01/01/22 01/01/22 1 Optimization of Swimming Optimization of Swimming Performance Emotion- & Performance Emotion- & Action-Centered Approaches Action-Centered Approaches Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina ([email protected]) ([email protected]) Research Institute for Olympic Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland Jyväskylä, Finland Swimming Coaches’ Seminar 28.12.2011 Riga, Lavia
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6/3/20141 Optimization of Swimming Performance Emotion- & Action-Centered Approaches Juri Hanin & Muza Hanina ([email protected]) Research Institute for.
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04/10/2304/10/23 11
Optimization of Swimming Performance Optimization of Swimming Performance Emotion- & Action-Centered ApproachesEmotion- & Action-Centered Approaches
Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Research Institute for Olympic Sports,
Jyväskylä, Finland Jyväskylä, Finland
Swimming Coaches’ Seminar28.12.2011 Riga, Lavia
Исследования и консультированиеИсследования и консультирование
Спортсмены, тренеры, команды: 1967- 1990 - в России - 4 Oлимпиады1967- 1990 - в России - 4 Oлимпиады 1991- 2011 - в Финляндии - 8 Oлимпиад 1991- 2011 - в Финляндии - 8 Oлимпиад
Основные виды спортаОсновные виды спорта:: командные: : хоккей, футбол, волейбол, гребляхоккей, футбол, волейбол, гребля
индивидуальные: индивидуальные: л/атлетика, плавание.л/атлетика, плавание. прыжки в прыжки в воду, cтрельбаводу, cтрельба, bowling, гольф, sailing, лыжи, гольф, sailing, лыжи, фиг-фиг-катание, гимнастикакатание, гимнастика,, oриентирование, теннис, oриентирование, теннис, etc. etc.
Спортивная психология - тенденции в Спортивная психология - тенденции в прошломпрошлом
1. Акцент на проблемах: 1. Акцент на проблемах: стресс-реакциистресс-реакции
тревогатревога мертвая точкамертвая точка
коррекция недостатковкоррекция недостатков
2. Групповые сравнения2. Групповые сравнения:: акцент на среднихакцент на средних, , успешных и неуспешных,успешных и неуспешных, игнорирование внутрииндигнорирование внутриинд. . динамикидинамики
Спортивная психология сейчасСпортивная психология сейчас
1. Акцент на позитивном: 1. Акцент на позитивном: выявление индвыявление инд.. ресурсов ресурсов (strengths)(strengths) использование стрессаиспользование стресса оптимизация деятельности оптимизация деятельности
2. Главный акцент на индивиде2. Главный акцент на индивиде:: индивидуальноиндивидуально лучший уровень лучший уровень стабильность и внутри-индстабильность и внутри-инд.. динамика динамика
* Hanin, 2000, 2003* Hanin, 2000, 2003
Психологическая подготовка -Психологическая подготовка - систематическое использование
психологических процессов чтобы влиять на мысли, эмоции, мотивацию, поведение, действия, и общение спортсмена (или команды) в специфическом контексте.
* Hanin, 1997* Hanin, 1997
Психологическая подготовка
Общая Общая
• умения и навыкиумения и навыки• качествакачества• черты черты
Успех в спорте/жизниУспех в спорте/жизни
Общая Общая
• умения и навыкиумения и навыки• качествакачества• черты черты
Успех в спорте/жизниУспех в спорте/жизни
Специальная • готовность
• ситуативный успех
• выполнение задачи Стабильность
Специальная • готовность
• ситуативный успех
• выполнение задачи Стабильность
Optimal Performance: Optimal Performance:
1.1. Is based on own strengthsIs based on own strengths
2.2. Uses personal resources effectively Uses personal resources effectively
3.3. Adjustable under different & difficult conditionsAdjustable under different & difficult conditions
4.4. Provides tools for personal controlProvides tools for personal control
5.5. Helps to avoid trying too much Helps to avoid trying too much
6.6. Involves a skill to deal with the unexpectedInvolves a skill to deal with the unexpected
7.7. Helps to re-focus when distractedHelps to re-focus when distracted
8.8. Consistent performance (PB, SB, top 5) Consistent performance (PB, SB, top 5)
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Non-optimal performance in elite sport
1. High performance variability in practices2. Good performance in practice, not in competition3. Good performance in a warm-up, not in competition4. Best results usually in minor competitions5. Stress-induced instability of technique 6. “Lost move syndrome” (LMS) (a ”break-down”) 7. Habitual (learned) performance errors8. Post-injury impact on skill execution9. Physical shape (over-development of qualities)10. Over-loaded by too many changes
* Hanin & Hanina, 1999-2010
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Optimization in Sport Optimization in Sport
Emotion - centered Emotion - centered Personal meaningPersonal meaning Optimal goal settingOptimal goal setting Right focusRight focus Optimal energy levelOptimal energy level Avoiding dysfunction Avoiding dysfunction
Action - centeredAction - centered
Identify ind. optimal skill Identify ind. optimal skill Build up a skill chainBuild up a skill chain Enhance awareness Enhance awareness Standardize skill in practiceStandardize skill in practice Develop competition modelDevelop competition model
Optimal state Optimal skill
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Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport Psychology in elite sport
Tired; Sluggish; Reluctant; Doubtful; Sad;Unhappy; Upset; Distressed; Fearful; Worried________________________________________________________ “I can’t do it” > “I don’t want to do it” > “Do I have to do it?”
