Tema 6

RESTORATION, LIBERALISM

AND NATIONALISM

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1815-1870

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820Europe after the Napoleonic Empire

• What was the Restoration?

▫ It was a return to the political system of theAncien Régime after Napoleon´s defeat in 1815.

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of Vienna

The leaders of various

European states met at

the Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815).

MEASURES

The restoration of absolute monarchy Changes to Europe´s borders

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of Vienna

The restoration of

absolute monarchy

The Europeanmonarchs who had

been deposed byNapoleon returned

to power.

However, some of these monarchs had

to acceptconstitutional limits

to their power

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of Vienna

Changes to Europe´sborders

Napoleon´sconquests had

transformed the mapof Europe.

After his defeat, another series of

changes were madeto guarantee peace

and avoid new revolutions.

Objectives:

1.- To reduce thenumber of States

2.- To stop theFrench conquers.

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of ViennaBelgium was unitedwith the Netherlandsto form the Kingdomof the Netherlands.

Prusia annexed theRhineland.

Italy was dividedinto various states.

The German Confederationwas created. It was formedby 39 states, and wasdominated by Austria and Prusia.

France came back toits borders before theRevolution.

Two buffer stateswere created to avoida French invasion.

Austria, Rusia and Prusia gained territories in a balancedway, so that no one could be more powerful than the others.

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of Vienna

• Two alliances were formed to enforce theagreements of the Congress of Viena:

Objectives

To enforce the Congress of Vienna

To support Europe´srestored monarchs in the

event of a revolution

THE RESTORATION IN EUROPE1815-1820

The Cogress of Vienna

• Two alliances were formed to enforce theagreements of the Congress of Viena:

Alliances

The Holy Alliance

Russia

Austria

Prusia

The QuadrupleAlliance

The three membersof the Holy Alliance

and Great Britain

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

REVOLUTIONS 19th CENTURY

TWO POLITICAL

IDEOLOGIES

LIBERALISM

NATIONALISM

DEMOCRACY

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

LIBERALISM

Origins:

the Enlightenment ideas (American War of Independence and French Revolution).

Objective:

Emphasis of individual freedoms and rights.

(As a reaction against the Restoration of the

Absolutism)

Representation:

It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

LIBERALISM

KEY PRINCIPLES

NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

SEPARATION OF POWERS

LIMITED SUFFRAGE

(Only male propertyowners)

FREEDOM OF:

- ASSOCIATION

- RELIGION

- THE PRESS

REMEMBER!

• What is the difference between a stateand a nation?

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

NATIONALISM

Origins:

1.- The expansion of the Napoleonic

Empire.

2.- The new division of Europe

imposed by the Congress of Vienna

=> no respect to the identity of the

peoples such as Polish, Belgians,

Norwegians, Italians or Germans.

3.- The ancien Empires, such as the Ottoman, the Russian and the AustrianEmpires, were formed by very different peoples.

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

NATIONALISM

Consecuences:

Some peoples claimed their independences.

Nationalism advocated the right of people whodefined themselves as nations to establish theirown independent states.

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

NATIONALISM

KEY PRINCIPLESNATIONAL

SOVEREIGNTY

THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT EACH

NATION PREFERS

INDEPENDENT NATION-STATES WITH CLEARLY DEFINED BORDERS

POPULATION WITH A COMMON HISTORY, LANGUAGE AND

CULTURE

A WELL-INTEGRATED SOCIETY

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

DEMOCRACY

In the 19th century, democratic movementsdefended ordinary people´s right toparticipate in politics.

Representation:

The middle and working classes.

LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY

DEMOCRACY

KEY PRINCIPLES

NATIONAL SOVEREINGTY

REPUBLIC

OPPOSITION TO MONARCHY

(Consideredincompatible with

democracy)

UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFRAGE

POLITICAL PARTIES SHOULD DEFEND THE RIGHTS OF THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES AGAINST UPPER-CLASS DOMINANCE

Say if the following statements refer to

Liberalism, Nationalism or Democracy.

1.- Its origins are in the Enlightenment ideas.

2.- It defended ordinary people´s right to participate in politics.

3.- It advocated the right of people who defined themselves as nations to establish their own independent states.

4.- Limited suffrage, restricted to male property owners.

5.- Constitutional monarchy as a form of government.

6.- National sovereignty, with the republic as the preferred form of government.

7.- The separation of powers.

8.- It expressed the demands of the middle and working classes.

9.-It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.

