Agricultural Development in Korea as Inspiration for Optimizing Food Security in Pakistan: A Review

Khan et al.

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

REVIEW PAPER

Agricultural Development

Optimizing Food Security in Pakistan: A Review

Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan

1College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Bahadur Campus, Layyah

2Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan

Keywords:Agriculture, food security, Korea, Pakistan, Development

ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays a vital role in food security

are lacking modern infrastructure to enhance agricultural production and consequently the food security

comes at risk. South Korea has improved the agricultural experience over the past decades

development has been noted in major agricultural sectors. Progressive achievement has been seen over the

years in many sectors. Food sector came up with the advancements right from the manufacture until the final

consumption or storage. Reforestation has also been considered as one of major advancements indirectly

supplementing the food security in South Korea. Development in horticultural and grain crops was also driven

by the aim of self-sufficiency. Advanced level post

crops. Livestock sector also diversified over the past few decades, resulted into an increased availability of red

meat, eggs, milk and associated products. Increased demand of white meat and sea weeds were compens

promotion of aquaculture to the grass root level. Management of all these sectors became possible by

conservation of resources especially water conservation and, most crucially, via development of renewable

sources of energy that facilitated all th

managed by a well-crafted, consistent and practical agricultural policy that led towards expansion and

progress of Agriculture in Korea. On the other hand, Pakistan, being a pure agricultura

behind in all the sectors. Agricultural development in South Korea, in selected sectors, presents a model for

developing countries, especially Pakistan, to increase productivity and foreign exchange. Per capita availability

and food security can be boosted by implementing major policies as devised by South Korea

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

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International Journal of Biological Sciences (IJBS)

ISSN: 2313

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Vol. 01, No. 04

OPEN ACCESS

Developments in South Korea as Inspiration for


Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan1*, Shafqat Saeed1, 2, Hafiza Tahira Gul

College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Bahadur Campus, Layyah-

Faculty of Agricultural Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-60000, Pakistan

Agriculture, food security, Korea, Pakistan, Development, food policies

Agriculture plays a vital role in food security mainly through facilitating food demands. Developing countries


comes at risk. South Korea has improved the agricultural experience over the past decades



eforestation has also been considered as one of major advancements indirectly


sufficiency. Advanced level post-harvest technologies ensured the better insurance of these


meat, eggs, milk and associated products. Increased demand of white meat and sea weeds were compens



sources of energy that facilitated all the agricultural sectors. All of these advances were controlled and

crafted, consistent and practical agricultural policy that led towards expansion and

progress of Agriculture in Korea. On the other hand, Pakistan, being a pure agricultural country, is lagging



ecurity can be boosted by implementing major policies as devised by South Korea.

[email protected] Phone Number: +92-345-6186426

P a g e | 17

2014

International Journal of Biological Sciences (IJBS)

ISSN: 2313-3740 (Online)

http://www.dnetrw.com

4, p. 17-48, 2014

OPEN ACCESS

Korea as Inspiration for


, Hafiza Tahira Gul2

-31200, Pakistan

60000, Pakistan

, food policies

mainly through facilitating food demands. Developing countries


comes at risk. South Korea has improved the agricultural experience over the past decades and a consistent



eforestation has also been considered as one of major advancements indirectly


ies ensured the better insurance of these


meat, eggs, milk and associated products. Increased demand of white meat and sea weeds were compensated by



e agricultural sectors. All of these advances were controlled and

crafted, consistent and practical agricultural policy that led towards expansion and

l country, is lagging



.

Khan et al. P a g e | 18

Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2014


INTRODUCTION

Agriculture has been contributing to feed

billions around the world (Cohen, 1995).

Green revolution has resulted in doubling the

crop production mainly due to optimum

application of fertilizer rate, management of

soil, water and pesticide application and

introduction of new varieties (FAO, 2001). The

trend of this revolution has increased the per

capita availability of food items (WHO, 1990).

Hunger reduction accompanied by better

nutritional availability is some of other

benefits of agricultural developments towards

sustainability (Waggoner, 1995). Year 2050 is

coming up with even greater challenge with a

doubled population rate and in turn, double

food needs (Alexandratos, 1999). Global food

security has become an area of wide interest

due to this challenge (Ruttan, 1999). However,

at the same time, environmental integrity and

ecosystem security cannot be neglected

(Vitousek et al. 1997).

Agriculturists play an important role towards

development of food production plans and in

coming decade will serve as the most

important component of any society (Tilman

et al., 2002). This sector is heavily contributing

towards socio-economic development in

many countries especially the developing

ones. Dependence on agriculture is mainly to

fulfill the food and shelter needs. It is a

dilemma that people working for

development of this important sector of

economy are facing many barriers that are not

faced by any other sector. A great share of the

world population is depending directly or

indirectly from agricultural related

businesses.Many issues are faced by the

developing countries of the world. Developed

countries like Korea have more advanced

system of agricultural education, research and

extension services (Hahn, 2013)

Despite of tremendous growth in production

of agricultural products, most of the world

population is not able to fetch enough energy

from the diet. Malnourishment is result of

decreased food availability per capita. Past

fifty years have been noticed for a remarkable

development in the food sector. A per capita

increase in the food consumption has also

been noted indicating a definite improvement

in food security. About 1/7 of population is

still deficient in the protein and micronutrient

deficiencies. The new challenge is not the food

production rather a perfect plan to feed the

over increasing population. So, in order to

increase the per unit area yield of agricultural

commodities, it is feasible to adopt modern

practices so as to meet the demand posed by




increasing rate of population (Godfray et al.,

2010).

Following are some areas in which Korea has

done remarkable development over the past

few years. Situation in Pakistan will also be

discussed to indicate the gap and that is

already present. The reasons are given against

each sector to highlight the main areas that

need immediate attention by policy makers

and implementation organizations in

Pakistan.

