-
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CHNG I: AMIN V MUI IAZONI 1.1/ Vit cng thc cu to cc hp cht c tn
sau: a/ Isopentylamin b/ Metylbutylamin c/ Isobutylimetylamin d/
2Metyl1,5iaminpetan e/ N,Nimetylanilin f/ mPhenyleniamin 1.2/ Gi tn
cc hp cht sau:
1.3/ Vit cu trc electron v cu trc khng gian ca etylmetylamin
1.4/ Vit s iu ch amin t: a/ Etanol v NH3 c mt AlCl3 b/ Etyliodua vi
NH3 1.5/ Lp s tng hp anilin, axit sunfanilic v mphenyleniamin t
benzen Gii: Tng hp anilin:
Tng hp axit sunfanilic:
Tng hp m phenyleniamin
1.6/ Lp s iu ch cc cht sau khng ln amin khc bc: a/
3Metyl2aminobutan t anken c cng mch cacbon b/ Butylamin t axit
butyric c/ Benzylamin t benzylclorua, t axit phenylaxetic d/
pcloanilin t clobenzen
HNO3H2SO4
NO2
Fe, HCl
NH3Cl
NaOH
NH2
NH2H2SO4
NH3.HSO4 NH3
SO3
150 Co
(axit sunfanilic)
HNO3H2SO4
NO2
NO2
Fe, HCl
NH3.Cl
NH3.ClNaOH
NH2
NH2
CH3 CH CH3NH2
CH3 CH2 NH CH3 CH3 CH NCH3
CH2 CH3CH3
a/ b/ c/
(C2H5)4NOH (CH3CH2CH2)2NH2Cld/ e/ f/ NH2H2N
CH3NH2
NH CH3 NHg/ h/ i/
-
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Gii: a/
b/
c/ T benzylclorua
T axit phenylaxetic
d/
1.7/ Vit phng trnh phn ng ca npropylamin v anilin vi a/ axit
clohiric b/ axetylclorua c/ anhiritaxetic d/ etylclorua e/
natrinitrit v axit clohiric So snh kh nng phn ng ca 2 cht trn trong
mi cp phn ng 1.8/ So snh tnh baz ca cc cht trong cc dy sau v gii
thch: a/ nC4H9NH2; (C2H5)2NH; C2H5NHCH3; CH3CONHCH2CH3 b/ C6H5NH2;
C2H5NHCH3; C2H5NHC6H5; CH3NH2. c/ C6H5NH2; pClC6H4NH2; pO2NC6H4NH2;
pH2NC6H4NH2 1.9/ Vit phn ng iazo ha nhng hp cht sau vi NaNO2 trong
dung dch HCl a/ pToluiin b/ pcloanilin c/ pnitroanilin Vi nhng amin
thm coa tnh baz yu nh pnitroanilin; 2,4initroanilin th phi tin hnh
iazo ha nh th no?
CH3 CHCH3
CH CH2 CH3 CHCH3
CH CH3OH
H2O H
[O] CH3 CHCH3
CO
CH3
H2N OH CH3 CHCH3
CN
CH3OH
[H] CH3 CHCH3
C CH3NH2
CH3CH2CH2COOHLiAlH4 CH3(CH2)3OH [O] CH3(CH2)2CHO
H2N OH CH3(CH2)2CH N OH CH3(CH2)3NH2[H]
H2N OH C6H5 CH N OH [H] C6H5 CH2 NH2
C6H5 CH2 COOHPCl5 C6H5 CH2 C Cl
O
NH3 C6H5 CH2 C NH2OBr2, NaOH C6H5 CH2 NH2
ClHNO3H2SO4
Cl
NO2
Fe, HCl
Cl
NH3Cl
NaOH
Cl
NH2
C6H5 CH2ClH2O, OH C6H5 CH2OH [O] C6H5 CHO
-
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1.10/ Vit phng trnh phn ng to thnh chu mu azo t cc cht sau dng
lm hp phn iazo v azo: Hp phn iazo Hp phn azo Anilin N,Nimetylanilin
pToluiin Phenol Axit sunfanilic Anilin Axit sunfanilic Naphtol
1.11/ Hp cht c thnh phn C5H13N tan trong axit, khi tc dng vi CH3I,
sau vi AgOH to thnh hp cht C8H21ON. Cht ny b nhit phn to thnh
trimetylamin v 2metylbut1en. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cht u v vit cc
phng trnh phn ng minh ho. Gii: Theo gi thit th cht u phi l amin bc
1 v khi phn ng vi CH3I, sau vi AgOH th s nguyn t C tng ln 3 n v. Nh
vy cht u c dng C5H11NH2 C8H11ON phi c dng C5H11N+(CH3)3.OH. Theo gi
thit v kt qu trn, khi nhit phn th :
V vy amin ban u phi c cng thc cu to l
1.12/ Amin c cng thc phn t C6H15N, khi tc dng vi HNO2 s tch ra
nit v ancol C6H14O. Thu phn sn phm ozonit ca anken to thnh do loi
nc ca ancol trn thu c axetanehit v etylmetylxeton. Xc nh cng thc cu
to ca amin trn v vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ho. Gii: Theo gi
thit, t sn phm oznphn ta co th suy ra cng thc cu to ca anken l:
M anken li c to thnh t phn ng tch nc ca ancol C6H14O nn ancol
phi c cng thc cu to l:
Amin ban u phn ng vi HNO2 to ra ancol nn l amin bc 1, t c th suy
ra cng thc cu to ca amin l:
C5H11N(CH3)3.OH (CH3)3N CH3 CH2 C CH2CH3
+
CH3 CH2 CHCH3
CH2 NH2 hoc CH3 CH2 CNH2
CH3CH3 (Tch theo Hoffman)
CH CCH3 CH2CH3
CH3
CH2CH3 C CH2CH3
CH3 hoc CH3OH
CHOH
CHCH3
CH2 CH3
CH2CH3 C CH2CH3
CH3 hoc CH3NH2
CHNH2
CHCH3
CH2 CH3
-
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1.13/ Hp cht c cng thc phn t C8H11N, tc dng vi HNO2 to thnh