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N+ “Emergency zone” Unpleasant but functionally optimal emotions
_________________________________________
Tense; Dissatisfied; Furious; Attacking; Intense;Angry; Irritated; Nervous; Annoyed; Restless_________________________________________ “I have to do it” > “I want to do it” > I “can do it”
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P+ Challenge zone
Pleasant and functionally optimal emotions
__________________________________________Energetic; Confident; Charged; Willing; Motivated;Purposeful; Certain; Cheerful; Enthusiastic; Alert.__________________________________________ “I want to do it” > “I can do it” > “I have to do it”
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P- “Comfort, complacency” zone Pleasant and dysfunctional emotions _______________________________________
Optimization of communicationOptimization of communication
Problem solvingProblem solving Pre- & post-event de-briefingPre- & post-event de-briefing
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The Need for Action-centered CopingThe Need for Action-centered Coping
Underperformance in major competitionsUnderperformance in major competitions Unexpected skill breakdownUnexpected skill breakdown ” ”Lost move” syndromeLost move” syndrome Physical shape (too much, too little)Physical shape (too much, too little) Habitual performance errors under stressHabitual performance errors under stress Change-induced problems with techniqueChange-induced problems with technique ””New ideas” from outside New ideas” from outside
I don’t know why it happened…I don’t know why it happened… I was in my best ever shape…I was in my best ever shape… Something happened to my technique…Something happened to my technique… My technique just ”vanished”My technique just ”vanished” Whatever I tried, it did not help…Whatever I tried, it did not help… I tried too much…I tried too much… My focus was not clear…My focus was not clear… I was distracted by unimportnat details…I was distracted by unimportnat details… I was over-arouzed…I was over-arouzed…
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Typical emotional response Typical emotional response to problems in techniqueto problems in technique
Disappointment, frustration, Disappointment, frustration, Self-doubts, low self-confidence Self-doubts, low self-confidence Drop in motivation, helplessness Drop in motivation, helplessness Fears, panickFears, panick Questioning selected programQuestioning selected program Relationships problems (coach, team)Relationships problems (coach, team)
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The Identfication-Control-Correction (ICC)-program
Motor task as a movement sequence/”chain” Key components in the ”chain” Functional links between these components Subjective perception of ”chain” components Enhancing awareness of ”chain” components Using key components to enhance self-control
a mistake, or inaccuracy, or incorrectness (in action, activity)
the condition of deviating from accuracy, correctness, or some standard of a task execution
(Collins English Dictionary. 3rd Ed., 1991, p. 528)
Performance Errors
Two strategies in learning motor tasks
Error & trial strategy
* errors are ignored * errors are not discouraged, * errors are not punished, * errors are encouraged * new learning opportunities * new experiences (+ -)
Error-free strategy
* errors are immediately noticed * errors are discouraged* errors are punished * errors are minimized * errors are avoided * errors are prevented
Expected outcomes: + Learning to adjust, + Benefit in future situations (transfer) + Learning based on natural strengths- Errors can become consistent
Expected outcomes: - Getting it right the 1st time?- No need for adjustment ?- Learning the right way?- Less problem with correction?
1. Explain what & why the athlete is doing wrong
2. Improve the athlete’s awareness of doing wrong
3. Show the right way & explain why this way is better
4. Ask the athlete to copy it
5. Provide corrective feedback and reinforcement
6. Get the athlete to practice, practice, and practice
Conventional skill correction
Maschette (1985): Re-teaching pattern
Conventional error correction
Wrong ”Old”
Correct ”New”
Retention and forgetting
Proactive inhibition (PI) is a negative effect of a learned task on retention of a new task
Retroactive inhibition (RI) is a condition when a recentlylearned task impairs the retention of an older learned tasks
Error identification from best-worst performancesError identification from best-worst performances
Old Way as an erroneous movement pattern Old Way as an erroneous movement pattern
Causes & effects of the Old Way are identifiedCauses & effects of the Old Way are identified
New Way as an individually optimal movement pattern New Way as an individually optimal movement pattern
Learning Trial (LT) for a rapid & permanent changeLearning Trial (LT) for a rapid & permanent change Post-LT standardization & stabilization of a New WayPost-LT standardization & stabilization of a New Way
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The ICC applications (2002-11):The ICC applications (2002-11):
1. Психологическая подготовка 2. Стресс и тревога3. Решение проблемных ситуаций 4. Оптимизация эмоциональных состояний 5. Прогнозирование деятельности6. Анализ выступлений7. Оптимизация деятельности 8. Коррекция ошибок9. Межличное общение игроков и тренеров10.Тренер как руководитель и лидер11. Карьера игроков и тренеров12. Клуб и сборная