1. Food Industry

Sustainable development stands for the ability

of one generation to meet up their needs

without any threat to next generation (United

Nations General Assembly, 1987). Future food

needs are increasing with the passage of time

due to increase in population. Due to

development in the production of agricultural

commodities, it has become possible to save

life of billions around the globe (Rivera and

Qamar, 2003). With the increase in the global

food production, self-sufficiency is one of the

main targets set by the developed as well as

the developing nations. Green revolution has

made it possible to achieve these targets but

due to intensive agricultural practices, it has

become evident that ecosystem and climatic

changes will definitely threat the productivity

of future generations (Federoff et al., 2010).

Target of greater production has aggravated

the priority for quantity over quality (Morris

and Sands, 2006). Shelf life of the food, weight

and yield are some of the characters that are

prioritized by the farmers and researchers of

the developing countries (Prinzo and De

Benoist, 2002; Bouis, 2002). However, there is

need to learn from the expansion of quality

food services in the developed nations like

South Korea to streamline the policies in

developing nations.

1.1 Development in Korea

When some sectors of Korea developed and

added a valuable share in the economy of the

country, then the family level status was also

increased and the families started to use

processed food. This change created a link

between the local agriculture sector and food

industry. Food manufacturing, packaging,

marketing, transportation and services of

wholesale, retail and storage are all included

in food industry (McMichael, 1994). Korean

government introduced many management

systems for the certification and safety of

agricultural food products and processed

food. After many efforts, it was noticed that

from 2000 to 2008 food industry put an

increasing share of 54.2% to 63.2% in the

industry that is related to agriculture (Park et

al., 2008) Food processing industry value




addition was increased from 1998 to 2009 that

was 8.6 trillion won and 14 trillion won,

respectively. It should be kept in mind this all

addition in economy was done only by small

business of food processing (Korea Food

Industry Association, 2014)

In the same way when we observe food

service industry, many changes are noticed

that contributed a lot in the economy of the

country. This contribution was increased from

20-22% until 2008. Main reason behind its

development were an ascent in women

participation in the industry as labor,

expanding people’s interests in health and

leisureliness and a great change in eating

habits that made people relaxed toward

processed food. A significant change occurred

in lifestyles and people shifted from the fresh

cut produce to the packaged food that is

ready to eat, causing a change in technologies

of transportation and distribution. It increased

the size of food supply industry from 2000 to

2005 that was about 10 trillion won to 12.8

trillion won respectively. This caused the

processing of 7% of total local vegetable

production (New Zealand Trade and

Enterprise, 2012)

Strong link can be seen between the

agriculture and food industry in South Korea.

Role of agriculture to the development of the

country’s economy is by an active role in

improved health of people and the food

industry (Beghin et al., 2003). Here a symbiotic

relationship occurs in the sense that

agriculture supplies high quality fresh

products and the food industry uses these

products as maximum as possible to enhance

the value added of agriculture. This symbiotic

relationship of two industries recognizes the

active participation of agriculture for the

economy and cultural heritage of the country.

The conclusion of this linkage is that food

industry is a motive force for the progress of

agriculture (Acharya, 2010). Thus, it must be

included in the policy of agriculture for

management. Korean government is making

policies in this perspective for the

development and expansion of food

processing industries, their production and

consumption, pricing, commercialization of

many food items and the promotion of

Korean food globally (Timmer, 1989). In 2007,

473 food-processing companies were being

supported by the Korean government. Korean

government initiated many polices for the

development of food processing industries

and regional agriculture such as the

restructuring policy for the ranking of

companies according to their performance.

Korea also strengthened its support for food




safety management on advanced level (Korea

Food Industry Association, 2014).

1.2 Status in Pakistan and comparative

analysis

Pakistan, standing on 27th rank in the food

security risk index, is on the verge of food

scarcity and shortage in coming years (AFP,

2012). Country being an agricultural nation is

still suffering from high food inflation rate,

which is mainly due to increase in GST

(General Sales Tax) by Government of

Pakistan. In addition, the adjustment cost of

electricity and VAT (Value Added Tax) also

seems to threaten the food security in the

country. Prices of food items are increasing

due to these reasons. For example, the price of

rice has seen an overall increase of 62% from

2008 to 2012. Pakistan is facing this issue due

to subsequent increase in population (Ahmad,

2009). Due to this population blast, the food

crisis is increasing. Despite of higher

production of wheat, the management system

is not sufficient to control the pricing of staple

commodity. In addition, the war on the

western border has resulted into an increased

demand of food on the other side of border.

This has also intensified the food security

position in country.

Korea’s experience is diversified in all aspects

because the policy started from the basic

policy making process to the implementation.

Government is involving each unit from

production to processing units. If the

developing countries especially Pakistan

implement these policies then the gap

between the production and processing can be

minimized greatly and efficiently. Moreover,

there is a lot of food loss due to lack of storage

facilities.

2. Forestation

Forests have a direct influence on the food

safety (Pimentel et al., 2007). From fodder to

construction, each step is associated with

forests (Maxwell, et al, 1998). According to

Center for International Forestry Research

(CIFOR), developing countries like Ethiopia

are 25% dependent on the income of forests.

Trees provide protection against the floods

and decrease storm elements largely but the

trend of deforestation is increasing. Dry

forests are also disappearing due to improper

management (Garrity et al. 2010).

Two extremes are there as on one side Korea

is standing with a model reforestation and

Pakistan with ever depleting forest resources.

Discussion will be based on solid inquiry

about the main facts that made South Korea to

stand out of crowd. This can be much helpful

for developing countries because there are not

only policies rather can be called as practically




implemented policies. By adoption of these

policies and ways of implementation, any

economy can improve the forest heritage

which will, in turn, aggravate and strengthen

food security of developing countries

especially Pakistan.


Rejuvenating the barren lands of Korea with

more than 11 billion trees is considered as a

miracle. The Korean peninsula converted to

wilderness due to extremes of human

activities supported by war and drought

conditions. The development of these massive

resources for the highly industrialized

country has a direct effect on food security

and safety (Parry et al., 1999). Despite of

uneven weather conditions and rainfall the

temperate forests were managed by

outstanding discipline and interest.