ancol C8H10O. Oxi ha ancol ny trong iu kin thch hp thu c axit
terephtalic. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cht u v vit cc phng trnh phn ng
minh ho. Gii: Axit terephtalic c cng thc cu to l:
Axit ny l sn phm oxi ha ancol n chc nn ancol phi c cng thc cu to
l:
Amin ban u phn ng vi HNO2 to ra ancol nn l amin bc 1, t c th suy
ra cng thc cu to ca amin l:
1.14/ Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:
Gii: a/
b/
COOHHOOC
CH2OHH3C
CH2NH2H3C
HNO2 PCl5 KCNCH3 CH NH2CH3
A B C D[H]a/
c/ C6H5NH2 A B C DCH3COCl HNO3
H2SO4HNO3H2SO4
thu phn
CH3 CH NH2CH3
HNO2+ CH3 CH OHCH3 (A)
N2 H2O+ +
CH3 CH OHCH3
PCl5+ CH3 CH ClCH3
POCl3 HCl+ +(B)
CH3 CH ClCH3
KCN CH3 CH CNCH3
KCl+(C)
+
CH3 CH CNCH3
[H]+ 4 CH3 CH CH2CH3
NH2(D)
CH3 CH CH2BrCH3
KCN CH3 CH CH2CH3
CN KCl+(A)
+
KCNCH3 CH CH2BrCH3
A B C D NaancolCHCl3 [H]b/ KOH
-
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c/
1.15/ T benzen hoc toluen, hy lp s iu ch cc cht sau qua giai on
to mui iazoni: a/ mFloclobenzen b/ 1,3,5Tribrombenzen c/ Axit
isophtalic d/ mToluiin Gii: a/
HNO3C6H6 C6H5NO2 m ClC6H4NO2 m ClC6H4NH3Cl m ClC6H4NH2Cl2Fe
ZnHCl
KOH
[H]+ 4 CH3 CH CH2CH3
CH2 NH2(B)
CH3 CH CH2CH3
CN Naancol
CH3 CH (CH2)2CH3
NH2 CHCl3 KOH+ + CH3 CH (CH2)2CH3
N C3 3KCl H2O3+ +(C)
CH3 CH (CH2)2CH3
N C [H]4+ CH3 CH (CH2)2CH3
NH CH3(D)
NH2
CH3COCl+
NHCOCH3
HCl+(A)
NHCOCH3
HNO3H2SO4+
NHCOCH3O2N
NO2
H2O+
(B)2 2
NHCOCH3O2N
NO2
HNO3+ H2SO4
NHCOCH3O2N
NO2
NO2H2O+
(C)
NHCOCH3O2N
NO2
NO2H2O+
NH2O2N
NO2
NO2CH3COOH+
(D)
-
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b/
c/
d/
1.16/ T benzen, hy lp s tng hp 2,4,5trinitroanilin bng 2 phng
php Gii: Phng php 1:
[m ClC6H4 N N]BF4 m ClC6H4FNaNO2HBF4phn ng Schiemann
to
HNO3C6H6 C6H5NO2 C6H5NH3Cl C6H5NH2 ZnHClKOH ddBr2
NH2
Br
Br
Br
N
Br
Br
Br
N.Cl
Br
Br
Br
NaNO2 HCl
C2H5OH khan
HNO3 ZnHClC6H5CH3 C6H5COOH m O2NC6H4COOH m HOOCC6H4NH3Cl
[O]
KOH NaNO2 HClNH2
COOH
N
COOH
N.Cl CN
COOHKCN H2O
H+ COOH
COOH
CH3 CH3
NO2
CH3
NH2
CH3
NHCOCH3
CH3
NHCOCH3NO2
HNO3H2SO4
1. Fe/HCl2. KOH
CH3COCl HNO3H2SO4
thu phn
CH3
NH2NO2
CH3
NNO2
N.Cl
CH3
NO2
CH3
NH2
NaNO2 HCl
C2H5OH khan
1. Fe/HCl2. KOH
Cl2Fe
Cl
HNO3H2SO4
ClNO2
NO2
NH2NO2
NO2
NH3
NH3ClNO2
NO2
HCl
HNO3H2SO4
NH3ClNO2
NO2O2N
KOH
NH2NO2
NO2O2N
-
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Phng php 2:
1.17/ Lp s tng hp ra cht ng ho hc c tn thng thng l saccarin t
toluen v cc tc nhn v c cn thit khc:
Gii:
Saccarin ngt gp 500 ln ng ma.
HNO3H2SO4
NO2
NO2
(NH4)2SNH2
NO2
CH3COClNHCOCH3
NO2
HNO3H2SO4
NHCOCH3
NO2NO2
O2NNH2
O2N
NO2NO2
thu phn
NH2CO
SO2(Saccarin)
NH2CO
SO2
CH3
HOSO2Cl
CH3SO2Cl
CH3SO2NH2
NH3NaOHKMnO4
COONaSO2NH2
HCl
-
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CHNG II: HP CHT D VNG 2.1/ Gi tn cc hp cht sau:
2.2/ Vit cng thc cu to ca nhng cht sau: a/ 2,5imetylfuran b/
2Bromthiophen c/ 2,5imetylpirol d/ 2Aminopiriin e/ Piriinsunfoaxit
2.3/ So snh tnh baz trong dy sau v gii thch
Hp cht K hiu pKa Piriin A 5,2 2aminopiriin B 6,9 3aminopiriin C
6,1 4aminopiriin D 9,2 2metylpiriin E 6,9 3metylpiriin F 5,7
Piperiin G 8,3
2.4/ Hy iu ch cc cht sau bng cch ung nng hp cht 1,4icacbonyl vi
cc tc nhn v c thch hp (phng php thng dng iu ch d vng 5 cnh). a/
3,4imetylfuran b/ 2,5imetylthiophen c/ 2,3imetylpirol Gii: a/
b/
c/
NH COOHO CH3 S COCH3
N
NO2
N CH3 N
SO3H
a/ b/ c/
d/ e/ f/
CH3 CH CHCH CH
CH3
O O
CH3 C CC C
CH3H
OHOHH
O
CH3H3CP2O5H2O
2,3-imetylbutanial ienol 3,4-imetylfuran
CH2 CH2C CCH3 CH3O O
P2S5H2O
ienol
HC CHC CCH3OHOH
CH3 S CH3CH3
hexan-2,5-ion 2,5-imetylthiophen
CH2 CHC CH CH3O O
CH3
ienol
HC CC CHOHOH
CH3CH3
NH CH3
CH3
3-metyl-4-oxopentanal 2,3-imetylpirol
(NH4)2CO3
-
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2.5/ T piriin v cc ng phn picolin, hy iu ch: a/ 3aminopiriin
(bng 2 phng php) b/ 3xianopiriin (bng 2 phng php) c/ 2 xianopiriin.
