A Pragmatics Analysis About the Usage of Cooperative - Stain Salatiga

8/10/2019 A Pragmatics Analysis About the Usage of Cooperative - Stain Salatiga

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A PRAGMATICS ANALYSIS ABOUT THE USAGE OF COOPERATIVE

PRINCIPLE ON ORDERING SOMEONE AT ENGLISH DRAMA SUBJECT IN THE

INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM OF STAIN SALATIGA

THESIS

Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S. Pd. I) in English Department of

Educational Faculty

By:

DONNY TANGGUH PRAKOSA

113 07 078


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ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY

STATE COLLEGE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) OF SALATIGA

2012

MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS

STATE COLLEGE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) OF

SALATIGA

Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp. (0298) 323706, 323433 Salatiga 50721

Website:www.stainsalatiga.ac.idE-mail:[email protected]

DECLARATION

Pronounces whole heartedly that the graduating paper entitled A PRAGMATICS

ANALYSIS ABOUT THE USAGE OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE ON ORDERING SOMEONE

AT ENGLISH DRAMA SUBJECT IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM OF STAIN

SALATIGA is originally made by the researcher. It is not a plagiarism nor made by

others. The things related to other people works are written in quotation and included

in the bibliography.
http://www.stainsalatiga.ac.id/http://www.stainsalatiga.ac.id/http://www.stainsalatiga.ac.id/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.stainsalatiga.ac.id/


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If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the

responsibilities.


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MOTTO

Religion without Science is Blind and Science without

Religion is Lame

Albert Einstein)

Ing ngarsa sung tuladha Ing madya mangun karsa Tut wuri

handhayani

Ki Hadjar Dewantara)


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DEDICATION

This thesis is wholeheartedly dedicated to:

1.

Allah SWT the Almigthy God for the everything to me.

2. My Conselour (Mrs. Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M. Pd.), and all the

lecturers of English department of STAIN Salatiga

3. My Academic Conselour, Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin Baedhawi, M. Ag.

4. My beloved mother (Isnawati) and my beloved father (Dwiyono), thank

you very much for the love, trust, finance, and encouragement.

5.

My Old brother (Donny) thank you very much for your support, love, and

help to finishing my graduating paper.

6.

My communities in Communicative English Club and Racana Kusuma

Dilaga-Woro Srikandhi.


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7.

My friends TBI C 07 Crazy Comfort Colour Vo Funs (Liya K, Ops

Dhani, Arien Ramona, Ryuuna, Lia Panda Portnoy, Desta Unzib, Maniez

Byolali, Piyang Piyung, Noor Manggolo, Akh Hasbi, Sakhban, Dea, Heru

S, Anas,. etc) thank you for your motivation, suggestions, love, slapping

once I false, pray, care, honest, support and attention. Im difficult to live

alone without you all thanks for your kidding and kindness.

8. All of you who can not be mentioned one by one, because of your

supports.

ABSTRACT

Prakosa, Donny Tangguh (2012) A PRAGMATICS ANALYSIS ABOUT THE USAGE OF

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE ON ORDERING SOMEONE AT ENGLISH DRAMA SUBJECT IN THE

INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM OF STAIN SALATIGA. Thesis. Salatiga. State College for

Islamic Studies (STAIN) of Salatiga, January 2012. Counselor: Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.

Pd.

Keywords: pragmatics, cooperative principle, and ordering someone.

In the daily conversation, it is often found some people who order

or command someone do not use the imperative sentence which has function to

order someone. More people are using question, even statement sentences to order

someone which grammatically has function to ask and give information to

listener. However, the response that performed by the listener is like getting

command with imperative sentence. That is one of the reasons why a person needs

to learn Pragmatics. In the pragmatic, Cahyono (1995) assumes that the meaning

of utterance is assessed according to the meaning intended by speakers and by the


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context. Webster (2004) defines that order is to give authoritative instruction to

someone to do something or for something to be done. On his book, Pardiyono

(2005) explains that each sentence has different function, and it is depend on itstype. For example, the question that is used to ask information is declarative or

question sentence, and the sentence that is used to order someone is called as

imperative or command sentence. Beside that, in the conversation there is

cooperative principle proposing by Grice that must be obeyed by the participants

in the conversation, so that the conversation can be done comfortably. Based on

this, the writer decides to collect data about the conversation containing ordering

someone in English drama class at International Class Program of STAIN

Salatiga, using simak technique. In this study, the writer wants to know, what

kinds of sentence that is used by the teacher and students in ordering someone,

there, and how is the usage of cooperative principle in ordering someone in

English drama class. The data, in the form of conversation containing orderingsomeone, that have been collected before is analyzed using padanmethod with

the cooperative principle proposing by Grice. After analyzing the data, the study

shows that most of students and the teacher in English drama class at International

class program are not only using imperative sentence, but also statement and

question sentence in ordering someone. The study also shows that there are some

violations towards several maxims in the cooperative principle that was proposed

by Grice. Finally, in a great expectation, by reading this study, people could learn

how the usage of cooperative principle in daily conversation, especially in

ordering someone.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to Allah the Lord of the universe, the thesis entitlingA PRAGMATICS

ANALAYSIS ABOUT THE USAGE OF COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE ON ORDERING SOMEONE

AT ENGLISH DRAMA SUBJECT IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM OF STAIN

SALATIGA has been finished. This research could not have been completed without the

help and support of many people and sides. I am very grateful to all of them.

This thesis is presented to English department of State College for Islamic

Studies (STAIN) of Salatiga to fulfill the requirements of the Degree of Sarjana

Pendidikan Islam(S. Pd. I) in English And Educational Department. My thank you to the

Rector of STAIN, Dr. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag,for approving this thesis. Thanks to the Dean

of English Department, Mrs. Maslikhatul Umami, S. Pd. I, M. A,for giving me permission

to do this research.


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I wish to convey my thanks to Mrs. Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M. Pd, my attentive

counselor. I am greatly indebted to her. This thesis would not have been carried out an

written without his valuable guidance, comment and show the scientific way. I am very

grateful for all of the very helpful discussion, supports, times, and advice in helping me

conducting this thesis.

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Prof. Dr. Zakiyuddin Baedhawi, M.

Ag, my academic counselor who always accompanies, guides, helps, and motivates the

writer during in State College for Islamic Studies of Salatiga.

I also would like to express my gratitude to my lecturers who already become

great inspirational people for me; Mr. Hanung, Mr. Hammam, Mr. Norwanto, Mr.

Ruwandi, Mr. Saadi, Mr. Faizal, Mr. Rifki, Mrs. Umami, Mrs. Woro, Mrs. Setiarini, Mrs.

Widi, Mrs Noor, Mrs, Sari, Mrs. Evi and Mrs. Hastanthi. I am also greatful to my

classmates Anas, Sahid, Sakhban, Sofiul, Heru, Hasbi, Bayu, Andi, Kharis, Nuah, Arun,

Ela, Dani, Desti, Arina, Arini, Ambar, Titis, the other classes (Saipul, Jati, Anas M. and

etc)for providing a friendly atmosphere during the struggle time and the others favor to

me.

I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to Communicative English Club

members and the beloved Racana Kusuma Dilaga Woro Srikandhi members. I also

sincerely thank to Karren Foshdahl, Tabita. I also sincerely thank to my Pramuka

students atAl Falah Vocational High School,Al Azhar Junior High Schooland Mangunsari

5 Elementary School of Salatiga for their remarkable help and support. I owe a lot to

Language Education Center (LEC)Surakarta and Primagama courseof Salatiga, that the

writer serves as TOEIC and English Teacher there.

