“THE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON HAMZAH PUADI ILYAS’repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/8303/1...Achmad Gozali, The Stylistic Analysis Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s Short Story

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“THE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON HAMZAH PUADI ILYAS’

SHORT STORY MOTHER’S HAIR”

By:

Achmad Gozali

NIM: 203026002085

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2009

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“THE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON HAMZAH PUADI ILYAS’

SHORT STORY MOTHER’S HAIR”

A Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Accomplishment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata I (SI)

Achmad Gozali

NIM: 203026002085

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2009

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ABSTRACT

Achmad Gozali, The Stylistic Analysis Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s Short StoryMother’s Hair. Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, State IslamicUniversity Syarif Hidayatullah, May 2009.

The research aimed at achieving comprehensive understanding regarding theuse of figure of speech in building the theme of short story Mother’s Hair by HamzahPuadi Ilyas on Jakarta Post. It isues content analysis method which concerns in theeffort of extracting and interpreting the theme containing in the passages. The verbaldata collected from the story are analyzed qualitatively based on figure of speech andany theory or approaches.

The research is performed in several phases. The phases are as follow:deciding the unit analysis is used within this research is short story Mother’s Hair byHamzah Puadi Ilyas which contains figure of speech; collecting the data from manysources such as book, internet, and others which relates to the research; presenting thedata figure of speech as corpus data; analyzing the problem, which then classifiedinto the data examination, figure of speech meaning analysis, and its contribution ofdetermination; making conclusion and suggestion.

As result of analysis performed, the writer concludes that the use of figure ofspeech in short story gives the constribution on the theme building. Furthermore, thesix kinds of figure of speech analyzed in the research are personification, simile,metaphor, metonymy, and hyperbole. The contribution of figure of speech describesthe story conveying and the message delivering as clear as those as visual means cando.

The writer hopes that readers will know about the study of Linguistics and itsbranches. Readers have to know the branches of Linguistics, aspecially the study ofStylistic. Readers are suggested not only to know literal meaning, but also know non-literal meaning reading literary work.

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LEGALIZATON

The thesis entitled “The Stylistic Analysis Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s Short Story

Mother’s Hair” has been defended before the letters and humanities faculty’s

examination committee on May 07, 2009. the thesis has already been accepted as a

partial fulfillment for the degree of Strata 1 (S1).

Jakarta, May 07, 2009

The Examining Committee

Chief Secretary

Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd Drs. Asep Saefudin, M.Pd

NIP: 150.229.480 NIP:150.261.902

Members

Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum M. Supardi, SsNIP:150.317.725 NIP:

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DECLARATION

I herebly that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has

been accepted for the award of any other degree of diploma of the

university or other institute of higher learning, except where due

acknowledgment has been made in the text.


Achmad Gozali

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Praise to be Allah, the

Lord of the universe, peace blessing be upon prophet Muhammad saw, His Family,

Companions, and adherents.

In this occasion, the writer would like to thanks to his parents and grand

parents who given their finances, facilities, and supports to him during the study and

making the thesis.

Then, the writer would like to thanks to his advisor Dr. Muhammad Farkhan

M. PD, who has advised him patiently and punctually in reading the content of this

paper. And for the helpful comments on it. He realizes without his advices and helps

the thesis will mwan mean nothing.

The writer also would like to thanks:

1. Dr. H. Abdul Chair, The Dean of Letters and Humanities State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Drs. Asep Saefudin, M PD, The secretary of English Department.

3. All the staff of English Letters Department.

4. The staff of UIN Jakarta Library, and the staff of Atma Jaya University

Library.

5. The best friend Classmates: Ajat, Adji, Iway, Aka, Rio, Rizki, Bang Holik,

Ulul, AB three, Ikmal, Wawan, Yamin, Eti, Yunita, and the late Titis.

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6. The writer next class friend: Ajeng, Adit, Karni, Sarah, Dewi, Wihda.

7. All the student of English Letters Department.

Finally yet importantly, the writer realizes that the thesis far from the perfect,

thus, to make it much better, the writer would like to accept any constructive

suggestion with pleasure.


The writer

Achmad Gozali

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………..………… i

APPROVEMENT …………………………………………………….................... ii

LEGALIZATION ………………………...………………………………..……… iii

DECLARATION …………………………………….…………………………… iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………..……………………..... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………….………………...……. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION …………………………….…………………… 1

A. Background of the study ………………………………………… …… 1

B. Focus of the study …………………………………………….……….. 4

C. Research Questions ………………………………………….………… 5

D. Objective of the Study …………………………………………………. 5

E. The Significances of the study ……………………………………….... 5

F. The Method of The Study …………………………………………….. 61. The Objective of Research ……………………………....…………. 62. The Method of Research …………………………………………… 63. The Technique of Data Analysis …………………………………... 64. The Unit of Analysis ………………………………………………. 6

G. Time and Place …………………………………………………....…… 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……….…………..…….…….. 8

A. Semantic……………………………...……..………………………… 81. The Definition of Semantic………………..…………...…………… 82. Concepts…………………………………..………..…….…..……... 93. Non Literal Meaning ……………..…………………..……...…….. 10

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B. Stylistic. ……………………………………..…………...………… 111. The Definition of Stylistic. ………………..………………...…… 112. Cognitive Stylistic…………………………..…...……………….. 133. Approaches in Stylistic…………………….……………….……... 14

C. Stylistic on Indirect Meaning……………………………….………. 151. Simile………………………….………………………………….. 162. Metaphor………………….………………………………………. 173. Personification……………………….…………………………… 184. Apostrophe………………………….….…………………………. 195. Synecdoche……………………………….……………………….. 196. Hyperbole………………………………….……………….……… 207. Analogy…………………………………………………….……… 218. Irony……………………………………………………….………. 219. Metonymy……………………………………….……….……….. 22

D. Strength and Weakness of Stylistics……………………….………... 22

E. Message ……………………………………………………………… 23

1. Definition of Message …………………………………….……….. 232. In Communication Science ……………………………………....… 243. In Computer Science ………………………………………..….…… 244. The Types of Messages ………………………………..………….... 25

1. Air Mail …………………………………………..……...… 252. Air-speeded …………………………………..……..…...… 253. Message in a Bottle …………………………...…….....….… 264. SMS ………………………………………..….…..…… .…. 275 Instant Message …………………………….…..……..…..…. 27

F. Moral Message …………………………………………….………….. 281. Definition of Moral ……………………………..………...…….……. 28

CHAPTER III RESARCH FINDING ……………..…………………..……….. 30

A. Description of Data …………………………....………..…………… 30

B. Analysis of Data……………………………. …………..…………… 32

C. Message …………………………………………………….………… 48

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION……………....…………. 50

A. Conclusion …………………………………….…………...………... 50

B. Suggestion ……………………………………..…………..………… 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………...…………..….. 52

APPENDIX …………………………………………………………….………. 54

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study.

Literary term is used to mention cultural phenomena that can be visited on

society. Eventhough as in society, economics, and religion that their existence is not

necessity too. This term is meant that literature is a universal phenomenon. However,

the universal phenomenon is not always getting a universal concept. The criteria of

literary work existing in society are not always same to the other society.1For a big

part of readers, interest in reading literary text revolves on the stories which give

interesting story by the author. This thing is added by the other reasons, such as

Gender, Stylistic, Feminism, Character, and Plot. Plot containing about happiness,

such as romantic story, and humorous story, or sadness story, is part of literary work.

Literary work has two elements. Both of them are intrinsic and extrinsic

elements. The writer will concentrate in intrinsic element, especially in stylistic. The

stylistic element in literary work used by the author on short story Mother’s Hair can

be related in linguistic aspect. So, the writer will explore for literature in linguistic

aspect, especially in stylistic.