Gii: a/ Phng php 1:
Phng php 2:
b/ Phng php 1:
Phng php 2:
c/ 2aminopiriin khng iazo ha theo cch thng thng v khng th chuyn
thnh hp cht xiano. Khi , nhm xiano c iu ch t amit l tt nht.
2.6/ Khi cho etylaxeto axetat, fomanehit v hiroxylamin ung nng
vi nhau trong khng kh, ngi ta thu c mt piriin th vi hiu sut cao. l
hp cht no? Vai tr ca hiroxylamin?
Nu thay bng ietyl malonat th phn ng c xy ra tng t nh trn khng?
Ti sao?
Gii: etylaxeto axetat c cng thc cu to l:
N
HNO3H2SO4 N
NO2 ZnHCl N
NH3.Cl
N
NH2OH
N
CH3 KMnO4H +
1/2/ N
COOH SO2ClN
COCl
NH3N
CONH2 Br2, NaOH
N
NH2
N
NH2
N
N N.ClNaNO2 HCl
Cu2(CN)2N
CN
N
CONH2
N
CNP2O5H2O
N CH3
KMnO4H +
1/2/ N COOH
SO2ClN COCl
NH3N CN
P2O5H2O
NH3
N CONH2
CH2 COOC2H5CCH3O
-
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Trong hp cht ny th nguyn t H trong nhm CH2 tng i linh ng do c 2
nhm ht electron. V vy, n d dng tham gia phn ng vi CH2=O:
Hiroxylamin c vai tr tng t nh NH3, dng ngng t hp cht icacbonyl
to d vng ca nit:
2.7/ Hy tng hp 2metoxifuran t metylfuroat v cc tc nhn cn thit
khc. Gii: Furan l d vng 5 cnh in hnh v khng ging piriin, n khng tip
nhn phn ng th nucleofin. Tuy nhin, hoalogen c th th c nu c nhm th
lm bn hp cht trung gian do tc dng ht electron nh COOH hay COOR
2.8/ Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:
Gii: a/
H3C
C2H5OOC
O
H
CH2O CH2
H3C
C2H5OOC
O CH3
COOC2H5
OCH3
COOC2H5
O
H
H2O
N
COOC2H5C2H5OOC
CH3CH3OH
NH2 OH to
N CH3CH3
COOC2H5C2H5OOC
O COOCH3Br2
O COOCH3BrCH3ONaCH3OH O COOCH3CH3O
OH1/Cu, quinolin, to2/ OCH3O
COOHNH2 ClCH2COOH
HCl A B Cto
H2OCO2 C8H7ON (D)a/
COOH
NH2ClCH2COOH HCl+
COOH
NH CH2COOH(A)+
H2/Ni
H3O PCl5
P2O5 Pd
A
B
C D
E F G
to
+to
CH2Cl
OCH3OCH3
KCNb/
D
-
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b/
COOH
NH CH2COOH+t
oH2OCH
C
NHCOOH
O
(B)
+CHC
NHCOOH
O
CH2C
NH
O
CO2(C)
CH2C
NH
O
chuyn v CHC
NH
OH
(D)CH2Cl
OCH3OCH3
KCN+
CH2CN
OCH3OCH3
KCl+
(A)
CH2CN
OCH3OCH3
+
(A)
H2 Ni
CH2
OCH3OCH3
CH2 NH2
2
(B)
CH2CN
OCH3OCH3
H3O+
CH2COOH
OCH3OCH3
NH4+H2O+
(C)
PCl5
CH2COOH
OCH3OCH3
++
CH2COCl
OCH3OCH3
POCl3 HCl+
(D)
-
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2.9/ T piriin v cc cht bo bt k, hy lp s tng hp cc cht sau: a/
2pirion b/ 2(2aminoetyl)piriin Gii:
2.10/ T fufuran v cc cht v c cn thit khc, hy lp s iu ch: a/
Etyl5brom2furoat b/ 1,2,5tribrompentan Gii: a/
b/
+
(D)(B)
CH3OOCH3
NH2
O CCl
CH2 OCH3
OCH3 CH3ONHC
CH2 OCH3
OCH3OCH3O
(E)
P2O5 CH3ON
CH2 OCH3
OCH3
CH3OCH3O
NHC
CH2 OCH3
OCH3OCH3O
(F)
H3ON OH
b/ PCl3N Cl
NaCH(COOC2H5)2N CH(COOC2H5)2
1/ OH2/
O CHO O COOH[O] C2H5OH
H2SO4 O COOC2H5Br2
O COOC2H5Br
O CHOH2Ni O CH2OH
HBrCH2Br
Br Br
Pdto
CH3ON
CH2 OCH3
OCH3
CH3OCH3O
CH3O
N
CH2 OCH3
OCH3
(G)papaverin
NC2H5O
N OC2H5
H3ON OH
a/
N CH2COOHSO2Cl
N CH2COClNH3
N CH2CONH2
LiAlH4N CH2CH2NH2
-
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2.11/ Indol v nhiu dn xut ca n c iu ch t phenylhirazon. l nhng
phng php tng hp theo Fischer. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch iodol t
phenylhirazon ca axit pyruvic (CH3COCOOH). Gii: Theo phn ng
Fischer:
2.12/ Pirol b kh bng Zn trong CH3COOH thnh pirolin c cng thc phn
t C4H7N a/ Vit 2 cng thc cu to c th c ca pirolin. b/ Chn ng phn ng
tho mn iu kin sau: Khi ozon phn s thu c C4H7O4N (X). X c th c tng
hp t 2 mol axit monocloaxetic v 1 mol NH3. Gii:
Khi ozon phn th: ng phn A cho sn phm l: HOOCCH2CH2NHCOOH (C) ng
phn B cho sn phm l: HOOCCH2NHCH2COOH (D). Ch c D mi c to thnh t 2
mol axit monocloaxetic v 1 mol NH3 theo phn ng sau:
Vy dng phn cn tm l (B). 2.13/
NH NH2 O CCH3
COOH+ NH N C COOHCH3
H2O+
phenylhirazon ca axit pyruvic
NH N C COOHCH3
ZnCl2N
COOH
H
+
axit indol-2-cacboxylic
NCOOH
H
to
NH
CO2+
indol
H2+
Cng 1, 2
Cng 1, 4Zn/HAcN H
N H
N H
2,3-ihiropirol (A)
2,5-ihiropirol (B)
NH3 CH2 COOHClCH2HOOC Cl + + HOOC CH2 NH CH2 COOH
-
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a/ Piriin c b ankyl ha theo FridellCrafs hay khng? Ti sao? b/ T
piriin, hy iu ch 2nbutylpiperiin. Gii: a/ Phn ng th electrofin ca
piriin tng t nh dn xut b ng ha nhn benzen. Phn ng th electrofin nh
nitro ha, sunfo ha, halogen ha di iu kin khc nghit hn, ng thi
piriin khng tham gia phn ng FridelsCrafts. b/
NLiC4H9
N C4H9 N C4H9LiHH2Ni
-
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CHNG III: GLUXIT 3.1/ V 2 cu dng gh ca metylDiopyranoz c cng thc
Fischer di y. Cu dng no c nng lng thp hn? V sao?