I owe a lot to my parents (Dwiyono and Isnawati), my brother (Donny Irawan),

my sister in law (Astri) and my beautiful niece (Anes) for being the reason I can finish my

undergraduate program. They have been constant sources of patience and

encouragement.

I owe a lot to support me during my study and especially within the research

work. Hopefully people who have helped me to perform the research and finalize this


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thesis by providing scientific, technical, administrative, and moral support that I could

not list one by one, Allah will replay all of their kindness and this thesis will become one

of the reference especially the improvement of learning and teaching of Pragmatics

Studies. Critiques and Suggestion will be highly expected for the development. Finally,

the highest salutation for all the greatest friend that cannot be mentioned one by one

keep moving forward My Allah guide us all to the straight path.

.

LIST OF TABLE

1.

The target of International Class opening 4. 1

2. The schedule International Class for first semester Tarbiyah Faculty 4. 2

3.

The schedule International Class for second semester Tarbiyah Faculty 4. 3

4. The schedule International Class for third semester TBI 4. 4

5. The schedule International Class for fourth semester TBI 4. 5

6.

The schedule International Class for fifth semester TBI 4. 6

7. The schedule International Class for sixth semester TBI 4. 7

8. The schedule International Class for seventh semester TBI 4. 8


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9. The schedule International Class for eight semester TBI 4. 9

10.

The schedule International Class for third semester PAI 4. 10

11.

The schedule International Class for fourth semester PAI 4. 11

12.The schedule International Class for fifth semester PAI 4. 12

13.The schedule International Class for sixth semester PAI 4. 13

14.

The schedule International Class for seventh semester PAI 4. 14

15.The schedule International Class for eight semester PAI 4. 15

16.The schedule International Class for third semester PBA 4. 16

17.

The schedule International Class for fourth semester PBA 4. 17

18.The schedule International Class for fifth semester PBA 4. 18

19.The schedule International Class for sixth semester PBA 4. 19

20.The schedule International Class for seventh semester PBA 4. 20

21.

The schedule International Class for eight semester PBA 4. 21

LIST OF PICTURES

1. The students of drama class are practicing the Saman dance Picture 1

2. The students of drama class are practicing the pronunciation Picture 2

3.

The students are practicing the facial expression Picture 3

4.

The students are practicing the gesture expression Picture 4


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................ i

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................ ii


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ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE ................................................................................... iii

STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION ................................................................................. iv

MOTTO ................................................................................................................. v

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................... ................. x

LIST OF PICTURES ............................................. xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ............................................................ 1

B.

Problem of the Study.................................................................. 3C. Purposes of the Study ............................................................... 3

D.

Benefits of the Study ................................................................. 4

E. Limitation of the Study .............................................................. 4

F. Definition of Key Terms ............................................................. 5

G.

Research Method ...................................................................... 11

H.

Research Paper Organization .................................................... 15

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................. 16

A.

The Definitions of Pragmatics ................................................... 16

B. The Definition of Context ........................................................... 18

C. The Definition of Cooperative Principle .................................... 20

D. Ordering Someone .................................................................... 30

E.

Types of Sentences .................................................................... 31

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD ............................................................................. 36

A.

Research Method ...................................................................... 36


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B. Data Sources ............................................................................... 37

C. Technique of Data Collecting .................................................... 38

D.

Technique of Data Analysis ....................................................... 39

CHAPTERIV:GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND DATA ANALYSIS ..... ................................... 41

A.

General Description of International Class Program ......... ........ 41

B. Data Analysis ...................... ....................................................... 68

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................. ........................ 76

A.

Conclusion .......................................................................... ... 76

B.

Suggestion .......................................................................... ....... 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... ................ 80

DATA FOUND .............................................................................................................. 82

APPENDIX : ....................... ....................................................................................... 85

A.Consulting Sheets...................................................... .................... 85

B. S. K. K ............................................................................. .............. 86

C. Letter ........................................................ ................................... 89

D. Documentation ........................................................ ................... 93

CURRICULUM VITAE................................................................................. .................. 95


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Communication is the process of delivering information from the

speaker to the partner (Suryani, 2009:2). To make it can be done comfortably;

they have to work together on their utterances during in the conversation. The

speaker and the partner must have similarities in the perception, referent,

context and goal. The Pragmatics studies suggest a principle that can make the

communication could be comfortably. The principle today is well- known as

the Cooperative Principle that proposed by H. P. Grice.

According to Grice as has been cited by Mey (1994:65), to make the

communication can work smoothly, it needs cooperation. It means make your

contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted

purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. He

suggests that there is an accepted way of speaking which we all accept as

standard behavior. When we produce, or hear, an utterance, we assume that it

will generally be true, have the right amount of information, be relevant, and

will be couched in understandable terms.

On the other hand, some daily conversations often violate this

principle. For example, this conversation was occurred in the writers class

when the lecture asked the students to clean the white board.


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Teacher : Student, is this Arabic class?

Student : A second Sir, I will clean it.

(Come forward, and then clean the white board)

From the conversation above the teacher giving message through

question that why did the white board still contain the previous lesson notes,

the utterance or sentence that be used is question sentence. Whereas, the

student responses the information is like getting command to clean the white

board from him. As a result, the student comes forward to clean the board.

This language phenomenon is interesting to be analyzed. The utterance

or sentence that be used by the teacher has function like imperative sentence

that can make the student to do something that the teacher wants.

Related with this case, Pragmatics is a study about the meaning that

given by the speaker and it is interpreted by the partner. The type of the study

involving the meaning in the particular place and situation, during the

language is used in the communication. It means that the meaning is not

literally, but contextually. A consideration is necessary by the communicant to

manage what they want to say, to get the effect that be wanted (Yule, 1996:3).

The Cooperative Principle, proposed by Grice, helps the speaker and

partner to manage their conversation can work relevant. However, in the

conversation, the people are not always using this principle when ordering

someone. Based on this phenomenon, the writer is much interested in

conducting research dealing with the usage of Cooperative Principle in the

English drama subject at the International Class Program of STAIN Salatiga,


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entitled A PRAGMATICS ANALYSIS ABOUT THE USAGE OF

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE ON ORDERING SOMEONE AT ENGLISH

DRAMA SUBJECT IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM OF

STAIN SALATIGA.

B. Problems of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the writer decides some

problems statement as follows:

1.

What are the types of sentences that be used for ordering someone in the

English Drama subject class?

2. How is the usage of Cooperative Principle on ordering someone in the

English Drama subject class?

C. Purposes of the Study

Based on the problem of the study the purposes of the research are:

1. To describe the sentences of ordering someone in the English Drama

subject class.

2.

To analyze the usage of cooperative principle on ordering someone in the

English Drama subject class.


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D. Benefits of the Study

The benefits of the research are:

Academically, this research provides an example about the usage of

cooperative principle in the daily conversation, especially in ordering

someone.

Practically, this research signified for stimulating the other researcher

to conduct such a kind of the research in the future.

E. Limitation of the Study

In this research, the writer uses the pragmatics study to analyze the

utterances or sentences that be used by teacher and students in the

International Class Program when ordering someone. For getting the data the

writer only observes in the English drama class on Wednesday, 5-6 period.