Transformation of South Korea from barren

wilderness to lush green tree filled landscape

accounts for a high level of government level

integration that is supported by the

participation of hardworking farming force

(Lee et al., 2004). Through mass level

reforestation campaigns, effective control of

forest fires, area wide pest management

programs, development and implementation

of forest policies and soil erosion

management, the Korean forests become

example at global level.

President Park Chun-Hee also played a vital

role in practical reforestation on Korea. 50

years back the mountainous countryside was

barren. Non-practical policies posed by

government and war affairs played vital role

in conversion of countryside to a barren place.

World War II also severely affected because

even the stumps of cut trees were removed by

the Japanese to cope up with energy needs or

as substitute of the oil. Biodiversity was

severely affected. Landslides became more

common even by minute rain resulting in

disturbance of forest ecosystem (Youn, 2009).

In 1970s, a revolution started which took great

steps towards the illegal deforestation

activities in Korea. The improvement towards

the greening policy was significant and laid

the foundation of model reforestation in the

world. The coordinated national plan was in

involved behind the progressive increase in

the tree population in forests (Kim and Zsuffa,

1994).

Main key player organizations that took part

in this campaign include Ministry of

Commerce and Industry responsible for

Production of coal briquettes, Ministry of

Home Affairs that came forward Remodeling

kitchen fire holes through Saemaul Undong




and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,

which made plans for establishment of fuel

wood forests. The NGOs also play their part

in establishment of reforestation policy at

public level (Moon and Park, 2004). All of

these government and non-government

organizations were coordinated by a mutual

energy policy. Forests in Korea now cover a

total area of 64% land, which is almost 11

times of the forests present after the Japanese

occupation and the Korean War. Stock has

also increased from 10 to 126m3. Main species

of trees include the coniferous forests. Pinus

rigida, Pinis koraiensis and Pinus rigida are

predominant in the forest area. 28% of forest

area is covered by broad-leafed species such

as oak. Remaining forest is the mixed forest

that is composed of different species (Kim and

Kim, 2005). Due to increase in tree

populations, the large mammals are now back

and increasing in number. Demilitarized zone

between the South and North part has served

as an undisturbed area for the development

and establishment of fauna and flora from all

the nearby regions of Korea. Forest products

such as mushroom and chestnuts are serving

as major forest exports (Hagmo et al., 2000).

Sustainable forest management accompanied

by public level participation can bring about

forest conservation in developing countries.

Coordinated national planning is also helpful

in this regard. Wood processing units in

Korea are working on imported wood inputs

and are not interested in the processing of

local wood. Domestic forest products from

Korea include the non-wood items such as,

mushrooms, chestnuts, gums, resins and

fallen leaves that add to the overall exports of

the country. Today, South Korea has been

considered among the industrial powers at

global level and the future of these forests is

debated at global level. Forests are not only

providing heaven to the biodiversity in Korea

but also adding to the preservation of many

resources within the country. Urban

populations are facing a big threat of CO2

emissions and these forests are playing the

part in reduction and balancing the gases in

atmosphere (SA Forestry Magazine, 2011).

South Korea is not only making progress but

also helping the other countries for the

improvement of this sector. One of the

successful examples is the agreement between

Korea and Indonesia for reforestation and

ecotourism. Indonesian Ministry of Forestry

has decided to follow the example set by

Korea. The Korea’s Cheongtaesan Mountain

Natural Recreation Forest is a conservation

area for the protection of wildlife and tree

species, which is managed by Korea Forest




Service. Indonesia wants to have similar

conservation area to protect the local fauna

and flora in a similar fashion. Korea-Indonesia

relationship is one of the finest examples for

developing countries to follow Korea as a

model in reforestation (Whan and Ah, 2013).


analysis

Pakistan is suffering from high degree of

deforestation and the rate is increasing with

the passage of time. The wood-based products

are made with imported wood. The shrinking

of forest resources or deforestation is

attributed to many factors. Pakistan is facing

one of the highest rates of deforestation with

clearance of more than 43000 hectares/year.

According to the Food and Agriculture

Organization statistics, this is highest one in

Asia and among top five in the world.

Shortage of natural gas has led to a severe

increase of the tree cutting and many

industries are utilizing wood as burning

media. Population of Pakistan has been

estimated to quadruple since the

independence. Deforestation can lead to

severe consequences, which includes

flooding. A practical demonstration was in

the form of 2000 killings during 2010 flooding

due to lack of forests. Erosion is the main

cause that leads towards the flooding and it

mainly arises due to deforestation. Keeping in

view of South Korea’s experience,

government should involve the non-

government organizations in order to grow in

a smarter pace. Eradication of political

influence is also needed that is mainly acting

as hurdle in the way of forestation plans.

Korean experience can be utilized because of

the climatic similarities between Korea and

many regions of Pakistan. Moreover, there is a

room for improvement of public level

awareness and NGOs.

3. Horticultural Crop Production

Horticultural crops include fruits, vegetables,

flowers, medicinal plants, special crops

including mushrooms. These crops are one of

the essential components of food security.

These are short duration (mostly vegetables,

mushrooms, etc.) as well as perennial crops

(fruits and nuts). South Korea has made a

consistent increase in mushroom culture and

with changing in the food habits, demands

created for the horticultural crops. Consistent

increases in production accompanied with

technology based transportation and

processing, encouraged horticultural industry

and made it easy for South Korea to dream

self-sufficiency, and even exports of some

commodities.





South Korea has developed in its production

of horticultural crops such as vegetables,

fruits, flowers and medicinal plants. Its

development and production rate in

horticulture crops increased at different rates

that supported the role of agriculture in

economy of the country by increasing its

value in GDP. The development of Korea in

the production of these sectors is due to many

reasons. Here is a small description of this

development.

First reason of the production increase was an

increase in the cultivation acreage. The

cultivable area of vegetables in 1990 was 320,

000 ha that was then increased to 400,000 ha

in 1995. This increased 0.9% to 1.3 million tons

of an average annual production in 2009. At

the same time, an increase in the cultivable

area was occurring in greenhouse vegetable

production that was about 27.1% in 2009. The

main reasons behind all this development

were the facilities of modernization and

technological development by an increased

government support.