Gii:
Trong 2 cu dng trn th cu dng 1C bn hn v cc nhm OH u c lin kt e.
3.2/ Diopyranoz, trong dung dch axit long to ra mt cch nhanh chng
mt glicozit trung gian. Trong phn ng ny, nhm OH C1 v C6 phn ng vi
nhau (hnh di). V cu dng gh thch hp ca Diopyranoz v dng glicozit
trung gian c to thnh trn. Ti sao phn ng tng t ca hay Dglucopyranoz
li km hn nhiu.
Gii: C 2 cu dng gh ca Diopyranoz nh sau:
Trong 2 cu dang trn th ch c cu dng 1C mi c th to c glicozit
trung gian v c kh nng to thnh vng 5 cnh t 1 lin kt a C1 v C6.
DGlucopyranoz c 4 cu dng gh nh sau: Trong 4 cu dng ca DGlucopyranoz
ch c 1 cu dng 1C mi c kh nng to glicozit, trong khi cu dng ny li l
cu dng km bn nht trong 4 cu dng. V vy kh nng phn ng ca
DGlucopyranoz km hn nhiu so vi Diopyranoz.
OH
HH
CH2OH
OCH3H
HOHO OH
HO
H
H
HOCH3
OH
OH
OHH H
CH2OH
Cu dng 1C Cu dng C1
OCH3HHHOOHHHHO
HCH2OH
O
HHOHHOOHHHHO
HCH2OH
O
HHHOOHHHHO
HCH2
OOH2O
H
OH
HH
CH2OH
HH
HOHO OH
OHO
H
H
HH
OH
OH
OHH OH
CH2OH
Cu dng 1C Cu dng C1
OH
HH
CH2HH
HOHO OH
O
Glicozit trung gian
OOH
OHOH
CH2OH
OHH
HH H
HO
HO
HO
OHOH
H
H
HH H
CH2OH
Cu dng 1C Cu dng C1
-
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3.3/ a/ S quay h bin l g? b/ Nhng thc nghim no chng t c s quay h
bin? c/ Cc metylglucozit c quay h bin khng? Gii thch? d/ Khi metyl
ha Dglucoz bng ru metylic c mt hiro clorua thu c 2 sn phm l
Dmetylglucozit v Dmetylglucozit. Hai sn phm ny thuc loi ng phn no
ca nhau? Dng cng thc Fischer v Haworth biu din. 3.4/ T Dglucoz, hy
lp s tng hp cc cht sau y: a/ metylDglucoz b/
2,3,4,6tetrametylDglucoz c/ 2,3,4,6tetraaxetylDglucopyranozyl
bromua d/ pentaaxetylDgluconitrin. Gii: a/
3.5/ Cht ng A c cng thc phn t C6H12O6. T A tin hnh tng hp theo
phng php KilianiFischer thu c 2 heptoz c cng thc phn t C7H14O7 l B
v C. Dglucoz cng tin hnh nh trn v cng thu c 2 heptoz c cng thc phn
t C7H14O7 l E v F. B v E b oxi ha vi HNO3 cho cng 1 axit khng quang
hot, c cng thc C7H12O9. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A, B, C, E, F.
OOH
OHOH
CH2OH
HH
HH H
OHO
HO
HO
OHH
H
H
HH OH
CH2OH
Cu dng 1C Cu dng C1
D-Glucoz + CH3OH HCl khan metyl-D-glucoz
D-Glucoz + (CH3)2SO4 pentametyl-D-glucozNaOH H2OHCl Sn
phmb/D-Glucoz + (CH3CO)2O HBr khanpentaaxetyl-D-glucoz Sn
phmCH3COOHc/
D-Glucoz + (CH3CO)2Od/ H2N OH CH3ONa H C NOH C N (Sn
phm)OCOCH3HHCH3COOOCOCH3HOCOCH3H
CH2OCOCH3
-
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3.6/ Gi tn v vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch ozazon t cc monosaccarit
sau y:
Vit phng trnh phn ng ca 1 trong 3 cht trn vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3;
Cu(OH)2 nhit thng; Cu(OH)2 un nng; dung dch nc brom. Gii: (A) l
Dglucoz; (B) l manoz; (C) l galactoz 3.7/ Hon thnh s phn ng
sau:
Gii:
3.8/ Khi cho Dglucoz tc dng vi H2 c Ni lm xc tc thu c Dsobit (ru
6 ln ru). Khi cho Dglucoz tc dng vi HNO3 thu c axit glucaric (axit
2 ln). Tm cc ng phn cht u v cht cui. Biu din cc cht theo cng thc
chiu Fischer v xc nh cu hnh tuyt i ca tng nguyn t cacbon. Gii:
CHOOHHHHOOHHOHH
CH2OH
CHOHHOHHOOHHOHH
CH2OH
CHOOHHHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH(A) (B) (C)
OCH2OH
CH3IKOH
1/2/
A B CNH2OHHCl lo nga/
OCH2OH
CH3OHHCl khan E F
(CH3)2SO4 NaOH
b/
OCH2OH
OH
OHOHHO
D-glucopyranoz
CH3IKOH
1/2/
HCl (l)a/
OCH2OCH3
OCH3
OCH3OCH3CH3O
OCH2OCH3
OCH3
OCH3OHCH3O
OHCH2OCH3
OCH3
OCH3CH3O
CHONH2OH
COCH3HHCH3OOCH3HOHH
CH2OH
NOH
OCH2OH
OHHOOH
HO
D-antropyranoz
b/O
CH2OH
OCH3HOOH
HOO
CH2OCH3
OCH3CH3OOCH3
CH3OCH3OHHCl khan
(CH3)2SO4 NaOH
COOHOHHHHOOHHOHH
COOH
CHOOHHHHOOHHOHH
CH2OH
CH2OHOHHHHOOHHOHH
CH2OH
HNO3 H2Ni
axit glucaric (2R,3S,4R,5R)-glucoz sobit
-
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Glucoz c 4C* vi 2 u mch l 2 nhm th khc nhau, khng c s i xng phn
t nn c 24 ng phn quang hc. (8 dy thuc D v 8 thuc dy L). Sobit v
axit glucaric vn c 4C* (chn), nhng 2 u li c 2 nhm th ging nhau nn c
s lng ng phn quang hc nh nhau: S ng phn hot ng qiang hc l 2(n1) (Vi
n=4, l s chn) S ng phn khng hot ng quang hc l 2(n2)/2 Vy tng s ng