1 Drs. Jabrohim, Metode Penelitian Sastra (Jakarta: Hanindita, 2002), p.9

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For linguistic- the study of language -, language is arbitrary sound which used

by certain groups society in working together, communicating, and identifying.2

Therefore, to conceive the literary text, is not only need to understand the meaning of

the literature, but also we can response to conceive deeply what we have read. So, it

will be given a satisfying self for us as a reader.

Based on the reasons above, the writer gives opinion that the literature will be

more interesting if the literature, especially short story, is analyzed by linguistic

aspect that is focused on the style of language. Many of language experts say that this

approach is called stylistic. Stylistic explains about the form of language especially in

style, such as Figurative Language. The Figurative as in phrases like, mouth of the

river, head of the school, foot of the bed, etc, are samples of Metaphorical form.

Metaphor is a means of comparing things that are essentially not similar. The focus of

attention of a stylistic analysis is a style, it means that the way used to the author

explains about what the meaning of language as the instrument. The style can be

translated as a stylistic. Suyuti says, “In short, the constructive elements of the style

of the author are diction, imagery, and syntax. Diction can be simply translated as

selection of words. In the correlation, Connotation and Denotation are cannot be

ignored. Denotation is dictionary meaning or meaning of the words, and connotation

2 Kushartanti, et. al., Pesona Bahasa Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik ( Jakarta: PT. Gramedia,2005), p.5

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is something associated or suggested. Denotation and connotation are simple and

illusion.”3

Style is something deviating from common use. A deviation is aimed to make

a better and beautiful language. The beauty often appears on literary work, because

literature is contained by aesthetic element. Autonomy of aesthetic seems as if

stylistic has a strong region. The stylistic becomes very different with the daily

language. Because of that, it is very interesting for the writer to analyze the stylistic.4

The branch of language discussing about the stylistic and the study of

meaning of language is Semantic. Semantic is the technical term used to refer to the

study of meaning. Unfortunately, meaning covers a variety of aspects of language,

and there is no very general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way

in which it should be described.5 Semantic is also related with a figurative language

discussing about the meaning of language. It is called as figurative meaning.

In semantics Figurative meaning describes a very common type of extension

of meaning for a word. In some instances, the figurative meaning of words may

become so common that the original, literal meaning may be superseded, so-called

dead metaphor.6

3 Prof. Dr. Suminto A. Suyuti, Berkenalan Dengan Fiksi ( Jakarta: Gama Media, 1994), p.1734 Sukron Kamil, Kritik Sastra Arab. Teori Klasik dan Moderen ( Jakarta: UIN, 2004), p.715 F.R. Palmer, Semantic. A New Outline ( London: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p.16 Katie Wales, A Dictionary Of Stylistic ( New York: Longman, 1991), p.175

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The short story Mother’s Hair on the Jakarta Post by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas is a

literary text that will be analyzed by the writer to the stylistic approach. The short

story has various events. The writer concerns that there are many kinds of stylistics

used by the author in the short story Mother’s Hair. One of them is the illusion word

or Figurative Language at the following sentence:

“Tunggal, my son, go to the Guava tree beside our house. The tree has borne

fruit.”7

The sentence above is a form of figurative language that used by the author in

personification form. It explains that the dead things have the attributes of human

being.

Besides that, there is Simile on this sentence:

“Then I saw a black shadow pulling at mother’s hair, accompanied by a howl,

like a wolf.”8

The sentence above explains that the author uses word of Like. So, in this case, the

writer will analyze more deeply about stylistic that used by the author on short story

Mother’s Hair.

B. Focus of the Study.

Based on of background of the study above, this analyzing will concentrate on the

stylistic used by the author on short story Mother’s Hair.

7 Hamzah Puadi Ilyas, “Mother`s Hair; Short Story”, Jakarta Post ( Jakarta), May 20 2007, p.88 Ibid.

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C. Research Question.

Based on focus of analysis, there are few questions such as:

1. What are the figurative languages of stylistics used on the Jakarta Post

Short Story Mother’s Hair?

2. What messages do the stylistic on Jakarta Post’s Short Story Mother’s

Hair convey to the readers?

D. Objectives of the Study.

As usual, the analysis aims to know the style used by the author at his literary

work on the Jakarta Post short story Mother’s Hair. The analysis especially tries to

delve:

1. To describe a stylistic terms existing on the short story Mother’s Hair.

2. To know what the message will be given by the author to the reader in

form of the stylistic on the short story Mother’s Hair.

E. Significances of the Study.

The writer expects that the analysis give the positive knowledge for the literature.

The analysis is specially expected that will be very advantage for the reader who has

desire to know the stylistic analysis which can be used in prose, especially in short

story form.

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F. The Method of the Study.

1. Method.

A stylistic analysis refers to the problem and the aim of the analysis. So, the

writer uses a qualitative analysis. By the descriptive analysis explanation, the

writer tries to answer the questions which appear, and then the writer gives

descriptive explanation to commit the analysis based on the sources of

documentation.

2. The Analysis of Data.

The analysis of data is analyzed to the stylistic theories which are aimed to

know the stylistic used on short story Mother’s Hair and the meaning which

content on that stylistic.

3. The Technique of Data Analysis.

On this time, the qualitative analysis is using the writer as an instrument to get

a qualitative data. This analysis has function to know the meaning of stylistic used

such as signing, clustering, and giving the notes on short story Mother’s Hair.

4. The Unit of Analysis.

In this case, the unit of analysis is short story Mother’s Hair on the Jakarta

Post May 20, 2007. The story told about a mother entered a real life with her son

together.

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G. Time and Place of Analysis.

The analysis will be committed in Jakarta 2007 all day this semester. The

activities are including on preparing, collecting data, analyzing data, and making

note.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Semantic

1. The Definition of Semantics

Semantics is one of the branches of Linguistics dealing with the meaning of

words and sentences or semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of

meaning.9 Unfortunately, ‘meaning’ covers a variety of aspects of language, and there

is no very general agreement either about what meaning is or about the way in which

it should be described.

The study of meaning in language is called Semasiology or Semantics.10 And

the definition of the meaning is what referred to or indicated by sounds, words or

signal. For example; sounds represented by the house (in the written from the

language) signified the concept (the picture of the house).11 According to

Slametmuljana Semantik adalah penelitian makna kata dalam bahasa tertentu menurut

sistem penggolongan. (Semantics is a meaning analysis in certain languages using

classifying system)12

9 F.R. Palmer, Semantic A New Outline, ( New York: Cambridge University, 1997), p. 110 Albert C. Baugh, History of The English Language, ( USA: D. Appleton Century Company, 1935), p.23211 Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction To Language, ( New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998), p. 512 Mansur Pateda, Semantik Leksikal, (Ende: Nusa Indah, 1980), p. 19

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2. Concept of Meaning

According to the Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure every linguistic signs

consist of two components, they are signified, and the sign that will be given a

meaning. It is a kind of concept or thought/reference from a certain sign, and the

second is signifier, the sign that will have sound component and concept (meaning)

component.13 Another definition of meaning according to Ogden and Richard can be

illustrated as a triangle,14 as follows:

Thought/reference

Symbol referent

According to that triangle, Ogden and Richard say that there is no direction link

between symbol and referent. The link is via thought or reference, the concept of our

minds.15 The symbols of this curse are the linguistic elements- the word, sentences,

etc. The referent is the object, etc. and the thought or reference is a concept.