Due to the scope of Pragmatics is too broad, the writer only focuses on the

usage of Cooperative Principle to analyze the problem. Are the types

sentences that be used to order someone are appropriate with the function of

its sentences. For example, Question sentence is used to question. And how is

the usage of Cooperative Principle on ordering someone in the International

Class Program.


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F. Definition of Key Terms

The writer, here, would like to explain some definitions that related

with pragmatics, context, cooperative principle, and ordering someone, types

of English sentences, and International Class Program in the STAIN of

Salatiga.

1. The definitions of pragmatics

A word in a sentence is interpreted its meaning according to formal

relations of the sentence. However, in daily life, the meaning of the word

does not only depend on its position in the sentence, but it also depends on

the speakers that convey the word. Meaning intended by the speakers was

learnt in Pragmatic.

According to Levinson, as has been cited by Cahyono (1995:214),

the term of Pragmatic itself was born from a philosopher named Charles

Morris who reworks his predecessor philosophers thought about the sign

and symbol of science called semiotics. Semiotics is divided into three

branches, namely Semantics, Syntax, and Pragmatics. The Semantics

studies the languages in general with the objects to which it refers. Both

Syntax and Pragmatics learn about the meaning of the word. But the

meaning that studied in these languages is different. Syntax studies the

meaning of words by observing the pattern structurally and their formal

relationships with the other patterns, for example in the form of subject,

predicate, object, and so on. Even, this pattern can still be divided into

smaller units. Context, when used the sentences is not be concerned. In the


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pragmatic, the meaning of utterance is assessed according to the meaning

intended by speakers and by the context, (Cahyono, 1995:214).

Most of linguists believe that Pragmatics can be defined as the

study of how utterances have meanings in situations. Moreover, Leech

(1991) on his book explains that Pragmatics is by way of the thesis that

communication is problem solving. A speaker has to solve the problem.

For the partner, there is another kind of problem to solve: Given that

speaker said such-and-such, what did the speaker mean me to understand

by that? This conception of communication leads to a rhetorical approach

to Pragmatics, whereby the speaker is seen as trying to achieve his aims

within constraints imposed by principles and maxims of good

communicative behavior ( Leech, 1991:1).

2.

The definitions of cooperative principle

According to Grice to make the communication can work

comfortably, it needs a principle. It means make your contribution such as

required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or

direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. He suggests that

there is an accepted way of speaking which we all accept as standard

behavior. When we produce, or hear, an utterance, we assume that it will

generally be true, have the right amount of information, be relevant, and

will be couched in understandable terms. Related with this, Grice proposed

a postulate namely the Cooperative Principle that consists of four maxims:


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a.

Maxim of Quantity

Give the right amount of information, make your contribution as

informative as is required and do not make your contribution more

informative than is required.

b. Maxim of Quality

Try to make your contribution one that is true, do not say what

you believe to be false, and do not say that for which you lack

adequate evidence.

c.

Maxim of Relevance

Be relevant in giving information.

d. Maxim of Manner

Be perspicuous, avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity,

be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity), and be orderly.

These four maxims, or sub-principles, can be seen as instances of

one super ordinate (as Grice calls it) Cooperative Principle. To begin with,

lets consider an example that shows how the Cooperative Principle

works, not in the abstract world of principles, but in real life, in actual

language use. When do we use the maxims, when do we fail to use them,

and why are they necessary in the first place?

The answer, broadly, to the third question is: Because otherwise

communication would be very difficult, and perhaps break down

altogether. The following story shows the usefulness, even the necessity,


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one of the Gricean maxims, that of quantity, in everyday conversation (

Mey, 1994: 65-66).

Leech (1991:81) adds that not only Cooperative Principle that

important to be used in the conversation, but also there is another factor

that influences the usage of Cooperative Principle, it is called as the

Politeness Principle. Because of the involving of the Politeness Principle,

people could violate the Cooperative Principle.

3.

Ordering someone

According to Webster (2004:706), order means to give

authoritative instruction to someone to do something or for something to

be done.

The sentence that is used to order someone in the English language

is imperative sentence. In this study the explanation of imperative sentence

will be explained in the types of English sentence.

4. Types of English sentences

According to the types, sentences are classified into some

categories, Marcella Frank (1972) states there are four types of sentences.

It consists of declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory

sentence. In declarative sentence the subject and predicate have normal

word order. The sentence ends with a period or full stop and a drop in

pitch in speech. E. g: The child ate his dinner.

In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary are often

reversed. The sentence ends with a question mark (or, interrogation point)


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in writing. In the spoken language, most yes-no questions ends with a rise

in pitch. E. g: Did the child eat his dinner?

In an imperative sentence (commands and request), only the

predicate is expressed. The simple form of the verb is used, regardless of

person or tense. The imperative sentence ends with a period in writing and

a drop in pitch in speech. E. g: Eat your dinner!

Exclamatory sentence (exclamations), the exclamatory phrase is

followed by the subject and the balance of the predicate. In writing, the

exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark or exclamation

point. Sometimes a period is used to lessen the force of the exclamation. In

speech, the most important word in the exclamatory phrase may receive a

stronger degree of stress and be accompanied by a rise in pitch.

E. g : What a beautiful hair!

How beautiful!

Declarative and interrogative sentence may take the passive and

negative form. Exclamatory sentence are not usually negative. Sometimes,

however, they are passive-What a sight was seen last night!

Imperative sentence maybe negative-Dont close the door. On

occasion they may be passive-Dont be fooled by his mild manner, (Frank,

1972:221-222).

Similar with Frank (1972), Pardiyono (2005) explain that there are

four types of sentences; declarative, question, and imperative, and

exclamation sentence. Different from Frank (1972), Pardiyono (2005)


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explain the imperative sentence in detailed. He classifies the imperative

sentence into three types; commands, request, and prohibition, (Pardiyono,

2005:62-64). Pardiyono defines types of sentence as follow:

Declarative sentence is a statement sentence that contains story or

information. The message that contained in declarative sentence is

information or general knowledge.

E. g:The president has called all his ministers to have special meeting.

Question sentence is a type of sentence that is uses to ask

information. The usage of question sentence can be seen from the question

word that be used. Pardiyono (2005), here, divide the question sentence

into yes/no question and wh-question.

E. g: Has the president called the ministers to have meeting?

When did the president and the vice president have a meeting?

Imperative sentence is sentence that contains command expression,

request for someone to do or not do a thing. Imperative sentence can be

classified into tree expression, command, request, and prohibition

expressions.

Command, it can be grouped into verb-command and adjective-

command. In a verb-command, verb is placed at the beginning of the

sentence. Add the word please to make the meaning sounds more polite.

E. g:Please remember that June the 1stis my birth day!


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In a command adjective-command, or noun, put be at the

beginning of the sentence. The word please can be added to make the

meaning sounds more polite. E. g: Be careful in driving!

Request, is a sentence that ask someone to do or not a thing.

Generally this expression uses would you mind.., would you like.,

could you., will you, and etc. E. g : Could you come to attend the

meeting?

Prohibition is a sentence that asks someone does not to do

anything. Usually this expression is started with do not and followed by

adjective, verb, and noun.E. g: Do not be sad!

Exclamatory, it is a sentence of praise, flattery, or expression of

admiration for a thing.

E. g: Fantastic what a car is it!

How beautiful you are!

