The Age of Exploration 1450-1780. Reasons for Exploration Competition for wealth among Europeans – Trade and product rarity/availability/trade rate control.
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Reasons for Exploration
• Competition for wealth among Europeans– Trade and product rarity/availability/trade rate
control had made Italians rich and Muslims had monopoly as well.
– Trade with Orient was overland and people sought a quicker water route.
• Knowledge of the unknown – curiosity for what lay beyond the known boundaries of the world, and the Renaissance spirit for knowledge.
Reasons for Exploration• Religious Reasons – Desire to spread Christian
faith. • “Reconquest of Spain” gave impetus for
Portuguese and Spanish to continue to drive Muslims out. Would also like to take over Muslim trade routes.
• Felt that it was their “divine duty” to convert peoples of Africa and Asia (and get rich at the same time)
• God, Gold, and Glory
Reasons for Exploration
• Technology improvements – Better maps and navigation equipment allowed going farther away (no more coast hugging); better built ships
Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western
Hemisphere• Demand for gold, spices, and natural
resources in Europe• Support for the diffusion of Christianity• Political and economic competition between
European empires• Innovations in navigational arts (European
and Islamic origins) – printing press, astrolabe, and Mercator projection
• Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator
New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
Portuguese
• First to send out exploratory voyages hoping for an economic gain on their expenditures.
• Henry the Navigator – explored West African coast in 1430s-1480s. He made no voyages, just financed them.– Collected scientific data of nautical type (e.g.
tides, currents, winds, stars)– Made maps out of data which were kept secure
Portuguese
• Portuguese were able to start trading centers on West Africa.– Central distributors, points for goods storage and
shipment– Slave trade started– Portuguese forced local rulers to trade only with
them (monopoly)Plantations – produced highly profitable Also, expanded slave trade to work plantations
Other Portuguese Explorers• Bartolomeu Dias discovered route around
Africa by accident into Indian Ocean (1487).• Proved India could be reached by direct water
route.• In 1497, Vasco da Gama was sent to explore
east coast of Africa and go to India to open trade with them.– This opening allowed Portugal the riches of the Spice
trade.
Other Portuguese Explorers
• Spice trade cont. – – This water route cut costs by 80% over the land
route and allowed more Europeans to have access to these goods, and a greater demand for them.
• Portuguese were now outpacing the Italians in economic prestige.
Columbus
• The Vikings landed in Newfoundland 500 years before Columbus. (Leif Ericsson)
• Columbus decided to look for a westward route to Asia– Portuguese and Italians wouldn’t fund trip– King and Queen of Spain did after years of asking
them over and over
Columbus
• He landed in Caribbean and was convinced it was the Indies with China close by
• Disappointed in his quest, he returned with proof of his discovery of a western land (Discovery called West Indies)
• Returned many times to colonize, Christianize and search for riches.
• Indians exploited, forced labor, died of disease
Columbus
• Columbus was arrested after his 3rd voyage for inappropriate administration.
• His voyages initiated a flood of Spanish explorers to exploit his finds.– This posed a problem with Portuguese
Line of Demarcation
• Set down by Pope in Atlantic• Spain got all lands to west of line (discovered and
undiscovered)• Portugal go all lands east• Portuguese unhappy, threatened war with Spain– This led to Treaty of Tordesillas which moved L.O.
Demarcation farther west. Portugal gained Brazil (not yet discovered)
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Spanish Explorers
• New World claims had to be enforced by exploration and then colonization. Year after year Spain established more colonies.
• Amerigo Vespucci – discovered South American mainland and whole hemisphere became the Americas (1499)
• Ponce de Leon – discovers and colonizes Puerto Rico and the Florida peninsula
Spanish Explorers
• Francisco Balboa – a fortune seeker who was the first to see the Pacific Ocean and established a colony on the Isthmus of Panama.
• Ferdinand Magellan – conducted the most ambitious exploration from 1519-1522– Explored Pacific Ocean and circumnavigated the
world– Died in a fight with natives in Philippines– Only 1 of 5 ships made it back with 18 of 250 men
alive
Results from Magellan
• Demonstrated that all oceans are connected• Ocean winds and currents follow consistent
patterns• Pacific Ocean was largest ocean
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the
World:Early 16c
Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the
World:Early 16c
Conquest of the Americas
• Spanish explores began to move from Caribbean back into Central and South America primarily for gold (conquistadores) as well as adventure
• Hernando Cortez invaded Mexico at the time Magellan was leaving Spain.
• Had a large force of 500 heavily armored men bent on conquest
Conquest of Americas
• Aztecs had watched their progress and sent gifts and ambassadors
• Gifts only emboldened Cortez• He ordered ships sunk to avoid mutiny, so the
only way was to go forward• Aztecs attacked Spaniards first• Cortez lay siege to their capital and won
Fernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma II
vs.
vs.
Conquest of Americas
• The Inca empire in South America fell to Spain as well but more quickly
• Francisco Pizarro came with just that in mind• They won the war but greed got the better of
them and they killed each other over the spoils.
