WORLD WAR I 1914-1918. COLLEGE BOARD KEY CONCEPT World War I and its aftermath intensified debate about America’s role in the world and how best to achieve.
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WORLD WAR I 1914-1918
COLLEGE BOARDKEY CONCEPT
World War I and its aftermath intensified debate about America’s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and protect the nation’s interest.
MOBILIZATION
Industry and Labor
• War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
• Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
• Fuel Administration – Harry Garfield
• National War Labor Board - Taft
Finance
• Government raises 33 billion
• Liberty Bonds
• Congress increases income taxes and corporate taxes
Public Opinion and Civil Liberties
• Committee on Public Information – George Creel
• American Protective League
• Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts
• Schenck vs. the U.S. (1919) – “clear and present danger”
Armed Forces
• Selective Service Act (June 1917)
• Support of African Americans and W.E.B. DuBois
“Liberty pups”
MOBILIZATION
Effects on American SocietyMore jobs for women
Their contributions as volunteers and wage earners will convince the President and Congress to pass the 19th Amendment
Migration of Mexicans and African Americans Job opportunities in America and political upheaval in Mexico thousands of Mexican cross the border to work in agriculture and mining
African-Americans migrate North for jobs in factories—”The Great Migration”
FIGHTING THE WAR Russian Revolution takes them out of the war & U.S. in
Naval Operation Recording setting ship production Convoy system
American Expeditionary Force General John Pershing Western Front Argonne Forest ends the war
Death toll —trench warfare, poison gas, & the flu kill millions (112,000 Americans)
MAKING THE PEACE
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Freedom of seas No secret treaties Arms reduction “impartial
adjustment of all colonial claims”
Self-determination “General
Association of Nations”
Treaty of Versailles, 1919
The Big FourPeace terms:Germany disarmed stripped of colonies, forced to admit guilt
Self determination applied to former colonies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia
League of Nations
MAKING THE “PEACE”
Battle for Ratification in the Senate
Irreconcilables/isolationists
Reservationists Rejection of the
Treaty
Changing Borders in Europe
POST-WAR CONCERNS
1918-1945
CULTURAL CONFLICTS
The Red Scare • Response to the
Communists in Russia
• J. Edgar Hoover, the Palmer Raids and hysteria over May Day
• Riots/Hysteria subsides as more Americans see threat to civil liberties
Nativism (ch 23)Rise of the KKK Ire towards new Mexican immigrantsImmigration quota laws created in 1921
CULTURAL CONFLICTSEconomic Demobilization
• U.S. agriculture will suffer when Europe recovers
• Anti-union sentiment returns
• Strikes, inflation, and 10% unemployment
No Changes for African Americans
• frustration mounts
• Race Riots in St. Louis and Chicago
FOREIGN & DOMESTIC POLICY CHANGE
Disillusionment from the war and growing fears of communist Russia make Americans fearful of intervention & expansion
War weary Americans craved tradition and “normalcy” and would thus abandon many progressive issues
Details in Amsco chapter 23…
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