G. Research Method

1. Research method

Research Method is an instrument of procedure and technique that

be used to make a research (Djajasudarma, 1993:3). To achieve the

purpose of the research, the writer uses Qualitative approach by using the

Descriptive method. It explains the data naturally, objectively and

factually (Arikunto, 1993:310). The goal of the descriptive method is to

conduct a description systematically, factually and accurately about some


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facts in certain place, (Suryabrata, 1983:75). Descriptive method is used to

describe the problem that arises from the data which collected by the

writer. This method is chosen by the writer because it can give description

in detailed towards individual, language, and certain group, like the

Suryabratas statement that defines the Description method as a research

that tries to make a description relating with certain situation and events,

(Suryabrata, 1983:76).

2. Data sources

The data sources that be used in this research is called as Primery

data, it is directly related with the problem that be observed and directly it

is delivered from the sources. The sources could be in a dialogue or

conversation that happened in Drama subject at International Class

Program in the STAIN of Salatiga, which contain ordering someone and

the response from the partner. The responses, perhaps, could be verbally or

non-verbally.

3. Technique of data collection

In this research, the method of data collection that be used is Simak

method. The Simak method has basic technique which called as Sadap

technique (Mahsun, 2005:90). This technique is called as basic technique

because penyimakan (listening attentively) often always is done with

penyadapan (recording). It means to get the data, the writer records the

dialogue or conversation among students and the teacher in English drama

subject of International Class Program that contains how to order


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someone, and then, write it as the data, as further technique. However, in

this research, the writer will replace the recorder with a pen and papers. In

other words, the writer uses taking notes technique during the data

collecting. The writer does not use recorder because this technique has

some disadvantages (1) if the recorder is failed the writer would not has

data; (2) the writer could not hear much of conversation or data; (3) the

data source will run unnaturally because of the writer existence, (Widiono

and Zuhris, 2010:77). Beside that according to Widiono and Zuhris

opinion that said if the writer has decided not to use a recorder tape as

instrument during the observation, he could replace it with a pen and paper

and write it directly in same time during the observation process, (Widiono

and Zuhri, Saifudin, 2010:73). They also explain that this technique also

has advantages. Some the advantages are this technique is not depend on

the instrument such as recorder that perhaps could be failed, taking notes is

the cheapest way if the writer has limited found, when the writer is

writing, perhaps the informant will give more information. On the other

hand this technique also has disadvantages. Here some the disadvantages

of taking notes technique, firstly, the writer could not make an eyes

contact continuously with the informants, secondly, it is difficult to be

concentrated during the observation to listen and write what the informant

says in the same time, and the last, this technique is so tired for the writer.

Thats why Widiono and Zuhri suggest that the writer who will use this


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technique must practice to write faster and could understand about their

own notes, (Widiono and Zuhri, Saifudin, 2010:78).

4. Technique of data analysis

The analysis implies the determination of certain units on the

theory of the lingual and with testing a particular technique as well

(Sudaryanto, 1998:51). In this analysis the writer uses the method of

Padan pragmatic, where the partner said the determining device

(Sudaryanto, 1993:13-15). Pragmatics in Padan methods must be

understood with the decisive element outside language (Djajasudarma,

1993:59). In the approach to linguistic analysis, pragmatics is defined as

the study of the use of language in communication, particularly the

relationship between the sentences and the context and situations which

they are used.

In other words, Pragmatics is the study of how speakers can use

and understand speech utterance in accordance with the proper context of

the situation (Mulyana, 2005:78).

Analysis is defined as determining lingual unit based on certain

theories and it must be examined with certain technique (Sudaryanto,

1998:51). In this analysis the researcher uses Pragmatics Padan method to

describe the use of cooperative principle on ordering someone in the

drama subject at International class program of STAIN Salatiga in the

interaction and this method to support the descriptive research method that

be used by the researcher. Result of analysis is presented informally.


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Informal presentation method is in sentence elaborations (Sudaryanto,

1993:145). In this study, the elaborations are about the usage of

cooperative principle on ordering someone in the International Class

Program of STAIN Salatiga, especially at English drama subject class, on

Wednesday, at 5-6 periods.

H. Research Paper Organization

This paper consists into five chapters, Chapter I is an introduction,

which contains background of the study, statements of the problems, purpose

of the study, benefits of the study, limitation of the problem, definition of key

term, research methodology and paper organization.

Chapter II gives some definitions concerning the Pragmatics, Context,

Cooperative Principle, ordering someone, and types of English sentence.

Chapter III discusses the research method. It contains research

methodology, data sources, technique of data collection, and technique of data

analysis.

Chapter IV contains situational description and data analysis. The

writer, here, explains the International Class Program conditions and the data

that have been collected before will be analyzed by the cooperative principle.

The last is chapter V, closure which concludes all of the data analysis

and give some suggestions of the problems discussed.


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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

In this chapter, the writer would like to explain some definitions

related with the Pragmatics, Context, Cooperative Principle, ordering someone

and the types of English sentences. These are done to get the complete

understanding about it.

A. The Definition Of Pragmatics

A word in a sentence is interpreted its meaning according to formal

relations of the sentence. However, in daily life, the meaning of the word does

not only depend on its position in the sentence, but it also depends on the

speakers that convey the word. Meaning intended by the speakers is learnt in

Pragmatic.

According to Levinson, as has been cited by Cahyono (1995:214), the

term of Pragmatic itself was born from a philosopher named Charles Morris

who reworked his predecessor philosophers thought about the sign and symbol

of science called semiotics. Semiotics is divided into three branches, namely

Semantics, Syntax, and Pragmatics. The Semantics studies the languages in

general with the objects to which it refers. Both Syntax and Pragmatics learn

about the meaning of the word. But the meaning that studied in these

languages is different. Syntax studies the meaning of words by observing the


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pattern structurally and their formal relationships with the other patterns, for

example in the form of subject, predicate, object, and so on. Even, this pattern

can still be divided into smaller units. Context, when used the sentences is not

be concerned. In the pragmatic, the meaning of utterance is assessed according

to the meaning intended by speakers and by the context, (Cahyono, 1995:214).

To understand the intended meaning of speakers in a Pragmatics, let us

consider the example conversation below:

Anak : Ibu, buku catatanku sudah habis.

(Son : Mom, my notes book has been up.)

Ibu : (taking the money, then given to her son)

From the conversation we learns that the child does not just tell the mother

that his book is up, but in fact, the son wants his mother to give him money to

be used as the cost to buy a new notebook. The mother is seemed to know

what is desired by the child with no answers like "well, yes, why could run

out?. Therefore, the participants of conversation use the meanings of words

are combined with the context in which those words occurred in order to

distinguish the meaning intended by speakers.

According to Juicker, that be cited by Soenjono, Pragmatics is not one

of the components in the language, it is only giving perspective towards

language. Because Pragmatics talks about meaning, it is often related with the

Semantics, the study of meaning. However, the Pragmatics only focuses on

the meaning that be used in the interaction between the speaker and the partner

(Soenjono, 2003:26).


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Parker, on his book, states the definition of Pragmatics more precise

than Juicker, He says that Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to

communicate. Pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the

internal structure of language (Parker, 11).

Here, to make this paper, the writer agrees with the Soenjonos

definition. He says that pragmatics is the study of meaning and it is only focus

on the meaning that be used in the interaction between the speaker and the

partner. The researcher chooses this definition because the definition of

pragmatics that proposed by Soenjono is suitable with the research that

observed the language when be used in communication.

