Transcript
RESTORATION, LIBERALISM
AND NATIONALISM
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1815-1870
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820Europe after the Napoleonic Empire
• What was the Restoration?
▫ It was a return to the political system of theAncien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
The leaders of various
European states met at
the Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815).
MEASURES
The restoration of absolute monarchy Changes to Europe´s borders
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
The restoration of
absolute monarchy
The Europeanmonarchs who had
been deposed byNapoleon returned
to power.
However, some of these monarchs had
to acceptconstitutional limits
to their power
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
Changes to Europe´sborders
Napoleon´sconquests had
transformed the mapof Europe.
After his defeat, another series of
changes were madeto guarantee peace
and avoid new revolutions.
Objectives:
1.- To reduce thenumber of States
2.- To stop theFrench conquers.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of ViennaBelgium was unitedwith the Netherlandsto form the Kingdomof the Netherlands.
Prusia annexed theRhineland.
Italy was dividedinto various states.
The German Confederationwas created. It was formedby 39 states, and wasdominated by Austria and Prusia.
France came back toits borders before theRevolution.
Two buffer stateswere created to avoida French invasion.
Austria, Rusia and Prusia gained territories in a balancedway, so that no one could be more powerful than the others.
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce theagreements of the Congress of Viena:
Objectives
To enforce the Congress of Vienna
To support Europe´srestored monarchs in the
event of a revolution
THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820
The Cogress of Vienna
• Two alliances were formed to enforce theagreements of the Congress of Viena:
Alliances
The Holy Alliance
Russia
Austria
Prusia
The QuadrupleAlliance
The three membersof the Holy Alliance
and Great Britain
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
REVOLUTIONS 19th CENTURY
TWO POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
LIBERALISM
NATIONALISM
DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM
Origins:
the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and French Revolution).
Objective:
Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights.
(As a reaction against the Restoration of the
Absolutism)
Representation:
It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
LIBERALISM
KEY PRINCIPLES
NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
SEPARATION OF POWERS
LIMITED SUFFRAGE
(Only male propertyowners)
FREEDOM OF:
- ASSOCIATION
- RELIGION
- THE PRESS
REMEMBER!
• What is the difference between a stateand a nation?
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
NATIONALISM
Origins:
1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic
Empire.
2.- The new division of Europe
imposed by the Congress of Vienna
=> no respect to the identity of the
peoples such as Polish, Belgians,
Norwegians, Italians or Germans.
3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the AustrianEmpires, were formed by very different peoples.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
NATIONALISM
Consecuences:
Some peoples claimed their independences.
Nationalism advocated the right of people whodefined themselves as nations to establish theirown independent states.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
NATIONALISM
KEY PRINCIPLESNATIONAL
SOVEREIGNTY
THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT EACH
NATION PREFERS
INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS
POPULATION WITH A COMMON HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE
A WELL-INTEGRATED SOCIETY
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY
In the 19th century, democratic movementsdefended ordinary people´s right toparticipate in politics.
Representation:
The middle and working classes.
LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY
KEY PRINCIPLES
NATIONAL SOVEREINGTY
REPUBLIC
OPPOSITION TO MONARCHY
(Consideredincompatible with
democracy)
UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE
POLITICAL PARTIES SHOULD DEFEND THE RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES AGAINST UPPER-CLASS DOMINANCE
Say if the following statements refer to
Liberalism, Nationalism or Democracy.
1.- Its origins are in the Enlightenment ideas.
2.- It defended ordinary people´s right to participate in politics.
3.- It advocated the right of people who defined themselves as nations to establish their own independent states.
4.- Limited suffrage, restricted to male property owners.
5.- Constitutional monarchy as a form of government.
6.- National sovereignty, with the republic as the preferred form of government.
7.- The separation of powers.
8.- It expressed the demands of the middle and working classes.
9.-It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
10.- Independent nation-states with clearly defined borders.
Do exercises 9, 10 and 11 onpage 125.
El comandante Riego
ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
Nationalistmovements
Desintegrating
Greece
Belgium
Unifying
Germany
Italy
ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION• How were Italian and German territories like until
the mid-19th century?
▫ They were divided into numerous independent states.