Semantics does not only explain about concept of meaning from communication

system, but also it explains concept of meaning from lexical and grammatical side

known as lexical and grammatical meanings. The first, lexical meaning (or

dictionary-meaning) is a meaning that is composed of smaller meaningful parts, or it

13 F. R. Palmer op.cit, p.514 Ibid, p. 2615 Ibid

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is the meaning from dictionary directly.16 For example, the word `tables` has a

definite meaning, besides table has reference as a noun. The lexical meaning based on

Advanced Dictionary in English Language, table is a piece of furniture that consists

of a flat top supported by legs. Thus, semantic meaning or lexical meaning is the real

description about a concept of meaning. The second, grammatical meaning is a

meaning caused by grammatical process such as process of affixes, reduplication and

composition. For example, go- going- gone, have gone, etc. Different languages have

some different grammatical systems.17

3. Non- literal Meaning.

Non- literal meaning of language in semantics is traditionally called Figurative

Language and is described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony,

metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole and litotes.18

Sometimes non- literal meaning describes untrue or impossible terms in order

to achieve some special effects. On closer examination, it is difficult to draw a firm

line between literal and non- literal uses of language. One of the ways of language

change is by the speaker meaning to shift the meaning of words to fit new conditions.

One shift is by metaphorical extension, where some new ideas are depicted.

16 Charlaes W. Kreidles, Introducing English Semantics, ( New York: Rout ledge , 1998), p. 4917 Ibid, p. 5018 John I Seed, Semantics, (Blackwell: Australia, 2003), p. 15

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Example:

I’m hungry.

I’m thirsty

I could eat the horse.

I can run out the river through my throat.

The examples above are few samples from semantics and figurative language. If

the underlined sentences are seen from the lexical meaning, it will be getting the

different meaning, because, the sentences ”I could eat the horse” and “I can run out

the river through my throat” are categorized as Hyperbole form or figurative form.

B. Stylistic

1. Definition of Stylistics

Stylistics is known as a style term. Style word is descended from Lateen Stylus.

Stylus is the tool for writing at the plaque of wax. In using this tool it will influence

the clear of writing at the plaque. The stress at the tool is focused at the expertise for

good writing. So, style changes into an ability or proficiency in writing or using the

word beautifully.19

Stylistics is a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of lace is

assigned to language.20 Another definition about stylistic is as the linguistic study of

19 Gorys Keraf, diksi dan Gaya Bahasa, ( Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1984), p. 11220 Paul Simpson, Stylistic: A Resource Book For The Student, ( New York: Rout Ledge, 2004), p. 2

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style; it is rarely undertaken for its own sake, simply it is as an exercise in describing

shape of language.21

In other definition, Ohman argues that the study of style is dependent on a

theory of linguistics and theory of semantics because these two latter theories

describe the system of language. He also argues that the concept of style implies that

the words on page could be changed without changing the basic meaning. Style, then,

involves the notion that there are alternative ways of saying the same thing.22

For Ohnman, an author’s style is his characteristic way in writing. The task of

the student of style is to identify in some precise way it is that distinguishes one way

of writing from another.23

Studying style has the certain aim. The aim in studying style is to explain

something, and in general, literary stylistics has the goal of explaining the relation

between language and artistic function explicitly.24 The object in stylistics is literal

word or phrase.

Besides that, stylistics has connection with the literature. The connection

between stylistics and literature bring two important cavils, they are:

1) The first is that creativity and innovation in language use should not be seen

as the exclusive preserve of literary writing. Many forms of discourse such as;

advertising, journalist, popular music- even casual conversation often display

21 Geoffrey N. Leech, Michael H. Short, Style in Fiction. ( English), p. 1322 Mark Lester, Reading in Applied Transformational Grammar, ( New York: University of Hawaii,1969), p. 117

23 Ibid.24 Ibid

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a high degree of stylistic dexterity, it would be wrong if we view the dexterity

in language use is as exclusive formal literature.

2) The second is that the techniques of stylistics analysis are as much about

deriving insights about linguistics structure and function as they are about

understanding literary texts.25

2. Cognitive Stylistics.

Like semantics, there is also cognitive stylistic, the focus of cognitive stylistic is

about interaction between dialogue, discourse and social interaction. All of the tools

are to explore the interaction of the dimension of literary discourse in the broader

sense and as a method for examining patterns of dialogue of fictional characters

narrowly.26 So, in other word, it can be said that cognitive stylistics is intended to

supplement rather than supplant, existing methods of analysis, it does aim to shift the

focus away from models of text and composition toward models that make the

explicit link between the human mind and the process of reading. A further stimulus

to cognitive turn was provided by the object of analysis it self, literature.27

In stylistics, metaphor is also part of cognitive stylistics, because the important

feature of cognitive stylistics has been interesting in the way we transfer mental

constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation into another

when we read texts. Stylist and cognitive poets have consistently drawn attention to

25 Paul Simpson op. cit p. 326 ibid, p. 3827 ibid

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this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have

identified two important tropes, of figure of speech.

Metaphor is a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains.

Like semantics, the domains are known as the target and the source domain. The

target domain is the topic or concept that we want to describe through the metaphor

while the source domain refers to the concept that we draw upon in order to create the

metaphorical construction.28

For example: she really blew her lid.

In this statement the target domain is our understanding of the concept of anger

because it is the concept we wish to describe through the metaphor. The relation

between metaphor and linguistic form is an indirect one, which means that we can

express the same conceptual metaphor through a variety of construction.

3. Approaches in Stylistics

In order to achieve some purposes, there are some approaches to define the

concept of style differently, such as:

1. “Dualism restricts style to those choices of manner rather than matter and of

expression rather than content. The dualist assumes the style as the dress of the

thought. It differs between what has to say and whom it is presented to the reader.

Another concept is style as a manner of expression. So, there are different ways to

convey the same content”.

28 Ibid.

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2. “Monism, in the contrary of dualism, argues about the inseparability of style.

According to them. It is a mistake to distinct between the form and the meaning”.

3. “Pluralism emphasizes the concept of the style in terms of language function.

This approach distinguishes various meaning according to the various function.

Language performs a number of different functions and any pieces of language

are likely to be the result of choices made on different functional levels.”29

C. Stylistics on Indirect Meaning.

Stylistics on indirect meaning is called Figure of Speech, which is separated at

two groups, they are rhetorical stylistic and illusion stylistic. Rhetorical stylistic

adalah penyimpangan dari tafsiran yang umum untuk mendapatkan efek tertentu

(Rhetorical stylistic is deviation from the usual construction to get certain effect).

Illusion stylistic adalah gaya penyimpangan yang sangat jauh dari makna sebenarnya

(Illusion stylistic is far deviation from the usual construction), especially at the

meaning of the sentence).30

The first is the rhetorical stylistic. There are some types, like:

1) Alliteration is repetition of the first sound of letter of a succession of word.

Usually, this style is used on poetry; prose, etc. for example sing a song of

sixpence.

29 Geoffrey N. Leech, Stylistics and Functionalism in Linguistics of Writing: Arguments BetweenLanguage and Literature, ( England: Manchester University), p. 15

30 Sukron Kamil, Kritik Sastra Arab: Teori Klasik dan Modern, ( Jakarta: UIN, 2004), p. 73

27

2) Assonance is agreement between stressed vowels in two words, but not in the

following consonants, for example Sharper and garter.

3) Apophasis is statement to explain something, but in fact, it denies something.

For example I don’t want to reveal to this forum that you have embezzled a

million rupiahs of state budget.

4) Euphemism is using of words with good aim to explain something. For

example Pass away is a euphemism for ‘die’.

The second is illusion stylistic. It is the first time in talking about comparison

or sameness. To compare something to another, it is trying to find sameness between

those things.31 Illusion stylistic can be called Figurative Language.

The kinds of figurative languages like personification, hyperbole, simile,

irony, metaphor, and metonymy are the categories of illusion stylistic. Here they are

that categories of illusion stylistic:

1. Simile is the comparison expressed by using of some words or phrases, such as

like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems.32

For example:

She groaned like a wolf. (cried hardly)

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in simile form. The word

‘like’ explains the comparison between human and animal. Where the human has

a same cried like a wolf.