B. The Context in Pragmatics

The type of the study in the Pragmatics is involving the meaning in the

particular place and situation, during the language is used in the

communication. It means that the meaning is not literally, but contextually.

Thus, context is one of the important theories in the Pragmatics study.

According to Stubbs that be cited by Cahyono (1995:2014-1015), the Context

has several elements as follow:

1. The speaker and the listener

The speaker and the listener are the participants in the conversation

(speech event). Dealing with the participants, some factors that influence

the speech event are the amount of the participant, the usage ofsapaan, the

statue, and the social role.


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Nin, lets go to the canteen!

The example above shows the friendly relationship between the

speaker and the listener.

2. The setting or situation

The setting is not only related with the particular place and time,

merely. However, it is related with the abstract concept called adegan

(stage), as in the drama performance.

Breaking the merchandise means buying

The sentence above is often found in the shops, it means we should

do window shopping carefully.

3. The messages or topic

There are two points in the topic, message form and message

content. The message form means of how we are expressing something.

The form is variety and it depends on the situation. The message content

means of what we say.

4.

The channel

When the speaker is saying the utterance, it is always followed by a

gesture that called para language, included with facial expression, voice

intonation. It is influenced by specific culture. Beside para language,

there is pseudo language that consist of vocal voices which showing the

listener is thinking, asking attention, agreeing and wonder expressing.


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5.

The Code

The code means points to the language that be used by the speaker

to deliver the message. The language could be in dialect, idiolect and etc.

C. TheDefinition Of Cooperative Principle

According to Grice in Meys book (Mey, 1994:65) to make the

communication can work smoothly, it needs a cooperation. It means make

your contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the

accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

He suggests that there is an accepted way of speaking which we all accept as

standard behavior. When we produce, or hear, an utterance, we assume that it

will generally be true, have the right amount of information, be relevant, and

will be couched in understandable terms. Related with this, Grice proposed a

postulate namely the Cooperative Principle that consists of four maxims:

1. Maxim of Quality

Maxim of quality states try to keep your contribution to give true

information. The maxim consists of two points, (1) do not say something

that it is not true, and (2) do not say anything less convincing evidence of

its truth. Maxim of quality is related to speakers responsibility. With these

limitations, speakers are required to provide the really information and the

partners are required to believe what the speakers delivered. With this

principle, the communication is occurred in concrete reality, speakers and


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partners have same perception during the conversation, (Rani, Arifin and

Martutik, 2006:244-245).

Rani, Arifin and Martutik on their book give example about the

application of this principle, he presents the conversation in a court

between the judge and the witness:

Hakim :Kamu yang lapor?

(The Judge : Are you the reporter?)

Saksi :Ya.

(The Witness : Yes.)

Hakim :Mengapa dilaporkan?

(The Judge : Why did you report it?

Saksi :Lha, kehilangan lho, Pak.

(The Witness : Because of lossing, Sir.)

(Rani, Arifin and Martutik, 2006:244-245)

When viewed from the usage of quality principles, the witness

answer has fulfilled both points of quality principle. The answer is

accordance with the reality as the victim-witness is only natural that he

reports the stealing that he gets to the police.

Beside fulfilled the quality principle, the answer of suspected in a

court, sometimes, is also found violation. The information contained in the

answer of suspected or witness does not correspond to reality and truth

conditions that exist in the real world and in suspected or witness it self.

Therefore, and apparently by the questioner that what is raised by a


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suspected or witness is literally not in accordance with the situation said or

contextual data that accompanies the response. Rani, Arifin and Martutik

(2006) gave the following examples:

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Sugiono pernah ti dak, sering tidak ke rumah

mertuanya?

Has Sugiono ever or come to his parent in

laws home?)

Saksi

(The Witness

:

:

Tidak pernah, Pak.

Never, Sir.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Tidak pernah? Sama sekali tidak pernah?.

No? Never?)

Saksi

(The Witness

:

:

((diam) Sebab saya Plaosan itu jauh, Pak.

(silently) Because the Plaosan and me is far a

way.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Kamu, kok bilang tidak pernah, dasarnya

apa? Kalau dekat, kamu tidak pernah itu

wajar.

Why did you say never, What is the reason?

Its normally, if you are nearby, but never.)

(Rani, Arifin and Martutik, 2006:246)

The witness answer, tidak pernah, Pak is not accordance with

the reality. The fact shows the witness home is far away with the Plaosan


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village (suspecteds home). So, if the witness said that Sugiono never

visits her mother in law, it is not true. How a person could observed

another which live far away from his home. Therefore, the witness answer

that stating that the witness knows that Sugiono never comes to his mother

in law is a violation of the maxim of qualities that reads 'you must keep

your contribution in giving true information', (Rani, Arifin and Martutik,

2006:246).

2.

Maxim of Quantity

Maxim of quantity explains that speakers generally use the

language that fits, no less and no more, for what were trying to convey, to

whom delivered, and for what purpose. Within the limits of this principle,

speakers attempt to ascertain how far the mastery of partners said about

the information you want delivered and expected behavior. There are two

points supporting these principles: (1) your contribution to give

information must be accordance with the necessity or required, and (2) you

do not exceed to give more information if it is not required.

On his book, Rani, Arifin and Martutik (2006) also gives examples

that illustrate the application of the maxim of quantity in interviewing

process between judge and suspected in the court.

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Berapa kali saudara mengayunkan pedang

itu ketubuh Mui?

How many you cut down your sword to

Muis body?)


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Terdakwa

(The defendant

:

:

Satu kali, Pak.

One, Sir.)


The example above shows that the answer of suspected has applied

the maxim of quantity. The information that wanted by the judge is the

number of strokes using sword by the suspected towards the victim (Mui).

It is accordance with the question given by the judge.

Beside fulfilled the maxim of quantity, sometimes also found

violence, in the conversation. Most of them give more information than

required. For example, Rani, Arifin and Martutik (2006) returned to give

an example violation of this principle in the court that illustrated below:

Terdakwa

(The defendant

:

:

Tidak benar saya mengambilnya, Pak.

Its not true that I take it, Sir.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Lantas siapa?

So, whom?)

Terdakwa : Saya tidak tahu, Pak. Kalau waktu itu

polisi bisa fair menerima keterangan saya

mungkin kasus ini terungkap, Pak.

Berhubung polisi menerima keterangan

secara sepihak, jadi saya dengan bukti-

bukti ini saya tersudut, Pak. Tapi saya

tidak mengakui, Pak.


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(The Defendant : I dont know, Sir. If the Police accepted

my witnesseth fairly, perhapes this case

would finished, Sir. Because the Police

accept it unilaterally, it makes me looked

as the defendant, Sir. But, I really denie

it.)

(Rani, Arifin and Martutik, 2006:243-244)

In this conversation, the question lantas siapa?means that the

judge wants to know who actually the person who did stealing is.

Additional information given by suspected is not really required by the

judge. So, additional information here is violence towards maxim of

quantity.

3. Maxim of Manner

According to Grice that be cited by Rani, Arifin and Martutik

(2006), maxim of manner says keep your words easily understood. Maxim

of manner has four points, (1) avoid vague statements, (2) avoid

ambiguity, (3) try to give enough information, and (4) arrange your talk

regularly. The maxim is related to linguistic norms and ways of delivering

a matching between the speakers.