phn quang hc l 2(n1) + 2(n2)/2 = 10 3.9/ Nh nhng phn ng no c th thc
hin c nhng bin i sau:
Gii: a/ Dng phng php KilianiFischer
CHOOHHHHOHHOOHH
CH2OHD-galactoz
COHHHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
N
xianhirin
CHHOHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
N
xianhirin
H2O H
H2O H
H2O
H2O
COOHOHHHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
COOHHHOHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
COHHHHOHOHH
CH2OH
O
O
lacton
Na/Hg
Na/Hg
CHOHHOHHOHHOOHH
CH2OHD-taloz
CHHOHHOHOHH
CH2OH
O
O
lacton
CHOHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
HCN
b/ Dng phng php ca Wohl
CHOOHHHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
CHOHHOHHOOHH
CH2OH
a/ b/
CHOHHOOHHHHOHHO
CH2OH
CHOOHHHHOHHO
CH2OH
CHOCC OHHC HHOC HHOCH2OH
HHO
L-glucoz
NH2OH
CH=NCC OHHC HHOC HHOCH2OH
HHOOH
oxim
CCC HAcC AcHC AcHCH2OH
HAcN
(CH3CO)2OH2O
CCC OHHC HHOC HHOCH2OH
HHON
CH3ONaCHCl3
CH3ONaCHOC OHHC HHOC HHOCH2OH
NaCNCH3OH
-
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3.10/ Vit cng thc Haworth v cng thc cu dng cho cc isaccarit sau:
a/ 6(Dglucopyranozito)Dglucopyranoz b/
4(Dgalactopyranozito)Dglucopyranoz c/
4(Dallopyranozito)Lantropyranoz d/
6(Dgalactopyranozito)Dfructofuranoz 3.11/ thit lp cu trc ton phn ca
mt isaccarit phi bit: a/ Dng monosaccarit hp phn b/ Dng vng cho mi
monosaccarit trong isaccarit (furanoz hay pyranoz) c/ V tr
monosaccarit ny so vi monosaccarit kia d/ Cu hnh anome ( hay ) ca
lin kt . Hy ly v d minh ho cho nhng iu kin trn. 3.12/ Saccaroz cn c
tn l 2(Dglucopyranozito)fructofuranozit. a/ Hy biu din cng thc theo
Haworth v cu dng ca saccaroz. b/ Khi thu phn Saccaroz thu c nhng sn
phm g? c/ Ly cc sn phm thu phn trn cho tc dng vi phenylhirazin d s
thu c nhng sn phm g? Vit phng trnh phn ng. 3.13/ Trong mt ma c mt
cht ng l (+)rafinoz c cng thc phn t l C18H32O16. Khi thu phn n bng
axit thu c cc sn phm l Dfructoz, Dgalactoz v Dglucoz. Khi thu phn
bng men galactozia cho galactoz v saccaroz. Khi thu phn bng men
invecta (men thu phn saccaroz) cho Dfructoz v isaccarit melebioz.
Khi metyl ha ri thu phn cho cc sn phm l:
1,3,4,6tetraOmetylDfructoz; 2,3,4,6tetraOmetylDgalactoz v
2,3,4triOmetylDglucoz. T cc d kin trn, hy lp lun suy ra cu to ca
rafinoz. Gii: ng (+)rafinoz c cng thc phn t l C18H32O16. Khi thu
phn n bng axit thu c cc sn phm l Dfructoz, Dgalactoz v Dglucoz chng
t n l mt trisaccarit c to thnh t 3 phn t monosaccarit ni trn. Khi
metyl ha ri thu phn cho cc sn phm l: 1,3,4,6tetraOmetylDfructoz;
2,3,4,6tetraOmetylDgalactoz v 2,3,4triOmetylDglucoz.
-
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Chng t phn t c cc lin kt glucozit ti cc v tr C s 2 ca Dfructoz;
C s 1 ca Dgalactoz v C s 1; 6 ca Dglucoz. V vy phn t glucoz phi nm
gia. Khi thu phn bng men galactozia cho galactoz v saccaroz chng t
lin kt glucozit c to thnh t C s 1 ca Dgalactoz vi C s 6 ca Dglucoz.
T suy ra mt lin kt glucozit cn li phi c to thnh t C s 1 ca Dglucoz
phi lin kt vi C s 2 ca frutoz, iu ny hon ton ph hp vi vic thu phn
bng men invecta (men thu phn saccaroz) cho Dfructoz v isaccarit
melebioz. Vy t ta c th suy ra cu to ca rafinoz nh di y:
3.14/ Trong mt ong c mt cht ng khng c tnh kh l melexitoz c cng
thc phn t l C18H32O16. Khi thu phn hon ton cho Dfructoz v Dglucoz.
Khi thu phn khng hon ton cho Dglucoz v isaccarit turanoz. Khi thu
phn bng men khc cho saccaroz Khi metyl ha ri thu phn cho cc sn phm
l: 1,4,6triOmetylDfructoz v 2 phn t 2,3,4,6tetraOmetylDglucoz T cc
d kin trn, hy lp lun suy ra cu to ca melexitoz. Gii: ng melexitoz c
cng thc phn t C18H32O16, khi thu phn cho Dfructoz v Dglucoz chng t
n l mt trisaccarit c to thnh t 2 monosaccarit ni trn. Khi metyl ha
ri thu phn cho cc sn phm l 1,4,6triOmetylDfructoz v 2 phn t
2,3,4,6tetraOmetylDglucoz, chng t phn t Dfructoz to 2 lin kt
glucozit C s 2 v s 3 vi 2 phn t Dglucoz. Mi phn t glucoz u to lin
kt glucozit C s 1. Khi thu phn khng hon ton cho Dglucoz v isaccarit
turanoz. Khi thu phn bng men khc cho saccaroz chng t 2 phn t
Dglucoz u dng Dglucoz.
