SS8H6a Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise,

SS8H6aExplain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War;

include slavery, states’ rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise,

Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred

Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over secession in Georgia, and

the role of Alexander Stephens.

Concept:Conflict and Change

Individuals and GroupsRule of Law

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR PAGE 41 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H6a

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow did the following issues and

events cause the Civil War?- slavery - states’ rights

- Nullification - Missouri Compromise

- Compromise of 1850 - Kansas/Nebraska Act

- Dred Scott case - Election of 1860

- Debate over secession - Alexander Stephens

How did the following issues and events cause

the Civil War?

STATES’ RIGHTS

This phrase refers to individual states being sovereign (or having the right to govern itself). According to the 10th amendment of the constitution…

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

Basically, states wanted to follow their own laws, and they did not want the federal government (United States) to overrule state laws.

STATES’ RIGHTS

The main issue over states’ rights involved the institution of slavery. Southern states feared that Congress would pass laws eventually outlawing the practice of slavery, which would hurt the southern agricultural economic way of life involving the growing of cotton and tobacco on large plantations.

SLAVERY

When the Georgia Trustees first envisioned their colonial experiment in the early 1730s, they sought to avoid the slave-based plantation economy that had developed in other colonies in the American South. The allure of profits from slavery, however, proved to be too powerful for white Georgia settlers to resist. By the era of the American Revolution (1775-83), African slaves constituted nearly half of Georgia's colonial population. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. In subsequent decades slavery would play an ever-increasing role in Georgia's shifting plantation economy. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

SLAVERY

• By the 1790s entrepreneurs were perfecting new mechanized cotton gins, the most famous of which was invented by Eli Whitney on a Savannah River plantation owned by Catharine Greene in 1793. This technological advance presented Georgia planters with a staple crop that could be grown over much of the state. As early as the 1780s white politicians in Georgia were working to acquire and to distribute fertile western lands controlled by the Creek Indians, a process that continued in the nineteenth century with the expulsion of the Cherokees. By the 1830s cotton plantations had spread across most of the state.

– New Georgia Encyclopedia

SLAVERY

• Although slavery played a dominant economic and political role in Georgia, most white Georgians did not own slaves. In 1860 less than one-third of Georgia's adult white male population of 132,317 were slaveholders. Slaveholders controlled not only the best land and the vast majority of personal property in the state but also the state political system. In 1850 and 1860 more than two-thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders. More striking, almost a third of the state legislators were planters. Hence, even without the cooperation of nonslaveholding white male voters, Georgia slaveholders could dictate the state's political path. - New Georgia Encyclopedia

Kentlaw.edu

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

In 1819, the United States was divided equally with 11 free states and 11 slave states. People living in the Missouri Territory applied for statehood as a slave state, but Congress did not approve because there would be an imbalance of power. Think back to the Senate where 2 senators represent each states. If Missouri was allowed to be a slave state then there would be 24 US senators coming from slave states and 22 from non-slave states. Slave states would have an advantage when trying to pass or keep from passing certain laws.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

To keep a balance in the US Congress, a compromise was made to allow Maine to be admitted to the Union as a free state while Missouri was added to the United States as a slave state. Also part of the compromise was that slavery would be outlawed north of the 36th degree line of latitude.

NULLIFICATION CRISIS

• The United States Congress passed the tariff of 1828 in order to increase the price of foreign goods so that the same goods manufactured in the north would be cheaper in price. This helped northern businesses, but people in the south were having to pay more for a product that was their second choice since their first choice (foreign product) is now more expensive because of the tariff (tax) added to the cost.

• Southerners felt this unconstitutional and that they should not have to pay the tariff. South Carolina threatened to leave the union if the tariffs were not repealed.

COMPROMISE OF 1850

Just like the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850 involved slavery. To keep balance in the US government California became a free state and Texas was added as a slave state. But the states still argued over the issue of slavery in the nation’s capital as well as the problem of runaway slaves in the south. Southern states threatened to leave the Union in order to preserve slavery and states’ rights in the South.

GEORGIA PLATFORM

Georgians met at the state capital in Milledgeville to discuss the Compromise of 1850. Representative Alexander Stephens supported the Compromise of 1850 because he did not want Georgia to secede from the Union. He felt Georgia and the southern states had too much too lose if they seceded and lost a Civil War. Georgia helped prevent war and secession.

COMPROMISE OF 1850

As part of the Compromise of 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act. This law said that slaves could not become free once they entered into free states. Instead, slaves were to be returned to the slave states and anyone helping a slave to freedom faced fines and imprisonment. This angered northerners who disagreed with slavery. The other part of the 1850 Compromise was that slave trading became illegal in Washington D.C.

KANSAS – NEBRASKA ACT

In 1854, Congress allowed the people living in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to vote on the issue of slavery. This is known as popular sovereignty. The Republican Party was created because it did not like this act because it repealed the Missouri Compromise which stated that slavery was not allowed north of the 36th line of latitude. Kansas would become a free state.