In 1990, the cultivable fruit area was about

130,000 ha that increased in 1998 about

180,000 ha. By the use of improved

technologies in Korea, the average production

rate was increased about 2.6%. The ascent in

production rate in 2009 was about 2.88 million

tons.

While in the floriculture, 2.2 times increased is

observed from 1990 to 2006 in the cultivation

acreage that was ascended about 7688 ha. As

high profitability is observed in floriculture

regarding per unit area, its yield value in

agriculture was increased about 2.1%. There is

a leading role of cut flowers in the floriculture

thus increased in production was recorded

that ultimately enhanced income of the

country, high cultivation area and preferences

of consumers. These changes caused an

expanded production of cut flowers such as

roses, chrysanthemums and pot flowers. This

all improvement was totally owed to the

facilities provided by the support of Korean

government.

Like other horticultural crops, Korea also

showed development in the production of

medicinal and other food plants. For instance,

the ginseng is considered as high profit giving

crop. Its cultivation land area was increased at

the rate of 6.1% on an annual average from

1997 to 2009. The main reasons seen behind its

cultivation ascent were the active role of

private companies, the production of red

ginseng that was four years old and an

enhancement in export of red ginseng.

Similarly, the cultivation of agricultural




mushrooms and picking of forest mushrooms

played an effective role in Korean economy.

Its production continuously increased every

year that peaked in 2009 to about 154,444 tons.

One of the main advancement was that oyster

mushroom production used low area for its

cultivation due to the improved intense

farming technologies of bottle and bag

cultivation methods. In the same way tea

leaves cultivation was also increased in 2009

owing to high consumption reaching 3,266

tons.

When we see the exports of horticultural

crops, a clear increase in economy is noticed

due to increasing exports. From 1995 to 2009,

vegetable export grew around 2.3 times from

US$100 million to US$250 million. The export

of fruits increased from 1995 to 2009 that was

from US$ 60 million to US$170 million. In

floriculture, cut flowers export was increased

in 2009 reaching US$77.18 million. Ginseng

export is about 2,000 tons each year showing

that it is a major export product of Korea. The

export of mushrooms was rapidly increasing

until 2009 showing 16,221 tons of production.

Similarly, the export of tealeaves was also

increased 3 times from 1995 to 2009 with the

production of 1,204 tons (Youn, 2004).


analysis

Tunnel farming was also getting peak in

Pakistan but over the years, it is also watching

a great decline. When it comes to the tunnels

then it require high investment during its

installations and poor farmers are not able to

invest for the off-season crop production.

Recent horticultural policies have less

implementation in Pakistan and it is demoting

the farmer. Intermediary business groups are

getting advantage out of these strategies and

prices are always on the hike regardless of

production increase or decrease. Fresh

vegetables are imported from India, which is

excelling in cheap production of these

horticultural crops. About 38% of imports

from India consist of these horticultural crops

mainly vegetables. Now, the effect is that the

tunnel acreage has drastically minimized in

last few years from about 55k to 30k acres.

This present situation is indicating the present

situation. There is no regulation for

production and processing of high value

crops. It is a fact that poverty can be

decreased by converting to the high value

crops (Abro and Sadaqat, 2010). In context,

crop diversification is needed in Pakistan.

People are adapted towards the conventional

farming and are reluctant towards adaptation




of labor intensive and modern technologies.

Through better post-harvest plans, improved

crop insurance policies, introduction of seed

banks, better agricultural marketing and

strengthening the production-processing

bond will surely increase the living standards.

Keeping in view of Korea’s development,

priority should be given to high value crops in

Pakistan. Vertical farming is on hike in South

Korea, which comes under the intensive

farming. Government should also give

subsidies on tunnels and greenhouses in order

to promote the production of special crops.

4. Agronomic Crop Production

Grain crops are important towards the food

security of any country. These grains offer a

greater shelf life accompanied with more

resistance towards environmental stress.

Korea has been developing in the area of

grain production. Demand of rice is present in

this zone and latest research is targeted

towards optimized yields. Pakistan is quite

strong in grain production but due to many

poor policies, this trend remains constant over

the years. No high development trend is

present indicating a definite room of

improvement in this sector.


Korea is a rice demanding country, which is

heading towards the self-sufficiency program.

US, China and other countries are interested

in increasing the overall rice quota after the

rice negotiations in 2004. Government

procurement program for rice was introduced

but was banned in 2004. After 2005, direct

payment has been implemented to facilitate

the table consumers. In order to meet up with

the emergency needs, Korean government has

maintained a procurement program for barley

as the production is greater than the demand.

Soybean production is also greater and

remainder production of soybean is imported.

According to an estimate, 1/4th of the

production is used as food while remaining is

utilized for manufacture of animal feed.

Wheat is also produced and country is

making efforts to produce the remaining 50%

of the demand (Cassman, 1999). Import policy

is present that determines a fix amount that is

being imported from other countries

especially from China, US and, in small

quantity from, Thailand. South Korea has

made advancement in determining the price

trends according to per capita demand of

agricultural commodity.


analysis

Wheat has been considered as major grain

crop in Pakistan. At global level, wheat stands

on third place after the production of maize




and rice, respectively. The staple-food status

of wheat made it to stand on a crucial place.

The usage of wheat has been observed as

grain and the plant material is used for

feeding the livestock. So, it is used for feeding

humans as well as for the animals. Maize is

also produced as a cereal crop and accounts

for 5% of total cultivated area. The annual

growth of this crop is more than 1.3 million

tones. Most of these crops are produced for

the making bread while a small processed

amount is also exported to other countries.

Grains are also black marketed to the

neighbor war-affected country and it leads

towards the destabilizing of the prices.

Further, there is no system for the effective

storage as open storage is more preferred.

Overall, the grain production has been

masked by poor post-harvest management.

