, Choanoflagellates and Metazoa- Decomposers: organisms that take up nutrients from non-living organic material- Fungi
2. Flagella / No Flagella
- Flagella: long cellular appendage for various functions such as locomotion
- Excavates (the euglenozoans) include protists with unique flagella- Chromalveolates (may have originated by secondary
endosymbiosis): hairy and smooth flagella
3. Crystal rods in flagella / No rods
- Excavates have crystal rods inside their flagella, while other protist groups such as Alveolata and Stramenopila do not
4. Symbiosis with fungi
- Some species from Chlorophyta, a division of green algae have symbiotic relationships with fungi (e.g. some lichens)
5. Live in shallow water / live on land
- Charophycean algae inhabit shallow waters, but it needs to survive when water levels drop led to increasing ability to survive on land
- Many plants developed vascular tissues so to survive on land
6. Decomposer / Heterotrophic consumer
- Decomposer: an organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, thus making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem Fungi
- Heterotrophic consumer: an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter in a food chain
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CHAPTER 31 – Fungi– Part 1
PART 1. Directions: All answers are to be completed on your own and neatly written.
1. How do fungi acquire nutrients?
By secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings; enzymes break down
complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their
bodies and use.
2. Because of this mode of nutrition, fungi have evolved what structure to provide for both extensive surface area and rapid growth?
B odies typically form a network of small filaments called hyphae: consist of tubular cell
walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells .
3. How do the cell walls of fungi differ from the cell walls of plants?
_ Cell walls of fungi are called septa, which generally have pores large enough to allow
ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.
4. How do fungi contribute to an ecosystem?
Mycorrhizal f ungi can improve delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to plants; free elements
essential to life like carbon and nitrogen ; almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on
them for essential nutrients.
5. Give some examples of how fungi are important to humans.
Fungi are food for humans. Many mushrooms are edible and different species are cultivated for sale
w orldwide. Many other fungi also produce antibiotic substances, which are now widely used to control
diseases in human and animal populations. Penicillin, for instance, is derived from a fungus called
Penicillium. Also, Foresters commonly inoculate pine seedlings with fungi to promote growth.
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Fungi - Part 2. Directions: Label the figure below using Figure 31.11 on page 642. Then use the information in Figure 31.11 and in the text to fill in the following table. Outline the key characteristics of each branch of the Kingdom Fungi and include several examples of organisms in each group.
Branch Characteristics ExamplesChytrids (1,000 species) - globular fruiting body forms
multiceullar, branched hyphae- others are single-celled
- one of the earliest groups to diverge from other fungi
Chytridium
Zygomycetes (1,000 species) - hyphae of some grow rapidly Into foods such as fruits and
bread- live as decomposers,
parasites, or as commensal symbionts of animals
Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor, Pilobolus
Glomeromycetes (160 species) - have mycorrhizal associations with plants
- the tips of the hyphae push Into plant root cells branch into
tiny arbuscules
Glomus mosseae, A. gerdemannii, A. leptoticha
Ascomycetes (65,000 species) - also called sac fungi: saclike asci produce sexual spores- common to many marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
habitats- many are decomposers
Neurospora crassa, Aleuria aurantia
Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
- often decomposers and ectomycorrhizal fungi
- have a long-lived, dikaryotic mycelium
Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
Amanita muscaria
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- fruiting bodies: basidiocarps
CHAPTER 32 – Introduction to Animal Diversity – Part 1
1. Outline the major characteristics Campbell uses to define an animal.
Nutritional Mode, cell structure and specialization , reproduction and development
2. List an hypothesis for the origin of animals.
All animal lineages are monophyletic; diverged from the ancestors of fungi about a billion
years ago; evidence indicate that choanoflagellates are among the closest living
relatives of animals; hypothesize that the common ancestor may have been a stationary
suspension feeder similar to choanoflagellates.
3. Describe the two forms of symmetry in animal body plans.
Radial symmetry: does not have a left side and a right side; bilateral symmetry: one
imaginary cut divides the body into two equal but opposite
halves.________________________
4. What is the significance of cephalization as an evolutionary trend?
A trend in which the sensory equipment concentrates on the anterior end; development of the central
nervous system ; Adaptation for movement on land.
5. What are the three germ layers of an embryo? What’s the difference between being
diploblastic and being triploblastic, and what kinds of animals are in each group?
8. Label the stages of early embryonic development of animal.
Animal Diveristy - Part 2. Directions: Using Figure 33.3 on pages 667-669 and the information in the text, list the relative diversity, distinguishing characteristics and examples of the major invertebrate phyla for each branch of the Kingdom Animalia identified on the diagram. Use definitions from question 6 to help you. Include examples of organisms in each division.