OOH
OH
CH2OH
OCH2OH
OO
CH2
HO O
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
Cu to ca rafinoz
HOH2C
-
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Vy t ta c th suy ra cu to ca melexitoz nh di y:
Cu to ca melexitoz
O
OH
CH2OH
OCH2OH
HO OOH
OH
OCH2OH
OHOH
HO
O
HOH2C
-
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CHNG IV: AMINOAXITPROTEIN 4.1/ Tm cc ng phn aminoaxit c cng thc
phn t C4H9O2N (ch vit vi nhm amin bc nht). Gi tn chng theo danh php
IUPAC. Ch r cc ng phn hot ng quang hc v biu din tng cp i quang bng
cng thc chiu Fischer. 4.2/ tng hp cc aminoaxit, ngi ta chn mt
anehit tc dng vi axit malonic trong dung dch amoniacru. Da trn phng
php ny, hy tng hp axit aminovaleric. Gii:
4.3/ Lp s tng hp L(+)alanin t L()serin:
Gii:
4.4/ Hai ng phn A v B c cng thc phn t C9H11O2N, chng u tan c
trong axit v kim. Khi A v B tc dng vi NaNO2 trong HCl thu c 2 cht
tng ng A/ v B/ u c cng thc C9H10O3, trong ch c B/ c tnh quang hot.
Khi un nng A/ v B/ u thu c mt cht c cng thc phn t C9H8O2. Khi oxi
ha tip cht ny th thu c axit terephtalic v CO2. Hy xc nh cng thc cu
to ca A, B v vit cng thc Fischer ca cp i quang. Gii: Hp cht c cng
thc phn t C9H8O2 (X), khi oxi ha thu c axit terephtalic v CO2 nn X
phi c cng thc cu to l:
X c to thnh t A/ v B/, ng thi B/ c tnh quang hot nn cng thc cu
to ca A/ v B/ l:
CH3 CH2 CHNH2
CH(COOH)2 CO2 CH3 CH2 CHNH2
CH2COOH
CH3 CH2 CHONH3 CH3 CH2 CH OH
NH2
H CH(COOH)2
COOHHH2N
CH2OH
COOHHH2N
CH3L-(-)-serin L-(+)-alanin
COOHHH2N
CH2OH
COOHHH2N
CH3L-(-)-serin L-(+)-alanin
CH3OH HCl
COOCH3HH3N
CH2OH
PCl5COOCH3
HH3NCH2Cl
1/ NaOH2/ H2, to
COOH (X)CHCH2
COOHCH2CH2HO COOHCHCH3OH(A') (B')
*
-
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T gi thit v kt qu trn, ta c th suy ra cng thc cu to ca A v B
l:
Cng thc chiu Fischer cp i quang ca B nh sau:
4.5/ Tin hnh Naxetyl ha cc aminoaxit c th dn n sn phm vng gi l
5oxazolon hay azlacton theo phn ng sau:
Hy vit c ch cho s hnh thnh azlacton trong iu kin . Gii:
4.6/ tng hp aminoaxit, trc ht c th cho glyxin tc dng vi anhirit
axetic thu c 5oxazolon hay azlacton (C4H5O2N). Sn phm ngng t ny phn
ng vi anehit trong mi trng baz cho mt dn xut d b thu phn ha, hiro
ha v
COOHCH2CH2H2N COOHCHCH3NH2(A) (B)
*
HH2NCH3
COOH
H NH2CH3
COOH
(S) (R)
(CH3CO)2O H2N CH COOHR
CH3COONa+O
CN O
R
H3C
(CH3CO)2O H2N CH COOR
CH3COONa+ CH3COOHO
C
N
R O
CH3
H O
OOH
C
NC
R O
CH3OH
O
C
NC
R O
CH3
-
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thu phn thu c mt aminoaxit RCH2CH(NH2)COOH t anehit l RCHO (S
thu phn ch n thun l cng nc, sau axit axetic c to ra). Theo cch trn,
hy vit cc phn ng to thnh phenylalanin. Gii: Trc ht to sn phm
azlacton nh bi (4.5) nh sau:
Azlacton ny c nhm CH2 vi 2 nguyn t H linh ng (nhm metylen linh
ng) nn d ngng t croton ha vi anehit to ni i C=C:
4.7/ Hy vit cc giai on c bn tng hp peptit t aminoaxit. Ly v d
minh ho cho mi giai on. 4.8/ Vit cng thc cu to ca cc peptit sau: a/
GlyLysPheCysAlaNH2. b/ TreIleMetLeuNH2. 4.9/ S thoi phn peptit theo
Edman l phng php phan tch cho aminoaxit c lin kt cui m khng ph hu
mch peptit cn li. Peptit u c x l vi phenylisothioxianat C6H5N=C=S,
tip theo cho phn ng vi axit to phenylthiohiantoin v mt peptit vi
phn cn li t hn mt aminoaxit. Hy vit cc giai on c th ca phng php ny.
Gii: Phng php Edman: Phn tch nhm amin cui mch Cho peptit tc dng vi
phenyl isothioxianat, khi nhm NH2 t do s phn ng, sau thu phn vi
hiroclorua trong dung mi hu c, khi lin kt peptit vn c bo ton v ch c
aminoaxit th b phn ct dng vng phenylthiohiantoin. Tch ly sn phm v
phn tch bng sc k. Qu trnh tip tc n khi phn ct hon ton peptit.
O
C
NC
O
CH3
O
C
NC
O
CH3
Ph CHOH2O
O
C
NC
O
CH3
CHPh
H2H2O
1/2/ Ph CH2 CH COOHNH2
N C SPh
NH2CHC
RO
NHCHRC O
NHCHC
RO
NHCHRC O
CNH
S
Ph
HClNH2CHRC O C N
CN
C
Ph
SO
HR
H
+
Phenylthiohiantoin
-
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4.10/ T cc cht protein thc vt, ngi ta tch ra c mt cht Y c cng
thc phn t C5H10O3N2. Kt qu nghin cu chng t rng Y c cha 1 nhm amino.
