M. Gautam 45 West Virginia University Morgantown US Effect of lubricant sulfur levels on nanoparticle emissions
M. Gautam 45 West Virginia University Morgantown US Effect of lubricant sulfur levels on nanoparticle emissions
Effect of Lubricant Sulfur Levels on Effect of Lubricant Sulfur Levels on NanoparticleNanoparticle EmissionsEmissions
Mridul Gautam and Khaled MostafaNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER FOR ALTERNATIVE
TRANSPORTATION FUELS, ENGINES AND EMISSIONSWEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
Michael McMillianUSDOE- NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENT ON SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS FROM ENGINES OPERATING ON FOSSIL-FUEL DERIVED ULTRA-LOW SULFUR FISCHER-TROPSCH FUEL, AND FEDERAL ON-HIGHWAY DIESEL FUEL.
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
APPROACHAPPROACH
• OPERATE A RICARDO PROTEUS, DIRECT INJECTION, SINGLE-CYLINDER RESEARCH ENGINE ON:
•FEDERAL ON-HIGHWAY DIESEL NO. 2 (343 ppm SULFUR)•FOSSIL-FUEL DERIVED FISCHER-TROPSCH FUEL (<3 ppmSULFUR)
• OPERATE THE ENGINE ON BOTH FUELS WITH:
•COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE LUBE OIL (4500 ppm SULFUR)•ULTRA-LOW SULFUR CONTENT LUBE OIL (280 ppm SULFUR)
APPROACHAPPROACH
• ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS:
•ENGINE CONDITION 1 LOW SPEED/NO LOAD•12 rps, 2 bar BMEP, 0 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 2 INTERMEDIATE SPEED/INTER. LOAD•24 rps, 8 bar BMEP, 54 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 3 INTERMEDIATE SPEED/HIGH LOAD•24 rps, 16 bar, 125 kPa Boost•ENGINE CONDITION 4 HIGH SPEED/HIGH LOAD•36 rps, 12 bar, 160 kPa Boost
• EXHAUST SAMPLE WAS DRAWN INTO A MINI-DILUTION TUNNEL (“SECONDARY-DILUTION TUNNEL” TYPE SYSTEM) THROUGH A HEATED LINE
• EMPLOYED AN SMPS WITH ULTRA-FINE CPC (TSI MODEL 3025)
West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506
DILUTION SYSTEMSDILUTION SYSTEMS
“SECONDARY-DILUTION TUNNEL” TYPE
AIR-EJECTOR/CRITICAL FLOW ORIFICE (CFO) TYPE
CAPILLARY/VENTURI TYPE (BROCKMAN et al.,1984)
ROTATING DISK TYPE (HUGLIN et al., 1998)
West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506
SCHEMATIC OF THE DILUTION TUNNELSCHEMATIC OF THE DILUTION TUNNEL
West Virginia University, Morgantown,WV 26506
MINIMINI--DILUTION TUNNEL AND SMPSDILUTION TUNNEL AND SMPS
FUEL AND LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENTFUEL AND LUBRICANT SULFUR CONTENT
FUEL/LUBE SULFURD2 343 ppmFT 0
HSL 4500 ppmLSL 280 ppm
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
TEST MATRIXTEST MATRIX
E.C. LUBRICANTS FUELS1 HSL FT, D21 LSL FT, FT343,D22 HSL FT, D22 LSL FT, FT15, FT50, FT120, FT343, FT2000, D23 HSL FT, D23 LSL FT, FT343,D24 HSL FT, D24 LSL FT, FT15, FT50, FT120, FT343, FT2000, D2West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC1-D2-hsl
EC1-FT-hsl
ECEC--1 (Low Speed/Low Load) 1 (Low Speed/Low Load) HIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FTHIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FT
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC2-D2-hsl
EC2-FT-hsl
ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)HIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FTHIGH SULFUR LUBE, D2 vs. FT
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC2-FT-lsl
EC2-FT343-lsl
EC2-FT-hsl
ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FTHIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC2-FT-lsl
EC2-FTD15-lsl
EC2-FT50-lsl
EC2-FT120-lsl
EC2-FT343-lsl
EC2-FT2000-lsl
ECEC--2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load) 2 (Intermediate Speed/Intermediate Load) LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT –– DOPEDDOPED
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC3-FT-hsl
EC3-FT-lsl
EC3-FT343-lsl
ECEC--3 (Intermediate Speed/High Load)3 (Intermediate Speed/High Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FTHIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC4-D2-lsl
EC4-D2-hsl
ECEC--4 (High Speed/High Load)4 (High Speed/High Load)HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, D2HIGH AND LOW SULFUR LUBE, D2
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1 10 100 1000
Dp
dN/dlogDp
EC4-FT-lsl
EC4-FT15-lsl
EC4-FT50-lsl
EC4-FT120-lsl
EC4-FT343-lsl
EC4-FT2000-lsl
ECEC--4 (High Speed/High Load)4 (High Speed/High Load)LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT LOW SULFUR LUBE, FT –– DOPEDDOPED
West Virginia UniversityMorgantown,WV 26506
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• REDUCING FUEL SULFUR LEVELS ALONE MAY NOT BE AN ANSWER TO REDUCING NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS IN DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS.
• LUBE OIL SULFUR LEVELS AND ADDITIVE PACKAGES DO HAVE A PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF PM EMISSIONS.
• NANOPARTICLES ARE GENERATED AS A RESULT OF HGHLY COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FUEL AND LUBE OIL HYDROCARBON CHEMISTRY AND SULFUR CONTENT, ENGINE OPERATING MODES, THE EXHAUST DILUTION SYSTEM ITSELF (IN ADDITION TO DILUTION CONDITIONS).
West Virginia University ,Morgantown,WV 26506
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
• CTC