Microprocessors

Microprocessors…

-electronic conquestadors

The beginning…

1955 - William Shockley - shockley semiconductor

1957 – Gordon Moore & Robert Noyce - Fairchild Semiconductor *Intelcorporation started

microchips *Developed 4004 for vizicom

calculators1971 – Invention of Microprocessor

• During 1970’s chips were upgraded from 4004 to 8008

1975 - Microcomputer chips such as Scelbi – 8H and Micral were used

1980- Usage of small microprocessors reduced

• On the other hand desktops and computers helped for upgradation of microprocessors

1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s

Generation First introducedProminent consumer CPU

brandsLinear/physical address space

1

1978 Intel 8086, Intel 8088 and clones

16-bit / 20-bit (segmented)

1982Intel 80186, Intel 80188 and

clones, NEC V20/V30

3 (IA-32) 1985Intel 80386 and clones, 

AMD Am386

32-bit (46-bit virtual) / 32-bit

4 (FPU) 1989Intel486 and clones, AMD Am486

/Am5x86

4/5 1997

IDT/Centaur-C6, Cyrix III-

Samuel, VIA C3-Samuel2 / VIA

C3-Ezra (2001), VIA C7 (2005)

5 1993Pentium, Pentium MMX, 

Cyrix 5x86, Rise mP6

5/6 1996 AMD K5, Nx586 (1994)

The Upgradation…

6

1995Pentium Pro, Cyrix 6x86, Cyrix MII, Cyrix III-Joshua (2000)

As above / 36-bit physical (PAE)

1997 AMD K6/-2/3, Pentium II/III

2003Pentium M, Intel Core (2006)

71999 Athlon, Athlon XP

2000 Pentium 4

7/8

2000 Transmeta Crusoe, Efficeon

2004 Pentium 4 Prescott

2006 Intel Core 2

2008 VIA Nano

8 (x86-64) 2003 Athlon 64, Opteron

64-bit / 40-bit physical in first AMD implementation

8/9

2007 AMD Phenom

2008

Intel Core i3/i5/i7, AMD Phenom II

Intel Atom

As above / 48-bit physical for AMD Phenom

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC TERMS INPUT DEVICE AND INPUT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT(IIC) OUTPUT DEVICE AND OUTPUT INTEGRATED CIECUIT

(OIC) BITS LOW LEVEL LANGUANGE (LLL) HIGH LEVEL LANGUANGE (HLL) DECODING MEMORY ARITHEMATIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) CONTROL UNIT (CU) REGISTER ARRAYS

MICROPROCESSOR CHARACTERSTICS

PROGRAMMABLE DEVICE – Designed by engineers and programmers to perform a particular task.

MULTIPURPOSE AND MULTITAKING CHIP – Multiple tasks can be performed simultaneously.

RESISTER-BASED ELECTRONIC DEVICE – Ability of storing temporary values of variables when program is getting executed.

Having all these characteristics, it is a device that accepts binary data as input from a user or a client, processes it according to the instructions given, and provides the final result as output.

CPU, MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER TILL 1960 AFTER 1960

(CPU) (MICROPROCESSOR)

CU

CU

IIC AND OIC

ALU

ALU

ALU

CONTROL UNIT

REGISTER ARRAYS

REGISTER ARRAYS

MICROCONTROLLER

MICROPROCESSOR WORKING FLOW CHART

FETCHING IN MEMORY

SYSTEM BUSREGISTER ARRAYSALU

EXECUTION

CU

DECODING

INPUT SIGNAL

PROCESSED DATA

Applications of Microprocessors…• Instrumentation• Control• Communication• Office automation and

publication• Consumer

Instrumentation* Used in medical instrumentation* Used as controllers Ex: Frequency

controllers,Spectrum analyses

Control* Used to control home applainces* Used to control various

parameters

Communication* Used in telephone industry Ex : Digital telephone sets,modem* Usage of microprocessors in

Teleconference Ex ; LAN , Railway reservations

Office automation & publication* Used in software packages* Used for spreadsheet

operations,wordprocessing

Consumer* Used in entertainment

equipment* They are applicable to a

widerange of information processing tasks

* Facilitates to make use of vast information

* Most of the electronic devices contain built in microprocessors

Future scope

*Microprocessors are more like market pull rather than a technology push phenomenon.

Visible Form - Computers etc…Invisible Form - Controlling and

maintaining.• Development in the usage for

Architectural and technical purpoes

• Speeding up of execution – Chips with better mechanism will be made

• Single Functioning micro processor chips will be made

• Upgraded models might be seen ex: 17 MODEL• Only technology to integrate and

evolve itself…

Concluding Remarks…A great 30 year history and a challenge for next 30!

* Not a wall in performance growth but a slowing down

* Diminishing returns on silicon investment

Not just raw performance but…* Performance per transistor* Performance per watt

References:

• http://www.ehow.com/about_6173647_uses-micropr

• www.altafkhan.com/cs101ppt/microprocessors.ppt ocessors.html

• www.authorstream.com/.../aSGuest40651-349644-microprocessor-ed...

Thank YouQueries..?

-Electronic Conquestadors