10.- Independent nation-states with clearly defined borders.

Do exercises 9, 10 and 11 onpage 125.

El comandante Riego

ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION

Nationalistmovements

Desintegrating

Greece

Belgium

Unifying

Germany

Italy

ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION• How were Italian and German territories like until

the mid-19th century?

▫ They were divided into numerous independent states.

• What happened during the first half of the 19th

century in these modern-day countries?

▫ Nationalists movements emerged.

• What was the result of these movements?

▫ These states were unified to form two new nation-states:

Italy and Germany.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Starting point: afterthe Congress of Viena, the Italian peninsulawas divided into sevenstates:

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Why was there a nationalistmovement?▫ They had a common

language.▫ They wanted to

increase the economicmarket.

▫ They wantedinfraestructures of transport.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Who was opposed tothe Italianunification?

▫ The Austrians (after theCongress of Vienna, they had annexed theKingdom of Lombardy, Parma, Módena and Toscana).

▫ The Papal States

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Who was the motor of the unification?

▫ The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Italian monarchy of Saboya.

A great army.

Liberal constitution.

A seaport.

Wealth

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Main

characters:Cavour:

• Prime minister of themonarchicstPiedmont.

Garibaldi:

• Revolutionist who ledan army of volunteerscalled the «red shirts»

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Type of unification process: ▫ Military

• Process:▫ 1859: After gaining support from

France, King Victor Emmanuel II and his prime minister, Cavour, fought successfully againstAustria.

▫ Austria was defeated in the battlesof Magenta and Solferino.

• Result:▫ The Austrians were expelled from

Lombardy.▫ Lombardy was given to Piedmont.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

• Process:▫ The Piedmontese gradually

conquered and annexed therest of the Italian Peninsulawith the help of Garibaldi, including Venetia and theKingdom of the Two Siciles.

▫ 1859: Garibaldi and the«Red Shirts» conqueredthe Southern States.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Starting point:

▫ 1815:

German territory wasdivided in 39 states. The Congress of Viennacreated the German Confederation, and wasdominated by Austria and Prussia.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Starting point:▫ 1834: Prussia created a

customs union. This was the first unifying

step given by Prussia. Austria didn´t take part.

▫ 1848: the nationalistRevolution It failed because the king

didn´t accept the throne of a unified Germany in theparliament of Frankfurt.

But it consolidated thenationalism.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

Main

characters

from 1862:King Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Process:

▫ Bismarck started theGerman unificationprocess with a conflictwith Denmark over theDuchies of Schleswigand Holstein.

▫ 1864: Denmark wasdefeated.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Process:

▫ 1866:

Prussia defeatedAustria in the battle of Sadowa and created theNorthern German Confederation.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Process:

▫ 1870:

France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War.

France didn´t accept Prussianinfluence.

Result:

France had to surrender theregion of Alsace-Lorraine toGermany.

The Southern states joined tothe German Confederation.

GERMAN UNIFICATION

• Process:

▫ 1871:

Bismarck established theSecond Reich, orGerman Empire, withWilhem I as its kaiser.

AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY

AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY

USA

19th century

Westwardexpansion

The American Civil War

(1861-1865)

AMERICA DURING THE 19th CENTURY• What happened in the USA during the

19th century after the American War of Independece?

American War of Independence

Political and territorial changes.

Establishmetof many new states which

still existtoday.

The USA consolidated itself as a sovereing nation and established itsdefinitive borders.

EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES

• How did the USA establish the definitive borders?

The 13 colonies

EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES• Why did the American people expanded

westwards during the 19th century?

Many inmigrantsarrived from

Europe

•because theywere looking fora better life in the New World.

The populationincreased rapidly.

This increase in population

encouraged theUSA to expand

westwards

• They reached North America´sPacific coast.

Watch thisvideo aboutPioneers.

EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES• What were the

consequences of the Westwardexpansion?

▫ Conflicts withNativeAmericans.

Destruction of many tribes.

Watch this video

EXPANSION IN THE UNITED STATES

Some tribeswere isolatedonreservations.

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

• Starting point:

▫ Slavery still existedin the southernstates.

▫ The northern statesrejected slavery.

▫ The southern statesfelt threatened bythis.

▫ A civil war started.Watch this video

THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

• Consequences:

▫ The war was won by the northernstates.

▫ Slavery was ended.

▫ Universal manhood suffrage.

Male citizens of allethnic bacgroundshad the right tovote in elections.

