M. Gautam 45 · 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08 1.00E+09 1 10 100 1000 Dp dN/dlogDp EC2-FT-lsl EC2-FT343-lsl EC2-FT-hsl EC-2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load) HIGH AND LOW

M. Gautam 45 West Virginia University Morgantown US Effect of lubricant sulfur levels on nanoparticle emissions

Effect of Lubricant Sulfur Levels on Effect of Lubricant Sulfur Levels on NanoparticleNanoparticle EmissionsEmissions

Mridul Gautam and Khaled MostafaNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVE

TRANSPORTATION FUELS, ENGINES AND EMISSIONSWEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

Michael McMillianUSDOE- NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENT ON SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM ENGINES OPERATING ON FOSSIL-FUEL DERIVED ULTRA-LOW SULFUR FISCHER-TROPSCH FUEL, AND FEDERAL ON-HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL.

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

APPROACHAPPROACH

• OPERATE A RICARDO PROTEUS, DIRECT INJECTION, SINGLE-CYLINDER RESEARCH ENGINE ON:

•FEDERAL ON-HIGHWAY DIESEL NO. 2 (343 ppm SULFUR)•FOSSIL-FUEL DERIVED FISCHER-TROPSCH FUEL (<3 ppmSULFUR)

• OPERATE THE ENGINE ON BOTH FUELS WITH:

•COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE LUBE OIL (4500 ppm SULFUR)•ULTRA-LOW SULFUR CONTENT LUBE OIL (280 ppm SULFUR)

APPROACHAPPROACH

• ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS:

•ENGINE CONDITION 1 LOW SPEED/NO LOAD•12 rps, 2 bar BMEP, 0 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 2 INTERMEDIATE SPEED/INTER. LOAD•24 rps, 8 bar BMEP, 54 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 3 INTERMEDIATE SPEED/HIGH LOAD•24 rps, 16 bar, 125 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 4 HIGH SPEED/HIGH LOAD•36 rps, 12 bar, 160 kPa Boost

• EXHAUST SAMPLE WAS DRAWN INTO A MINI-DILUTION TUNNEL (“SECONDARY-DILUTION TUNNEL” TYPE SYSTEM) THROUGH A HEATED LINE

• EMPLOYED AN SMPS WITH ULTRA-FINE CPC (TSI MODEL 3025)

West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506

DILUTION SYSTEMSDILUTION SYSTEMS

“SECONDARY-DILUTION TUNNEL” TYPE

AIR-EJECTOR/CRITICAL FLOW ORIFICE (CFO) TYPE

CAPILLARY/VENTURI TYPE (BROCKMAN et al.,1984)

ROTATING DISK TYPE (HUGLIN et al., 1998)

West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506

SCHEMATIC OF THE DILUTION TUNNELSCHEMATIC OF THE DILUTION TUNNEL

West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506

MINIMINI--DILUTION TUNNEL AND SMPSDILUTION TUNNEL AND SMPS

FUEL AND LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENTFUEL AND LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENT

FUEL/LUBE SULFURD2 343 ppmFT 0

HSL 4500 ppmLSL 280 ppm

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

TEST MATRIXTEST MATRIX

E.C. LUBRICANTS FUELS1 HSL FT, D21 LSL FT, FT343,D22 HSL FT, D22 LSL FT, FT15, FT50, FT120, FT343, FT2000, D23 HSL FT, D23 LSL FT, FT343,D24 HSL FT, D24 LSL FT, FT15, FT50, FT120, FT343, FT2000, D2West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC1-D2-hsl

EC1-FT-hsl

ECEC--1 (Low Speed/Low Load) 1 (Low Speed/Low Load) HIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FTHIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FT

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC2-D2-hsl

EC2-FT-hsl

ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)HIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FTHIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FT

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC2-FT-lsl

EC2-FT343-lsl

EC2-FT-hsl

ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FTHIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC2-FT-lsl

EC2-FTD15-lsl

EC2-FT50-lsl

EC2-FT120-lsl

EC2-FT343-lsl

EC2-FT2000-lsl

ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load) 2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load) LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT –– DOPEDDOPED

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1.00E+09

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC3-FT-hsl

EC3-FT-lsl

EC3-FT343-lsl

ECEC--3 (Intermediate Speed/High Load)3 (Intermediate Speed/High Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FTHIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC4-D2-lsl

EC4-D2-hsl

ECEC--4 (High Speed/High Load)4 (High Speed/High Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, D2HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, D2

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

1 10 100 1000

Dp

dN/dlogDp

EC4-FT-lsl

EC4-FT15-lsl

EC4-FT50-lsl

EC4-FT120-lsl

EC4-FT343-lsl

EC4-FT2000-lsl

ECEC--4 (High Speed/High Load)4 (High Speed/High Load)LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT –– DOPEDDOPED

West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

• REDUCING FUEL SULFUR LEVELS ALONE MAY NOT BE AN ANSWER TO REDUCING NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS.

• LUBE OIL SULFUR LEVELS AND ADDITIVE PACKAGES DO HAVE A PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF PM EMISSIONS.

• NANOPARTICLES ARE GENERATED AS A RESULT OF HGHLY COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FUEL AND LUBE OIL HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY AND SULFUR CONTENT, ENGINE OPERATING MODES, THE EXHAUST DILUTION SYSTEM ITSELF (IN ADDITION TO DILUTION CONDITIONS).

West Virginia University ,Morgantown,WV 26506

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS

• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

• CTC