31 Gotys Keraf, op.cit, p. 14032 Tom Mc Arthur, The Oxford Comparison to The English Language. ( New York: Oxford University,1992), p. 936

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Her eyes are like stars.


‘like’ explains the comparison between human and thing. Where the human eyes

have a same light like stars.

He raced for the goal line like an antelope.


‘like’ explains the comparison between human and animal. Where the human

power has a speedy race like an antelope.

2. Metaphor is language that directly connects seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a

figure of speech that connects two or more things. More generally, a metaphor

describes a first subject as being or equal to a second object in some way. Where with

few words, emotions and associations from one context are associated with objects

and entities in a different context. It compares two subjects without using 'like or

'as'.33

For example:

The king of jungle

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in metaphor form. The

word ‘king’ is compared to a jungle. The aim being to describe the king by taking

well-known attributes from a jungle.

33 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphor, ( London: University Chicago), p. 36

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All the world’s a stage

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in metaphor form. The

word ‘world’ is compared to a stage. The aim being to describe the world by

taking well-known attributes from a stage.

3. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal,

an object, or a concept, for instance our scare was increasing when the wind shouted

in the midnight.34

For example:

McDonald loves everyone.

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in personification form.

The above sample explains that the McDonald’s food has the attributes of human

being that to love eyeryone.

The diamonds are jealous of your beauty.


The above sample explains that the diamond has the attributes of human being.

The wind has hit my check at the beach.


The above sample explains that the wind has the attributes of human being. It can

hit someone like the human.

34 Bradford T. Stull, op. cit, p. 35

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4. Apostrophe is closely related to personification which consists in addressing

someone absent or dead or something non human as if that person or thing was

present and alive and able to reply to what is being said.

For example:

The speaker in A. E. Houseman’s said “To a dying young”. (a dead runner)

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in apostrophe form.

Apostrophe is addressing someone absent or dead or something non human as if

that person or thing was present and alive and able to reply to what is being said.

The above sample explains that the dead person as if presents and hears what

being said by the speaker.

5. Synecdoche is, by far, the strangest figurative language. It is the most unfamiliar

figurative language terms. As a word, however, it is rarely used in polite company. In

other word, synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole.35

For example:

I have a set of wheels = (car).

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in synecdoche form.

Synecdoche is a figurative language where the part stands for the whole. The

above sample explains a set of wheels is meant to the car that has a set of wheels.

35 Ibid, p. 36

31

We need strong bodies for our team = (strong men).



above sample explains strong body is meant to the man whom has a full body.

The cost is 500 dollars per head = (one person)



above sample explains the word ‘per head’ referred to person with whole body

whom must pay $500 per person.

6. Overstatement / Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement,

usually deliberate and not meant to be taken too literary.36

For example:

You could knock me over with a feather.

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in hyperbole form. The

above sample sentence is out of our mind. How the person could knock over with

a feather? The feather as if is big thing that can make someone hurt.

I will die if I don’t pass this course.

The above sentence is a form of figurative language in hyperbole form. The

above sample sentence is out of our mind. How will the person die if he fail this

course? The course as if is big danger that can make someone die. In fact, if the

36 Tom Mc Arthur, op. cit, p. 491

32

person fail this course, he could be anger by his parents or something bad happen

to him that could not make him die.

7. Irony is a rhetoric words with an implication opposite to their usual meaning.

Ironic is a comment, maybe humorous or mildly sarcastic.37

For example:

In a difficult moment, an act of kindness makes things worse, and someone

says: “well’ that’s a lot better, isn’t it?”

The above sentence is a form of figurative language irony form. Irony is a

rhetoric words with an implication opposite to their usual meaning. The above

sample explains someone in bad situation will help to make a better condition.

Unfortunately, the condition is going worse, then someone as if says that the

situation is better.

8. Analogy; is a comparison or correspondence between two things because of a third

element that they considered to share. An analogy is usually framed in order to

described or explain the nature of something.38

For example:

“…let me give you an analogy. Time is like river. Just as the river flows from

higher to lower ground, so time flows from the past into future.”

The above sentence is a form of figurative language analogy form. Analogy is

a comparison or correspondence between two things because of a third element

37 Ibid, p. 53238 Ibid, p. 63

33

that they considered to share. The above sample compares two things between

time and river. Both of them have same current that go straight from the higher to

the lower ground or the past into the future.

9. Metonymy is the use of word or phrase for another to which it bears an important

relation, as the effect of the cause, the abstract for the concrete and similar

constraction.

For example:

They dedicated their pens to the cause of peace.

The above sentence is a form of figurative language metonymy form. The

word ‘pens’ refers to the other name of the people. Because metonymy is the use

of word or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, thus the

Pens is the other name for the people whom make a peace condition.

The white house has decided for the President has decided.39

The above sentence is a form of figurative language metonymy form. The

word ‘white house’ refers to the President. Because metonymy is the use of word

or phrase for another to which it bears an important relation, thus the white house

is the other name as the President whom able to make decision for good.

D. Strength and Weakness of Stylistics.

A stylistic approach leaves from assumption that the function of language is

very important for literary work. Language is related to literature. If there is no

39 Laurence Urdang, The Random House Dictionary The English Language, (New York: RandomHouse, 1968), p. 191

34

language, there is no literature. The beauty of literary work is caused the ability of the

author to exploit the literary work. So, it will appear strength and beauty.40

A stylistic approach has strength and weakness. The strengths of stylistic

approaches like:

Being able to look into the problem of using the language more deeply.

Being able to look into where the strength of literary work is reach, like in

language side, concept, or correlation in both of them.

The weaknesses of stylistic approaches like:

Striving for the basic of linguistics in order to get to commit research paper

more clearly and detail.

If we do not carefully, it is easy to slip to be study of linguistics and it is

released from the study of literature.41

E. Message

1. The Definition of Message

A message in its most general meaning is an object of communication. It is

something which provides information; it can also be this information itself.

Therefore, its meaning is dependent upon the context in which it is used; the term

40 Atmazaki, Teori Sastra, ( Bandung: PT Angkasa, 1990), p. 8041 Ibid, p. 85

35

may apply to both the information and its form. A communiqué is a brief report or

statement released by a public agency.42

2. In Communications Science.

More precisely, in communications science, a message is information which is

sent from a source to a receiver. Some common definitions include:

Any thought or idea expressed in a language, prepared in a form suitable for

transmission by any means of communication.

An arbitrary amount of information whose beginning and end are defined or

implied.

In communication between humans, messages can be verbal or nonverbal:

A verbal message is an exchange of information using words. Examples

include face-to-face communication, telephone calls, voicemails, etc.

A nonverbal message is communicated through actions or behaviors rather

than words. Examples include the use of body language and the actions made

by an individual idea.

3. In Computer Science

There are two main senses of the word "message" in computer science:

messages passed within software, which may or may not be human-readable, and

42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages

36

human-readable messages delivered via computer software for person-to-person

communication.

Message passing is a form of communication used in concurrent and parallel

computing, object-oriented programming, and interprocess communication, where

communication is made by sending messages to recipients. In a related use of this

sense of a message, in object-oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk or

Java, a message is sent to an object, specifying a request for action. Instant messaging

and e-mail are examples of computer software designed for delivering human-

readable messages in formatted or unformatted text, from one person to another.

4. The Types of Messages

a. Air Mail

Airmail (or air mail) is mail that is transported by aircraft. It typically arrives

more quickly than surface mail, and usually costs more to send. Airmail may be

the only option for sending mail to some destinations, such as overseas, if the

mail cannot wait the time it would take to arrive by ship, sometimes weeks.

b. Air-speeded

The study of airmail is known as aerophilately. A postal service may

sometimes opt to transport some regular mail by air, perhaps because other

transportation is unavailable. It is usually impossible to know this by examining

an envelope, and such items are not considered "airmail." Generally, airmail

would take a guaranteed and scheduled flight and arrive first, while air-speeded

37

mail would wait for a non-guaranteed and merely available flight and would

arrive later than normal airmail.