Analysis of the conversation in the court showed that in general the

suspected or witness answer has to obey the maxim of manner. For

example, the suspected answer the judges question clearly. No


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misinterpretations, concise, and orderly. There is no violation here,

because the question is delivered clearly according to the topic about a

crime case that be investigated. That is way, the previous example about

the conversation between judge and suspected in maxim quantity above

has fulfilled the maxim of manner, (Rani, Arifin and Martutik 2006:248).

4. Maxim of Relevance

Maxim of relevance ask the speaker and the partner in the

conversation must has meaningfully utterance. They are required to focus

on the topic that is being discussed. Therefore, all the explanation,

response, opinion, and action must have the relation with the topic

discussed. Maxim of relevance states try to keep your words relevant. So,

there is a question, the answer must be relevant with the question, or the

information that given to response the question must have the same topic.

In a court, this maxim always fulfilled as usual. On their book

Rani, Arifin and Martutik (2006), illustrate the usage of maxim of manner:

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Nama Saudara?

Your name?)

Terdakwa

(The Defendant

:

:

Andrianto.

Andrianto.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Umur?

Age?)

Terdakwa

(The Defendant

:

:

Dua puluh tahun.

Twenty years old.)


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Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Pekerjaan kamu apa?

Who are you?)

Terdakwa

(The Defendant

:

:

Tukang rombeng.

Second hands seller.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Alamat?

Where do you live?)

Terdakwa

(The Defendant

:

:

Jalan Muharto, gang empat, nomor tiga

Sembilan, Malang.

Jl. Muharto, gang empat, number 9,

Malang.)


The conversation above showed that all the answers have fulfilled

the topic being discussed. The information given by the suspected to

response the question has same topic and these are appropriate with the

question. When the judge asks about his name, the answer is the suspected

name. It means the question and the response are relevant.

Sometimes, the answer of the suspected is not relevant with the

question. Illustration below shows the violence towards maxim of manner:

Hakim : Sugiono pernah tidak, sering tidak ke

rumah mertuanya?


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(The Judge Has Sugiono ever or come to his parent

in laws home?)

Saksi

(The Witness

:

:

Tidak pernah, Pak.

Never, Sir.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Tidak pernah? Sama sekali tidak

pernah?.

No? Never?)

Saksi

(The Witness

:

:

(diam) Sebab saya Palosan itu jauh,

Pak.

((silently) Because the Plaosan and me is

far a way.)

Hakim

(The Judge

:

:

Kamu, kok bil ang tidak pernah, dasarnya

apa? Kalau dekat, kamu tidak pernah i tu

wajar.

Why did you say never, What is the

reason? Its normally, if you are nearby,

but never.)

(Rani, Arifin and Martutik 2006:247-248)

In the first question, the witness answers the question appropriately

with the question, but when the judge asks sama sekali tidak pernah?

the answer is not relevant with the question, because the answer is not

required and does not have relationship with the question. Or in other


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word the conversation above does not fulfill the maxim of manner, (Rani,

Arifin and Martutik 2006:247-248).

The four maxims above explain about what should be done by the

participants of conversation in order to speak efficiently, rationally, and

based by the cooperativeness. It means that the speaker has to speak

honestly, relevantly, clearly by giving enough information. Perhaps, in

some cases, we will not get the conversation which it is impossible to use

the cooperative principle. However, that explanation helps us to know

certain characteristics that be used by the people to say something.

Sometimes, people often try to show that something that they state

is something that they think and feel. Something that people does not

know exactly, but something that it is still possibility. Therefore, Joni is

sick is different with I think Joni is sick. The first sentence, here, the

speaker is regarded has strong evidence in order to say that statement.

Based on the usage of cooperative principle, it is clear that certain

answer towards a question can interpret logically, even though, sometimes

the answer is not relevant.

Tomi : Would you come to Nuniks party, to night?

Lusi : I have examination tomorrow.

(Cahyono, 1995:221)

Here, Lusis answer isnot the appropriate answer for the question

that given by Tomi. Lusi does not say yes or no. However, Tomi can

interpreted the answer, so that the sentence has equal meaning with the


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word no. How could people explain to understand the sentence

meaning?, whereas, the sentences have different meaning. Perhaps, the

answer depends on guessing that Lusi uses maxim of relevance and maxim

of quality. Therefore, Lusis answer is not only a statement that shows her

activities tomorrow, but also this answer contains implicature about her

activities that will be done to night, (Cahyono, 1995:221-222).

Leech (1991:81) adds that not only Cooperative Principle that

important to be used in the conversation, but also there is another factor

that influences the usage of Cooperative Principle, it is called as the

Politeness Principle. Because of the involving of the Politeness Principle,

people could violate the Cooperative Principle, (Leech, 1991:81).

Based on the elaboration above, the researcher concludes that to

make the conversation smoothly the partner and the listener had better

obey the cooperative principle, and they also could involve the politeness

principle in order to make the conversation can work comfortably.

D. Ordering Someone

Webster (1971) states, order is to direct or command to be done,

(Webster, 1971:666). In another book, Webster defines the ordering word

more clearly, he states that order is to give authoritative instruction to

someone to do something or for something to be done, (Webster, 2004:706).

From both of those definitions that stated by Webster, the writer can conclude

that order is a command that given by someone to another to do or give


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something that the commander wants, the expressing could be in a gesture or

using imperative sentence, and the response could be verbally or non-verbally.

According to Lyons (1971), based on their function, sentences are

classified into statement, question, and commands, (Lyons, 1971:178). The

statement sentence has function to give information, question is to ask or get

information, and sentence that has function to order or command someone is

called as command or imperative sentence. Pardiyono (2005) classifies the

imperative sentence into three expressions namely, command, prohibition and

request, (Pardiyono, 2005:62-64). In this study, the writer would like to

explain the imperative sentence in the next subtitle, namely types of sentences.

E. Types of Sentences

A sentence is traditionally defined as a group of words which express

a complete thought, (Robert, 1972:3). Sentence could be classified into some

classifications, based on the function, tenses, types, kinds, and etc.

1. Based on their function, Lyons (1971) classifies the sentence into

statement, question, exclamation, and command, (Lyons, 1971:178). The

statement sentence has function to give information, question sentence is

to ask information, exclamation is to express an admiration towards

something, and command is to order, to prohibit, and to request.

2. Different from Lyons (1971) who calls those classifications based on the

function, Marcella Frank (1972) is tend to call that classification is based


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on the types, she states there are four types of sentences. It consists of

declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentence.

a. In declarative sentence the subject and predicate have normal word

order. The sentence ends with a period or full stop and a drop in pitch

in speech. E. g: The child ate his dinner.

b. In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary are often

reversed. The sentence ends with a question mark (or, interrogation

point) in writing. In the spoken language, most yes-no questions ends

with a rise in pitch.E. g: Did the child eat his dinner?

c.

In an imperative sentence (commands and request), only the predicate

is expressed. The simple form of the verb is used, regardless of person

or tense. The imperative sentence ends with a period in writing and a

drop in pitch in speech. E. g: Eat your dinner!

d. Exclamatory sentence (exclamations), the exclamatory phrase is

followed by the subject and the balance of the predicate. In writing, the

exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark or exclamation

point. Sometimes a period is used to lessen the force of the

exclamation. In speech, the most important word in the exclamatory

phrase may receive a stronger degree of stress and be accompanied by

a rise in pitch.

E. g: What a beautiful hair!

How beautiful!


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e.

Declarative and interrogative sentence may take the passive and

negative form. Exclamatory sentence are not usually negative.

Sometimes, however, they are passive.

