8/19/2015 - Denton Independent School District · 2019-09-18 · The Virginia and New Jersey Plans Constitutional Compromises Unfinished Business: The Executive Branch 2.3. 8/19/2015

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American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12eO'Connor | Sabato | Yanus

Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011Pearson Education, Inc.

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Roots of the U.S. Constitution

Trade and Taxation

First Steps Toward Independence

The First Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress

The Declaration of Independence

2.1



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Trade and Taxation

Mercantilism Strict import/export controls

Widely ignored

Costly French and Indian War New taxes on sugar and paper items

Sugar Act

Stamp Act

"No taxation without representation"

2.1



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Stamp Act Congress formed to address

grievances

Boston Massacre, 1770

2.1

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Committees of Correspondence build

public opinion against Britain.

Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts of 1774 (Intolerable Acts) Quartering of British troops

2.1



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The First Continental Congress

First Continental Congress September, 1774

56 delegates

Declaration of Rights and Resolves

2.1



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The Second Continental Congress

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Second Continental Congress May, 1775

Olive Branch Petition (July 5, 1775)

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

2.1

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The Declaration of Independence

Committee of Five

Thomas Jefferson Principal author

John Locke Social contract theory

Life, liberty, and property

2.1



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The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation

Problems Under the Articles of

Confederation

Shays's Rebellion

2.2



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Problems Under the Articles of Confederation

No power to tax

No power to regulate commerce

No executive to implement laws

No judicial system

No coercive power over states

2.2

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Shays's Rebellion

Farmers protest farm foreclosures

Shays and followers shut down court

No state militia to quell the uprising

2.2



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What was the result of Shays's Rebellion? 2.2

North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy



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The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution

The Characteristics and Motives of the

Framers

The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Constitutional Compromises

Unfinished Business: The Executive

Branch

2.3

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Characteristics and Motives of the Framers

All wealthy white males Most young

Some slave owners

Relatively educated

Social motives Maintain social order which benefited them

Economic motives Maintain property rights which benefited them

2.3



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The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Virginia Plan Large states

Powerful central government

Representation based on population

New Jersey Plan Small states

Weak central government

Representation by state

2.3



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The Great Compromise Bicameral legislature

Number of representatives based on population

Representatives directly elected

States given equal votes in Senate

Senators elected by state legislatures

Division of power between national and state

governments

2.3

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The Issue of Slavery No limits for 20 years

The Three-Fifths Compromise Representation determined by counting slaves as

three-fifths of a person

Gave southern states more representatives

2.3



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Unfinished Business: The Executive Branch

One-person executive

4-year term

Electoral College

Impeachment

2.3



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The U.S. Constitution

The Basic Principles of the Constitution

The Structure of the Constitution

2.4

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Federalism Power divided between national and state governments

National government considered supreme

Power derived from the people

2.4



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Separation of Powers Executive branch

Legislative branch

Judicial branch

Checks and Balances Each branch has powers to check the other two

branches.

2.4



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What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution?

2.4

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TABLE 1.1 How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to one another?

2.4

continued on next slide

TABLE 2.1 How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution Compare to One Another?



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2.4

TABLE 1.1 (continued) How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to

one another?

TABLE 2.1 How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution Compare to One Another?



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Structure of the Constitution

Article I: The legislative branch

Article II: The executive branch

Article III: The judiciary branch

Articles IV through VII

2.4

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Article I: Legislative branch Enumerated powers

Necessary and proper clause

Also called the Elastic clause

Implied powers

2.4



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Article II: Executive branch commander in chief

authority to make treaties and federal appointments

execute the laws faithfully

2.4



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Why does the president deliver a State of

the Union Address?2.4

Virginia Mayo/ AP Images

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Article III: Judiciary branch

Articles IV through VII Full faith and credit

Supremacy clause

Amendment process

2.4



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Ratifying the U.S. Constitution

Federalists versus Anti-Federalists

The Federalist Papers

Winning Support for the Constitution

Bill of Rights

2.5



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Federalists Versus Anti-Federalists

Federalists favored strong national

government.

Anti-Federalists favoured strong state

governments.

Ratification process was contentious

2.5

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The Federalist Papers

85 essays by Federalists Alexander Hamilton (51)

James Madison(26)

John Jay(3)

Appeared in New York newspapers

Theoretical, scholarly

Anti-Federalists responded with critique

of Constitution

2.5



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Winning Support for the Constitution

Delaware first state

Small states before others

New Hampshire 9th state

New York and Virginia

2.5



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The Bill of Rights

Condition of ratification Sought by Anti-Federalists to protect civil liberties

First ten amendments to Constitution

2.5

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TABLE 2.2 What Were the Differences Between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists?

2.5



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Toward Reform: Methods of

Amending the U.S. Constitution

Formal Methods of Amending the

Constitution

Informal Methods of Amending the

Constitution

2.6



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Formal Methods of Amending

the Constitution

Proposal Two-thirds members of both houses

Two-thirds of state legislatures

Never used

Ratification Vote in state legislature

Vote in ratifying convention

2.6

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FIGURE 2.2 How can the U.S. Constitution be amended?

2.6



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Informal Methods of

Amending the Constitution

Judicial interpretation Supreme Court can decide if laws are unconstitutional.

Social and cultural change Legislation can alter balance of power between

government and states.

Technological change Media is redefining free speech.

2.6

8/19/2015 - Denton Independent School District · 2019-09-18 · The Virginia and New Jersey Plans Constitutional Compromises Unfinished Business: The Executive Branch 2.3. 8/19/2015

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