There is need to follow South Korea in the per

acre yield. In Korea, lesser area is cultivated

but per unit yield is higher as compared to

Pakistan. On the other hand, Imports are also

regulated and there are little or no duties on

some commodities promoting the exports as

well as imports.

5. Water Resources

Water has become an issue of international

concern. This has been considered as an

important commodity in agricultural

development and food production (Postel,

1998). Area based water management tactics

can boost agricultural economy in different

production belts of a country (Deng, 2006).

Developed as well as the developing

countries, are on the verge of the greatest

threat of water scarcity in coming decades

(Clarke, 2013). This is not only a threat to the

economies but also to the food security

(Vorosmarty, 2010; Hanjra and Qureshi 2010).

South Korea has developed a sophisticated

system of water conservation and on the other

side of picture; Pakistan is standing with

inadequate supplies of water mainly due to

lack of initiatives at policymaking levels.


Korea has an organized water conveyance

system that is managed by state organizations

and local authorities (Wade, 1982).

Wastewater treatment plants are also made in

different parts to recycle the water and

increase the per capita water use efficiency.

The wastewater treatment can benefit the

smaller communities in agriculture. It can also

help the farmers in those areas where water

table is too low to fetch water (Oron et al.

1999).

History of wastewater treatment in South

Korea began about 40 years back after the

construction of the Chongke sewage




treatment plant, Seoul, Korea. About 48 large

water treatment plants, having total capacity

of about eight million cubic meters per day

and the nation is receiving treated wastewater

for daily use. According to a careful estimate,

42% of the national population is getting the

treated water from the wastewater plants in

Korea (Kim et al, 1996).

South Korea has also made successful

partnerships with other countries to enhance

the wastewater treatment operations in those

countries. Recently, Korea has made

successful partnership with the Jordanian

ministry of Planning and International

Cooperation in order to execute

thewastewater treatment plant in Jordan. The

first phase of the project has been financed by

the Export Import Bank of Korea while the

South Korean government will finance the

second phase of the water treatment plant

Jordan. The project aims at development of a

water treatment plant having capacity of

52000 m3 per day. The result will be a

significant reduction in the ground water

pollution (SIWW, 2013). The wastewater

treatment can benefit the smaller communities

in agriculture. It can also help the farmers in

those areas where water table is too low to

fetch water (Oron et al. 1999). It is evident that

the Korean Government is keen towards the

development of the sustainable water

management program. Conservation policies

can manage the water demands and can

maintain the freshwater reserves.


analysis

Pakistan, with majority of arid climate, is

standing with lowest per capita water

supplies. The average per capita consumption

at global level is 1,000 cm3 and Pakistan is

about half of it. India with its great figure of

17,000 cm3 is also standing as an example.

Poor management of water is one of basic

reasons for the freshwater deficiency in

Pakistan. Wastewater treatment system has

not penetrated at public level. It is limited to

some regions that are facing high water

deficiency. At present, there are three major

reserves in Pakistan. Tarbela dam, mangla

dam and Chashma barrage have storage

capacity of 7.3, 4.6 and 0.5 maf (million acre-

feet). This is much lower when it comes to the

per capita consumption. Government is not

making serious efforts for the development of

water projects. Situation will even become

more grim over the coming few years.

Some areas require attention through the

experience of South Korea. The country has

adopted better water conservation polices

through the wastewater treatment of the




agricultural water. There are many ways to do

that. The government can announce a plan to

stop the seepage and percolation losses.

Making cemented water channels can save

millions of acre feet water every year.

Moreover, South Korea also gave attention

towards the construction of large and small

water projects to gain maximum advantage

out of natural rainfalls. Present drought of

Thar is threatening the whole country and if

new water projects fail to start, 50% of the

country is expected to suffer these conditions

(Kahlown & Majeed, 2003). The policymaking

and implementation process should be

expanded to the grass root level. Public level

awareness programs will lead to water

conservation practices. Establishment of

wastewater plants can further improve

agricultural context of Pakistan.

6. Energy Resources

Development of renewable energy resources

will play a role in future food security (Müller

et al., 2008). The energy deficient countries are

unable to cope up with the demand of

industry as well as fail to grow as economic

power. People of developing countries are

facing this issue and especially Pakistan’s

situation is worse. Developing countries are

facing energy crisis. High increase in prices

may lead to the inflation of agricultural

products making it unreachable to the poor.

This effect can be minimized by following the

example set by developed nations, especially

South Korea.


Korea has set a good example of converting

all the energy resources to the renewable

ones. This may lead to a better effect as far as

the carbon dioxide emission is concerned.

Korea has also made suitable amendments to

cope up with increasing energy needs

regardless of GDP growth and economic

pressures (Oh and Lee, 2004). Nuclear power

generation is one of the major power

production areas in South Korea. Electricity

generation is heavily dependent on this

sector. According to an estimate, about 26%

energy requirements are fulfilled by using this

mode. However, the government has taken

step to substitute this by the renewable

resources of energy. The goal of increasing

dependence on nuclear power up to 40% has

been decreased to 29% indicating the interest

of government towards production of green

energy (Mundy, 2014). This will not only

decrease the emission of greenhouse gases but

also result in reduction of electricity supplies

greatly. Imports of liquefied natural gas will

likely to decrease according to new energy

plan given by government (Mundy,




2014).Korea is moving towards the Combined

Heat and Power (CHP) systems. The CHP

systems aims at conservation of waste heat

produced during power generation processes.

Several advantages are offered by CHP as it

reduces the bills, carbon emission and

transmission losses. With power efficiency of

80%, CHP is regarded as future of Korea

energy demands (DECC, 2014). Wind power

has also been utilized in renewable energy

production and Korea is expanding the

offshore wind energy projects on a mass scale

(Hye, 2013). Many plants are working in

country. Prominent ones include Daegiri,

Daehol Jeju, Duckpyong Jeju, Hankyung,

Jeongsun, Kangwon Chahang, Kyungju,

Milyang-1, Milyang-2, Pyongchang, Samdal,

Sammu off-shore, Sangdo, Sangmyung,

Sungsan, Taebaeg, Yanggu and Yangnam

wind energy power units (Lee, 2009). With the

promotion of other technologies, the carbon

dioxide emission will decrease largely. South

Korea aims to reduce the carbon dioxide

emission to 3% by 2013 and 30% by 2020. This

reduction will decrease the global warming

share of Korea (Han, 2012). The abundant

supply of electricity facilitated the farming

community as well as the general-public.


analysis

Pakistan is suffering from a worst every

energy crises, which is aggravating with time.

