Σταθμοί στην ιστορία των φυσικών επιστημών

:

2

3

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. Homo sapiens .

(;)

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,

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.

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...

...

4

5500 .. .

5

580 .. .

440 ..

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. Albert Einstein

6

350 ..

.

320 ..

.

7

260 ..

.

, .

8

260 ..

.

, , .

9

140 ..

.

. .

10

1025 .

1454

(Johannes Gutenberg).

.

11

1543 O (Nicolaus Copernicus)

.

.

.

Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi

12

1550 Gerardo Mercator .

13

1572 Tycho Brahe (nova).

1583 Simon Stevin.

, , , - .

14

1589 (Galileo Galilei)

.

.

' .

15

. , . , .

16

17

. .

Alexis Carrel

18

1590 Zacharias Janssen.

1592 .

120 .

19

1600 William Gilbert .

, .

20

1608 Hans Lippershey.

.

1609 Johannes Keppler ,

.

21

1643 vangelista Torricelli.

.

. , .

Francis Bacon

22

1650 Otto von Guericke .

.

23

1660 O Robert Hook .

1666 Isaac Newton ()

.

.

24

1668

John Wallis.

1669 Newton Leibnitz ,

,

.

25

1675

le Roemer.

1686

John Ray.

.

.

26

1687 ! Isaac Newton

( , -

- ) .

"Principia" (""), ,

.

27

1691

John Ray. ,

.

1706 ,

Francis Hauksbee. .

.

28

1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit .

Fahrenheit

32 212 .

1742 Anders Celsius

0 1000 C.

, , , , .

29

1738

Daniel Bernoulli.

.

30

1746 Pieter Van Musschenbroek ,

.

.

31

1750 O Joseph Black

.

.

32

1752 Benjamin Franklin

.

33

1768 James Hutton

. .

34

, : ;

35

1771

Joseph Priestley.

, .

36

1774 Antoine Lavoisier

20%

80% .

37

1781 James Watt.

B E.

.

38

1783 .

1785 Charles Coulomb

.

1789 ,

. L. Lavoisier.

39

1798 Henry Cavendish.

1800 Alessandro Volta.

W. Nicholson J. W. Ritter.

40

1801 ( William

Hershel) ( Johann Ritte)

Thomas Young .

.

41

1803 ( )

John Dalton.

42

1811 Amendeo Avogadro .

1820 Hans Oersted

.

43

1820 Andre Ampere

, .

1827 Georg Ohm .

.

44

1827 Brown. .

Robert Brown.

80 Albert Einstein.

.

45

1831 Michael Faraday

.

.

46

1831 Michael Faraday.

Joseph Henry.

47

1838

Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann.

48

1839

Charles Lyell.

49

1842 Christian Doppler

,

.

50

, .

Albert Einstein

51

1843 .

James Joule .

. Francis Bacon

52

1844 Samuel Morse.

.

1847

Herman Helmholtz.

.

53

1849 , ,

Hippolyte Fizeau

.

Leon Foucault, ,

.

54

1859 Gustav Kirchhoff

.

, ,

.

55

1860 Charles Darwin ( )

.

1865 James Maxwell ,

,

.

.

56

1865 Gregor Mendel

.

, , - .

Steven Hawking

57

1869

Dmitri Mendeleyev. ,

.

1876 Nicolaus Otto

.

. (

C. F. Benz 1885). ,

,

.

58

1879 Thomas Edison

,

.

1880 William Crookes

E. Goldstein,

. ,

.

59

1882 Robert Koch .

1883

Nikola Tesla. .

,

.

.

60

.

Francis Bacon

61

, .

62

1885 Louis Pasteur .

, .

Margaret Mead

63

1887 lbert Michelson dward Morley

(!) .

, . Thomas Edison

64

1888 Heinrich Hertz.

!

65

1895 Whilhelm Roentgen .

.

66

1895 Lumiere .

, .

Elbert Hubbard

67

1896 Henri Becquerel

. Marie Curie,

.

68

1897

Joseph Thomson ,

.

69

1898 ,

.