E. g: What a sight was seen last night!

Imperative sentence maybe is negative. On occasion they may be are

passive.

E. g: Dont close the door

Dont be fooled by his mild manner,

(Frank, 1972:221-222).

3.

Similar with Frank (1972), Pardiyono (2005) explains that there are four

types of sentences; declarative, question, and imperative, and exclamation

sentence. Different from Frank (1972), Pardiyono (2005) explains the

imperative sentence in detailed. He classifies the imperative sentence into

three types; commands, request, and prohibition, (Pardiyono, 2005:62-64).

Pardiyono defines types of sentence as follow:

a. Declarative sentence is a statement sentence that contains story or

information. The message that contained in declarative sentence is

information or general knowledge.

E. g: The president has called all his ministers to have special

meeting.

b. Question sentence is a type of sentence that is uses to ask information.

The usage of question sentence can be seen from the question word


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that be used. Pardiyono (2005), here, divides the question sentence into

yes/no question and wh-question.

E. g: Has the president called the ministers to have meeting?

When did the president and the vice president have a meeting?

c. Imperative sentence is sentence that contains command expression,

request for someone to do or not do a thing. Imperative sentence can

be classified into tree expression, command, request, and prohibition

expressions.

1)

Command, it can be grouped into verb-command and adjective-

command. In a verb-command, verb is placed at the beginning of

the sentence. Add the word please to make the meaning sounds

more polite.

E. g:Please remember that June the 1stis my birth day!

In a command adjective-command, or noun, put be at the

beginning of the sentence. The word please can be added to

make the meaning sounds more polite.

E. g: Be careful in driving!

2)

Request, is a sentence that ask someone to do or not a thing.

Generally this expression uses would you mind.., would you

like., could you., will you, and etc.

E. g: Could you come to attend the meeting?


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3)

Prohibition is a sentence that asks someone does not to do

anything. Usually this expression is started with do not and

followed by adjective, verb, and noun.

E. g: Do not be sad!

d. Exclamatory, it is a sentence of praise, flattery, or expression of

admiration for a thing.

E. g: Fantastic what a car is it!

How beautiful you are!

From the elaboration above, could be draw a conclusion that each of

sentence has own function. Question sentence is used to ask information, and

statement or declarative sentence is to give information, while exclamation

sentence is used to express of admiration, and the imperative or command

sentence has function to order someone to do something to be done. It consists

of command, prohibition, and request sentence.


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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

Suryabrata said, the knowledge that gained by scientific approach

is gained by scientific research and certain theories. The theories could be proven

by another writer. It means, if it is done the same research with following the

same steps in the same condition, it will find the same conclusion, or it must be

consistent, (Suryabrata, 1983:6). Thats why in conducting this research, the

writer is not based on the writers assumption merely, but tries to make it

objectively.

Concerning to the research problems and the purposes of the study,

the writer had designed the study in descriptive-qualitative research towards

answering the problems. It means the data are in the form of phenomenon which

observing through process, meaning and understanding gained through words or

phrases, (Cresswell, 1994:145). This is done because according to Lofland that be

cited by Moleong (2002) states that the main data in a qualitative research is

words and actions and the other are additional data such as photos, documents,

etc, (Moleong, 2002:112).

A. Research Method

Research Methodology is an instrument of procedure and

technique that be used to make a research (Djajasudarma, 1993:3). To achieve


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the purpose of the research, the writer uses Qualitative approach by using the

Descriptive method. It explains the data naturally, objectively and factually

(Arikunto, 1993:310). The goal of the descriptive method is to conduct a

description systematically, factually and accurately about some facts in certain

place, (Suryabrata, 1983:75). Descriptive method is used to describe the

problem that arise from the data which collected by the writer. This method is

chosen by the writer because it can give description in detailed towards

individual, language, and certain group, like the Suryabratas statement that

defines the Description method as a research that tries to make a description

relating with certain situation and events, (Suryabrata, 1983:76).

B. Data Sources

On his book, Suryabrata (1983) explains that there are two types of

Data source. The data that is collected directly from the main source is called

as Primary data and the data that collected through documents, such as,

photos, demography is called as Secondary data, (Suryabrata, 1983:39).

The data sources that be used in this research is called as Primer

data, it is directly related with the problem that be observed and directly it is

delivered from the sources. The sources in this research are the students and

the lecturer in English drama subject class at International Class Program of

STAIN Salatiga, who study English drama every Wednesday at 5-6 periods,

they are as key informants. The data itself could be in a dialogue or

conversation that happened in English drama subject of International Class


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Program in STAIN of Salatiga which contain ordering someone and the

response from the partner. The responses, perhaps, could be verbally or non-

verbally. Beside that, the writer also uses secondary data to describe the

profile of International Class Program.

C. Technique Of Data Collecting

In this research, the method of data collection that be used is Simak

method. The Simak method has basic technique which called as Sadap

technique (Mahsun, 2005:90). This technique is called as basic technique

because penyimakan (listening attentively) often always is done with

penyadapan (recording). It means to get the data, the writer records the

dialogue or conversation among students and the teacher in English drama

subject of International Class Program that contains how to order someone,

and then, write it as the data, as further technique. However, in this research,

the writer will replace the recorder with a pen and papers. In other words, the

writer uses taking notes technique during the data collecting. The writer does

not use recorder because this technique has some disadvantages (1) if the

recorder is failed the writer would not has data; (2) the writer could not hear

much of conversation or data; (3) the data source will run unnaturally because

of the writer existence, (Widiono and Zuhris, 2010:77). Beside that according

to Widiono and Zuhris opinion that said if the writer has decided not to use a

recorder tape as instrument during the observation, he could replace it with a

pen and paper and write it directly in same time during the observation


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process, (Widiono and Zuhri, Saifudin, 2010:73). They also explain that this

technique also has advantages. Some the advantages are this technique is not

depend on the instrument such as recorder that perhaps could be failed, taking

notes is the cheapest way if the writer has limited found, when the writer is

writing, perhaps the informant will give more information. On the other hand

this technique also has disadvantages. Here some the disadvantages of taking

notes technique, firstly, the writer could not make an eyes contact

continuously with the informants, secondly, it is difficult to be concentrated

during the observation to listen and write what the informant says in the same

time, and the last, this technique is so tired for the writer. Thats why Widiono

and Zuhri suggest that the writer who will use this technique must practice to

write faster and could understand about their own notes, (Widiono and Zuhri,

Saifudin, 2010:78).

D. Technique Of Data Analysis

The analysis implies the determination of certain units on the

theory of the lingual and with testing a particular technique as well

(Sudaryanto, 1998:51). In this analysis the writer uses the methods of Padan

pragmatic, where the partner said the determining device (Sudaryanto,

1993:13-15). Pragmatics in Padan methods must be understood with the

decisive element, outside the language (Djajasudarma, 1993:59). In the

approach to linguistic analysis, pragmatics is defined as the study of the use of


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language in communication, particularly the relationship between the

sentences and the context and situations which they are used.

In other words, Pragmatics is the study of how speakers can use

and understand speech utterance in accordance with the proper context of the

situation (Mulyana, 2005:78).

In this analysis the writer uses Padan Pragmatics method to

describe the usage of cooperative principle on ordering someone at English

drama subject of International Class Program.

Result of analysis is presented informally. Informal presentation

method is in sentence elaborations (Sudaryanto, 1993:145). In this study, the

elaborations are about the usage of cooperative principle on ordering someone

in the International Class Program of STAIN Salatiga, especially at English

drama subject class, on Wednesday, at 5-6 periods.


