Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

Life Cycle Nutrition

Infancy, Childhood,And Adolescence

Infancy• Energy intake and activity

– Weight triples first year– High metabolic rate– 45 kcal/lb

• Energy nutrients– Protein especially important– Breast milk is high fat– Carbohydrate for brain

• Vitamins and minerals– Vit A, C, D, Iodine needs are high

Infancy• Weight gain during first 5 years

Infancy

Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An AdultCompared On The Basis Of Body Weight

Breast Milk• Frequency and duration of

breastfeeding– 8-12 feedings /d– 10-15 min per breast

• Energy nutrients– Alpha-lactalbumin– Essential fatty acids– Lactose

• Energy nutrient content

Breast Milk• Vitamins

– Vitamin D is low

• Minerals– Calcium well absorbed– Iron is low but bioavailable– Zinc is low but bioavailable– Low sodium and fluoride

Breast Milk

Breast Milk• Immunological protection

– Colostrum– Bifidus factors– Lactoferrin– Lactadherin

Breast Milk• Allergy and disease protection

– Fewer allergies– Lower BP and Cholesterol as adults

• Other potential benefits– Less obesity as adults– Positive effect on intelligence

Infant Formula• Wean

Infant Formula

Infant Formula• Risks of formula feeding

– Sanitary water– Food handling techniques– No antibodies

• Infant formula standards

Infant Formula• Special formulas

– Hypoallergenic formulas– Soy formula for vegans and lactose

intolerant infants

• Inappropriate formulas– Soy or rice milk; Goat’s milk

• Nursing bottle tooth decay

Special Needs Of Preterm Infants

• Long-chain fatty acids– Arachidonic acid– DHA

• Preterm breast milk,– More concentrated– Can be fortified

Introducing Cow’s Milk

• Cow’s milk vs. breast milk– No casein before age 1– Whole milk to age 2

Introducing Solid Foods

Introducing Solid Foods• Food allergies

• Choice of infant foods-variety• -balance• -moderation

• Foods to provide iron

• Foods to provide vitamin C

• Foods to omit– Botulism – Choking hazards

• Foods at one year– Milk anemia

Mealtimes With Toddlers

• Behavior

• Exploration

• Don’t force foods

Mealtimes With Toddlers

• Provide nutritious foods

• Limit sweets

• Make mealtimes enjoyable

Childhood• Energy intake and activity• Carbohydrate and fiber• Fat and fatty acids

Childhood• Protein

• Vitamins and minerals– Iron fortified foods

• Supplements– Not needed with balanced diet – Problem nutrients in US are calcium, iron

and zinc

• Planning children’s meals

Hunger And Malnutrition In Children

• Hunger and behavior– Missing breakfast

• Iron deficiency and behavior– Attention span and learning

• Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior– Marginal malnutrition

Malnutrition-Lead Connection

• Lead poisoning as subtle, permanent effects with even 10 mcg/100 ml in blood.

• Lead absorption on an empty stomach• Vitamins and minerals and lead

absorption– Iron (and pica)– Calcium, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D

• Protect against lead poisoning– Leaded gasoline, lead-based paint and solder

Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior

• Hyperactivity– Not sugar

• Misbehaving– Regular sleep– Regular mealtimes– Regular outdoor activity

Food Allergy And Intolerance

• Detecting food allergy– Asymptomatic allergy– Symptomatic allergy

•3-5% of children•1-2% of adults

Food Allergy And Intolerance

• Anaphylactic shock– Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts– Tree nuts, shrimp, wheat– Epinephrine

• Food intolerances

Childhood Obesity

Childhood Obesity• Genetic and environmental factors

• Growth

• Physical health

• Psychological development

Childhood Obesity• Prevention and treatment of obesity

• Diet

• Physical activity

• Adult role models

Childhood Obesity• Psychological support

• Behavioral changes

Mealtimes At Home• Honoring children’s preferences

• Learning through participation

Mealtimes At Home

Mealtimes At Home• Avoiding power struggles

• Choking prevention

• Playing first, eating after

Mealtimes At Home• Snacking

Mealtimes At Home• Preventing dental carries

• Serving as role models

Nutrition At School• Meals at school

Nutrition At School

Nutrition At School• Competing influences at school

• Nutrition education at school

NutritionDuring

Adolescence

• Growth and development– Puberty

•10-11 F•12-13 M

Nutrition During Adolescence

• Energy and nutrient needs– Energy intake and activity– Vitamins– Iron– Calcium

Nutrition During Adolescence

• Food choices and health habits– Snacks– Beverages– Eating away from home– Peer influence

• Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks

Problems Adolescents Face

• Drug use, in general– Marijuana, Cocaine, Ecstasy

• Alcohol abuse

• Smoking and smokeless tobacco

Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases

• Early development of type 2 diabetes

• Early development of heart disease– Atherosclerosis

•Plaque•Fatty streaks

– High BP– Dyslipidemia

• Physical activity

• Dietary recommendations for children– Moderation, not deprivation– Diet first, drugs later

• Smoking

Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.

wadsworth group

importantbreast milk

iodine needs

breast milkno casein

activityweight triples

adultspositive effect

high fatcarbohydrate

duration of breastfeeding8

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