• Las revoluciones liberales

• La independencia de América Latina

Revoluciones liberales

Primera mitad del siglo XIX

SignificadoEl fin de la monarquía

absoluta

Características

Basadas en el liberalismo y el nacionalismo

Implantación de la

democracia

Revoluciones liberalesPrimera mitad siglo XIX

1820s => Portugal, España y Grecia

1830 => Francia, Bélgica y Polonia

1848 => Francia y el Imperio Austrohúngaro

1820

▫ Países:

Portugal y España

▫ Características:

Revolución liberal

▫ Finalidad:

Establecer monarquías constitucionales

1820▫ País:

Grecia

▫ Características:

Revolución liberal

y nacionalista

▫ Finalidad:

Lograr la independencia del Imperio Otomano.

1830▫ País:

Francia

▫ Caracteristicas:

Revolución liberal

▫ Finalidad:

Establecer una monarquía

constitucional

Carlos X de Borbon quería volver al absolutismo.

Luis Felipe de Orleans se convirtió en rey. Era el lider de la clase alta.

1830

▫ País:

Bélgica

▫ Caracteristicas:

Revolución nacionalista

▫ Finalidad:

perseguía la independencia con respecto a los Países Bajos, a los cuales había sido unida en el Congreso de Viena.

1830

• En Polonia estalló una revuelta, que fue duramente reprimida por el zar de Rusia.

1848

▫ Países:

Francia y el Imperio Austriaco

▫ Características:

Revoluciones más radicales

Ideología democrática

▫ Finalidad:

La clase media y el proletariado demandan reformas democráticas para acceder al poder.

1848

• En Francia, un levantamiento popular destronó a Luis Felipe de Orleans y proclamó la II República.

1848

II República francesa

Sufragio universal

masculino

Libertad de prensa

Abolición de la pena de muerte

Abolición de la esclavitud

Reconocimiento de algunos

derechos para los trabajadores

1848

• Sin embargo, la república evolucionó en un sentido más conservador y Luis Napoleón Bonaparte acabó imponiendo su poder personal y proclamando el II Imperio Francés.

1848

• Imperio Austriaco▫ Carácter liberal

en Viena. ▫ Levantamiento

nacionalistacontra el dominio imperial en Hungría, Bohemia, el Norte de Italia y la Confederación Germánica.

CAUSAS

• A nivel externo:

▫ La difusión de los principios de libertad e igualdad promovidos por la Revolución francesa, así como la proclamación de la independencia de EEUU en 1776.

CAUSAS

• A nivel interno:

▫ Descontento de la burguesía criolla que veía a España como un freno para su economía:

ya que obstaculizaba el comercio e imponía fuertes cargas fiscales.

Además, la mayoría de los cargos de la administración colonial estaban en manos de españoles peninsulares, que eran un grupo privilegiado.

CAUSAS

• Los criollos instigaron los levantamientos a favor de la independencia, apoyada también por indios y mestizos.

1ª FASE (1808-1814)

• Los primeros movimientos independentistas se iniciaron con el estallido de la Guerra de la Independencia en España.

• Las autoridades americanas no acataron la monarquía de José Bonaparte y formaron Juntas en las colonias, que empezaron a autogobernarse.

1ª FASE

• De este modo varios países proclamaron su independencia. Paraguay proclamó su independencia en 1811.

• Este movimiento emancipador estaba dirigido por militares liberales, entre los que destacaron Simón Bolívar (Venezuela), y José de San Martín (Argentina).

2ª FASE (1816-1826)

• La etapa definitiva se inició en 1816, cuando Argentina proclamó su independencia y la insurrección se generalizó por todo el Imperio americano.

• Desde Argentina, el general San Martín dirigió una expedición que, atravesando los Andes, derrotó a los españoles y logró la independencia de Chile.

2ª FASE

• Simón Bolivar fundó la Gran Colombia, que después se dividiría en Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador y Panamá.

• Fernando VII vendió Florida a EEUU.

• Iturbide logró la independencia de Méjico, que fue seguida por toda Centroamérica.

• Antonio José de Sucreemancipó Perú y Bolivia.

2ª FASE

• De este modo, España perdió todas sus colonias excepto Cuba, Filipinas y Puerto Rico.

• La pérdida de las colonias significó un duro golpe económico para la Península porque perdió los mercados americanos y privó de buenos ingresos a la Hacienda española.

•

Isabel AguñaProfesora de Geografía e HistoriaSección Bilingüe

Fuente: Oxford Education HISTORY 4ºESO