• Pizzaro assassinated
Francisco Pizarro
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
Atahualpa
vs.
Conquest of Americas
• Portuguese settled Brazil @ 1500 by Pedro Cabral and became a prosperous colony and large missionary effort.
• The stage is now set for other Europeans to get involved.
The “Columbian Exchange”
The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves.
• Slavery was based on race.• European plantation system in the Caribbean
and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.
• The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.
English, French, Dutch Explorers
• Compared with Spain and Portugal, the other countries were small time explorers.
• They ignored the Treaty of Tordesillas and explored Spain’s lands anyway.
• Like Columbus, they believed in a quicker way to Asia– They had a belief in a Northwest Passage (that is
a waterway through North America to Asia)
English, French, Dutch Explorers
• Italian John Cabot – sailed for England in trying to find N.W. Passage but explored only Newfoundland
• Henry Hudson – made 4 voyages looking for N.W. Passage for Dutch and went far up the Hudson River in N.Y. and into Hudson Bay.– Claimed area for Netherland (set adrift after 4th
voyage)– Dutch set up colony of New Amsterdam– Also, colonized some island in Caribbean
Dutch
• In mid 16th century they took over Portuguese trade routes to East India and India and installed the Dutch East India Company
• Gained monopoly there and with Japan• By 1621 they controlled most trade to West
India, including the slave trade• Unlike Spaniards, they didn’t enlist
missionaries; profit was their goal
English
• English followed Dutch lead and developed trade
• Used Privateers to raid opposition and then protect English trade interests (e.g. Sir Francis Drake)
• Privateer– a ship which is authorized by a government to attack enemy shipping, but is not a naval vessel
English
• English Puritans established colonies in New England
• Puritans were at odds (disagreed) with Church of England
• Quakers founded Pennsylvania, Catholics went to Maryland for refuge.
English
• Virginia started by fortune hunting Englishmen at Jamestown.
• Failure, many starved or gave up and went back
• Wealth was the land, not gold. Fortunes made in agriculture on the backs of slave labor over time.
French
• Sought territory for national pride, a check on the English, and for profit.
• Jacques Cartier – sought NW Passage also and explored St. Lawrence Seaway.
• Samuel de Champlain – explored coast of Maine and established colony of Quebec as part of New France
French
• As New France grew, France sent new expeditions into interior.
• La Salle – Mississippi Valley (Louisiana) 1682• Jacques Marquette – Great Lakes• New France remained Catholic as Louis XIV
didn’t want Protestants moving in.• Many went to North Carolina
French
• France/England fought over control of eastern part of North America
• Four different wars between 1689-1763• French & Indian War ended in France’s defeat
and cost her nearly all its North American colonies. Kept only Caribbean holdings, lost Canada and Louisiana territories.
Impact of European Expansion
Impact of European Expansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
The Slave Trade
• Slavery is not a new issue. It still exists today.• Slavery has existed since the first civilizations.
Slaves treated differently among them.• Reasons for slavery:– Labor in manpower intensive jobs (plantations)– Punishment– Economic savings– Cultural differences
Slave Trade
• Slavery existed in Africa among Africans long before the Europeans engaged in the practice.
• Criminals, prisoners of war, debtors were often most common slave types
• North Africa was the center of African Slave Trade.
• Muslims had been involved for centuries too.
Slave Trade
• Portuguese first became engaged in slavery during early years of setting up trading posts along Africa’s coast.
• African kings would offer to pay in slaves if they had no gold, silver or marketable commodities.
• They were sent to Portugal as house servants
Slave Trade
• Demand grew as Portuguese Plantations grew and labor needed.
• Appeals by King Alfonso of the Congo to stop it failed, especially as overseas colonies in New World expanded
• Native Americans, it was found, made an inferior quality slave.
• Slave trade became linked to the Triangular Trade pattern between Europe, New World, and Africa.
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
Triangular Trade
• Ships loaded with trade goods travel to Africa• Ships drop goods at trading posts along
African coast• Same ships pick up new cargo: slaves• Brought them to America where they were
exchanged for New World products (Middle Passage)
• Products brought home to Europe
Triangular Trade
• During Middle Passage many died or committed suicide.
• Those that survived became even more valuable as their numbers were less than when they started out.
Impact of Slave Trade• Coastal African communities fared worse as they
were closer to raiding parties.• African culture survived and most of it was
unaffected by contact with European because it was far in the interior
• Few colonies were established early in Africa because it was looked upon more as a slave repository.
• Many African communities near trading center and coast were decimated.
End of Slave Trade• European Abolitionists campaigned to end the
practice because of its immorality• Britain was first to prohibit slave trade in 1807, U.S.
in 1808 (slave trade abolished, not slavery itself!!)• Other European nations followed soon after.• Slave running was illegal but profitable• European efforts on West African coast shifted
slavery to east coast • Americas last place to end slavery (1870) which
finally did in the trade.
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