A letter sent via airmail may be called an aerogramme, aerogram, air letter or

simply airmail letter. However, aerogramme and aerogram may also refer to a

specific kind of airmail letter which is its own envelope; see aerogram.

The choice to send a letter by air is indicated either by a handwritten note on

the envelope, by the use of special labels called airmail etiquettes, or by the use

of specially-marked envelopes. Special postage stamps may also be available, or

required; the rules vary in different countries.

c. Message in a bottle.

A message in a bottle is a form of communication whereby a message is

sealed in a container (archetypically a glass bottle, but could be any medium, so

long as it floats and remains waterproof) and released into the sea or ocean.

Such messages are not intended for a specific person, but to end up wherever the

currents carry them. Because of their simplicity they are often associated with

people stranded on a deserted island, attempting to be rescued. However, many

people release such messages for pleasure, to see how far their message can

travel and to make new friends. They are also used for scientific studies of

ocean currents. The phrase "message in a bottle" has also come to refer to any

message sent without an intended destination.

38

d. SMS

Short Message Service (SMS) is a communication service standardized in the

GSM mobile communication system, using standardized communications

protocols allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile

telephone devices. SMS text messaging is the most widely used data application

on the planet, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone

subscribers sending and receiving text messages on their phones. The SMS

technology has facilitated the development and growth of text messaging. The

connection between the phenomenon of text messaging and the underlying

technology is so great that in parts of the world the term "SMS" is used as a

synonym for a text message or the act of sending a text message, even when a

different protocol is being used.

SMS as used on modern handsets was originally defined as part of the GSM

series of standards in 1985 as a means of sending messages of up to 160

characters (including spaces), to and from GSM mobile handsets. Since then,

support for the service has expanded to include alternative mobile standards

such as ANSI CDMA networks and Digital AMPS, as well as satellite and

landline networks. Most SMS messages are mobile-to-mobile text messages,

though the standard supports other types of broadcast messaging as well.

e. Instant Messaging.

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or

more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via devices connected

39

over a network such as the Internet. Instant messaging (IM) are technologies

that create the possibility of real-time text-based communication between two or

more participants over the internet or some form of internal network/intranet. It

is important to understand that what separates chat and instant messaging from

technologies such as e-mail is the perceived synchronicity of the communication

by the user - Chat happens in real-time. Some systems allow the sending of

messages to people not currently logged on (offline messages), thus removing

much of the difference between Instant Messaging and e-mail.

IM allows effective and efficient communication, featuring immediate receipt

of acknowledgment or reply. In certain cases Instant Messaging involves

additional features, which make it even more popular, i.e. to see the other party,

e.g. by using web-cams, or to talk directly for free over the Internet.

It is possible to save a conversation for later reference. Instant messages are

typically logged in a local message history which closes the gap to the persistent

nature of e-mails and facilitates quick exchange of information like URLs or

document snippets (which can be unwieldy when communicated via telephone).

F. Moral Message.

1. Definition of Moral.

A moral is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event.

The moral may be left to the hearer, reader or viewer to determine for themselves, or

may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. As an example of the latter, at the end of

Aesop's fable of the Tortoise and the Hare, in which the plodding and determined

40

tortoise wins a race against the much-faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the moral is

"slow and steady wins the race". The use of stock characters is a means of conveying

the moral of the story by eliminating complexity of personality and so spelling out the

issues arising in the interplay between the characters, enabling the writer to make

clear the message. With more rounded characters, such as those typically found in

Shakespeare's plays, the moral may be more nuanced but no less present, and the

writer may point it up in other ways.43

Throughout the history of recorded literature, the majority of fictional writing

has served not only to entertain but also to instruct, inform or improve their audiences

or readership. In classical drama, for example, the role of the chorus was to comment

on the proceedings and draw out a message for the audience to take away with them;

while the novels of Charles Dickens are a vehicle for morals regarding the social and

economic system of Victorian Britain.

Morals have typically been more obvious in children's literature, sometimes

even being introduced with the phrase, "The moral of the story is …". Such explicit

techniques have grown increasingly out of fashion in modern storytelling, and are

now usually only included for ironic purposes. As Oscar Wilde observes wryly, The

good ended happily, and the bad unhappily. That is what Fiction means.

Some examples are: "Better to be safe than sorry", "The evil deserves no aid",

"Be friends with whom you don't like", "Don't judge people by the way they look",

43 http://www.answers.com/topic/moral

41

"Sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me" and "Slow and

steady wins the race".

42

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDING

A. Description of Data

The writer uses the short story Mother’s Hair by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas on the

Jakarta Post as the object as a research. The literary work of short story comes from

the Jakarta Post newspaper on May 20, 2007. As I have mentioned that the data are

collected from the newspaper of the Jakarta Post. The data that the writer obtains can

be presented on the table below.

No. Sentences Type

1. “She seldom talked anyone, including me. She merely spokeas she needed. But when she talked, her words sounded verycool and tranquil.”

Hyperbole

2. “There was a feeling gently caressing my heart, such that Iwas not capable of questioning her abrupt change ofbehavior.”

Personification

3. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heartbecause I was still a small kid. I was busy as a bee, fling kiteswith friends after school, finding eels in the paddy fields thatthen we baked together, and sometime chasing the whiteherons until reaching the neighboring village.”

Simile

4. “Tunggal, my son, goes to the guava tree beside our house.The tree has born fruit. Suddenly my mother told me upon myarrival at home after chasing kites. She was by the window,combing her long hair.”

Personification

5. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heartbecause I was still a small kid…”

Personification

43

6. “I headed directly toward the tree. Soon I climbed its sturdytrunk. My tiny body did not make it away, the tree steadilystanding erect.”

Personification

7. “In its boughs, I saw the fruit with light yellow skin. Iimagined their pink edible flesh. Quickly, the fruit filled myhungry stomach.”

Personification

8. “From the tree I saw the woman walking hastily, lookingmorose. She seemed to burn with anger. I kept watching her,and it turned out that she headed toward my house.”

Hyperbole

9. “In front of the door she called out to my mother with filthywords. Then she pounded at the door. It flew open and hit thewall. Again, the woman yelled and she looked as though shewere possessed by an evil spirit.”

Personification

10. “When finally the woman found her, my heart beat hard.What should she do to my mother? when I saw a blackshadow pulling at mother`s hair, accompanied by a howl, likea wolf.”

Simile

11. “I was so scared that I shut my eyes and ears. But my fingersmanaged to open the eyelashes that were trying to unite. Icould see what was happening.”

Personification

12. “My mother’s hair was being repeatedly dragged. But itseemed that she didn’t fell anything. She played it cool. Therewas an urge to assist her, but it was as though a tree huggedme tightly.”

Personification

13. “Besides, the tree, suddenly flapping backwards andforwards in the wind, made me afraid.”

Personification

14. “I heard mother’s voice, singing a song whose meaning I didnot understand. Her voice was very gentle and heaved in aslow rhythm as though it followed a breath of wind movingaround the leaves of a guava tree.”

Personification

15. “Mother didn’t say a word. She kept combing her hair,reciting the song that sounded softer. Her eyes gazed at thesun, whose light was becoming dimmer. Dusk was falling.Before long, her eyes would stare at the moon. Then, themoonlight would move to mother’s eyes.”

Personification

44

16. “She never changed, always combing her handsome hair. Thechange was just the color of her hair. Brownish.”

Personification

17. “Day by day we got closer. Finally, we pledged to sailtogether in the ocean of love, aiming to reach the promisedland.”

Hyperbole

18. “All of the sudden, the sunlight entered the room through theopen window, touching my mother’s hair. Her wind-blownhair shone like a polished diamond, my eyes not blinking.”

Simile

B. Analysis of Data

In this part, the writer uses the data from the underlined sentences in the quoted

paragraphs. The first analysis, the writer writes the sentence and he explains the

meaning using stylistic ways. The last, the writer explains the message contained in

the sentences of the short story Mother’s Hair.

1. “She seldom talked anyone, including me. She merely spoke as she needed. Butwhen she talked, her words sounded very cool and tranquil.”

a. Meaning

Her words (= sound) sounded (= make produce sound) very cool and tranquil

(= calm and quite). The sentence above explains that the mother’s sound is

very soft and calm. Thereby, her words can make the hot situation into calm

situation.

b. Type of Figurative Language

The sentence “Her words sounded very cool and tranquil” is categorized as

Hyperbole.

45

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence

‘her words sounded very cool and tranquil’ is a hyperbole form. Because

Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually

deliberate and not meant to be taken too literary. How the sound is able to be

cool and tranquil? Usually, we can find the terms ‘cool’ and ‘tranquil’ in the

mountains area.

2. “There was a feeling gently caressing my heart, such that I was not capable ofquestioning her abrupt change of behavior.”

a. Meaning

There was a feeling gently caressing (= the sense of touch showing love) my

heart (= center of the emotions). The sentence means that his feeling about his

mother is always approved by him. Because his mother is always making her

son calm and comfortable, her son always loves his mother.


The sentence “There was a feeling gently caressing my heart” is categorized

as Personification.

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘a

feeling gently caressing my heart’ means that the sentence above is

personification form. Personification gives the attributes of a human being to

an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb ‘caressing’ shows the attributes

46

of the human being and usually used by human being to express his emotion

to someone. The word ‘feeling’ at the sentence ‘a feeling gently caressing my

heart’ as if is a living one that like a human is able to caress or huge someone.

3. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I was stilla small kid. I was busy as a bee, fling kites with friends after school, finding eelsin the paddy fields that then we baked together, and sometime chasing the whiteherons until reaching the neighboring village.”

a. Meaning

I was busy (= having much to do) as a bee (= stinging insect that produces

wax and honey after gathering nectar from the flowers). The sentence is

describing that the child plays with his friends and is always busy every day to

waste his time on playing together with his friends like flying kites, chasing

each other, etc.


The sentence “I was busy as a bee” is categorized as Simile.

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is a Figurative Language form. The sentence

‘I was busy as a bee’ is a simile form. Simile is the comparison expressed by

using of some words or phrases, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles,

or seems. The word ‘as’ is explaining that the sentence is a simile, because

simile is expressed by the use of some words or phrases, such as like, as,

similar to, or seems. It is explaining that he was busy playing with friends as a

bee searching flowers to make a honey.

47

4. “Tunggal, my son, goes to the guava tree beside our house. The tree has bornefruit. Suddenly my mother told me upon my arrival at home after chasing kites.She was by the window, combing her long hair.”

a. Meaning

The tree (= perennial plant with a single self-supporting trunk of wood with

no branches for some distance above the ground) has borne (= coming into

the world) fruit (= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food). The

sentence means that the tree always produces the fruit every year. Those fruits

can be eaten by everyone. So, it is very useful for human being.


The sentence “The tree has borne fruit” is categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons


‘the tree has borne fruit’ is personification form. Personification gives the

attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb

‘borne’ is usually used to express human being attribute. The words ‘the tree’

at the sentence ‘the tree has borne the fruit’ are found human attributes like

the tree uses the lifestyle as human characteristics. The author wants to tell the

tree can produce the fruit like a human can produces a baby.

48

5. “To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I was stilla small kid…”

a. Meaning

Her change (= changed or different condition) did not thoroughly tease (=

annoy) my heart (= center of emotion). The sentence above explains that the

mother and her behavior are usual thing for her son.


The sentence “Her change did not thoroughly tease my heart” is categorized

as Personification.

c. Reasons


‘her change did not thoroughly tease my heart’ is personification form.

Because Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of human being

to an animal, an object, or a concept. The words ‘her change’ is described as

mother’s condition. This time, however,mother’s change as if is a living thing

that able to annoy or tease someone’s heart as a human being.

6. “I headed directly toward the tree. Soon I climbed its sturdy trunk. My tiny bodydid not make it away, the tree steadily standing erect.”

a. Meaning

The tree (= perennial plant with a single self-supporting trunk of wood with

no branches for some distance above the ground) steadily standing erect (= an

upright position standing on end). The big tree is a big thing with strong trunk

and many branches and leaves, so, it can stand erect.

49


The sentence “The tree steadily standing erect” is categorized as

Personification.

c. Reasons


‘the tree steadily standing erect’ is personification form. Personification gives

the attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb

‘standing’ is usually used by human being. The words ‘the tree’ at the

sentence ‘the tree steadily standing erect’ explain that ‘the tree’ has the

attributes of human things. The tree seems as if it were a person that can stand

strongly.

7. “In its boughs, I saw the fruit with light yellow skin. I imagined their pink edibleflesh. Quickly, the fruit filled my hungry stomach.”

a. Meaning

The fruit (= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food) filled (=

occupy all the space in) my hungry stomach (= hunger bag-like part of

alimentary canal into which food passes to be digested). The fruit is like a

usual meal. It can be eaten. The fruits exist on the tree having many vitamins

and having many advantages for humans who want to be health.


The sentence “The fruit filled my hungry stomach” is categorized as

Personification.

50

c. Reasons


‘the fruit filled my hungry stomach’ is personification form. Personification is

consisting in giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a

concept. The verb ‘filled’ is usually done by human being. The word ‘fruit’ at

the sentence ‘the fruit filled my hungry stomach’ is imputing human quality.

The word ‘fruit’ can fill a meal to someone and make them satisfied like a

human can serve to someone else and make them satisfied.

8. “From the tree I saw the woman walking hastily, looking morose. She seemed toburn with anger. I kept watching her, and it turned out that she headed toward myhouse.”

a. Meaning

She seemed to burn (= she could be destroy by fire) with anger (= the feeling

that makes people want to quarrel). This sentence explains about the woman

who is very angry to someone. She cannot control her anger and emotion by

herself.


The sentence “She seemed to burn with anger” is categorized as Hyperbole.

c. Reasons


‘she seemed to burn with anger’ is hyperbole form. Hyperbole is a rhetorical

term for exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be

taken too literary. The verb ‘burn’ is usually used by fire. The words “burn

51

with anger” at the sentence ‘she seemed to burn with anger’ is out of our

mind. How can she burn with anger? It is possible for people to believe. The

word ‘anger’ as if is a fire which able to burn anything.

9. “In front of the door she called out to my mother with filthy words. Then shepounded at the door. It flew open and hit the wall. Again, the woman yelled andshe looked as though she were possessed by an evil spirit.”

a. Meaning

It flew open (= the door moves through the air as a bird does) and hit the wall

(= give a blow or stroke to the wall). The door is opened by a rude woman

hardly until it seems flying and hitting something with hard noise.


The sentence “It flew open and hit the wall” is categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘it

flew open and hit the wall’ is analogy form. Personification is consisting in

giving the attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The

verbs ‘flew’ and ‘hit’ are usually used by life things. In this sentence the

author uses the Personification, because at the sentence ‘it flew open and hit

the wall’, he conceived the word ’it’ refers to ‘the door’ that have the

attributes of life things, especially human and bird. The First, the door is

descibed like a bird because it can fly on the sky. The Second, it is like a

human, because it can hit the wall, just like a humans being that they can hit

something.