Khi un nng Y vi dung dch kim thy gii phng NH3 v to thnh mui ca
axitaminoicacboxylic c cng thc phn t C3H5(NH2)(COOH)2. Khi tin hnh
phn ng thoi phn Hoffman dn xut axetyl ca Y ri thu phn s to ra axit
,iaminobutyric. T cc d kin trn, hay suy ra cng thc cu to ca Y v vit
phng trnh phn ng minh ho. Gii: Khi tin hnh phn ng thoi phn Hoffman
dn xut axetyl ca Y ri thu phn s to ra axit ,iaminobutyric, chng t
dn xut axetyl ca Y phi c cng thc cu to nh sau:
T kt qu trn v gi thit chng t cng thc cu to ca Y nh sau:
Phng trnh phn ng: T vit 4.11/ Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cht c cng
thc phn t C3H7O2N v cc d kin sau: C tnh cht lng tnh. Khi phn ng vi
HNO2 tch ra nit. Khi tc dng vi etanol to thnh hp cht C5H11O2N. Khi
un nng n to thnh hp cht C6H10O2N2. Gii: p s:
4.12/ Xc nh cng thc cu to ca cht c cng thc phn t C5H11O2N v cc d
kin sau: C tnh cht lng tnh. Tc dng vi etanol to thnh hp cht c cng
thc phn t C7H15O2N. Khi ung nng s tch ra NH3 v chuyn thnh hp cht m
khi oxi ha n s to thnh axeton v axit oxalic. Gii: p s:
HOOC CHNHCOCH3
CH2 CH2 C NH2O
HOOC CHNH2
CH2 CH2 C NH2O
(Glutamin)
CH3 CH COOHNH2
C CH2 COOHCH3CH3
NH2
-
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4.13/ Lp s iu ch: a/ Valin t isobutanol b/ Alanin t etilen c/
Axit3aminopropanoic t axetilen Gii: a/ S dng phng php Stricker
4.14/ Hon thnh cc s phn ng sau:
Gii:
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5CH3 CH CHOCH3
HCN NH3 HCllo ng
PCl5 (CH3CO)2Oa/
thu phnCH2 CH2HOCl KCN NH3C1 C2 C3 C4 C5HBrc/KCNHBr D1 D2 D3CH3
CH CH COOH 4[H]d/
B1 B2 B3 B4CH2 CH CH2 COOH HBr HClNH32b/ un nng
CH3 CHCH3
CH2 OH CH3 CHCH3
CHO CH3 CHCH3
CH CNNH2
H2O, H CH3 CHCH3
CH COOHNH2
[O] HCN,NH3
CH CH CH2 CH Cl CH2 CH CN CH2 CNCH2BrHCl KCN HBrperoxitc/
CH2 CNCH2H2N CH2 COOHCH2H2NNH3 H2O, H
(A1) (A2)
CH3 CH CHOCH3
HCN NH3 HCllo ng
a/ CH3 CH CHCH3 OH
CN CH3 CH CHCH3 NH2
CN
(A3) (A4) (A5)
(CH3CO)2OCH3 CH CHCH3 NH2
COOH PCl5 CH3 CH CHCH3 NH2
COCl CH3 CH CHCH3 NHCOCH3
COCl
CH2 CH2HOH CH3 CH2OH
CH3 CHOb/[O] HCN,NH3 CH3 CH
NH2CN
H2O, H CH3 CHNH2
COOH
-
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b/
CH2 CH2HOCl CH2 CH2OH Cl
CH2 CH2OH CN
KCN HBr CH2 CH2Br CN
CH2 CH2NH2 CN
thu phn CH2 CH2NH2 COOH
c/ NH3
(B1) (B2)CH2 CH CH2 COOH HBr CH3 CH
BrCH2 COOH
NH32 CH3 CHNH2
CH2 COONH4
(B3) (B4)HCl un nngCH3 CH
NH2CH2 COOH CH3 CH CH COOH
KCNHBr(D1)
CH3 CH CH COOHd/ CH3 CHBr
CH2 COOH
(D2) (D3)4[H]CH3 CH
CNCH2 COOH CH2 CH
CH3CH2 COOHH2N
-
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CHNG V: POLIME 5.1/ Trnh by c ch trng hp stiren khi dng xc tc
khc nhau l: a/ Benzoylperoxit b/ AlCl3 + HCl c/ KNH2 5.2/ Hy gii
thch ti sao khi polime ha propen theo c ch cation li cho polime c s
sp xp u ui l ch yu m khng phi l u u hoc ui ui. 5.3/ Nhng cht no c
th cho vo caosu thin nhin to ra lin kt ngang? Hy ly mt vi v d minh
ho cho phn ng xy ra. Gii: C th c 3 loi cht cho thm vo cao su to lin
kt ngang 1/ Dng lu hunh nguyn t
S ni mch xy ra nguyn t H so vi ni i hoc cng lu hunh vo ni i to
mng khng gian. 2/ Lu ha bng hp cht cho lu hunh (Khng phi l lu hunh
nguyn t) Ankylphenol polisunfit iisopropyl xantogenisunfit ibutyl
xantogenisunfit imocfolinyl isunfit Cc hp cht ny khi un nng s sinh
ra cc hp cht trung gian c cha lu hunh, cc hp cht trung gian ny s tn
cng vo ni i ca mch polime trong iu kin nhit cao ri khu mch polime
nh cc lin kt ngang.