1900 Max Planck

,

.

1900 Becquerel, Rutherford Villard, ,

.

: , ,

, .

(He).

. Francis Bacon

70

1901 Guglielmo Markoni.

,

. .

1903 Wright.

, . , .

Henri Amiel

71

1903 ,

onstantin Tsiolkovsky.

, , .

55 .

1904 J. J. Thomson

, .

1904 , ,

.

, . Thomas Fuller

72

1905

lbert Einstein.

. ewton,

.

A. Einstein

. Einstein. Brown,

.

73

74

1910

Alfred Wegener.

1911 rnest Rutherford

, ,

, ,

.

75

1911 Robert Millikan

, .

1913 Niels Bohr

.

1916 A. Einstein.

,

(.. )

Newton .

.

76

1919 Rutherford.

,

,

.

1920 .

1922 . .

.

.

1923 Arthur Compton

.

77

1923 De Broglie

.

.

1925 :

,

. .

Francis Aston .

1925

.

, ,

.

, .

78

1925 John Baird .

, .

79

1927 Werner Heisenberg

,

. ,

,

.

1927 Georges Lemaitre

:

,

.

.

(Big Bang).

, .

80

1928 Alexander Fleming.

.

. . . .

81

. .

82

1929 Edwin Hubble,

.

.

1929 , John Cockroft Ernest Walton

.

.

83

1930 Paul Dirac

.

1930 Ernest Lawrence

, .

.

Henry Thoreau

84

1930 , ,

Vannevar Bush.

1931 Wolfgang Pauli

.

Enrico Fermi

. 25 .

, .

Antonio Porchia

85

1932 James Chadwick.

,

.

.

1932 , Carl Anderson.

(positive electron)

.

86

1932 , Ernst

Ruska.

,

.

1932 Karl Jansky.

1934 Fermi (p) 93,

, .

Fermi ,

,

.

.

87

1935 Robert Watson-Watt

.

1937 .

1938 George Gamow 1929

.

1938.

88

1939 O Otto ahn .

Leo Szilard

.

1939 Edwin Armstrong ( )

, (Frequency Modulation FM).

1940 ( ),

Donald Kerst.

89

1941 .

, 1930

Frank Whittle.

1942 . ,

Fermi, .

. .

90

1944

. Wernher von Braun

.

1945 .

1945 ,

,

.

, .

91

1946 Felix Bloch Edward Purcell

(NMR). NMR

.

, . Pierre Laplace

92

1946 .

93

1947 Cecil Powell .

1947 Willard Libby

14.

: . .

Albert Einstein

94

1947 ,

, .

1948 Richard Feynman

(), ,

, ,

.

, .

John Ray

95

1952 .

.

1952 (

) . ,

,

. .

1953 Francis Crick James Watson

DNA.

Rosalind Franklin .

1954 ,

, .

. (:

).

.

96

1954 , - CERN (

) 12 -

. (2002) CERN 20

5.500 .

1954 ,

. .

1955 Emilio Segre

Owen Chamberlain.

.

1956 , 25

W. Pauli.

.

.

97

1956 ,

, . 10

.

1957 .

.

Explorer I.

1960 Theodore Maiman laser.

laser ,

, , .

, . , .

Scott Peck

98

1961 ,

, .

1961 A Murray Gell-Mann (quarks),

.

, , .

99

1964 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson

,

Big Bang , .

1969 Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin

.

1972 laser, CD.

,

computers.

, .

100

1972 Martin Cooper .

1974

. 6 6 .

.

6 , , 6

.

, . Marie Curie

101

1974

Donald Johanson Tom Gray.

102

1979 ,

(QCD). QCD 1972

.

1980 .

.

1983 "UA1", CERN, W+, W- 0,

.

Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer.

1987 , ,

.

.

1989 CERN WWW (World Wide Web).

,

CERN.

WWW Internet.

1989 Lep Collider (

): .

27 km.

.

103

1990 Hubble.

.

20

(Standard odel),

,

, .

.

. Francis Bacon

104

2001 .

... !!!

105

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106