Electricity is insufficient to fulfill the basic

needs of people. Agricultural sector is also

damaged due to prolonged outages or load

shedding. Industries are also suffering due to

shortfall of electricity resulting in an overall

decline to the economy. Gas resources are also

depleting with passage of time. It has been

estimated that the raw material for Urea (used

in agricultural production as a fertilizer) is

only the natural gas. Pakistan has ability to

export surplus urea every year but

unfortunately, due to lesser working every

year, 1.1 million tons is imported every year.

Agricultural commodities suffer from the lack

of processing due to this shortfall. This results

into a decreased production when seen on an

average. Pakistan is in an urgent need of

energy plan that is based on national interest.

All political units have to agree on one power

plan so that after the 5-year elections new

government should not overtake and cancel

all projects rather a consistent behavior

should be promoted as far as the power and

energy sector is concerned. IPPs are also

present but their production capacity is

unable to fulfill the overall short fall that is




presently exceeding 9000 MW. At present,

most of the hydroelectric units are generating

electricity for the country. Water availability

in the dams affect the working of these units

and as the water level goes down, every sector

suffers due to electricity shortfall. The needs

of 187 million people are increasing with each

passing second. Therefore, there is a need to

follow the example of South Korea. The

renewable energy resources need much

attention because Pakistan is enriched in

having a diverse ecological zone. Prospects of

solar and wind based power plants are open.

7. Aquaculture

Water based food resources are also

important because they have less threats as

compared to the land creatures (Garcia &

Rosenberg, 2010). Therefore, the development

in this sector can be seen as a major

advancement in context to food security at

global levels (Kent, 1997). Aquaculture

development can be seen as one of the best

strategies towards the optimum availability of

white meat for future generations (Ahmed

and Belton, 2010). Korea has developed

aquaculture and strengthened Mariculture to

meet up with the future demands. Pakistan on

the other hand is lagging behind and needs

progressive improvement.


Aquaculture stands as one of the most

important economic sectors in South Korea

that provides revenue, employment and

above all a sustainable food security for a

longer phase of time. South Korea has an

immense development in the fishing sector.

Previously it was inclined towards the capture

production but the rate decreased over the

years. Government increased concentration

towards the aquaculture and now the fishing

in this sector has dramatically increased

largely. Mariculture has a huge share in the

overall sector. Most important products

include the seaweed, finfish and molluscs. In

the freshwater culture, the finfish is the main

product followed by crustaceans and

molluscs. Tank culture, long-line culture,

raceway culture, offshore and bottom culture

are some of prominent ways to culture fish on

commercial scales. This sector has been

continuously boosted by the research inputs

given by many universities and National

Fisheries Research Development Institute

(NFRDI). Research on the freshwater finfish

and carp was targeted to get the desired

production from the freshwater aquaculture

techniques. Hatchery based system of

propagation is now introduced in order to get

higher production from the marine as well as




the freshwater species. Genetic improvements

in these fish species are also under research.

Government is playing role towards the

establishment of long-term aquaculture

policies. Reduction of pollution from the

marine ecosystems is also one of targets

designed by government. Development of

new technologies is also playing a vital role

towards the development of fisheries in

Korea. Per capita increase in fish consumption

has been observed over the years resulting in

a positive economic trend in this sector.


analysis

Aquaculture is in development phase in

Pakistan. The potential of this industry is far

more impressive. The rapidly increasing

sector needs some of basic improvements.

Despite of diversity of valuable fish species

this sector is suffering. Trout is found in

northern areas of Pakistan and its culture can

bring about a rich foreign exchange. Several

species of carp can also be cultivated as mass

levels. Potential of Mariculture is also present

in Pakistan. The costal-based aquaculture

techniques are negligible in country. There is

a great potential of this sector in Pakistan.

USAID has also developed a model farm in

some areas to promote this trend. In addition

to development of Mariculture, certified

hatcheries are requires promotion. More than

nine species of oysters that is present in

Pakistan, which indicates a rich biodiversity.

These sea creatures need a commercial

harvesting on regular basis. There is a great

room for investment in this sector.

Korea has utilized the research from different

universities to promote the aqua culture.

Intensive culture has been started in many

areas. Hybridization of many fish species

resulted into more tolerant and productive

fish species having a valuable demand in

country. Zoological departments in Pakistan

should be engaged in promotion of this sector.

Scientific research should be funded by

international organizations and performance

based incentives should be offered to the

researchers as well the producers. This will

bring about a positive trend in freshwater and

marine food production, which will facilitate

the local and regional food security plans.

8. Livestock Sector

Livestock acts as a main provider of protein in

any country. Development of this sector

confirms food security for the coming

generations. Korea has made a great progress

in livestock sector. Based on demographic

similarities, Pakistan has a room for

improvement in livestock, by following




Korea’s developmental experience in this

sector.


Korea has seen a great development in

Livestock sector. Pork, beef, milk, chicken

meat and eggs are considered as top

agricultural products. Consumption of meat

increased in the previous decade that resulted

into the enhanced research and development

in this sector. According to a careful estimate,

the per capita consumption of meat increased

tremendously over the past few decades from

19 kg to almost 37 kg per person. The high

demand of meat facilitated the increase

development in livestock sector.

Beef, with an average production of around

495 Billion won (2009) and a share of 25% in

livestock industry, stands on the top of the

livestock sector. Increase in the price also

aggravated the production of beef over the

past few decades Local development in this

sector was mainly due to development of

specialized farms at local level. The WTO also

played a vital role in streamlining the

government policies. Specialized cattle farms

increased many folds during the last two

decades. Because of the increase in the

number of beef cattle, the number of

slaughtered animals also increased. Self-

sufficiency program involved the lesser

dependence on imports.