52

10. “When finally the women found her, my heart beat hard. What should she do tomy mother? Then I saw a black shadow pulling at mother’s hair, accompanied bya howl, like a wolf.”

a. Meaning

The above sentence, accomplished by a howl (= perform by long cry of a

person in pain), like a wolf (= flesh-eating animal of the dog family). The

sentence explains that the woman is screaming hardly until make someone

around afraid of her screaming. She makes her scream as if a wolf groaning in

the jungle on the midnight.


The sentence “Accomplished by a howl, like a wolf” is categorized as Simile.

c. Reasons

The underlined sentence simile form. Simile is the comparison expressed by

using of some words or phrases, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles,

or seems. We can see from the word ‘like’ at the words ‘like a wolf’ is a simile

form. It explains about two women quarrelsome each other. One of them is

pulling out the rude words and her voice is screaming like a wolf. The word

‘like’ is explaining the comparison expressed by the use of some words. It

compares between a howl of woman and wolf.

53

11. “I was so scared that I shut my eyes and ears. But my fingers managed to openthe eyelashes that were trying to unite. I could see what was happening.”

a. Meaning

My fingers (= the five member at the end of the hand) managed to open the

eyelashes (= control to make open row of hairs) that were trying to unite (= do

something to become one). The truly meaning is the son who doesn’t want to

see the quarrel to his mother with his steep mother. He has not courage to see

that. He finally decides to see what is happening about his mother.


The sentence “My fingers managed to open the eyelashes that were trying too

unit” is categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons


‘But my fingers managed to open the eyelashes that were trying to unite’ is

personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of

human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The word ‘open’ is usually

human activity. The words ‘my finger’ at the sentence ‘But my fingers

managed to open the eyelashes that were trying to unite’ is a part of human,

but in this word ‘finger’ as if a whole person that can manage to open

eyelashes.

54

12. “My mother’s hair was being repeatedly dragged. But it seemed that she didn’tfell anything. She played it cool. There was an urge to assist her, but it was asthough a tree hugged me tightly.”

a. Meaning

It was as though a tree hugged me tightly (= part of tree that contains the seed

and is used as food that put the arms round tightly). The sentence above

means that a son seeing his mother is repeatedly dragged. He wants to assist

her because he doesn’t have any heart to see his mother being pain. He so

scared and keep his body on the tree to see the event.


The sentence “It was as though a tree hugged me tightly” is categorized as

Personification.

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘it

was as though a tree hugged me tightly’ is a personification form.

Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of a human being to an

animal, an object, or a concept. The verb ‘hugged’ is imputing human activity.

In this time, the word ‘tree’ at the sentence ‘a tree hugged me tightly’ is

showing human activity. Human being is usually able to huge somebody, this

time, non-human is as if it were able to huge somebody tightly.

55

13. “Besides, the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, mademe afraid.”

a. Meaning

The tree (= part of tree that contains the seed and is used as food), suddenly

flapping backwards and forwards in the wind (= move up and down or from

side to side in the air). The sentence explains about the wind, moving around

the branches of tree backwards and forwards, makes the tree as though it lived

and the son is being afraid about it.


The sentence “The tree suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the

wind” is categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons


‘the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made me

afraid’ is a personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the

attributes of a human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The verb

‘flapping’ is usually human activity. In the word ‘tree’ here at the sentence

‘the tree, suddenly flapping backwards and forwards in the wind, made me

afraid’ has the attributes of human being. It can flap someone as if it is a life.

It can do activity like human being.

56

14. “I heard mother’s voice, singing a song whose meaning I did not understand. Hervoice was very gentle and heaved in a slow rhythm as though it followed a breathof wind moving around the leaves of a guava tree.”

a. Meaning

Her voice was very gentle and heaved (= sounds made when speaking quite

and weight) in a slow rhythm (= regular succession of weak stresses) as

though it followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of guava tree (=

as if the sounds go single act of taking in and sending out in air among the

leaves of the tree). The sentence means that the voice is like melody of music.

It can make the soul calm and silent.


The sentence “It followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of guava

tree” is categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons

The underlined sentence above is Figurative Language form. The sentence ‘it

followed a breath of wind moving around the leaves of a guava tree’ is

personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of

human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The word ‘it’ which has a

beautiful sound refers to ‘mother voice’ that has attributes of human being.

Thus, the word ‘it’ as if is a life and able to walk to follow the breath current

of wind moving.

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15. “Mother didn’t say a word. She kept combing her hair, reciting the song thatsounded softer. Her eyes gazed at the sun, whose light was becoming dimmer.Dusk was falling. Before long, her eyes would stare at the moon. Then, themoonlight would move to mother’s eyes.”

a. Meaning

The moonlight would move to mother’s eyes (= light of the moon will change

position to mother’s eyes). The sentence means that the moonlight is beautiful

thing, so, the mother wants to see the moonlight as same as her beautiful eyes.


The sentence “Then, the moonlight would move to mother’ eyes” is

categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons

The underlined above sentence is a Figurative Language form. The sentence

‘then, the moonlight would move to mother’ eyes’ is personification form.

Personification is consisting in giving the attributes of a human being to an

animal, an object, or a concept. The verb ‘move’ at the sentence ‘then, the

moonlight would move to mother’ eyes’ is usually for human being. This time,

the word ‘moonlight’ has the attribute of human being. It can move

somewhere as same as humans. The God gives only to human being who is

able to move somewhere as they like.

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16. “She never changed, always combing her handsome hair. The change was justthe color of her hair. Brownish.”

a. Meaning

She never changed (= she never become different), always combing her

handsome hair (= keep use a comb on her good hair). The writer defines that

the sentence wants to show a good hair or beautiful mother’s hair.


The sentence “She never changed, always combing her handsome hair” is

categorized as Personification.

c. Reasons

The writer thinks that the underlined above sentence is Figurative Language

form. The sentence ‘she never changed, always combing her handsome hair’

is an personification form. Personification is consisting in giving the

attributes of human being to an animal, an object, or a concept. The short

story Mother’s Hair explained about beautiful mother’s hair that seemed as a

person. Thus, the personification is handsome hair like handsome person. Just

as handsome person is a charming or beautiful person, so handsome hair is a

beautiful long hair.

17. “Day by day we got closer. Finally, we pledged to sail together in the ocean oflove, aiming to reach the Promised Land.”

a. Meaning

We pledge to sail together (= they promise each other to move forward across

the sea in company) in ocean of love (= in the great body of water full of

59

fondness). The words ‘ocean of love is symbolizing two people loving each

other, so, they will live together forever. Those words are not only

symbolizing it, but, it means that they will face any problems and solve them

together.


The sentence “We pledge to sail together in ocean of love” is categorized as

Hyperbole.

c. Reasons

The underlined sentence above is Figurative Language form. The words ‘the

ocean of love’ is the hyperbole form. Hyperbole is a rhetorical term for

exaggeration or overstatement, usually deliberate and not meant to be taken

too literary. The author symbolizes the words ‘the ocean of love’ as the people

who are falling in love. Actually, the ocean is a preserve of a large region of

seawater. This time, however, the ocean is not containing of seawater, instead

of full love.

18. “All of the sudden, the sunlight entered the room through the open window,touching my mother’s hair. Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond,my eyes not blinking.”

a. Meaning

Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond (= her light hairs that

similar to brilliant precious stone of pure carbon in crystallized form flow as a

current air). The sentence means that mother’s hair is very shiny and

60

beautiful. The beauty of her hair is admired by her son and her hair as though

the diamond in which many people loves it.


The sentence “Her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond” is

categorized as Simile.

c. Reasons

The writer finds that the underlined sentence is Figurative Language form.

