1 Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia CRed Carbon Reduction Rotary Group Study Exchange 8 th April 2009 N.K. Tovey ( ) M.A, PhD,

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Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

CRedCarbon Reduction

RotaryGroup Study Exchange

8th April 2009

N.K. Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук

Energy Science Director CRed Project

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal2007

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Welcome to the University of East Anglia

• School of Environmental Sciences• A 5** Research department• Rated in top 5 Environmental Sciences

Department in world• Rated Excellent in Teaching• Many World Renowned Centres

– Tyndall Centre, Climate Research Unit– CRed – Carbon Reduction Project– etc.– Zuckerman Institute for Connective

Environmental Research (ZICER)

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Original buildings

Teaching wall

Library

Student residences

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Nelson Court

Constable Terrace

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Low Energy Educational BuildingsDüşük Enerjili Eğitim Binaları

Elizabeth Fry Building

Elizabeth Fry Binası

ZICER

Nursing and Midwifery

Hemşirelik ve Ebelik Okulu

Medical SchoolTıp Fakültesi Binası

Medical School Phase 2 Tıp Fakültesi Binası 2. Evre

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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994

Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building at time.Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

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Conservation: management improvements –

Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.

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50

100

150

200

250

Elizabeth Fry Low Average

kWh/

m2/

yr

gas

electricity

thermal comfort +28%User Satisfaction

noise +26%

lighting +25%

air quality +36%

A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

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ZICER Building

Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.

Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor

Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

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The ZICER Building - Description

• Four storeys high and a basement• Total floor area of 2860 sq.m• Two construction types

Main part of the building

• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity

Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

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The ground floor open plan office

The first floor open plan office

The first floor cellular offices

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Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming

air into the AHU

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Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间

Operation of Main Building

Air passes through hollow cores in the

ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层

Filter过滤器

Heater加热器

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Operation of Main Building

Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.

Space for future chilling

将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物

Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

The return air passes through the heat

exchanger空气回流进入热交换器 13

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The Termodeck Principle

Air to room

Air Supply into hollow core system

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Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量

Winter Day

Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment

Warm air

Warm air

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Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room

Slabs also radiate heat back into room

热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中

板层也把热散发到房间内

Winter Night

In late afternoon

heating is turned off.

Cold air

Cold air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

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Draws out the heat accumulated during the day

Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day

把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器

Summer night

night ventilation/ free cooling

Cool air

Cool air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

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Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space

concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning

空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用

Summer day

Warm air

Warm air

Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs

Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements

800

350

Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

原始供热方法 新供热方法 19

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• Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV

• Windows are semi transparent

• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays

• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays

ZICER Building

Photo shows only part of top

Floor

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Arrangement of Cells on Facade

Individual cells are connected horizontally

As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive

If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.

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Use of PV generated energy

Sometimes electricity is exportedInverters are only 91% efficient

Most use is for computers

DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficientNeed an integrated approach

Peak output is 34 kW

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EngineGenerator

36% Electricity

50% Heat

GAS

Engine heat Exchanger

Exhaust Heat

Exchanger

11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses

86%

efficient

Localised generation makes use of waste heat.

Reduces conversion losses significantly

Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP

61% Flue Losses

36%

efficient

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Conversion efficiency improvements

1997/98 electricity gas oil Total

MWh 19895 35148 33

Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277

Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699

Electricity Heat

1999/2000

Total site

CHP generation

export import boilers CHP oil total

MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission

factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277

CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422

Before installation

After installation

This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

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Conversion efficiency improvements

Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA

Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer

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A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

Compressor

压缩器

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Absorption Heat Pump

Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated

节流阀Throttle Valve

冷凝器

绝热

Condenser

Heat rejected

蒸发器

为冷却进行热提取

Evaporator

Heat extracted for cooling

高温高压

High TemperatureHigh Pressure

低温低压

Low TemperatureLow Pressure

外部热

Heat from external source

W ~ 0

吸收器

吸收器

热交换器

Absorber

Desorber

Heat Exchanger

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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller

1 MW 吸附冷却器

• Reduces electricity demand in summer

• Increases electricity generated locally

• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

• Uses Waste Heat from CHP

• provides most of chilling requirements in summer

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Centralised Chilling System at UEA

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The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power

• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%

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• 1990-2006 – 5870 -14,047 students

(239% INCREASE)– 138,000 -207,000 sq.m

(49% INCREASE)– 19,420 - 21,652 T of CO2

(10% INCREASE)

• 1990-2006– 3308 -1541 kg/student

(53% reduction)– 140 -104 kg/CO2/sq.m

(25%reduction)

• 2009 with Biomass in operation– 24.5% reduction in CO2

over 1990 levels despite increases in students and building area

– More than 70% reduction in emission per student

The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power

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Target Day

Results of the “Big Switch-Off”

With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?

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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary

4. Using Renewable Energy

5. Offset Carbon Emissions

3. Using Efficient Equipment

1. Raising Awareness

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400

600

800

1000

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Mean |External Temperature (oC)

En

ergy

Con

sum

pti

on (

kW

h/d

ay)

Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy

O

2. Good Management

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World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management

Second cohort January 2009

A partnership between

• The Norwich Business School and • The 5** School of Environmental Sciences

Sharing the Expertise of the University

And FinallyLao Tzu (604-531 BC)

Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."

See www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm for presentation 34

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WEBSITE cred-uk.org/

This presentation is available from tomorrow at above WEB Site: follow Academic Links

Keith Tovey ( 杜伟贤 ) Energy Science Director

HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation

Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia