The Endocrine LAB 11 System - WordPress.com · o identify and understand the important role of the endocrine system in ... their hyposecretion ... PINEAL GLAND Melatonin THYMUS GLAND
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OBJECTIVE
● To identify and understand the important role of the endocrine system in regulating the activity of body cells. To understand and be able to explain the functions of the various hormones and the results of their hyposecretion or hypersecretion within the body.
INTRODUCTION: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FACTS● The endocrine system works with the nervous system in controlling much of what goes on in the
body. Review the following basic facts regarding the endocrine system:
1. It is composed of glands.
2. Glands produce hormones.
3. Hormones are chemical messengers that are released directly into the blood (no ducts).
4. Hormones work at specific locations (targets).
5. Hormones work by attaching to receptors at the target.
6. Receptors may be on the target cell membrane or inside the target cell (intracellular).
7. The pituitary is often called the master gland of the body since it oversees much of the action of other glands.
8. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus.
9. The pituitary gland is functionally and structurally related to the hypothalamus.
10. Structural relationships include direct axonal connections between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary and a specialized “portal” system (a capillary network).
11. Functional relationships include the release of releasing and inhibiting hormones by the ventral hypothalamus which affects the anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis) and the production of oxytocin and ADH by the hypothalamic nuclei which are stored and released as needed by the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis).
LAB 11The Endocrine System
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100 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
PART A: GROSS ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM● Use the models in your lab, your lab manual, and your textbooks, and name and locate all of the
endocrine glands in the body. Fill in the table below.
GLAND HORMONES PRODUCEDAnterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
Pineal
Thymus
PART B: HISTOLOGY OF SELECTED ENDOCRINE GLANDS● Obtain slides of the glands listed above and observe the histological features listed. Be able to
identify each tissue and the cells that perform specific endocrine function(s) within that tissue.
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ThyroidParathyroid
Pituitary
Pancreas
AdrenalGlands
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 101
1. Thyroid gland
a. Find follicles. What is produced by the follicles? How is this substance produced?
b. Find parafollicular cells. What is produced here?
c. What chemical element is critical in the production of the major thyroid hormones?
d. What is the target of the hormone produced by the parafollicular cells?
2. Parathyroid gland
a. What is the physical relationship between this gland and the thyroid?
b. Normally, how many parathyroid glands are there?
c. How can one distinguish the parathyroid gland from the thyroid?
d. What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland? What is its target?
3. Adrenal gland
a. Differentiate between the cortex and the medulla.
b. How many zones are present in the cortex? Identify them.
c. What hormones are produced in each of the cortical zones? (Fill in the following table.)
CORTICAL ZONE HORMONE CLASS SPECIFIC HORMONE/S
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102 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
d. What is the importance of the adrenal medulla?
e. What histological feature allows the medulla to do its work quickly and efficiently?
f. Why is the medulla often referred to as a “postganglionic sympathetic neuron”?
4. Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)
a. How many cell types make up the Islets of Langerhans?
b. What hormones are produced by each of the cell types?
CELL TYPE HORMONE
c. What is the major function of the Islets of Langerhans?
5. Pituitary gland
a. How can one distinguish between the anterior and posterior pituitary? Why?
b. What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
c. What are the chemical “signals” that cause the anterior pituitary to release its hormones?
d. Where do these “signals” come from?
e. How do these “signals” get to the anterior pituitary?
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 103
PART C: ENDOCRINE TABLES (1 AND 2)● Complete the following table of endocrine glands.
EN
DO
CR
INE
GL
AN
DS
: RE
GU
LA
TIO
N A
ND
EF
FE
CT
S
GL
AN
DH
OR
MO
NE
ST
IMU
LA
TE
DIN
IBIT
ED
TA
RG
ET
EF
FE
CT
S O
F H
OR
MO
NE
POST
ER
IOR
PI
TUIT
ARY
Ant
idiu
rtet
ic (A
DH
) [s
upra
op
tic n
ucle
us o
f hy
po
thal
amus
]
Oxy
toci
n [p
arav
entic
ular
nuc
leus
o
f hyp
oth
alam
us]
AN
TER
IOR
PI
TUIT
ARY
Gro
wth
Ho
rmo
ne (G
H)
pro
lact
in (P
RL)
Thyr
oid
Stim
ulat
ing
H
orm
one
(TSH
)
And
reno
cott
ico
tro
pic
H
orm
one
(AC
TH)
Folli
cle
Stim
ulat
ing
H
orm
one
(FSH
)
Lutc
iniz
ing
Ho
rmo
ne
(LH
)
THYR
OID
G
LAN
DTh
yro
xin
(pro
duc
ed b
y fo
llicu
lar
cells
)
Cal
cito
nin
(pro
duc
ed
by
par
afo
llicu
lar
cells
)
PAR
ATH
YRO
ID
GLA
ND
Para
thyr
oid
Ho
rmo
ne
(PTH
) (se
cret
ed b
y ch
ief c
ells
)
TA
BL
E 1
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104 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
EN
DO
CR
INE
GL
AN
DS
: RE
GU
LA
TIO
N A
ND
EF
FE
CT
S
GL
AN
DH
OR
MO
NE
ST
IMU
LA
TE
DIN
IBIT
ED
TA
RG
ET
EF
FE
CT
S O
F H
OR
MO
NE
AD
RE
NA
L G
LAN
D (C
ort
ex)
Glo
coco
rtic
oid
s (C
ort
iso
l)
Min
eral
oco
rtic
oid
s (A
ldo
ster
one
)
Go
nad
oco
rtic
oid
s (s
ex h
arm
one
s)
AD
RE
NA
L G
LAN
D (M
edul
la)
Ep
inep
hrin
e &
N
ore
pin
ephr
ine
PAN
CR
EA
S
Insu
lin (
cel
ls in
isle
ts
of L
ang
erha
ns)
Glic
ago
n (a
lpha
ce
lls in
isle
ts o
f La
nger
hans
)
TEST
STe
sto
tero
ne
OV
ER
IES
Est
rog
en
Pro
ges
tero
ne
PIN
EA
L G
LAN
DM
elat
oni
n
THYM
US
GLA
ND
Thym
ic H
arm
one
s (T
hym
op
oie
tins
&
Thym
osi
ns)
TA
BL
E 2
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 105
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ishi
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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPSOF THE PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
Supraopticnucleus
Optic chiasma
Paraventricularnucleus
Infundibulum
Hypophyseal portalsystem
Primary CapillaryPlexus
Hypothalamic-hypophysealtract
Neurohypophysis
Hypophysealportal veins
Secondary capillaryplexus
Adenohypophysis
Kidneys
ADH
Oxytocin
Uterus
Bones
Breast
OvaryTestes
Adrenal cortex
Thyroid gland
TSH
GH
ProlactinACTH
LHFSH
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106 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
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Nuclei of Hypothalamus Neurohormone production
Oxytocinand ADH
Infindibulum(Pituitary Stalk)
(Adenohypophysis)AnteriorPituitary
(Neurohypophysis) Posterior Pituitary
PITUITARYGLAND
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal:
–Tract–Portal system
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 107
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Posterior pituitary hormones
Releasing hormone(hypothalamus)
Pituitaryhormone Target Effects
ADHStoresADH
Kidneys, sweatglands,
circulatory systemWater balance
OTFemale
reproductivesystem
Triggers uterinecontractions
during childbirth
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Releasing hormone(hypothalamus)
Pituitaryhormone Target Effects
LHGnRHReproductive
system
Reproductivesystem
Stimulates productionof sex hormonesby gonads
GnRH FSHStimulates productionof sperm and eggs
TRH TSH Thyroid gland
Stimulates the releaseof thyroid hormone(TH). TH regulatesmetabolism
PRH(inhibitedby GHIH)
GHRH(inhibitedby GHIH)
PRLMammary
glandsPromotes milkproduction
GH Liver, bone,muscles
Includes targets toproduce insulin-likegrowth factors (IGF).IGFs stimulate bodygrowth and a highermetabolic rate.