C CH CH2CH2CH3
Sx C CH CHCH2CH3 SH
+x-1S
mch cao su thin nhin
Sx
C CH CHCH2CH3 SH
C CH CHCH2CH3
SH+ ZnO
H2O
C CH CHCH2CH3
S
C CH CHCH2CH3 S
ZnZnS
C CH CHCH2CH3
S
C CH CHCH2CH3 S
CH2 CCH3
SHCH2 CH2
CH2 CCH3
SCH2 CH2
CH2 CS
CH3CH2 CH2
CH2 CCH3
CH2 CH2
CH2 CS
CH3CH2 CH2
-
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3/ Lu ha khng bng lu hunh hay hp cht cha lu hunh. l nhng hp cht
d phn tch thnh gc t do v cc hp cht hu c 2 chc. i vi cao su thin
nhin hay s dng icumel peroxit, pcrezolcn i vi cao su tng hp th hay
dng hiro peroxit, icumel peroxit, ch peroxit Cch to lin lit ngang
nh sau: u tin l tch hiro t mch i phn t ca caosu. Hiro b tch ra nhm
metylen so vi lien kt i. N to thnh gc t do trong i mch, ri cc i ch
lin kt trc tip vi nhau to thnh lin kt CC. V d vi caosubunaS
Ngoi 3 phng php nu trn, i vi caosu tng hp cn c th un nng trc tip
nhit 200OC trong vng 12 gi trong mi trng khng c oxi cng to lin kt
ngang CC. ng thi cng c th dng tia (vi ngun Co60) cng to lin kt
ngang CC. 5.4/ Cho cc monome sau y, hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng trng
hp iu ch polime tng ng. Gi tn cc polime . a/ Butaien1,3 b/ Isopren
c/ Propilen d/ Acrylonitrin e/ Clopren f/ Metylmetacrylat g/ Stiren
h/ vinylclorua i/ Teflon k/ Etilen l/ Acrylamit m/ Axit acrylic
5.5/ T than , vi, nc, nc bin; hy lp s tng hp cc polime sau:
5.6/ Vit phng trnh phn ng to thnh polime t cc monome sau: a/
Phenol v fomanehit b/ Etylenglicol v axit terephtalic c/ Ure v
fomanehit d/ Hexametylen iamin v axit aipic e/ H2N(CH2)6NH2 v
ClCO(CH2)10COCl f/ H2N(CH2)6NH2 v O=C=N(CH2)4N=C=O Cc phn ng trn
thuc loi phn ng trng hp hay trng ngng.
CH2 CH CH2C6H5
CH CH CH2 CH2 CH CHC6H5
CH CH CH2peroxit, to
CH2 CH CH CH CH CH2C6H5
CH2 CH CH CH CH CH2C6H5
CH2 CH CHC6H5
CH CH CH2CH2 CH CHC6H5
CH CH CH2
CH2 CH ;C6H5
CH2 CH ;Cl
CH2 CH ;OH
CH CH CH2CH2 ; CH C CH2CH2 ;Cl
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5.7/ Trnh by c ch ca phn ng trng hp gc. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn
ng v khi lng phn t ca polime. 5.8/ Hy tm cch tng hp mt polieste v
mt poliamit t anhirit sucxinic v cc tc nhn thch hp khc.
Gii:
5.9/ Mt nilon c iu ch t xiclohexanon bng cch x l vi hiroxylamin,
sau cho vo axit mnh. Monome c polime ho nhit trn 250OC v c bit c mt
t nc. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. Gii:
Phn ng to polime l phn ng trng hp m vng vi xc tc l mt t nc.
5.10/ V mt l thuyt, c th c bao nhiu ng phn polibutaien, bao gm c ng
phn cu to v ng phn cu hnh. Gii: cis1,4polibutaien trans1,4
polibutaien isotactic1,2 polibutaien syniotactic1,2 polibutaien
atactic1,2 polibutaien S kt hp bt k ca dn 1,2 vi dng 1,4 5.11/
Stiren c polime ha nhanh chng khi un nng vi s c mt ca peroxit. Vit
c ch cho giai on pht trin mch. Gii thch ti sao phenylaxetilen khng
b polime ha trong iu kin tng t. Gii: Phenylaxetilen khng b polime
ha trong iu kin tng t v gc to thnh l
C CHC6H5 R
O OOanhirit sucxinic
O OOHO CH2 CH2 OH O CH2 CH2 O C CH2
OCH2 C ]OH
OH[+
O OOH2N (CH2)6 NH2 NH CH2 CH2 NH C CH2
OCH2 C ]OH
OH[+
NHO
[ CO
(CH2)5 NH ] n caprolactam nilon-6 hay t caprolactam
O
H2N OHH2O
N OH
chuyn v Beckmann
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Bi tp Ha hc hu c i hc
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Gc loi vinyl km bn hn so vi gc loi ankyl, v vy gc ny pht trin
mch khng tt. 5.12/ Khi nghin cu cu to ca caosu thin nhin, ngi ta
tin hnh ozonphn. S ozon phn s cho nhng sn phm chnh no? Bit rng n c
thnh phn phn t l (C5H8)n hay:[CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2]n Kt qu phn tch
Rnghen cho thy caosu thin nhin c cu hnh cis. Hy v mt on mch phn t
caosu . Gii: Khi ozon phn thu c sn phm chnh l anehit levulinic:
CH3 C CH2O
CH2 CHO
(Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Harit t nm 1905) Ngoi ra cn thu dc mt s
sn pm ph vi lng nh nh:HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3COCHO chng t mch polime l
mch h (Stauiger1922) vi nhm cui mch l: CH3CH= v CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2.
Ngoi ra cn c anehit sucxinic OHCCH2CH2CHO chng t c mt lngnh isopren
c s kt hp 4-4 (uiui) vi nhau. 5.13/ Tm cc phng php tng hp cc polime
sau:
Gii: 1/ Vinilon
2/ Polipropilen
CH2 CH ][OH
CH2 CH ][CH3
CH2 CH2 S[ ]n n n
CH2 CH ][OH
nCH2 CH ][
OCOCH3n
+ nNaOH to nCH3COONa+
CH2 CH ][OH
nCH2 CH ][
ONan
+ nHOH to + nNaOH
CH2 CH ][OH
2n+ nHOHto + nRCHO
OO]CH2[
R
n
CH2 CH ][CH3
nnCH2 CHCH3
Tr.h
CH2 CH ][CH3
nCH2 CH ][
CNn + [H]
LiAlH4, H2O nNH3+
CH2 CH ][CH3
nCHCH3
ClCH2Cl + 2nNa + 2nNaCl
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Bi tp Ha hc hu c i hc
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3/ Polietylenthioglicol
5.14/ Phng trnh Carothers: Cch thit lp, ngha. im to gel l g? Khi
no th phn ng trng ngng cn bng khng to c im gel?
CH2 CH CH[CH3
CH2 ]CH3
Tr.hCH3nCH3 n
CH2 CH2 S[ ]nCH2 SCH2 Tr.hn
CH2 CH2 S[ ]nCH2 CH2 ClnCl nNa2S+ + 2nNaCl
CH2 CH2 S[ ]nCH2 CH2 SHnHS nH2S+