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CHAPTER IV

GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND DATA ANALYSIS

The chapter IV, the writer attempts to answer those research problems

with analyzing the data gained before, during the observation. However, before

analyzing the data, the writer would explain the general description of

International Class Program in the State College for Islamic Studies of Salatiga.

A. General Description of International Class Program

In the general description, the writer will present several data dealing

with the research such as, history of international class, vision, mission,

educational purpose of International Class, study program and curriculum,

target of International class, and lecture schedule of International class in

STAIN of Salatiga.

1.

History of International Class

STAIN Salatiga, in this globalization era has realized the

opportunity and the challenge of higher education in the future. Moreover,

STAIN Salatiga stands nearby Satya Wacana Christian University

(SWCU) which has international reputation and link for many years. By

regarding Satya Wacana Christian University (SWCU) as a benchmark,

STAIN Salatiga is striving for internationalization through developing

International Class.


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Historically, from 1980 to 2000 STAIN Salatiga has accepted

foreigner students such as Malaya, Thailand (Pattani). However, their

presence was influenced by historical reason and alumni intervention and

not by STAIN quality and intensive cooperation. As the result, from time

to time this college does not have any foreigner students any more.

In last five years, STAIN Salatiga intends made interaction with

international university. There are many lecturers finessed get opportunity

to study overseas both degree and non-degree programs, such as Australia,

Dutch, English, Germany, USA and then Egypt. Besides, there are many

lecturers who get short course program sandwich or visit in foreign

countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Dutch, American, Japan,

Turkey, and Maroko.

In 2009 and 2011 there are students of STAIN Salatiga who

establish networking with international university through Indonesian

English Language Study Program (IELSP) program like Ohio State

University, Oregon, Arizona, South Carolina, Syracuse, and Virginia Tech

University. In the other hands, there are many foreigners who visit STAIN

Salatiga like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Japan, California, Switzerland,

and Australia. The accessibility STAIN Salatiga has students to improve

and articulate development with international network by means of

commencement international class in the academic year of 2010/2011.

This decision is based on Ministering of Religious Affair letter c.q.

Founding Directorate of Islamic Studies Institute Number


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SE.Dj.I/I.IV/PP.00. Date April 11, 2008 about planning strategies in the

academic year of 2010-2014.

2. Vision and Mission

a. Vision

Special Program in International Class (Program Kelas Khusus

International) in the academic year of 2011-2014 is excellent center to

develop strength of individual as lecturer and students Program Kelas

Khusus International became creativity people, using potential and

make self image to be able curious as a study creature.

b. Mission

The mission of international class is presented in the following:

1)

To develop the religion as moral base and character building for all

academic at State Institute of Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga

generally and especially international class.

2)

Academic atmosphere and intellectual tradition for lecture and

students program international class areas.

3)

Make active, productive, and cooperative network.

4) Make a graduate from KKI program proportional between

academic ability and talent interested sets out spirit

entrepreneurship.


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3.

Educational pupose

The educational purpose of International Class STAIN Salatiga are:

a. To give more service to the students who has more potential

b.

To prepare the class which is joined for foreign students

c.

To prepare teacher of the International standard school (RSBI) and

Indonesian school in overseas.

4. Study Program and Curriculum

a. The program of quality development for international class

International class encourages and advocates actively every lecture

and students to get the educational access area taking root from study

program. Beside, study program and curriculum in International Class

improve the quality of library international class kind of manual or

online system.

b. The program of quality, creativity, achievement and moral enrichment

for KKI

The implementations for international class are training, workshop

and seminar for students then giving scholarship during eight semeter

from STAIN and international scholarship assistance such as

Indonesian English Language Study Program (IELSP) and Ugrad in

American, Chevening in England, ADS in Australia, and Stunned in

Dutch and so on.


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c.

Curriculum

Curriculum in International Class followed of curriculum at

STAIN Salatiga in the academic year of 2010. This curriculum

includes as:

1) The syllabus in STAIN Salatiga for all study program of religion

2) The subject of faculty

3) The subject of study program

Besides, International class is prepared for students to get working

in foreign country, such as:

1) The students have to write paper in English or Arabic

2) They have to teach Indonesian language for foreigner

3)

They have to teach Islamic education in Indonesian school in

international

4) The students have to teach Indonesian studies such as specific

aspect Islam in Indonesian, Javanese culture and Social Values

5. Target of International Class

The targets that can be reached in opening international class, for

four years are as seen on the following table:


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Table 4.1

The Opening of Target International Class

Year of

Academic

The target will be reached

2010-2011

The opening of International Class first years which

involve the undergraduate students

2011-2012

1. The opening of International Class second years which


2. To build networking with Islamic country

3. To formed memorandum of agreement with Sister

University or College

2012-2013

1.Networking the foreigner to study in STAIN Salatiga

2.

The opening of International Class third years which


3.

The opening study program students STAIN Salatiga

with the other country

2013-2014

1.

The opening of International Class third years which


2. The realization of practice or program and the students

exchange with other countries for the first year students


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6.

Lecture Schedule of International Class

The lecture schedule of International Class in STAIN Salatiga is

divided into two groups, namely Tarbiyah faculty and the schedule for its

major, such as English major, Arabic major and Islamic education major.

Table 4.2 bellow shows the subjects that must be studied in the first

semester for Tarbiyah faculty:

Table 4.2

The Schedule of International Class for First Semester of TarbiyahFaculty

NO CODE SUBJECT SKS

1 STA 1 01 2 Al Quran 2

2 STA 1 02 2 Bahasa Indonesia 2

3 STA 1 03 3 Arabic I (SIBA) 6

4 STA 1 04 2 English I (SIBI) 3

5 TAR 1 01 2 Education Science 2

6 STA 1 06 3 Fiqh 3

7 STA 1 07 2 History of Islamic Civilization 2

Sum of SKS School 20

NO CODE SUBJECT SKS

1 KKI 1 01 2 Sharaf I 2

2 KKI 1 02 2 Nahwu I 2

3 KKI 1 03 2 Istima' 2


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4 KKI 1 04 2 Listening I 2

5 KKI 1 05 2 Reading I 2


In second semester, the students of International Class Program

still have several subjects that related with the group of Tarbiyah subjects.

Something that makes it different with the Tarbiyah subject of the first

semester are there are seven subjects that should be learnt in the second

semester and it is added with five additional majors. The scedule can be

seen in table 4.3 as follows:

Table 4.3

The Schedule of International Class for Second Semester of Tarbiyah

Faculty

NO CODE SUBJECT SKS

1 STA 1 01 2 Al Quran 2

2 STA 1 02 2 Bahasa Indonesia 2

3 STA 1 03 3 Arabic I (SIBA) 6

4 STA 1 04 2 English I (SIBA) 3

5 TAR 1 01 2 Education Science 2

6 STA 1 06 3 Fiqh 3

7 STA 1 07 2 History of Islamic Civillization 2


NO

CODE ADDITIONAL MAJOR SKS

1 KKI 1 01 2 Sharaf I 2


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2 KKI 1 02 2 Nahwu I 2

3 KKI 1 03 2 Istima I 2

4 KKI 1 04 2 Listening I 2

5 KKI 1 05 2 Reading I 2


On the third semester, the subjects that learnt

A Pragmatics Analysis About the Usage of Cooperative - Stain Salatiga

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