DRED SCOT COURT CASE

Dred Scott was a slave from the slave state of Missouri who traveled with his master Dr. John Emerson to the free state of Illinois. Dred Scott eventually tried to sue for his freedom since he believed that he could not be a slave in a free state. The Supreme Court did not rule in his favor. Instead, the Supreme Court decided that Dred Scott could not sue in court because slaves were not citizens, therefore, he had no rights. The Court also allowed slaves to be taken to free states b/c they were property of their masters. The ruling was a victory for southern slave owners, while abolitionists in the north disagreed.

ELECTION OF 1860

For decades the arguments about slavery have been growing louder between people who live in the Northern states and people who live in the Southern states. Northerners believe slavery should be abolished for moral reasons. Southerners feel the end of slavery will destroy their region’s rural economy. Many in the South think the election of Northerner Abraham Lincoln to be president of the United States will be a serious blow to their way of life.

- Bentley Boyd chestercomix

WHAT DID ABRAHAM

LINCOLN DO TO BECOME SUCH A

FAMOUS AMERICAN IN

UNITED STATES HISTORY?

DEBATE OVER SECESSION

• Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election caused southern states to hold conventions on whether or not they should secede from the Union in order to protect the legalization of slavery in their states.

• South Carolina became the 1st state to secede from the Union, while Georgia became the 5th state to secede.

WHAT MESSAGE IS THIS PRIMARY SOURCE POLITICAL CARTOON TYRING TO CONVEY?

ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS

Alexander Stephens was a U.S. Representative from Georgia who was PRO-slavery, but he was against Secession. When Georgia held a convention to decide on secession Alexander Stephens argued against it by saying the South should remain loyal to the Union. He believed that if the South seceded then a Civil War would break out and if the South lost then they would lose their states’ rights, especially the right to keep slavery legal.

ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS

Despite Alexander Stephens and his words of caution, Georgia decided to secede anyway. Those states in the south that seceded created the Confederate States of America, a separate country. Alexander Stephens was persuaded to become the vice-president of the C.S.A., most likely to appeal to southerners that were just like him – wanted to keep slavery, but really didn’t want to leave the union. This would help keep the southern states united.

SS8H6bState the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the

Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union

blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign,

Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

Concept:Conflict and Change

Individuals and GroupsRule of Law

THE CIVIL WAR PAGE 42 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H6b

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat role did the following events

play in the Civil War?- Antietam - Emancipation

Proclamation

- Gettysburg - Chickamauga

- Union blockade - Sherman’s Atlanta campaign

- Sherman’s March - Andersonville

Andersonville

Sherman’s March

to the Sea

Sherman’s Atlanta

Campaign

Chickamauga

Gettysburg

EmancipationProclamation

Antietam

Union Blockade

What role did the following events play in the Civil War?

FORT SUMTER, SOUTH CAROLINA

Legendsofamerica.com

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM

WHAT ARE THE COSTS OF WAR?

“This photograph shows Abraham Lincoln on the Battlefield of Antietam. The battle of Antietam

was the bloodiest day in American History. More

Americans lost their lives in one day of fighting

than in all previous wars combined. To the left of

Mr. Lincoln is Allan Pinkerton, later famous

for creating the Pinkerton detective agency. To the

right is Major General John A. McClernand.”

old-pictures.com

WHAT IS THE EMANCIPATION

PROCLAMATION?

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

Confederate soldiers: southwestern edge of the Rosewoods – Gettysburg Pennsylvania

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

SS8H6bState the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, the

Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union

blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign,

Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

Concept:Conflict and Change

Individuals and GroupsRule of Law

Andersonville

Sherman’s March

to the Sea

Sherman’s Atlanta

Campaign

Chickamauga

Gettysburg

EmancipationProclamation

Antietam

Union Blockade

What role did the following events play in the Civil War?

Hmmm…If I could take

Atlanta…

ANDERSONVILLE PRISON

UNION SOLDIER WHO SURVIVED

SS8H6cAnalyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states,

emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming;

Reconstruction plans; 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution;

Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan.

Concept:Conflict and Change

Individuals and GroupsRule of Law

RECONSTRUCTION PAGE 44 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL SS8H6c

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow did the South change during

the Reconstruction period?- Freedmen’s Bureau - Reconstruction Plans

- Sharecropping / tenant - 13th Amendment

- 14th Amendment - 15th Amendment

- Henry McNeal Turner - Ku Klux Klan

KuKluxKlan

Henry McNealTurner

15th

Amendment

14th

Amendment

13th Amendment

ReconstructionPlans

Freedmen’sBureau

SharecroppingTenant Farming

How did the South change

during the Reconstruction

period?

How?

University of Georgia Louisville, Georgia Baptists and Methodists

Wikimedia.orggeorgiaencyclopedia.org

flocabulary.comphschool.com

emmitsburg.netamazing-planet.net

wright.edu

John Brown slave narrativehttp://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jbrown/

jbrown.html

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cas.buffalo.edu/classes/eng/willbern/BestSellers/Beloved/

gettysburg.JPG&imgrefurl=http://cas.buffalo.edu/classes/eng/willbern/BestSellers/Beloved/

slavechrono.htm&usg=__igzwH8jqfzqHjaeDXpXqXvliQ2M=&h=640&w=516&sz=148&hl=en&start=87&um=1&tbnid=nEod7wqQ7TVnA

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timelime