CRH ACTH Adrenalglands
Induces targets toproduceglucocorticoids whichregulate metabolismand the stressresponse
ENDOCRINE TABLE
-
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108 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY AXIS
Ventral hypothalamus RH IH
Hypothalamus
Paraventricularnucleus (oxytocin)
Supraopticnucleus (ADH)
Infundibulum(pituitary stalk)
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
Primary plexus
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal
portal system
Secondary plexus
Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)
Neurohormonereleasing axon tracts
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 109
Hypothalamus
Direct control bynervoussystem
Direct releaseofhormones
Indirect control through releaseof regulatory hormones
Key to Pituitary hormones
ACTHTSHGHPRLFSHLHMSHADH
Adrenocorticotropic hormoneThyroid-stimulating hormoneGrowth hormoneProlactinFollicle-stimulating hormoneLuteinizing hormoneMelanocyte-stimulating hormoneAntidiuretic hormone
Adrenalmedulla
Adrenalcortex
Adrenalgland
ACTH ADH
TSHGH
PRL FSH LH MSH
Somatomedins
Glucocorticoids
Thyroidhormones
Inhibin InhibinTestosterone Estrogen
Progesterone
Anteriorpituitary gland Posterior
pituitary gland
Kidneys
Males: Smoothmuscle in ductusdeferens andprostate gland
Females: Uterinesmooth muscleand mammaryglands
Melanocytes(uncertain significancein healthy adults)
Ovaries of femaleTestes of malesMammary
glands
Bone,muscle,other tissues
Thyroid gland
Epinephrine andnorepinephrine
Oxytocin
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110 | Lab 11 The Endocrine System
1 Capillary blood contains low concentrationof Ca2+, which stimulates...
2 ..secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2 ..to secrete catecholamines
2 ..stimulate theanterior pituitarygland to secretehormonesthat...
3 ..stimulate other endocrine glandsto secrete hormones
1 Preganglionic SNS fiber stimulates adrenalmedulla cells...
1 The hypothalamus secretes hormones that...
Three types of stimuli for hormone release
Capillary(low Ca2+
in blood)
Parathyroidglands
Thyroidgland(posteriorview)
Parathyroidglands
a Humoral b Neural c Hormonal
CNS (spinal cord)
PreganglionicSNS fiber
PTH
Medulla ofadrenal gland
Capillary Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Gonad(Testis)
Hypothalamus
Pitulary gland
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Lab 11 The Endocrine System | 111
Cou
rtes
y of
Mic
hael
Cry
der
TRH GRH GnRH
Endocrine Hormone Chart (produced in Hypothalamus butstored in Posterior Pituitary)
R = Releasing HormonesTropicNon-Tropic
InhibitedBy:
Anterior Pituitary
TSH
ThyroidGland
Adrenal
Cortex
Aldosterone:↑blood
volume &pressure,↓blood K+
levels
Thyroxin:GHIH
SH: NotSeen
Insulin: decrease in bloodglucose or (GHIH)
Glucagon: Increase inblood sugar glucose levels
PTH: Calcitonin &feedback inihibition
Melatonin:Light
Thymic Hormones:Unknown
Calcitonin:PTH &
feedbackinhibition
Cortisol:feedbackinhibition
exerted bycortisol
Medulla Ovaries Teates
Gonads
ACTH LH LH GHPRL+
BreastTissues
PancreasAlpha
PancreasBeta
Parathyroid
PTH
Bones Brain
Melatonin
Pineal Thymus
ThymopoietinThymosins
T-lymphocytes
Insulin
Bloodstream
Glucagon
Liver &Muscles
Liver, Bone,Muscle, Cartilage,
Adipose, etc.
PRH GHRH OT+ ADH
Posterior Pituitary
OT+ ADH
Uterus+Breasts
OT+: Lack ofappropriate
neural stimuli
ADH: Adequatehydration of the
body & by alcohol
FSH: Feedbackinhibition
exerted byinhibin/Estrogen
&Testosterone
PRL: (PIH)Dopamine
ACTH: Feedbackinhibition exertedby glucocorticoids
LH: Feedbackinhibition exertedEstrogen/Progest-
erone &Testosterone
GH: By Feedbackinhibition exertedby GH & IGF’s, by
hyperglycemia,hyperlipidemia,
obesity, & emotionaldeprivation from↑GHIH or ↓GHIH
TSH: Feedbackinhibition exerted byinhibin/Estrogen &
Testosterone
Kidneys
T3,T4F
AllCells
Epinephrine& NE:
Autonomics
Estrogen &Progesterone:
FeedbackInhibition
Testosterone:FeedbackInhibition
Bones CellskidneysFemaleRepro
SexOrgans
Females Males
CalcitoninP.F.
Aldosterone,cortisol,SexHormones
Epinephrine,NE
Estrogen,Progeste-
rone
Testost-erone
ENDOCRINE FLOWCHART
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