Pork industry has also seen improvements as

the US imports are now less preferred due to

self-sufficient production. Instead, some

products are also exported to US. A higher

production of 30% has been recorded in

livestock sector (Yang, 2013). It is because of

the government initiative towards the

livestock sector. Most of the livestock experts

are now presenting their pork as better in

quality as compared to US pork. Intervention

of government at all stages from production

to consumption is encouraging towards the

sustainability of this sector (McNeill, 2014).

Not only this, South Korea is also helping

other countries as Korea International

Cooperation Agency has now mutual

development plan sharing with Philippines.

Water buffalo or Carabao is the key livestock

product in Philippines and Korea is

developing it to great extent. An overall grant

of 3m USD has been approved and released to

improve the Carabao or water buffalo stock in

Philippines (Mungcal, 2010).


analysis

Livestock, being an integral part of

agricultural system in Pakistan, is partially

fulfilling the needs (Amir et al., 1987). Country




has both the tropical and sub-tropical breeds

of cattle, buffalo sheep, goats and poultry. The

sector is contributing 9% to the GDP

indicating low level of growth in this sector.

Research based farming is missing in many

areas that is mainly due to lack of information

dissemination systems (Hasnain and Usmani,

2006). One of the major issues includes the

livestock feeding. Every species has some

potential to produce a yield that is determined

by the genetics. Due to non-availability of

quality feed, the species fail to utilize the

genetic potential and results in lower protein

output. Moreover, genetic betterment research

is also limited to some area. Some institutions

are keen towards the development of

genetically vigorous species. University of

Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore and

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad has also

contributing towards the livestock

improvement and progress. Embryo transfer

technology, artificial insemination and

progeny testing programs should be

promoted at grass root levels (Hasnain and

Usmani, 2006). Disease management also

needs quality system in Pakistan (Khan and

Haseeb, 1984).

9. Post-Harvest Technology and Farm

mechanization

Agricultural mechanization refers to the

conversion of on-farm and off-farm

operations to machines resulting in less

dependence on human labor and more on

machines.


Agricultural mechanization is important

towards optimizing on farm practices (Zhicai,

2004) and economic development of any

country (Pingali, 2007). Reduction of labor,

increased comfort for farmers, enhanced per

unit area productivity, better cropping

intensity and optimized social equality are

some of advantages related to it (Kislev and

Peterson, 1981). South Korea with 4.11

horsepower per hectare is standing among

top mechanized countries of Asia (Carino,

2013).

South Korea has also done some good

progress in helping out other countries in

bring out farm mechanization at a high level.

Example of Myanmar is presented in this

regard where Korean International

Cooperation Agency (KOICA) is keen

towards the establishment of schools aiming

towards intervention of modern technology in

agriculture. Mission is to boost agricultural

productivity per area and increase the per




capita income of farmer. The training of

farmers is also offered by the development

organization. According to a careful estimate,

South Korea has invested 3.02 billion USD for

development of more than 79 projects and

stood fourth in the successful foreign

investment. Bilateral trade is also expected to

rise (Hua, 2013).

Similar example on farm mechanization is in

the form of bilateral cooperation between

Philippines and South Korea where the latter

country gave training assistance to the former.

The cooperation between the Technical

Education and Skill Development authority

(TESDA), Philippines and Korean

International Cooperation Agency (KOICA),

South Korea, profited agricultural revolution

in Philippines (TESDA, 2013). Through farm

mechanization operations, also the integrated

pest management can be achieved in a smart

manner (Stoop et al., 2002).


analysis

Pakistan has been considered among less

mechanized states having more dependence

on the conventional practices (Bose and Clark,

1969). The historical evidence of farm

mechanization was found in the report

compiled by Royal Commission on

Agriculture given in 1928. The report

suggested the replacement of animal powered

machines by the tractors and emphasized on

introduction of new implements in the

agriculture sector through local research and

development. Later, the Famine Inquiry

commission in 1945 also presented the same

set of suggestions for the development of

agricultural mechanization in the country

(Ahmad, 1972; Government of Punjab, 2013).

Although a direct relation has been found

between the mechanization and agricultural

development (Gotsh, 1073) but there is local

reluctance towards the complete adoption of

mechanization in Pakistan (Lockwood et al.,

1983). Major reforms are required towards the

agricultural mechanization in order to

increase the per capita production in Pakistan

(Faruqee, 1995).

Relating this situation with Korea will come

up with some solution-based suggestions. The

mechanized farming should be subsidized by

government to facilitate the poor farmers.

Incentive based farming should be promoted

and model farms should be established to

attract more farmers.

10. Agricultural Policy

Agricultural policy of any country plays a

vital role in determining the present as well as

future status. Exports and import policies are

developed and implemented and it results




into progress of decline of any country.

Agricultural development in Korea and

Pakistan differ mainly due to policies and

implementation, resulting in altogether

different visions for future food security.


Many efforts were done by the Republic of

Korea for the development of agriculture and

ultimately to economy of the country. A brief

overview of some agricultural reforms and

policies in Korea reports about the changes

that played a significant role in the modern

history of the nation. At the time of creation of

the Korea in 1950s, the economy of the

country was largely based on agriculture

providing jobs and food to the population.

However, at that time, the capabilities of

production were very low. At the time of

industrialization in Korea, the cheap labor

was provided by the agriculture division for

developing industry and started to get

independence in food resources through the

Green Revolution. In the era of globalization

(mid-1980s), the agriculture zone started to

adapt international standards as the Korean

economy had been integrated into the

transnational trends. Numerous agricultural

policies and reforms were initiated by the

government for agriculture market alignment.

In 1962, Rural Development Administration

was established and many steps were taken

for city, provincial and country organizations

to restructure them so that they may play an

active role for agrarian education and

improvement of lifestyle.