The sentence ‘her wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond’ is a simile

form. Simile is expressed by using of some words or phrases, such as like, as,

than, similar to, resembles, or seems. The word ‘like’ at the sentence ‘her

wind-blown hair shone like a polished diamond’ is pointing a simile. It

explains about mother’s beautiful hair is shining as same as diamond, so, the

word ‘like’ is showing the comparison between beautiful hair and polished

diamond.

C. Messages

Throughout the short story, the majority of fictional writing has served not

only to entertain but also to instruct, inform or improve their audiences or readership.

The message from the short story Mother’s Hair is the role of the mother was to

comment on the proceedings and draw out a message for the readers to respect our

parents. There are fews reasons that we have to respect our parents, especially

mother. For instance sentence:

61

“She merely spoke as she needed. But when she talked, her words soundedvery cool and tranquil”

on the short story Mother’ Hair’s is describing about mother whom always gives for

the best to her children and always makes her children comfortable near her. Then,

she is never counting her goodness to her children and hoping to the best future to

them.

Besides, we as children do not ever hurt mother’s heart. Because, mother is

never speaking rudely about something or to someone and always telling the

goodness for her children. As the sample sentence:

“Her voice was very gentle and heaved in a slow rhythm as though it followeda breath of wind moving around the leaves of a guava tree”

on the short story Mother’s Hair is describing the goodness of mother whom cool and

calm in speaking to someone and she always teaches her children to solve any

problem through the peaceful way.

Other reason is mother whom always will take care her children and will not

make her children worry as well as make her children being happy. We can see from

the sample sentence:

“To begin with, her change did not thoroughly tease my heart because I wasstill a small kid”

on the short story Mother’s Hair is showing the love of mother to her children.

Mother has grown up her children full of love, thus, if those children have grown up,

they must take care of their mother. The kindness of mother is unchangable with

anything in the world.

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Chapter IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Hamzah Puadi Ilyas published his short story Mother’s Hair on the Jakarta Post

Newspaper. The story told the mother with her long beautiful hairs and her son live

together without father. He wanted to show about the mother always loves her

children so much from that story.

The wirter analyzes the passages of short story which contain figure of speech

from that story. The analyzes are including the detection of figure of speech, the

determination of kind of them, and the explanation of their meaning.

Based on the analysis of 18 kinds of the sentences in short story Mother’s Hair on

the Jakarta Post by Hamzah Puadi Ilyas that has been made, The writer finds eighteen

of figurative languages in the short story Mother’s Hair. Mostly, the personification

forms used by an author in making his short story. Another figurative languages that

the writer finds in 18 kinds of sentences containing figurative language in each

paragraphs are metonymy, analogy, hyperbole, simile, metaphor. There are the

messages given by the writer in order to know what the meaning contained from each

sentences for the readers.

From that description, the writer concludes that the short story Mother’s Hair and

stylistics have relationship. And this relationship can be seen when the writer

63

discusses the intrinsic elements to find the esthetic language from figurative

language.

Therefore, the correlation between literary work and stylistics is reflected in

Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s short story Mother’s Hair. In this story, Hamzah Puadi Ilyas

described the condition of family through his main character; the mother as single

parent. In this character, Hamzah Puadi Ilyas described the goodness of mother for

her son, moral message, and the esthetic language of story from stylistics, that

contained in this short story. This is true that the stylistics of the writer is reflected in

his work.

B. suggestion

So far, through the analysis has been conducted carefully, the writer is going to

suggest to the readers have to know the branches of Linguistics, especially the study

of Stylistics. Usually, in reading literary work many readers know from aspect

meaning and their understanding about the content of story. They, however, do not

realize about another sides, there are many interesting ways in reading literary work.

One way is recognizing non-literal meaning, stylistics. Stylistics is close to

literary criticism and practical criticism. By far the most common kind of material

studied is literary, and attention is largely text-centred. More over, the texts popularly

studied tend to be those regarded as important in English studies. Stylistics also draws

eclectically on trends in literary theory.

64

Another interesting ways in reading literary work is adding by the other reasons,

such as Gender, Stylistic, Feminism, Character, and Plot. Plot containing about

happiness, such as romantic story, and humorous story, or sadness story, is part of

literary work.

65

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atmazaki. Teori Sastra. Bandung: PT Angkasa, 1990.

Baugh, Albert C. History of The English Language. USA: D. AppletonCentury Company, 1935.

Drs. Jabrohim. Metode Penelitian Sastra. Jakarta: Hanindita, 2002.

Farkhan, Muhammad. Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Cella, 2006.

Fromkin, Victoria. An Introduction To Language. New York: Harcourt Brace,1998.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages

http://www.answers.com/topic/moral

Ilyas, Hamzah Puadi. Mother`s Hair; Short Story. Jakarta: Jakarta Post May20, 2007

Kamil, Sukron. Kritik Sastra Arab: Teori Klasik dan Modern. Jakarta: UINPress, 2004.

Keraf, Gorys. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 1984.

Kreidles, Charlaes W. Introducing English Semantics. New York: Rout ledge,1998.

Kushartanti, et. al. Pesona Bahasa Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik.Jakarta: PT. Gramedia, 2005.

Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Metaphor. London: University Chicago.

Leech, Geoffrey N, Michael H. Short, Style in Fiction. English.

Leech, Geoffrey N. Stylistics and Functionalism in Linguistics of Writing:Arguments Between Language and Literature. England: ManchesterUniversity.

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Lester, Mark. Reading in Applied Transformational Grammar. NewYork: University of Hawaii, 1969.

McArthur,Tom. The Oxford Comparison to The English Language. NewYork: Oxford University, 1992.

Microsoft Encarta Premium, 2006. http://www.encarta.com. , June 08,2007.

Palmer, F.R. Semantic A New Outline. New York: Cambridge University,1997.

Pateda, Mansur. Semantik Leksikal. Ende: Nusa Indah, 1980.

Seed, John I. Semantics. Blackwell: Australia, 2003.

Simpson, Paul. Stylistic: A Resource Book For The Student. New York: RoutLedge, 2004.

Suyuti, Prof. Dr. Suminto A. Berkenalan Dengan Fiksi. Jakarta: Gama Media,1994.

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Wales, Katie. A Dictionary Of Stylistic. New York: Longman, 1991.

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APPENDIX

SHORT STORY

Mother’s HairBy Hamzah Puadi Ilyas

Mother changed out of the

blue. She was fond of combing her

hair.

Almost every time – morning,

noon, night – she sat by the window,

combing her hair with an implement

made of buffalo horn, her eyes staring

at the sky. At night she observed the

moon intently, whereas in daylight she

eyed the sun.

She seldom talked to anyone,

including me. She merely spoke as she

needed. But, when she talked, her

words sounded very cool and tranquil.

There was a feeling gently

caressing my heart, such that I was not

capable of questioning her abrupt

change of behavior.

To begin with, her change did

not thoroughly tease my heart because

I was still a small kid. I was busy as a

bee, flying kites with friends after

school, finding eels in the paddy fields

that then we baked together, and

sometimes chasing the white herons

until reaching the neighboring village.

In that village, according to

some, I had a new mother. They said

my father had married a rich widow.

I heard through the grapevine

that my father simply wanted to get

rich by exploiting his handsome

appearance. They also said that by

tying knot with her, my father did not

need to work as an ojek (motorcycle

taxi) driver anymore.

*****

“Tunggal, my son, go to the

guava tree beside our house. The tree

has borne fruit.” Suddenly my mother

told me upon my arrival at home after

chasing kites. She was by the window,

combing by her long hair.

I headed directly toward the

tree. Soon

“THE STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON HAMZAH PUADI ILYAS’repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/8303/1...Achmad Gozali, The Stylistic Analysis Hamzah Puadi Ilyas’s Short Story

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