• What happened during the first half of the 19th
century in these modern-day countries?
▫ Nationalists movements emerged.
• What was the result of these movements?
▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-states:
Italy and Germany.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point: afterthe Congress of Viena, the Italian peninsulawas divided into sevenstates:
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Why was there a nationalistmovement?▫ They had a common
language.▫ They wanted to
increase the economicmarket.
▫ They wantedinfraestructures of transport.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was opposed tothe Italianunification?
▫ The Austrians (after theCongress of Vienna, they had annexed theKingdom of Lombardy, Parma, Módena and Toscana).
▫ The Papal States
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Who was the motor of the unification?
▫ The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Italian monarchy of Saboya.
A great army.
Liberal constitution.
A seaport.
Wealth
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Main
characters:Cavour:
• Prime minister of themonarchicstPiedmont.
Garibaldi:
• Revolutionist who ledan army of volunteerscalled the «red shirts»
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Type of unification process: ▫ Military
• Process:▫ 1859: After gaining support from
France, King Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Cavour, fought successfully againstAustria.
▫ Austria was defeated in the battlesof Magenta and Solferino.
• Result:▫ The Austrians were expelled from
Lombardy.▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
• Process:▫ The Piedmontese gradually
conquered and annexed therest of the Italian Peninsulawith the help of Garibaldi, including Venetia and theKingdom of the Two Siciles.
▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the«Red Shirts» conqueredthe Southern States.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:
▫ 1815:
German territory wasdivided in 39 states. The Congress of Viennacreated the German Confederation, and wasdominated by Austria and Prussia.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Starting point:▫ 1834: Prussia created a
customs union. This was the first unifying
step given by Prussia. Austria didn´t take part.
▫ 1848: the nationalistRevolution It failed because the king
didn´t accept the throne of a unified Germany in theparliament of Frankfurt.
But it consolidated thenationalism.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
Main
characters
from 1862:King Wilhelm I
Chancellor Bismarck
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ Bismarck started theGerman unificationprocess with a conflictwith Denmark over theDuchies of Schleswigand Holstein.
▫ 1864: Denmark wasdefeated.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1866:
Prussia defeatedAustria in the battle of Sadowa and created theNorthern German Confederation.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1870:
France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.
France didn´t accept Prussianinfluence.
Result:
France had to surrender theregion of Alsace-Lorraine toGermany.
The Southern states joined tothe German Confederation.
GERMAN UNIFICATION
• Process:
▫ 1871:
Bismarck established theSecond Reich, orGerman Empire, withWilhem I as its kaiser.
AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY
AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY
USA
19th century
Westwardexpansion
The American Civil War
(1861-1865)
AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY• What happened in the USA during the
19th century after the American War of Independece?
American War of Independence
Political and territorial changes.
Establishmetof many new states which
still existtoday.
The USA consolidated itself as a sovereing nation and established itsdefinitive borders.
EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES
• How did the USA establish the definitive borders?
The 13 colonies
EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES• Why did the American people expanded
westwards during the 19th century?
Many inmigrantsarrived from
Europe
•because theywere looking fora better life in the New World.
The populationincreased rapidly.
This increase in population
encouraged theUSA to expand
westwards
• They reached North America´sPacific coast.
Watch thisvideo aboutPioneers.
EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES• What were the
consequences of the Westwardexpansion?
▫ Conflicts withNativeAmericans.
Destruction of many tribes.
Watch this video
EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES
Some tribeswere isolatedonreservations.
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
• Starting point:
▫ Slavery still existedin the southernstates.
▫ The northern statesrejected slavery.
▫ The southern statesfelt threatened bythis.
▫ A civil war started.Watch this video
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
• Consequences:
▫ The war was won by the northernstates.
▫ Slavery was ended.
▫ Universal manhood suffrage.
Male citizens of allethnic bacgroundshad the right tovote in elections.
