World Trade before Exploration Causes of European Exploration 1.Ottoman conquests (14 th & 15 th c.) closed trade routes bypass intermediaries to.

World Trade before Exploration

World Trade before Exploration

Causes of European Exploration

Causes of European Exploration

1. Ottoman conquests (14th & 15th c.) closed trade routes bypass intermediaries to get to Asia

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries

4. Surge in population growth c. 1450 growing demand for Asian trade goods & lack of opportunities at home

Motives for European Exploration

Motives for European Exploration

1. “God” religious zeal, taking Asian trade away from Muslims & converting non-Christians

2. “Glory” desire for conquest, adventure, fame & fortune

3. “Gold” Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue & new sources of gold to pay for Asian goods

New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portolani]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Maritime Technology

New Maritime Technology

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Prince Henry, the Navigator

Prince Henry, the Navigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Prince Henry, the Navigator

Prince Henry, the Navigator

School for Navigation, 1419

Portuguese Maritime Empire1. Expolred west coast of Africa

trade in gold, ivory & slaves

2. Trading posts in India & SE Asia desire to control spice trade

3. Guns & seamanship = Portuguese success

4. Only New World Colony Brazil

5. Portugal lacked the numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Spanish Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationExplore

rs Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World1. Encomienda or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement monarchs allowed to control church

The Colonial Class System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic

Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Spanish Colonial “Castas” SystemSpanish Colonial “Castas” System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Mercantilism1. Amount of Buillon (gold & silver) =

Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals

2. Goal = national economic self-sufficiency

3. Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports)

4. Essential industries encouraged through subsidies & tax credits

5. Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.

6. Trade is a “zero-sum” game.

The “Price Revolution”The “Price Revolution”1. Influx of gold, and especially silver,

into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

2. Hurt those on fixed incomes & the poor, but helped those in debt (traders & merchants)

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the

coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

3. Between 16c & 19c, approx. 10-12 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

Slave Trade & European Attitudes

on Race

Slave Trade & European Attitudes

on Race

Juan de Pareja Oluadah Equiano

“[The Slave Trade] lasted the better part of four centuries… the forced migration of fifteen million Negroes, besides causing the death of perhaps thirty to forty million others in slave raids, coffles, and barracoons. What it produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos.”

- Daniel Mannix & Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes (1962)

“The horrors of the Middle Passage have been exaggerated…The age which had seen the mortality among indentured servants saw no reason for squeamishness about the mortality among slaves, nor did the exploitation of the slaves on the plantations differ fundamentally from the exploitation of the feudal peasant or the treatment of the poor in European cities”

- Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)