First program in the nation’s history that

initiated the rapid economic development of

the Korea was “First 5-Year Economic

Development Plan” in 1962. This was the

comprehensive plan that enabled Korea to

develop for the next thirty years. Achieving

food independence by increasing production

in agriculture was the main objective of this

plan. Other programs included in the plan for

productivity enhancement were the agrarians

training programs, land re-cultivation and

reclamation projects, improvement in

irrigation system and research in agriculture.

After that, the “Second 5-Year Economic

Development Plan” started in 1967. This plan

included the programs of enhancing the

income of farmer and the progress of

industries and agriculture equivalently in the

rural region for modernization. In the

duration of these two 5-year plans, the

economy of Korea increased about 10%.

In 1970s, Green Revolution brought a change

in the country with the high production of

rice by the improved variety “Tongil Rice”

which was prepared by the partnership of




International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

For high yields, advanced technologies were

used such as nurseries protection, early

sowing practices, and effective pest control

management. The Republic of Korea became

self-sufficient in food production through the

success of Green Revolution.

A great movement, which brought great

improvement for farmers for the development

of new villages, was Saemaeul Undong in

1970. This movement, started by the president

of Korea Park Chung-Hee, greatly affected the

village people. This program was started to

improve villages with friendly environment

and put emphasis on carefulness, self-

confidence and collaboration of the farmers.

Steel bars and cement was provided by the

government to the villages and in turn, farmer

provided volunteer services. This resulted in

access roads to villages that were paved; the

grass roofs conversion with tile roofs, small

streams maintenance and establishment of

village centers. This movement motivated the

people to earn better income and improve

their life styles this all resulted in the better

external village features and increased the

farmer’s income. This effort of government

became a model of rural reforms. Even in

these days, Saemaeul Undong is a source of

interest for the developing countries.

In July 1991, Korean government announced

many agricultural policies such as

“Agricultural and Rural Structure

Improvement Measures” to improve the

living styles of farmers and increasing

competition in agriculture and expansion of

farms. The agriculture policy of Korea covers

the fields of forestry and agriculture, and the

food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries

ministry covers two associated organizations

i.e., the Korea Forest Service and the Rural

Development Administration.

Research and development, distribution of

agricultural technologies and the training

activities are covered by the Rural

Development Administration. While the

Korea Forest Service covers administration

and research and development features of the

forests. Separate budgets are allotted to the

ministry and two associated organizations.

The Korean government steadily increased

the agriculture budget and the economy of the

country increased relatively.

In short, agricultural policies by South Korea

(Wade, 1984) have enabled the country to

depend less on imports. South Korea has been

recognized as the industrial state but the

development in some sectors can provide a

role model for developing countries like

Pakistan. The intervention of state has




remained highlighted in the agricultural

sector through research and development

approaches. Strong agro-industrial linkages

have enabled Korea to stand on its own. Now

Korea has been counted among those

countries that are self-sufficient in Rice. Green

revolution campaign has been considered

among most successful policies of the

government (Burmeister, 1990).


analysis

Pakistan being an agricultural state is

depending on agriculture as major part of

economy. The 21% of GDP adds about 1/4th to

the country overall reserves with a working

force of more than 45%. This means that about

half of the workforce in country is depending

on agriculture. The problem of food security

has not been addressed by the

unimplemented policies in Pakistan. There are

many challenges including the flood issue,

which is a continuous threat to the rural

population. Livestock sector is also affected

due to these issues (Akbar, 2012). Per hectare

yield is also much low as compared to the

other countries. Being the top producer of

wheat Pakistan is still lagging in the per

hectare yield. The productivity of Pakistan is

2.5 ton/ha compared with China leading with

4.7 ton/ha. India is still forward with average

of 3.0 ton/ha. The crop cycle is only five

month compared with the one-year cycle in

European countries (Ahmad, 2012). Absence

of land reforms is also absent in Pakistan that

is resulting in an uneven distribution of the

cultivated land (Ali, 2013). Policies are present

but there is lack of implementation and

evaluation on the side of government.

Moreover, in developing countries like

Pakistan, every government comes with new

policies and discontinues the old policies that

were near to be implemented at the end of

tenure of previous government. This leads to

a lack of optimum productivity and growth

trends.




CONCLUSION

Korea developed all the sectors including

main agricultural sectors. Intervention of

South Korean government has been seen at all

stages that resulted in a development of

positive culture. Developing countries like

Pakistan can follow this growth experience of

Korea from many aspects. Korean

development is mainly due to the investment

in human capital. The growth environment

has been provided by the government.

Stakeholders have been given facilities to

grow their research and business at every

level. When it comes to agricultural policy,

Korea has a clear-cut rule of depending on its

own until the last level. Import quota has been

determined keeping in view of demand of

various agricultural commodities. Further,

these imports do not have any effect on the

local pricing and the stakeholders are

prevented from any loss. These practical steps

have enabled Korea to be recognized as a self-

sufficient nation in near future. Maintenance

of definite value chain management has been

seen in every agricultural sector. Livestock

and energy sector have been seen as

important sectors in this regard. The

demographic similarities in many sectors such

as aquaculture, forestry, livestock, energy,

crop production and food sector, gives a

chance to Government of Pakistan to follow

Korean success. A greater cooperation is

needed between the research, production and

extension departments. This can be made

possible by positive role of Non-Government

Organizations. Funding from the foreign

agencies can be drawn by designing effective

projects based on future agriculture

development and food security. Public level

participation is required in Pakistan because

of weaker state organizations. Example of

reforestation can be kept as model in this

regard. Korean people also participated in

every campaign and their positive attitude

determined the present status. Korea is

funding heavily in Pakistan especially for the

promotion of energy sector. Development in

all the agricultural sectors can be directly

related to this energy issue. Future food

security is dependent on the present

improvement in crucial sectors of agriculture.

With the proper implementation of successful

Korean policies in Pakistan and other

developing countries, the upcoming challenge

of food security can be resolved in a

compatible manner.




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