• Las revoluciones liberales
• La independencia de América Latina
Revoluciones liberales
Primera mitad del siglo XIX
SignificadoEl fin de la monarquía
absoluta
Características
Basadas en el liberalismo y el nacionalismo
Implantación de la
democracia
Revoluciones liberalesPrimera mitad siglo XIX
1820s => Portugal, España y Grecia
1830 => Francia, Bélgica y Polonia
1848 => Francia y el Imperio Austrohúngaro
1820
▫ Países:
Portugal y España
▫ Características:
Revolución liberal
▫ Finalidad:
Establecer monarquías constitucionales
1820▫ País:
Grecia
▫ Características:
Revolución liberal
y nacionalista
▫ Finalidad:
Lograr la independencia del Imperio Otomano.
1830▫ País:
Francia
▫ Caracteristicas:
Revolución liberal
▫ Finalidad:
Establecer una monarquía
constitucional
Carlos X de Borbon quería volver al absolutismo.
Luis Felipe de Orleans se convirtió en rey. Era el lider de la clase alta.
1830
▫ País:
Bélgica
▫ Caracteristicas:
Revolución nacionalista
▫ Finalidad:
perseguía la independencia con respecto a los Países Bajos, a los cuales había sido unida en el Congreso de Viena.
1830
• En Polonia estalló una revuelta, que fue duramente reprimida por el zar de Rusia.
1848
▫ Países:
Francia y el Imperio Austriaco
▫ Características:
Revoluciones más radicales
Ideología democrática
▫ Finalidad:
La clase media y el proletariado demandan reformas democráticas para acceder al poder.
1848
• En Francia, un levantamiento popular destronó a Luis Felipe de Orleans y proclamó la II República.
1848
II República francesa
Sufragio universal
masculino
Libertad de prensa
Abolición de la pena de muerte
Abolición de la esclavitud
Reconocimiento de algunos
derechos para los trabajadores
1848
• Sin embargo, la república evolucionó en un sentido más conservador y Luis Napoleón Bonaparte acabó imponiendo su poder personal y proclamando el II Imperio Francés.
1848
• Imperio Austriaco▫ Carácter liberal
en Viena. ▫ Levantamiento
nacionalistacontra el dominio imperial en Hungría, Bohemia, el Norte de Italia y la Confederación Germánica.
CAUSAS
• A nivel externo:
▫ La difusión de los principios de libertad e igualdad promovidos por la Revolución francesa, así como la proclamación de la independencia de EEUU en 1776.
CAUSAS
• A nivel interno:
▫ Descontento de la burguesía criolla que veía a España como un freno para su economía:
ya que obstaculizaba el comercio e imponía fuertes cargas fiscales.
Además, la mayoría de los cargos de la administración colonial estaban en manos de españoles peninsulares, que eran un grupo privilegiado.
CAUSAS
• Los criollos instigaron los levantamientos a favor de la independencia, apoyada también por indios y mestizos.
1ª FASE (1808-1814)
• Los primeros movimientos independentistas se iniciaron con el estallido de la Guerra de la Independencia en España.
• Las autoridades americanas no acataron la monarquía de José Bonaparte y formaron Juntas en las colonias, que empezaron a autogobernarse.
1ª FASE
• De este modo varios países proclamaron su independencia. Paraguay proclamó su independencia en 1811.
• Este movimiento emancipador estaba dirigido por militares liberales, entre los que destacaron Simón Bolívar (Venezuela), y José de San Martín (Argentina).
2ª FASE (1816-1826)
• La etapa definitiva se inició en 1816, cuando Argentina proclamó su independencia y la insurrección se generalizó por todo el Imperio americano.
• Desde Argentina, el general San Martín dirigió una expedición que, atravesando los Andes, derrotó a los españoles y logró la independencia de Chile.
2ª FASE
• Simón Bolivar fundó la Gran Colombia, que después se dividiría en Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador y Panamá.
• Fernando VII vendió Florida a EEUU.
• Iturbide logró la independencia de Méjico, que fue seguida por toda Centroamérica.
• Antonio José de Sucreemancipó Perú y Bolivia.
2ª FASE
• De este modo, España perdió todas sus colonias excepto Cuba, Filipinas y Puerto Rico.
• La pérdida de las colonias significó un duro golpe económico para la Península porque perdió los mercados americanos y privó de buenos ingresos a la Hacienda española.
•
Isabel AguñaProfesora de Geografía e HistoriaSección Bilingüe
Fuente: Oxford Education HISTORY 4ºESO
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