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DIVISION CHARACTERISITICS EXAMPLE
1. Porifera(Calcarea and Silicea)
- Informally called “sponges:” lack true tissues- Live as suspension feeders, trapping particles that
pass through the internal channels of their bodies- Consists of 2 layers of cells separated by the mesohyl- Most are hermaphrodites
Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera)
2. Cnidaria
- Have a diplobastic, radially symmetrical body plan that includes a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus
- Carnivores that often use tentacles arranged in a ring around their mouth to capture prey
- Mostly marine, some freshwater
- corals, jellies, and hydras
3. Ctenophora
- Comb jellies- Diplobastic and radially symmetrical- Make up much of the ocean’s plankton- Eight “combs” of cilia that propel the animals through
the water
- cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla- Mnemiopsis
4. Platyhelminthes
- Have bilateral symmetry and a central nervous system that processes information from sensory structures
- No body cavity or organs for circulation- Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
habitats- Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across the body
surface
- Tapeworms, planarians, and flukes
5. Rotifers
- microscopic size- inhibit freshwater, marine, and damp oil habitats- have specialized organ systems including an
alimentary canal- feed on microorganisms suspended in water
Sinantherina semibullata and Cephalodella vittata
6. Nematoda
- Found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in the moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids of animals
- Do not have segmented bodies- Covered by a tough cuticle- Have an alimentary canal, though lack a circulatory
system- Longitudinal body wall muscles
Caenorhabditis elegans, Trichinella spiralis
7. Nemertea- Have an alimentary canal and a closed circulatory
system in which the blood is contained in vessels and hence is distinct from fluid in the body
- Proboscis worms, or ribbon worms
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DIVISION CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
8. Mollusca
- Soft body protected by a hard, calcified shell secreted by the mantle
- A muscular foot; a visceral mass containing most of the internal organs; and a mantle, a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secrets a shell
- Most have separate sexes
Snails, clams, squids, octopuses, slugs
9. Annelida
- Body composed of separated segments- Live in the sea, in most freshwater habitats, and in
damp soil- Digestive system: two openings; coelomate; closed
circulatory system
Earthworms, sandworms, leeches
10. Arthropoda
- Segmented bodies exoskeleton of chitin; jointed appendages
- Two unusual Hox genes affect segmentation- Largest, most successful animal phylum- Many undergo metamorphosis during development;
- A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard plates- Live in salt water; larvae have bilateral symmetry- Water vascular system used in excretion, feeding and
locomotion- Tube feet
Sand dollars, sea stars, sea cucumbers and sea urchins
12. Chordata
- Bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies
- Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail during embryonic development
Lancelets, tunicates, hagfish, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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CHAPTER 33 – Invertebrates
1. How does the structure of a sponge relate to its method of nutrition?
Vertebrate Diversity - Part 2 - Fill in the figure below using Figure 34.2 on page 698 as your template. Then, using the figure and the information in the text, outline the key characteristics that distinguish the major branches of the subphylum Vertebrata identified on the diagram. Include examples of organisms in each class (except Urochordata and Cephalocordata).
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Division Characteristics Examples
Myxini
- The least derived craniate lineage; all are marine
- Cartilage skull, but lack jaws and vertebrae
- Swim in snakelike fashion by using segmental muscles to exert force against their notochord
- Small brain, eyes, ears, and a nasal opening
- Can produce slime in face of predator attack
Hagfishes and relatives
Petromyzontida
- The oldest living lineage of vertebrates- About 35 species inhabiting various
marine and freshwater habitats; most are parasites
- As larvae, lampreys live in freshwater streams
- Most lampreys migrate to the sea as they mature into adults
- Cartilage skeleton contains no collagen, but protein matrix
Lampreys
Chondrichthyes
- A skeleton composed predominately of cartilage
- About 750 species; internal fertilization- Tough skin is covered with dermal teeth
also called placoid scales, making it feel like sandpaper
Sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes
Actinopterygii
- An ossified endoskeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate
- Possess fin rays, their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays")
- Many, but not all, of the Actinopterygians, have scales
eels, carp, catfishes, goldfishes, piranhas,
seahorses, bass, salmon, and trout.
Actinista- Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still
surviving In Indian Ocean
Coelacanths
Dipnoi
- Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods
- Surface to gulp air into lungs connected to their pharynx
Lungfishes
Amphibia
- Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin for efficient gas exchange; many live both in water and on land
- External fertilization; typically lay their eggs in water or in moist areas on land
- Exhibit complex and diverse social behaviours
Salamanders, frogs, caecilians
Reptilia
- One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic eggs and rib-cage ventilation
- have scales that contain protein keratin-->protect skin from desiccation and
Tuataras, lizards, turtles, crocodilians,
birds
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abrasion- ectothermic: absorb external heat as
their main source of body heat
Mammalia
- Mammary glands that produce milk for offspring
- hair; a fat layer under skin to retain body heat
- endothermic; high metabolic ratel efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
- differentiated teeth adapted for chewing different kinds of food